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Tenochtidán: Ceremonial Center Miraculous Appearance of a Whirlwind That Connected at the Heart Oftenochtitlán Stood One of the Most Prorni- Earth with Heaven

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Tenochtidán: Ceremonial Center Miraculous Appearance of a Whirlwind That Connected at the Heart Oftenochtitlán Stood One of the Most Prorni- Earth with Heaven T or Serpent Wall, consisting of a line of serpents sculpted miraculous spring of red and blue waters-revealed to the from stone, was erected on a platform around three sides Mexica the location where they should settle and end of the base of the pyramid. North and south of the pyra- their wanderings. The Mexica raised their temple in that mid are small adoratorio altars, as well as a depiction of a spot, which represented the threshold of the opening that xiuhcoatl (fire serpent), its head crested with points indi- communicated between the world of humans and the cating a relation to the cult of the sun, the renewal ensu- world where gods dwelt. This portal was represented by ing from the New Fire Ceremony, and the periodic cycle either an anthill, a sabine tree (Juniperus mexicana), a of fifty-two years. double cave, or a double spring. These binary elements, along with the colors red and blue, would later determine FURTHER READINGS the principal characteristics of the main pyramid dedi- León Portilla, M. 1967. El proceso de aculturación de los cated to Huitzilopochtli (god of war, a solar deiry) and to Chichimecas de Xólotl. Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl Tlaloc (god of rain, an earth-related deiry), two gods who 7:59-86. played opposite but complementary roles. Marquina,1. 1935. Tenayuca, estudio arqueológico de la Thirteen years later, around A.D. 1337, a group of dis- pirámide de Este Lugar. Talleres Gráficos del Museo contented Mexica broke away from the rest and founded Nacional de Arqueología, Historia y Ethnografia, 35. a new city on a nearby island known as Tlatelolco. So sit- Mexico City: Departamento de Monumentos de La uated, the two Mexica settlements formed one dual entiry Secretaria de Educación Publica. of complementary symbolic character. The Tenochca, the Zúñiga Bárcenas, B. 1992. Tenayuca Miniguía. Mexico southern of the rwo cornmunities, used the celestial figure City: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. of an eagle with one of the toponomic glyphs, holding a Beatriz Zúñiga Bárcenas sacred bundle with the sticks used to make fire. The Tlatelolcans, on the other hand, used the terrestrial figure SEEALSO of the jaguar with a toponomic glyph and a sacred bundle Aztec Culture and History that enclosed a green stone, an aquatic symbol. In a man- ner similar to that of the Tenochca, rhe Tlatelolcans built their ceremonial center in the location marked by the Tenochtidán: Ceremonial Center miraculous appearance of a whirlwind that connected At the heart ofTenochtitlán stood one of the most prorni- earth with heaven. From then on, the antagonism and nent ritual spaces in all Mesoamerican history, the center cornpetitiveness that prevailed between the rwin cities of par excellence for divine propitiation and the quintessence Mexico-- Tenochtitlán and Tlatelolco-would be clearly of the Nahua worldview. The ceremonial center of reflecred in the growth of their respective ceremonial cen- Tenochtirlán was, in a religious sense, the architectonic terso It can be said that the construction, continuous image of the cosmic order. Ir was also the divine model in remodeling, and final destruction of these rwo architec- the world ofhumans, because at that place high, medium, tural complexes occurred in parallel. and low elevations intersecred with the fout directions of After rhe Spanish conquest in August 1521, Cortés the universe, which were represented by the city's four made the historie decision to level the two cities in order principal causeways. In the economic and political sense, to build the first houses for the conquerors, using the the ceremonial center was the materialization of central- material s obtained from the demolished temples. Mexico ized power. Around ir revolved, like satellites, the rnulti- City, the capital of New Spain and, since 1821, of the ethnic populations of the ciry itself, of the surrounding Mexican Republic, was erected over the ruins of Tenochti- productive centers, and of the triburary regions of the tlán and Tlatelolco. Obviously, the Colonial and modern periphery that periodically sent raw materials and manu- buildings represent a huge obstacle for the archaeologists. factured goods to Tenochtitlan. Unril recently, it had been possible to unearth only very The history of the ceremonial center of Tenochtitlán small sections of the ancient cities, and always under begins with the foundation of the city on an island in exceptional circumstances and in specific areas. Lake Texcoco. According to several myths, this event took For centuries, the only reliable sources of knowledge place in the year 2 House (A.D. 1325), when adivine about the ceremonial centers of Tenochtitlán and Tla- vision-of an eagle perched on a nopal cactus, or of a telolco were the accounts written by the conquerors 712 Tenayuca (México, Mexico) T - ~·o o u o Iln ~ 'l:j : : · ~ •. 'iI ~ ljj ~ ti . · · ~~ , · \~ · · · :~.~~ · · I ·:jv·~;;~;· - ..%~:::::JsL~~ ~~-U ~~.. ::~~.........~f.....•...•.f.....~~~DC!1 • ~ ~ r- · ~~. e ~ 1:, 1 i- II( , I I'F I.~ ~rt: i ~. >.~ .~ I _1 , ~n- r ; I .,' I PLANO GEHEM.L /' I OEI.TbFI.O MAYOII ~-- J Illustrarion of rhe ceremonial cenrer ofTenochrirlán. Arrisr: Vicror Rangel. themselves, who actually saw thern still functioning pyramid that was inside this sacred space, causing nurner- (Hernán Cortés, Bernal Díaz del Castillo, Andrés de ous misunderstandings. There are also a few sixteenth- Tapia), and the detailed narratives of the natives compiled century drawings that show the ceremonial center of by me Spanish friars Bernardino de Sahagún, Diego Tenochtitlán, such as plate 269r from Sahagún's Primeros Durán, Motolinía, and others. In these sources, the name Memoriales and the 1524 map, ascribed to Cortés, that HueyTeocalli orTemplo Mayor (Crear Temple) is applied was included in me Latin rranslation of his Second Letter indiscriminately to the large precinct and to the main to King Charles V Tenochtidán: Ceremonial Center 713 T K'. tlatelolco ''') urolugot potavWtor VISITAS GUIADAS _. __ ••••••••• Illustration of the ceremonial center of Tlatelolco, Artist: Fernando Botas Vera. Since 1790, this invaluable historie information has pyramid of Tenochtitlán and fourteen adjacent build- been enriched with frequent archaeological dicoveries of ings, 136 buried offerings, thousands of artifacts, and buildings and monoliths that once stood inside the cere- numerous sculptures and mural paintings. The extensive monial centers. Major archaeological projects started with excavation covered an area of 1.29 hectares behind the the arrival of the rwentieth century, aimed at a systematic Metropolitan Cathedral. This amounts to only 10 percent search for the most important buildings of the two pre- of the area occupied by the ceremonial center ofTenoch- Hispanic cities. In the center of Tenochtitlán the most titlán (estimated at 12.96 hectares), and approximately notable were excavations undertaken by Leopoldo Batres 0.1 percent of the total extent of the rwo cities (estirnated (1900), Manuel Gamio (1913), Jordi Gussinyer (1968- by several authors as 13.5 square kilorneters). 1970), and Constanza Vega (1975-1976). The most After two centuries ofhistoric and archaeological studies, important projects in Tlatelolco were those coordinated our knowledge of the ceremonial centers ofTenochtitlán by Pablo Martínez del Río, Antonieta Espejo and Robert and Tlatelolco has improved substantially. Nevertheless, H. Barlow (1944-1948), Francisco González Rul, Alberto the various hypothetical recreations of the ceremonial Ruz and Eduardo Contreras (1960-1968), and Eduardo center ofTenochtitlán-all of thern derived from the pio- Matos (1987-1993). neer work of Ignacio Marquina-still offer an idealized The most ambitious exploration yet has been the Tem- image of the realiry, particularly regarding its dimensions plo Mayor Project, coordinated by Eduardo Matos and symmetry. (1978-1989), and by Matos and Leonardo López Luján Nowadays there is no doubt that the ceremonial cen- (1991-1997). Among the rnost remarkable discoveries ters ofTenochtitlán and Tlatelolco were constructed and made by this project in five field seasons are the main remodeled following the same archetypal pattern. Both 714 Tenochtidán:CeremonialCenter T sacred precincts were similar in form and dimensions. It is Coacalco (a temple used ro keep rhe divine images of the very probable that the precinct of Tlatelolco measured conquered towns), the Teutlalpan (an enclosure which 303 meters from north to sourh, and that ofTenochtitlán contained a re-creation of arid land), and the sacred around 360 rneters in the same orientation. In both cases, springs called Tezcaapan and Tozpalatl. Durán also me n- the sacred space was demarcated by a wide plarforrn. Its tions the temple of Quetzalcoatl, of circular plan, and the facades were characterized by a series of vertical walls, temple ofTezcatlipoca, with spatious chambers at irs base. balustrades, and staircases. It has been estimated that the Several authors speculare that Sahagún included not limits of the tenochca ceremonial center were the present- only the religious buildings of the ceremonial center but day streets of San Ildefonso and González Obregón to the also rhose scattered throughout the city. However, north; the National Palace courryards to the south; the Sahagún's lisr do es not seem so large if we consider that streets of Licenciado Verdad to the east, and Monte de more than thirry buildings, including large temples, small Piedad and Brasil, to the west. The platforrn had three or shrines, and platforms, have been exhumed to date. four openings or gates that gave access to the ceremonial Among the excavated buildings, the mosr remarkable is center. the main pyramid or Great Temple. Its last-stage plat- Likewise, several of the buildings known from form, decorated with serpent heads (coatepantli), mea- Tenochtitlán and Tlarelolco have almost identical form sures 84 meters from east to west and 77.2 meters from and dimensions; they maintained the same spatial disrri- north to south. The pyramid had berween 100 and 130 bution inside their precincts, and they were dedicated to steps, which would give it a height of 30 meters.
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