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Tenayohcan Oztopolco, Ciudad Con Esplendor Tenayohcan Oztopolco, Ciudad con Esplendor 1 Tenayohcan Oztopolco, Ciudad con Esplendor 2 Tenayohcan Oztopolco, Ciudad con Esplendor TENAYOHCAN OZTOPOLCO Ciudad con Esplendor RAFAEL GARDUÑO GARDUÑO Cronista Municipal 3 Tenayohcan Oztopolco, Ciudad con Esplendor D.R. H. Ayuntamiento de Tlalnepantla de Baz, 2021. D.R. Instituto Municipal de la Cultura y las Artes. D.R. Rafael Garduño Garduño, cronista municipal. Foto de portada: Glifo del pueblo de Tenayuca, Códice Xólotl. Se prohíbe la reproducción para fines mercantiles por cualquier medio sin la autorización del autor y titulares de los derechos de la obra. 4 Tenayohcan Oztopolco, Ciudad con Esplendor H. Ayuntamiento de Tlalnepantla de Baz 2019-2021 Mtro. Raciel Pérez Cruz Presidente Municipal C. Lourdes Jezabel Delgado Flores C. Francisco Vicente Domínguez Ramírez Primera Síndico Octavo Regidor C. Eduardo Guerrero Villegas C. Arleth Stephanie Grimaldo Osorio Segundo Síndico Novena Regidora C. Martha Elba Soto Mojica C. Karen Aketzali Zamarripa Quiñones Tercera Síndico Décima Regidora C. María de la Luz Hernández Camacho C. Alonso Adrián Juárez Jiménez Primera Regidora Décimo Primer Regidor C. Víctor Manuel Pérez Ramírez Segundo Regidor C. Itze Lizbeth Nava López C. Krishna Karina Romero Velázquez Décima Segunda Regidora Tercera Regidora C. Alina Alejandra Luna Gómez C. Carlos Alberto Cruz Jiménez Décima Tercera Regidora Cuarto Regidor C. Juan Andrés López Camacho C. Victoria Hernández Arellano Décimo Cuarto Regidor Quinta Regidora C. Irma Lorena Roa López C. Jorge Morales Jiménez Décima Quinta Regidora Sexto Regidor C. Gabriela Bernardo Ávila C. María de Lourdes Curiel Rocha Décima Sexta Regidora Séptima Regidora C. Juan Carlos Villegas Manriquez Director de Bienestar Lic. Siddhartha García García Titular del Instituto Municipal de la Cultura y las Artes C. Rafael Garduño Garduño Cronista Municipal 5 Tenayohcan Oztopolco, Ciudad con Esplendor 6 Tenayohcan Oztopolco, Ciudad con Esplendor ÍNDICE Mensaje 9 Agradecimientos 11 Introducción 13 Prefacio 16 Arqueología 18 Primeras exploraciones 22 En busca del pasado 37 Descripción y estudio arquitectónico 42 La orientación 50 La cerámica 55 Las sepulturas 57 Las esculturas y relieves 58 Pasado glorioso 64 Otras fuentes importantes 73 Historia chichimeca 76 Gobernantes en Tenayuca 80 Estado actual del poblado 82 Época colonial 86 Historia antigua 87 Primeros encomenderos 89 Alcaldes, corregidores y tenientes 99 Congregaciones 100 El Rincón de don Diego 107 Parroquia de San Bartolomé 109 Acueducto de Tenayuca 116 Camino Real, Tierra Adentro o de Zacatecas 120 Epidemia 121 Ranchos y el ejido 123 Plaza Wichita 131 Fiestas y tradiciones 132 El ferrocarril de Montealto 134 Historias, leyendas y cuentos 136 Tenayuca en el cine 138 Tenayuca en el siglo XXI 142 Personajes del pueblo 146 Ayer y hoy en Tenayuca 148 Resumen 175 7 Tenayohcan Oztopolco, Ciudad con Esplendor 8 Tenayohcan Oztopolco, Ciudad con Esplendor MENSAJE Como toda historia de nuestros pueblos, la de San Bartolomé Tenayuca es de gran interés para una comuna que vacila en sus valores identitarios, entre el origen, raíces y pertenencia. Desde el inicio de mi gobierno, quedó clara la importancia de mantener vivos todos aquellos valores que permiten a los ciudadanos, en especial a los habitantes de un añejo lugar como Tenayuca, recrear su propia historia a través de este tipo de obras históricas. En el transcurso de esta administración municipal he podido ver con agrado el cumplimiento de una de las propuestas establecidas en materia de cultura y de la crónica. El Ayuntamiento, que honrosamente presido, avaló la publicación que hoy está en sus manos con el único objetivo de enriquecer el acervo de nuestros conciudadanos. La historia que se cuenta del chichimecatlalli de Xólotl en las siguientes páginas, cuyo asentamiento Real fue Tenayuca, fue el principio de la creación de lazos culturales y de grandes pueblos indígenas que con el tiempo se convirtieron en parte de una amplia región urbana mestiza, de sincretismo religioso que supo realizar acciones para fortalecer sus medios de vida. Tenayuca fue, sin duda, un lugar esplendoroso. RACIEL PÉREZ CRUZ Presidente Municipal 9 Tenayohcan Oztopolco, Ciudad con Esplendor 10 Tenayohcan Oztopolco, Ciudad con Esplendor AGRADECIMIENTOS ¿De qué manera podemos agradecerle a la gente que amablemente colaboró con consejos, información oral, escrita y fotográfica para llevar a cabo la edición de esta obra que el H. Ayuntamiento de Tlalnepantla de Baz favorece como parte de los programas culturales 2019-2021? Es seguro que no hay palabras de agradecimiento suficientes para cada una de las personas que prestaron un poco de su tiempo para contestar mis dudas y para orientarme en este camino tan difícil que es investigar las diferentes épocas de una población antigua como la de San Bartolomé Tenayuca, Tenayohcan Oztopolco. Este agradecimiento se amplía hasta las instituciones y organismos que a través de sus páginas web en internet permitieron observar en sus repositorios en tiempos difíciles por la pandemia para abrevar sobre el pasado y el presente de este maravilloso pueblo. Gracias a Gema Susana Cruz Muñoz, Presidenta del Comisariado Ejidal de San Bartolomé Tenayuca, a Gilberto Pérez Rico por su valiosa aportación en temas relacionados con esta población y por supuesto a mi amigo y compañero cronista Luis Córdoba por su siempre atinada dirección para crear un índice temático interesante, a Josefina Robles, a Pablo Corona, al Ing. Sergio Matamoros, a Esperancita, y hasta a los que nos negaron información que sirvió como acicate. Por sus atenciones… Gracias. 11 Tenayohcan Oztopolco, Ciudad con Esplendor 12 Tenayohcan Oztopolco, Ciudad con Esplendor INTRODUCCIÓN En la historia de los pueblos se encuentra una gran riqueza. Es común encontrar similitudes entre uno y otro pueblo después del siglo XVI, ya que el sincretismo en fiestas, costumbres, tradiciones, gastronomía y vestimenta, identifica a sus habitantes casi de la misma manera. Sin embargo, la gran diferencia en el caso que trataré en esta obra se encuentra en su pasado. Un sitio que tuvo el privilegio de ser transformado en asiento de grandes caudillos, caciques, reyes y príncipes. Un lugar que tuvo la importancia de ser visitado por todos aquellos grupos indígenas que buscaron un lugar en donde vivir en los inicios del siglo XIII. Su nombre náhuatl cuyo significado es “lugar amurallado”, parece referirse a la cadena montañosa que forma parte de la gran Sierra de Guadalupe y que rodeaba en gran parte el norte de aquel manto acuífero que luego se denominó Lago de Texcoco. Tenayohcan Oztopolco, Huey Altepetl son palabras de origen náhuatl que significan lugar muy amurallado, lugar de la gran cueva, montaña de agua: imperio, reino. Para algunos Tenayohcan, mejor conocido como Tenayuca, tiene el significado de lugar amurallado por las cercas de piedra que se distinguieron en los cerros y la parte plana que dividía supuestamente los territorios; sin 13 Tenayohcan Oztopolco, Ciudad con Esplendor embargo, la traducción literal de lugar amurallado se considera más factible por la ubicación del pueblo, entre las aguas salinas del Lago de Texcoco y las montañas de la sierra que lo rodean aún en la actualidad. Un pueblo antiguo cuya historia se puede encontrar en miles de manuscritos antiguos de época colonial y prehispánica, en códices, en obras líticas o de barro cuya manufactura se le otorga a los habitantes de aquella transcendental ciudad étnica, gobernada por indígenas importantes o del linaje proveniente del rey mexica Moctezuma II, como fue el caso de los descendientes de Cuauhxóchitl, sobrina del soberano tenochca. A casi un siglo del inicio de los trabajos de exploración de un montículo de piedras y tierra, iniciados por el ingeniero José Reygadas Vértiz, junto con el arquitecto Ignacio Marquina, acompañados de Ignacio Herrera, hoy se puede admirar el sitio arqueológico a la par de diversas piezas encontradas que se exponen en el interior de un museo. Los vestigios encontrados prometían conocer mucho del pasado maravilloso de los mexicas, últimos gobernantes en la región del Valle de México a la llegada de los europeos en 1519. Con el asentamiento de nuevas razas de otro continente, cambiaron extraordinariamente las costumbres locales, entre ellas las de la propiedad. La aplicación de la encomienda y el repartimiento permitió muchos abusos en contra de la población indígena que fue despojado no sólo de sus pertenencias, sino también de aquellos lugares en donde de manera 14 Tenayohcan Oztopolco, Ciudad con Esplendor comunal, acostumbraron sembrar sus productos agrícolas como el maíz, jitomate, chilacayote y chile entre otros. San Bartolomé Tenayuca mantiene una muestra física admirable de su pasado prehispánico; sin embargo, no cuenta con vestigios coloniales, a reserva de la parroquia y el Acueducto que pasó cerca de la entrada sur del pueblo y del cual sólo algunas reminiscencias quedaron al igual que del puente de piedra o puente de Tenayuca, final del gran camino de Tlaltelolco y posteriormente parte del Camino Real que partió de la ciudad de México hasta Zacatecas. Tan sólo una leyenda que alguien contó hace tiempo, refirió un lugar que fue nombrado como “presidio” del cual se dice que fue habitado por gente que apoyó a una gavilla de bandoleros apodados “bandidos de río frío” y que llegado el gobierno de la época, (siglo XIX) tomaron presos a todos los habitantes encerrándolos en un pequeño templo del lugar para enseguida prenderle fuego. De aquel hecho no existen indicios ni constancia alguna se ha descubierto. La tradición oral muestra que aquella pequeña comunidad se encontró muy cerca del actual panteón del pueblo de Tenayuca. En tiempos de la revolución nada aparece en los anales de la historia del lugar; empero, sí el inicio de la repartición de tierras a decenas de familias y el nacimiento de los núcleos ejidales. Luego vino la urbanización y los predios y sembradíos dieron paso a grandes estructuras consolidadas. 15 Tenayohcan Oztopolco, Ciudad con Esplendor PREFACIO El pueblo del que se trata en este libro se encuentra al Norte de la Ciudad de México.
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