Ancient Rome
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WHY JULIAN BELIEVED CORRECT WORSHIP of the GODS COULD SAVE the ROMAN EMPIRE from CHAOS a Thesis Presented to the Faculty Of
WHY JULIAN BELIEVED CORRECT WORSHIP OF THE GODS COULD SAVE THE ROMAN EMPIRE FROM CHAOS A Thesis Presented to the faculty of the Department of Humanities and Religious Studies California State University, Sacramento Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in Humanities by Alejandra Meléndez-Silva SPRING 2020 WHY JULIAN BELIEVED CORRECT WORSHIP OF THE GODS COULD SAVE THE ROMAN EMPIRE FROM CHAOS A Thesis by Alejandra Meléndez-Silva Approved by: _________________________________, Committee Chair Dr. Jeffrey Brodd _________________________________, Second Reader Dr. Bradley Nystrom __________________ Date ii Student: Alejandra Meléndez-Silva I certify that this student has met the requirements for format contained in the University format manual, and this thesis is suitable for electronic submission to the library and credit is to be awarded for the thesis. ___________________________, Graduate Coordinator _____________________ Dr. Harvey Stark Date Department of Humanities and Religious Studies iii Abstract of WHY JULIAN BELIEVED CORRECT WORSHIP OF THE GODS COULD SAVE THE ROMAN EMPIRE FROM CHAOS by Alejandra Meléndez-Silva The Roman emperor Julian is famously remembered for being Rome’s last pagan emperor and he has been vilified for his dislike of Christianity. Sufficient analysis of Julian’s own perspective reveals a complex individual who does not conform with the simplified caricature of Julian “the Apostate” who was focused on assailing Christianity. His aversion to the Christians was mainly motivated by the fact that they refused to participate in the state cult. This thesis will explore the relationship between properly honoring the gods and state health, its origins, and why it was essential to sacrifice to the gods. -
RICE, CARL ROSS. Diocletian's “Great
ABSTRACT RICE, CARL ROSS. Diocletian’s “Great Persecutions”: Minority Religions and the Roman Tetrarchy. (Under the direction of Prof. S. Thomas Parker) In the year 303, the Roman Emperor Diocletian and the other members of the Tetrarchy launched a series of persecutions against Christians that is remembered as the most severe, widespread, and systematic persecution in the Church’s history. Around that time, the Tetrarchy also issued a rescript to the Pronconsul of Africa ordering similar persecutory actions against a religious group known as the Manichaeans. At first glance, the Tetrarchy’s actions appear to be the result of tensions between traditional classical paganism and religious groups that were not part of that system. However, when the status of Jewish populations in the Empire is examined, it becomes apparent that the Tetrarchy only persecuted Christians and Manichaeans. This thesis explores the relationship between the Tetrarchy and each of these three minority groups as it attempts to understand the Tetrarchy’s policies towards minority religions. In doing so, this thesis will discuss the relationship between the Roman state and minority religious groups in the era just before the Empire’s formal conversion to Christianity. It is only around certain moments in the various religions’ relationships with the state that the Tetrarchs order violence. Consequently, I argue that violence towards minority religions was a means by which the Roman state policed boundaries around its conceptions of Roman identity. © Copyright 2016 Carl Ross Rice All Rights Reserved Diocletian’s “Great Persecutions”: Minority Religions and the Roman Tetrarchy by Carl Ross Rice A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of North Carolina State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts History Raleigh, North Carolina 2016 APPROVED BY: ______________________________ _______________________________ S. -
Nordlit 33, 2014 TOMBA DEI TORI at TARQUINIA
TOMBA DEI TORI AT TARQUINIA: A RITUAL READING J. Rasmus Brandt Introduction: the Tomba dei Tori One of the best known, but also among the most enigmatic tombs at Tarquinia, is the so- called Tomba dei Tori (Tomb of the Bulls), dated to about 540–530 BC.1 It contains a series of paintings of different thematic content including two erotic scenes, which from a modern point of view have either been ignored or considered shameless and not congruent with death and funerary practices. In this article modern morale shall not be discussed, rather funerary rituals in an Etruscan setting. The tomb was of the tumulus type with a long, stepped dromos descending into the calcareous bedrock, ending in a large rectangular funerary chamber (A) (4.31 x 4.52 m, H. 2.52 m) with a saddle roof. In the back wall two doors opened into two smaller, parallel chambers, also with saddle roofs: to the left (B) (3.47 x 2.52 m, H. 2.10 m), to the right (C) (3.26 x 2.52 m, H. 2.00 m). The back wall of chamber A was decorated with four zones of paintings, one above the other, two panels (1–2) between the doors to chambers B and C, a band above the doors across the whole width of the room (3), and on top the pediment/tympanon area created by the saddle roof (4) (Fig. 1):2 1. Bottom panel (dado) (Figs 1–2): Simply sketched trees with stem and branches with and without foliage; wreaths and ribbons hang from the branches. -
Lesson Two--Rep To
Lesson Two: Rome’s Shift From a Republic to an Empire (Important Note: This lesson might work better being taught in 2 days. Review the lesson carefully before teaching. Perhaps the Republic to Caesar to Empire Reading and Word Wall could be made longer with a longer discussion and then the primary source and monument analyses can be accomplished the next day.) Lesson overview: Briefly remind students of yesterday’s lesson, emphasizing the process of reviewing each of Rome’s historical paradigms through analyzing primary sources and monuments and symbols. Once again review the essential question and remind students of the upcoming final assessment project. Then briefly overview the activities for today’s lesson. Students will then complete a KWL chart on the Roman Republic and Roman Empire. They will then read and report to each other on the “Rome to Caesar to Empire” reading in groups. After this, students will stay in groups and analyze the primary sources and monuments reflecting the Roman Republic and Roman Empire. Finally, the lesson will close with students completing a word wall using the “Rome to Caesar to Empire” reading and their primary source readings. This lesson satisfies the following Common Core and Career Readiness Standards for grades 6-12: CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RH.6-8.3 Identify key steps in a text's description of a process related to history/ social studies (e.g., how a bill becomes law, how interest rates are raised or lowered). CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RH.6-8.6 Identify aspects of a text that reveal an author's point of view or purpose (e.g., loaded language, inclusion or avoidance of particular facts). -
Cneve Tarchunies Rumach
Classica, Sao Paulo, 718: 101-1 10, 199411995 Cneve Tarchunies Rumach R.ROSS HOLLOWAY Center for Old World Archaeology and Art Brown University RESUMO: O objetivo do Autor neste artigo e realizar um leitura historica das pinturas da Tumba Francois em Vulci, detendo-se naquilo que elas podem elucidar a respeito da sequencia dos reis romanos do seculo VI a.C. PALAVRAS CHAVE: Tumba Francois; realeza romana; uintura mural. The earliest record in Roman history, if by history we mean the union of names with events, is preserved in the paintings of an Etruscan tomb: the Francois Tomb at Vulci. The discovery of the Francois Tomb took place in 1857. The paintings were subsequently removed from the walls and became part of the Torlonia Collection in Villa Albani where they remain to this day. The decoration of the tomb, like much Etruscan funeral art, draws on Greek heroic mythology. It also included a portrait of the owner, Vel Saties, and beside him the figure of a woman named Tanaquil, presumably his wife (this figure has become almost completely illegible). In view of the group of historical personages among the tomb paintings, this name has decided resonance with better known Tanaquil, in Roman tradition the wife of Tarquinius Priscus. The historical scene of the tomb consists of five pairs of figures drawn from Etruscan and Roman history. These begin with the scene (A) Mastarna (Macstma) freeing Caeles Vibenna (Caile Vipinas) from his bonds (fig.l). There follow four scenes in three of which an armed figure dispatches an unarmed man with his sword. -
Euheritagetour — "Differences and Commonalities"
EUROPEAN COMMISSION ENTERPRISE AND INDUSTRY DIRECTORATE-GENERAL Directorate E - Service Industries Financial Team & Unit E2: Tourism & Cultural Instruments EUHeritage TOUR Name of the project: Network for European Cultural Heritage Tourism Acronym: EUHeritage Tour GA Number: SI2.655608 Consortium Co-ordinator X23 Ltd “Differences and Commonalities". e definitive identity of a Pan-European cultural touristic project. Setting-up the itineraries • [1st Focus Level] (REVIEW) March 31, 2014 José Portugal1, Elisa Perez Babo1 1st reviewed by the Coordinator: G. Laquidara2, M. Mazzi Boém2, M. Colombani2 2Quaternaire Portugal, Quaternaire Portugal is a corporate society owned predominantly by Portuguese shareholders, working on the following fields of expertise: (i) Evaluation; (ii) Culture; (iii) Employment, Compe- tences and Vocational Training; (iv) Spatial Planning; (v) Strategic Planning; (vi) Urban Projects and Policies. - (Av. 5º de Outubro, 77 - 6º esq. 1050-049 Lisboa - Portugal)̶ José Portugal : [email protected] 2X23 Ltd, MIUR Research Archive #60954DHH 23 Ltd ̶ Artificial Intelligence, Physics and Cybernetics, Com- puter Science, Network Science, Non-linear and Complex Systems; Financial Quantitative Modeling, Systems’ Dynamics Qualitative Analysis, Quantified Politics - (Rome, Salerno - Italy; Lisbon - Portugal) ̶ [email protected]; [email protected] 1. Elements for the construction of a tourism product 1.1. Taking the World Tourism Organisation definition of tourism as its basis: the ATLAS. Association for -
Etruria 2019 Brochure Needs
Etruscan Places OF NORTHERN LAZIO AND UMBRIA Join us in Italy, October 21–28, 2019 Imagine a land of volcanic lakes, sandy beaches, rugged hills, thermal springs, Roman roads, and medieval hill towns. Its olive oil, chestnuts, hazelnuts, freshwater fish, black truffles, seafood, wild mushrooms, game, pork products, lamb, and sheep cheeses are among the best you’ll find anywhere in Italy. … www.elifanttours.com / [email protected] / +1-347-868-6345 Etruscan Places OF NORTHERN LAZIO AND Join us for an exciting tour to the Etruscan places just north of Rome. The tour covers the territory between Rome’s northern edge and Orvieto, just inside the Umbrian border, 75 miles to the north. It’s a sort of “flyover” country, ignored by tourists in their dash north to Tuscany. All the more reason to stop and explore this land of volcanic lakes, sandy beaches, rugged hills, thermal springs, Roman roads, and medieval hill towns. Its olive oil, chestnuts, hazelnuts, freshwater fish, mushrooms, game, pork products, lamb, and sheep cheeses rival any in Italy. Long before the Romans, sophisticated native peoples were living in cities and building extravagant cemeteries (“cities of the dead”). The best known and most influential were called Etruscans, but we’ll meet others too, such as the forgotten Faliscans. Our itinerary offers plenty of archaeo-culinary interest in both isolated (and very picturesque) sites and the medieval towns that inherited the ancient legacy. That legacy continues today, remarkably unspoiled. The tour covers the southern Etruscan territory In October, when we visit, the wild beauty of the natural landscape will be enhanced between Rome and the southern borders of Tuscany and Umbria. -
U Fficio Stud I
Numero 4/2010 Via del Collegio Romano, 27 - www.ufficiostudi.beniculturali.it 06-67232397 06-67232547 Promuovere e comunicare il Patrimonio Mondiale dell’UNESCO Entrare nella Lista del Patrimonio Mondiale dell’UNESCO è diventata una meta molto ambi- ta e sempre più difficile da raggiungere. L’iscrizione viene spesso considerata da molti come la conclusione di un processo - che sancisce il riconoscimento di una rilevanza culturale o naturale straordinaria - invece che l’inizio di un accresciuto impegno e di una maggiore re- sponsabilità. Ai gestori dei siti UNESCO è affidato il compito di comunicare e promuovere i va- lori sui quali è stata fondata la Convenzione Internazionale sulla Protezione del Patrimonio Mondiale, culturale e naturale, e che sono legati all’idea che il Patrimonio Mondiale deve es- sere conservato per le future generazioni, perché costituisce una sorta di mappa cromosomi- ca della storia dell’Umanità, dove tutte le culture del mondo possono rispecchiarsi. Ecco quindi l’esigenza, non solo di tutelare e gestire in modo adeguato i siti, ma anche di diffonderne la conoscenza ed evidenziarne gli aspetti formativi ed educativi. Per questo moti- vo, tra le sei C che l’UNESCO ha individuato come struttura portante dell’idea di Patrimonio Mondiale (Coordination, Credibility, Conservation, Capacity Building, Communication e Com- munities) la Comunicazione ha assunto un ruolo sempre più importante: essa costituisce d’- Ufficio Studi Ufficio altra parte il primo strumento di promozione del Patrimonio, e contribuisce in modo sostan- ziale alla crescita culturale delle comunità ed alla valorizzazione economica dei territori. In questo numero sono presentate alcune esperienze italiane - promosse dal Ministero, dall’Associazione Città e Siti Unesco, dai singoli gestori - ritenute interessanti sotto l’aspetto dell’informazione, della sensibilizzazione dei cittadini, della didattica, pur nella consapevolez- za che tali esempi non esauriscono le molteplici attività oggi dedicate a questo settore. -
Volume 16 Winter 2014
Volume 16 Winter 2014 Tomb 6423 At right, the Below is the A Digger’s View: lastra sealing chamber as The Tomb of the Hanging the chamber found at the The perspective of a field Aryballos, Tarquinia shown in situ. moment of archaeologist by Alessandro Mandolesi Above it is the opening, by Maria Rosa Lucidi another lastra on the back The University of Turin and the possibly reut- wall a little The discovery of the tomb of the Superintendency for the Archaeological ilzed spolia aryballos still “hanging aryballos" has aroused great Heritage of Southern Etruria have been interest among the public in both Italy taken from hangs on its investigating the Tumulus of the Queen and internationally. The integrity of the original nail. and the necropolis surrounding it, the the tumulus unviolated tomb is definitely one of the Doganaccia, since 2008. The excava- of the queen, (photographs reasons for the attention it has received. tions have brought forth many important which stands by Massimo The uniqueness is even more pro- and unexpected results, thanks to subse- nearby. Legni). nounced when one considers that since quent research, and the infor- the second half of the nine- mation relating to the differ- teenth century the English ent phases of its use has made traveler George Dennis it possible to clarify many blamed the inability to recov- obscure points about the great er the contexts from intact era of the monumental tumuli chamber tombs in Etruscan at Tarquinia. Tarquinia on repeated looting Archaeologists working since ancient times. The -
Calendar of Roman Events
Introduction Steve Worboys and I began this calendar in 1980 or 1981 when we discovered that the exact dates of many events survive from Roman antiquity, the most famous being the ides of March murder of Caesar. Flipping through a few books on Roman history revealed a handful of dates, and we believed that to fill every day of the year would certainly be impossible. From 1981 until 1989 I kept the calendar, adding dates as I ran across them. In 1989 I typed the list into the computer and we began again to plunder books and journals for dates, this time recording sources. Since then I have worked and reworked the Calendar, revising old entries and adding many, many more. The Roman Calendar The calendar was reformed twice, once by Caesar in 46 BC and later by Augustus in 8 BC. Each of these reforms is described in A. K. Michels’ book The Calendar of the Roman Republic. In an ordinary pre-Julian year, the number of days in each month was as follows: 29 January 31 May 29 September 28 February 29 June 31 October 31 March 31 Quintilis (July) 29 November 29 April 29 Sextilis (August) 29 December. The Romans did not number the days of the months consecutively. They reckoned backwards from three fixed points: The kalends, the nones, and the ides. The kalends is the first day of the month. For months with 31 days the nones fall on the 7th and the ides the 15th. For other months the nones fall on the 5th and the ides on the 13th. -
Marcus Junius Brutus David B
History Publications History 2007 Marcus Junius Brutus David B. Hollander Iowa State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/history_pubs Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons, and the Political History Commons The ompc lete bibliographic information for this item can be found at http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ history_pubs/6. For information on how to cite this item, please visit http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ howtocite.html. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the History at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Publications by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Marcus Junius Brutus Abstract Marcus Junius Brutus (BREW-tuhs) came from noble stock. His reputed paternal ancestor, Lucius Junius Brutus, helped overthrow the last king of Rome, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, in 510 B.C.E. and then became one of the first two consuls of the Roman Republic. His mother, Servilia Caepionis, was descended from Gaius Servilius Ahala, who had murdered the would-be tyrant Spurius Maelius in 439. Disciplines Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity | Political History Comments "Marcus Junius Brutus," in Great Lives from History: Notorious Lives, ed. Carl L. Bankston III, Salem Press (2007) 146-148. Used with permission of EBSCO Information Services, Ipswich, MA. This article is available at Iowa State University Digital Repository: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/history_pubs/6 Great Lives from History: Notorious Lives Marcus Junius Brutus by David B. -
Per Una Definizione Dei Falisci, Tra Identità, Cultura E Territorio
GA BRIELE CIF A NI PER UNA DEFINIZIONE DEI FALISCI, TRA IDENTITÀ, CULTURA E TERRITORIO This paper challenges the common notion of the Faliscans as an autono- mous and autochthonous ethnic group inside Etruria and emphasizes the Falis- can ethnicity as a ductile ideology linked with the geopolitical changes which occurred in the middle Tiber Valley between the 8th and the 3rd centuries BC. Within this framework the paper analyses the landscape history of the ager Faliscus between the 10th and the 3rd centuries BC to identify signifi- cant changes in the territorial organization such as aspects of the political identity of the Faliscans. The Faliscans appear as allied or dependent communities of the power- ful Etruscan city of Veii from the 8th century BC onwards, but substantial changes in Faliscan political unity could have occurred from the 6th century and particularly after the fall of Veii in 396 BC. The political identity of the Faliscans is newly negotiated after 241 BC, despite the drastic modifications occurring in the territory because of the military conquest by Rome. This paper also proposes to identify the area around the via Flaminia as the part of the territory directly controlled by Rome after the peace treaty with the Faliscans, and where the expropriation of lands known from the literary tradition can be identified thanks to the remains of land divisions found by recent archaeological surveys. 1. ASPETTI DELL A STORI A DEGLI STUDI Nella tradizione letteraria antica l’identità etnica dei Falisci appare un tema affatto univoco. Sono noti infatti tre filoni letterari: da una parte l’origine greca, frutto di una ricostruzione erudita probabilmente di età ellenistica, quindi due tradizioni forse più antiche, oltre che più riscontrabili sul piano archeo- — 1 — G A BRIELE C IF A NI logico, che descrivono i Falisci come Etruschi o come un ethnos “parti- colare” ed autonomo1.