The Language of Etrusco-Italic Architecture: New Perspectives on Tuscan Temples Author(s): Ingrid Edlund-Berry Source: American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 112, No. 3 (Jul., 2008), pp. 441-447 Published by: Archaeological Institute of America Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20627482 Accessed: 09-06-2015 17:52 UTC
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This content downloaded from 128.83.205.78 on Tue, 09 Jun 2015 17:52:08 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions The Language of Etrusco-Italic Architecture: New Perspectives on Tuscan Temples INGRID EDLUND-BERRY
Abstract tectura(4.7.1-5)1 and, inhis footsteps, by architectural historians and the centuries. One detail of the so-called Tuscan temple is the Etrus archaeologists through can monu I one round moulding, known from Etruria and Instead, address issue?seemingly minute?that ments in Rome. The earliest preserved example (sixth had a considerable role in determining the function century B.C.E.) comes from S. Omobono in Rome, fol of the Tuscan temple in different geographical, cul lowed Satricum, Ardea, and by Pyrgi, Tarquinia through and contexts: Etruscan tural, chronological the round the fourth century B.C.E. As Rome expanded its politi cal interests in the third century B.C.E., newly founded moulding. were one colonies equipped with major temples (Capitolia) As iswell known, of the characteristic features of that had a Tuscan and often Etruscan round mould plan theTuscan (later,Roman) temple plan was the raised (Sora, Isernia). in the second ings Beginning century podium, made of cut blocks?with steps at one short B.C.E., new construction or of often remodeling temples end?on which the rested.2 a re temple building proper displayed parallel traditions, including Roman cyma versa or an Whether created to enhance the of the (Paestum) Etruscan round podium moulding visibility temple The of the Etruscan structure at or some (Cosa). presence round mouldings (e.g., the Capitolium Ostia) for is not when Rome establishes its own ar arbitrary. Only other reason, such as the leveling of the ground, the reversa chitectural language through the cyma moulding raised is all we have leftof such once do we see that it has shed its on the and platform usually dependence past monuments dedicated to of an own as as impressive the deities reached its goals, political well architectural.* Etruscan or Etrusco-Italic city. Depending on the use of local stone and the layout Thanks toLarissa Bonfante 's insightful research on of the terrain, these platforms or podia consisted of of Etruscan we can several of stone on the with many aspects culture, appreciate layers outside, support its significance for a variety of cultural expressions ing stretches of wall or rubble occupying the center. a within ancient Italy.As new discoveries are made, and Seen from distance, the platform provided the level research and reevaluation of Etruscan monuments and foundation for the building proper and was often but artifacts continue, the opportunities for appreciating not alwaysmarked with a rounded moulding (the so the complexity of political and social interactions be called Etruscan round), indicating the transition be tween different of ever-increas tween the groups people provide supporting podium and the foundation for ing challenges. As an example of such a complexity, I the temple building.3 focus here on the so-called Tuscan temples and their The earliest preserved evidence of a Tuscan-type role as statements of religious and political dominance temple with suchmouldings comes from the site of S. within Etruria and central Italy. Omobono, below the Capitoline Hill inRome. There, a in of Byway of recusatio,I stress that the topic here isnot spite very complicated excavations underneath the plan or proportions of the Tuscan temple as first the present church, small sections of twophases of the discussed by theRoman architect Vitruvius inDe archi archaic temple podium can be documented.4
* I thank Helen the in (Iii) Nagyfor organizing panel honor Edlund-Berry 2000). This type of moulding is often referred of Larissa Bonfante on the occasion of her the Gold to as a toro in receiving (torusin Latin) Italian texts, and its shape is dif Medal for Achievement of the ferent from of the Distinguished Archaeological that Greek ovolo (Meritt and Edlund-Berry Institute of America. I am also to use Archaeological grateful Jane 2000, xiii). Meritt grappled with the of "Etruscan" for this Moore of Texas at for the occurs areas (the University Austin) preparing type of moulding, since it in that were inhabited illustrations for In I follow as as publication. this article, Meritt's primarily by Etruscans well in areas that were dominated of rather than the of spelling "moulding" AJA style ("molding"), by speakers Latin and other central Italian languages. 4 since in her rather than The of the two are terminology, "moulding" "molding" precise dates phases of this temple refers to a curved feature that is of a block. part building disputed, but they fall within the early and late sixth centu Rowland and Howe 73. 1999,60-1, fig. ry B.C.E., respectively (Gjerstad 1960, 380-86, 245, 246; 2 figs. For an overall of see study Etruscan temples, Colonna Pisani Sartorioand Virgili 1979;Comune di Roma 1989;Col 2006. onna 1991; Musei 2005, 132-33; Colonna 2006, 3 Capitolini The term "Etruscan round" is used Meritt and by (Meritt 154-55; Winter [forthcoming]). 441 AmericanJournal ofArchaeology 112 (2008) 441-47
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Since thispodium is so poorly preserved, it isdifficult to round was cut evaluate exactly how the moulding (fig. 1) ,5but the profile suggests that the bottom block projected beyond the round and that the intervening blocks were set furtherback. In the second phase of the same temple, the single round developed into a double and was set firmlyon one projecting block below. As documented byMeritt, these round mouldings ex press a practice that is totallyforeign toGreek architec in terms of and tural traditions placement execution, not tomention the use of a platform or podium. The purpose of themoulding was to provide the transition from one set of blocks to another, and the profile was executed by cutting back from the vertical line of the blocks until the desired curve had been achieved. 0 50 100 cm I_i_I were not Since the Etruscans known for conformity or predictability in terms of their architecture?or else for thatmatter?it should not anything surprise Fig. 1. Profile drawing of archaic temples at S. Omobono, us a use that there is definite lack of consistency in the Rome (modified from Gjerstad 1960, figs. 245,246; Colonna Comune di Roma (or non-use) of thesemouldings. Due to the arbitrary 1991, fig. 1; 1989, pi. 2). status of preservation, we should probably not assign toomuch significance to the fact that the archaic tem at Omobono the earliest two blocks?one of which an ple S. represents preserved fragmentary preserves been assembled to podium mouldings to date. Etruscan round moulding?have A podium moulding similar to that of the first type form part of the podium of thisTuscan temple, dated a ca. 460B.C.E. from S. Omobono?with vertical podium profile (fig. 3).9 crowned by a round?may also be found inTemple I The second typeof temple foundation from S. Omo at Satricum, south of Rome (also known as the "sacel bono?with a low podium marked with large, curved or can to the of that becomes lum" Temple 0), and be dated 550-540 rounds?preserves type moulding a was the hallmark of Etruscan seen not in B.C.E.6 A rounded fragment of such moulding architecture, only there in the late excavations. In in as those from La found 19th-century temple podia but also altars such ear the excavation report, published inNotizie degli scavi vinium, Orvieto, and Fiesole.10 The chronologically di antichit? for 1896,7 the fragmentwas reconstructed liest such temple podium, following the temple from as part of a sequence placed between an angular block S. Omobono, comes from Ardea, a town to the south and a hawksbeak moulding underneath (fig. 2). More of Rome known for its citywall and several temples.11 Colonna has a reconstruc One of these known as Casalinaccio or Civita recently, however, proposed temples, was shows a with massive Etruscan round tion that suggests that the round protruding from vecchia, podium a vertical set of blocks forming the podium.8 mouldings on the preserved short and long sides (fig. A similar reconstruction has been suggested, also by 4). It is commonly dated to the sixth century B.C.E., Colonna, for fragments found at Temple A at Pyrgi, the but a later date of 480 B.C.E. has also been suggested on coast Rome. Etruscan sanctuary the north of There, by Colonna.12
5 are them in full scale. The mouldings from S. Omobono discussed briefly mouldings and illustrating in Shoe (1965, 22 n. 5) but are not illustrated; see also Meritt 6Barnabei and Cozza 1896, 32, fig. 4; De Waele 1997; Mer n. Colonna and Edlund-Berry 2000,22 5.1 have based the illustrations itt and Edlund-Berry 2000, 86-8, XXIII.3, XXIII.4; on in this article Shoe's drawings whenever possible because 2005. a they represent consistent technique of recording. For the 7Barnabei and Cozza 1896. an sake of clarity, outline of the profile (facing leftwhenever 8Colonna 2005,112. 9 on 31. possible) has been superimposed the actual blocks of the Colonna etal. 1970,43, fig. 10 temple podia, but because of the small scale of the illustra Meritt and Edlund-Berry 2000. 11 Morselli and Tortorici Meritt and Edlund tions, the preservation of the stones, and sometimes the angle 1982, 91-3; not to XXIII. For a view of the Etruscan of the photograph, the agreement is perfect. I refer Berry 2000,84-6, 1,XXIII.2. see C. Meritt (Meritt and Edlund-Berry 2000, xviii-xix) and Edlund round, Meritt and Edlund-Berry 2000, xvi, fig. 12 a Berry (2005) for discussion of the principles of measuring Colonna 1984,409.
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constitute themajor temple of the city (e.g., at Satri cum and are Tarquinia). While there great variations in building material, temple plans, and details of the mouldings, there is no question that this temple type represented something thatwas easily recognizable by others the or Celts to (e.g., Greeks further south the the as Etrusco-Italic. north) distinctly It iswithin this framework thatwe should see the next in the use of the Tus phase moulding-decorated can temples. As Rome expanded itspolitical interests outside the familiar areas of Etruria and Latium, newly founded colonies were equipped with major temples (Capitolia) that are clearly identified by their location and Tuscan and Etruscan plan usually sporting round mouldings. Possibly the earliest example is found at Sora in the Liris Valley, south of Rome, which became a Latin colony in 303 B.C.E.14 A temple podium with large Etruscan is round mouldings preserved here under 0 10 20 30 cm neath the cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta (fig. 7). The same occurs at to I_I_I_I phenomenon Isernia, further the east, where a Latin colony was established in 263 B.C.E.15 of main a The podium the temple preserves at double Etruscan round Fig. 2. Temple podium Satricum (after Barnabei and moulding, today incorporated Cozza 1896, fig. 4, right; Meritt and Edlund-Berry 2000, into the foundations of the cathedral. 86-8, XXIII.3, left). Although not officially a colony, the Sabine area in came around Cascia, today's southern Umbria, under Roman influence after 290 B.C.E.16 The seem The largest of all Etruscan temples outside Rome is ingly isolated site ofVilla S. Silvestro is located in the the B.C.E. early fourth-century version of the Ara della Regina temple at Tarquinia.13 It is located on the city hill, and the different phases of the temple empha size its dominant location and increasingly elaborate plan and decoration. In addition to the striking ter racotta the decoration, including the famous horses, podium of the temple was marked by large, highly visible Etruscan round mouldings along the sides and front (fig. 5). As the suggested by these examples, so-called Tus can with the Etruscan temple accompanying round podium mouldings spread chronologically from the sixth to in the early fourth century B.C.E. locations fromArdea and Satricum inLatium toRome ranging 0 10 20 cm at the border between Latium and Etruria and to Pyrgi and Tarquinia in southern Etruria (fig. 6). Although the exact cult and function are not established at et clearly Fig. 3. Podium of Temple A Pyrgi (after Colonna al. for all these temples (e.g., at Ardea), some definitely 1970,fig. 30).
13 Meritt and Edlund-Berry 2000, 89-90, XXV.2, XXV.3, dra Tanzilli for permission to include the photograph of the fig. 16; Bonghijovino 2001; Bagnasco Gianni 2002; Colonna moulding (see fig. 7) and for her interest in this project. 2006,161-63, fig 8.34. 15Diebner 1979, 22-4; Meritt and Edlund-Berry 2000, 92, and 14Ghetti Pagliardi 1980; Tanzilli 1998; Meritt and Ed LXXVI.l,fig.l9. lund-Berry 2000, xxiii; Mezzazappa 2003. I thank Alessan 16Bendinelli 1938; Stalinski 2001a, 2001b.
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The present-day church at Villa S. Silvestro preserves the foundations of the podium of a temple whose hefty mouldings fitwell into the sequence ofmajor Tuscan temples with Etruscan rounds (fig. 8).17 The Latin colonies at Cosa inEtruria18 and Paestum in Campania,19 both founded in 273 B.C.E., provide an of Roman architectural sensi interesting example as as tivityto the original settlers of these areas, well an indication of the direction of Roman architecture as it comes into itsown. Of the two,Cosa was laid out ex novowith a grid plan designating the public spaces, the forum, and the arx (the high point for sacred ac tivities). Although the earliest form of worship and arx are presence of temple buildings on the subject at Ardea to itwas not until the second Fig. 4. Podium of the Casalinaccio temple (after debate, century B.C.E., Meritt and Edlund-Berry 2000, 84-6, XXIII.2 and photo at least 100 years after the foundation of the colony, graph). that a Capitolium proper was erected (although the identification has been doubted by Bispham),20 dec orated with masses of architectural terracottas, and adorned with an easily recognizable Etruscan round base moulding (fig. 9). As pointed out by Meritt, its closest parallel is the temple at Ardea, and the ques tion we have to ask iswhether the Roman architect intentionally used an archaizing form ofmoulding for in Roman this "Tuscan" temple clothing.21
della at Fig. 5. Podium of the ?ra Regina Tarquinia (after Meritt and Edlund-Berry 2000, 89-90, XXV.3 and photo graph).
north-south valley to the south of Cascia; this valley a access route in this mountainous re central I. Edlund provides major Fig. 6. Map of Etruria and Italy (drawing by gion, which is subject tomany devastating earthquakes. Berry andj. Moore).
21 18. Meritt and XXV. 14. The 17Meritt and Edlund-Berry 2000,90-2, XXV.5, fig. Edlund-Berry 2000,21,88, 1, fig. 18 out reconstruction of the shown in Brown et al. Brown 1980. As pointed by Fentress (2003, 13-32), podium (1960, that it have consisted of a founda the material evidence for the earliest phase of the colony is 70, fig. 47) suggests may see tion course underneath a rounded base and three virtually nonexistent; also Taylor 2002. moulding rows of cut crowned a round 19Pedley 1990,113-28. rectangular blocks, by matching with a total of almost 3 m. 20Bispham2006,96-104. moulding, height
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scene The at the twincolony at Paestum isquite dif ferent.The colony here was placed on Greek and Sam nite soil, and the cityplan was adapted to incorporate the already existing majestic Greek temples. A rectan gular forum in the center of the citywould seem to be the logical place for a Roman-type temple, but such a was temple not erected until well into the colony's ex istence?as late as 200 B.C.E. or even toward the end of the second century B.C.E.22 The temple thatwe see or todaymay may not have been a Capitolium proper (the cult of Bona Mens is one of the options), but aside from the issue of the cult, this temple shows the development inRoman thinking from the old and old fashioned generic Etrusco-Italic round to something that can be called Roman architecture proper. Thus, the podium mouldings reflect the cyma reversa form (fig. 10), which seems to have developed inRome and as as Latium early the third century B.C.E. (Temple C, Largo Argentina, Rome), and then spread throughout as an Italy part of architectural language thatwe can finally call Roman in itsown right.23 This brief overview suggests that the presence of the Etruscan round mouldings on temple podia isnot arbitrary and that italludes to the importance of the building in terms of its function as a major temple. we However, must tread carefully in identifying such major temples as Capitolia (i.e., Rome-generated tem to ples the Capitoline triad, including Jupiter) that emulated the plan and appearance of the Capitoline temple inRome. Because of the often complicated ex cavation and reconstruction history of these temples, it is difficult to ascertain whether a temple had one or more cellas or other combination of rooms. More over?as can be expected due to the lack of inscrip tions, votives, or other indicators?the identification of the temples rests on assumptions (if it is a Capito lium, themain deity isJupiter) or on an interpretation of the decorative material, usually architectural terra cottas adorning the roof and pediments. same At the time, I believe that a careful analysis of the Tuscan temples in all their details, including or the base podium mouldings, can add new insight into the discussion of the Romanization of ancient Fig. 8. Villa S. Silvestro church. Italy.While not too long ago the existence of such a temple was seen as a clear indication of the presence of Romans and Roman political domination, current subjection are becoming more fluid, and the power research is the interaction between can viewing Romans of Rome be viewed as a process of give and take. and non-Romans in with new Italy eyes.24By focusing It is in this regard that the Tuscan temple plan, with on all of the boundaries Italy, between dominance and itsdecoration and mouldings, can be seen as created
22Theodorescu Meritt and 23 1989; Edlund-Berry 2000,158, Meritt and Edlund-Berry 2000, xxii-xxv. L.4. 24 E.g., Bispham 2006; Bradley 2006.
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within theEtrusco-Italic sphere and was used there suc cessfully.25Ultimately, itwas one city (Rome) that fol lowed the tradition of political and cultural expansion thatwas instigated by the Etruscans who had spread their interests as far as Marzabotto in the north and Capua in the south. By so doing, the Romans used a well-known temple form to shift the emphasis from the Etrusco-Italic tradition to the one that came to be regarded as representing Rome and Rome only.
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