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The Foreign Trade Regime in the Comecon Countries Today
THE FOREIGN TRADE REGIME IN THE COMECON COUNTRIES TODAY KAzmuExz GRzmows~i* I. THE ScoPE OF REFORM Recently, in three important aspects, foreign trade techniques in socialist Europe were changed significantly. Economic expan- sion, the growing sophistication of national economies in the en- tire area and the need for closer cooperation, both among the members of the Council for Mutual Economic Aid (hereinafter Comecon) and with the free economy countries, have rendered the system of artificial separation of import and export activities from the production of goods obsolete. Accordingly, foreign trade has been made largely the responsibility of the producers again in an effort to involve them directly in more efficient competition for foreign consumers.' Second, in the effort to promote growing effi- dency within the Eastern Bloc, the General Conditions of Delivery of 19582 and the international code of sales and deliveriess were * Professor of Law and Political Science, Duke University. This article is part of a forthcoming book entitled, East-West Economic Relations, to be published by the author in 1972. 1. See generally K. Grzybowski, Soviet Private International Law 46 (1965); K. Grzybowski, The Socialist Commonwealth of Nations: Organizations and Institutions 29, 57 (1964); S. Pisar, Coexistence and Commerce: Guidelines for Transactions between East and West 243-816 (1970); Hoya, The Comecon Gen- eral Conditions-A Socialist Unification of International Trade Law, 70 Colum. L. Rev. 253 (1970). 2. Obshchie Usloviia Postavok Tovarov mczhdu Vneshnetorgovymi Organi- zatsiiami Stran-Uchastnits Soveta Ekonomicheskoi Vraimopomoshchi (General Conditions for the Delivery of Goods Between Foreign Trade Organizations of Member-Countries of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance), in Mnogos- toronnee Ekonomicheskoe Sotrudnichestvo Sotsialisticheskikh Gosudantv 121, 297 (Institut Gosudarstvi Prava Ak-ademii Nauk SSR 1967). -
Historical Traumas in Post-War Hungary: Legacies and Representations of Genocide and Dictatorship
The Hungarian Historical Review New Series of Acta Historica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae Volume 6 No. 2 2017 Historical Traumas in Post-War Hungary: Legacies and Representations of Genocide and Dictatorship Balázs Apor Special Editor of the Thematic Issue Contents Articles Zsolt Győri Discursive (De)Constructions of the Depoliticized Private Sphere in The Resolution and Balaton Retro 271 tamás BeZsenyi and The Legacy of World War II and Belated Justice andrás lénárt in the Hungarian Films of the Early Kádár Era 300 Péter Fodor Erasing, Rewriting, and Propaganda in the Hungarian Sports Films of the 1950s 328 anna menyhért Digital Trauma Processing in Social Media Groups: Transgenerational Holocaust Trauma on Facebook 355 ZsóFia réti Past Traumas and Future Generations: Cultural Memory Transmission in Hungarian Sites of Memory 377 lóránt Bódi The Documents of a Fresh Start in Life: Marriage Advertisements Published in the Israelite Newspaper Új Élet (New Life) Between 1945–1952 404 http://www.hunghist.org HHR_2017-2.indb 1 9/26/2017 3:20:01 PM Contents Featured review The Routledge History of East Central Europe since 1700. Edited by Irina Livezeanu and Árpád von Klimó. Reviewed by Ferenc Laczó 427 Book reviews Central Europe in the High Middle Ages: Bohemia, Hungary and Poland, c. 900–c. 1300. By Nora Berend, Przemysław Urbańczyk, and Przemysław Wiszewski. Reviewed by Sébastien Rossignol 434 Deserting Villages – Emerging Market Towns: Settlement Dynamics and Land Management in the Great Hungarian Plain: 1300–1700. By Edit Sárosi. Reviewed by András Vadas 437 Das Reich als Netzwerk der Fürsten: Politische Strukturen unter dem Doppelkönigtum Friedrichs II. -
YUGOSLAVIA's FIRST POST-TITO PARTY CONGRESS Part I: Problems on the Agenda
YUGOSLAVIA'S FIRST POST-TITO PARTY CONGRESS Part I: Problems on the Agenda by Dennison I. Rusinow 1982/No. 39 Europe [DIR-2-'82] The first post-Tito Party Con- been signs since the congress that gress emphasized continuity, this may happen sooner rather than later, but it had been clear for some despite the obvious fact that months before the comrades Tito's own guiding hand has assembled in Belgrade that it would been replaced by collective not happen then or without a few leadership. The political prob- more hard knocks from "life itself," lem attendant to this change in as Marxists are fond of calling the a conflict-prone multinational ultimate confounder of even best- society is equaled and reinforced laid schemes.- woes, by Yugoslavia's economic Continuity as the theme of the Con- gress was still unavoidable in June 1982 for a regime whose slogan since its founder's death has been "Continuity" was unavoidably, if "After Tito--Tito," and whose inappropriately, the name of the leaders have been unable to agree game for the Twelfth Congress of on reforms that they also fear would the League of Communists of be interpreted as the beginning of a Yugoslavia ("the Party") which met general "de-Titoization." in Belgrade from June 26 through It is generally and probably correctly 29, 1982. In the light of economic believed that even a widespread problems so grave that they ought suspicion that a general overhaul of to have serious social and political "Titoist" principles and institutions repercussions and the experience of is on theway would be singularly de- other countries after the passing of stabilizing. -
A Sweet History in Bitter Times: Refining Sugar in the Transnistrian Borderlands (1898-2015)
A SWEET HISTORY IN BITTER TIMES: REFINING SUGAR IN THE TRANSNISTRIAN BORDERLANDS (1898-2015) by Alexandru Lesanu A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of George Mason University in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy History Committee: ___________________________________________ Director ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ Department Chairperson ___________________________________________ Program Director ___________________________________________ Dean, College of Humanities and Social Sciences Date: _____________________________________ Fall Semester 2015 George Mason University Fairfax, VA A Sweet History in Bitter Times: Refining Sugar in the Transnistrian Borderlands (1898-2015) A Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at George Mason University by Alexandru Lesanu Master of Arts Central European University, Budapest, Hungary, 2005 Bachelor of Arts Low Danube University, Galati, Romania, 2003 Director: Steven Barnes, Professor Department of History and Art History Fall Semester 2015 George Mason University Fairfax, VA This work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-noderivs 3.0 unported license. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A dissertation is a long journey and it cannot be completed without the support of numerous travel companions. I would like to thank Steven Barnes, my dissertation adviser, who shared this journey from its beginning in 2008 until its end in 2015. During the journey, Steve was not only a meticulous adviser but also a valuable travel companion. Thanks to the other two members of my dissertation committee, Mills Kelly and Paula Petrik, for their precious travel advice. Among many movie and book recommendations, Mills suggested that Bridge on the Drina by Ivo Andric would be an inspired reading during my journey. -
An Historical Ethnography of Rural Life in Communist Albania
Accepted Manuscript (AM) of King, R. and Vullnetari, J. (2016) From shortage economy to second economy: An historical ethnography of rural life in communist Albania. Journal of Rural Studies 44: 198–207 [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.02.010][accepted January 2016; published online 24 February 2016]. From Shortage Economy to Second Economy: An Historical Ethnography of Rural Life in Communist Albania Abstract Few accounts exist of the nature of everyday rural life in communist societies, such as those which existed in Eastern Europe between the end of World War Two and circa 1990. In this paper we use oral-history testimonies from older people to reconstruct an ‘historical ethnography’ of rural life in Albania, the most isolated and repressive of the East European socialist regimes. We build our analysis around the dialectical relationship between the ‘shortage economy’, which was all-pervasive and derived from the Albanian regime’s Stalinist policy of prioritising mining and heavy industry over consumer goods and agriculture, and the ‘second economy’ which developed as a bottom-up strategy to overcome some of the imbalances and blockages in the official or ‘first’ economy. Fieldwork was carried out in clusters of villages and settlements corresponding to cooperatives and a state farm in four locations in different parts of Albania. Within the symbiotic or ‘lubricating’ relationship between the shortage economy and the second economy, we examine the ‘institutionalised hierarchy of access’ that gave some people and groups privileged access to scarce goods, whilst others remained in a marginalised and partially excluded state. Keywords: Albania; communist era; shortage economy; second economy; everyday rural life; oral history [The Version of Record of this manuscript has been published and is available in Journal of Rural Studies; 24 February 2016; DOI: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.02.010]. -
Mccauley Stalinism the Thirties.Pdf
Stalin and Stalinism SECOND EDITION MARTIN McCAULEY NNN w LONGMANLONDON AND NEW YORK The Thirties 25 and October 1929, and Stalin declared on 7 November 1929 that the great PART TWO: DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS 2 THE movement towards collectivisation was under way [8]. The Politburo stated on 5 January 1930 that large-scale kulak production was to be replaced by large- scale kolkhoz production. Ominously, for the better-off farmers it also proclaimed the THIRTIES ‘liquidation of the kulaks as a class*. It was hoped that the collectivisation of the key grain-growing areas, the North Caucasus and the Volga region, would be completed by the spring of 1931 at the latest and the other grain-growing areas by the spring of 1932. A vital role in rapid collectivisation was played by the 25,000 workers who descended on the countryside to aid the ‘voluntary* process. The ‘twenty-five thousanders*, as they were called, brooked no opposition. They were all vying with one another for the approbation of the party. Officially, force was only permissible against kulaks, but the middle and poor peasants were soon sucked into the maelstrom of violence. Kulaks were expelled from their holdings and their POLITICS AND THE ECONOMY stock and implements handed over to the kolkboz. What was to become of them? Stalin was brutally frank: ‘It is ridiculous and foolish to talk at length After the war scare of 1927 [5] came the fear of foreign economic intervention. about dekulakisation. ... When the head is off, one does not grieve for the hair. Wrecking was taking place in several industries and crises had occurred in There is another question no less ridiculous: whether kulaks should be allowed to join the collective farms? Of course not, others — or so Stalin claimed in April 1928. -
Comecon Data 1989
COMECON DATA 1989 The highly specialized information contained in this statistical handbook reaches an interested public in its new-again substantially updated and revised-edition. A growing number of academic, political and economic analysts has to cope with the lack of measurable facts underlying the daily flood of controversial news and views that dominate the strained interplay of forces on the world political stage. The sober statistical data presented here will offer solid information in depth, for countries of the former East Bloc which are undergoing now far-reaching changes. The data originate from three distinct groups of sources: (i) official statistical yearbooks and periodicals published by the member-countries of CMEA (COMECON) and the statistical yearbook of the CMEA secretariat (supplemented by publications of Yugoslavia, an associate but not a member of that body); (ii) data published by international organisations-the United Nations, ECE, OECD, IMF, etc.; (iii) Western sources. Uniquely, COMECON Data 1989 gives ready and systematic access to the data widely scattered in all those original sources published in a multitude of different languages. In the present edition, all the most important tables from earlier issues of COMECON Data (and COMECON Foreign Trade Data published in alternate years) were selected in order to get up-to-date information on all aspects of COMECON economies. Quick reference is facilitated through the detailed list of tables and alphabetical index. In the same series COMECON DATA 1979 COMECON FOREIGN TRADE DATA 1980 COMECON DATA 1981 COMECON FOREIGN TRADE DATA 1982 COMECON DATA 1983 COMECON FOREIGN TRADE DATA 1984 COMECON DATA 1985 COMECON FOREIGN TRADE DATA 1986 COMECON DATA 1987 COMECON DATA 1988 Series Standing Order If you would like to receive future titles in this series as they are published, you can make use of our standing order facility. -
Cold War Perceptions
Cold War Perceptions Cold War Perceptions Romania’s Policy Change towards the Soviet Union, 1960-1964 By Elena Dragomir Cold War Perceptions: Romania’s Policy Change towards the Soviet Union, 1960-1964 By Elena Dragomir This book first published 2015 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2015 by Elena Dragomir All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-4438-7073-0 ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-7073-3 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ............................................................................................. vii Abstract .................................................................................................... viii Acknowledgements ..................................................................................... x Abbreviations ............................................................................................ xii Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 The research problem Theory and method Previous research Sources of the study Structure of the study Chapter One .............................................................................................. -
Perestroika the Demise of the Communist World?
Introduction Perestroika The Demise of the Communist World? Francesco Di Palma With the rise to power of Mikhail Gorbachev as general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in March 1985, a range of exten- sive reforms were initiated under the headings of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring). Among other objectives, they sought to make the regime less bureaucratic, to tackle increasing financial woes and to reduce foreign trade imbalances. Given the leading role that Soviet Russia played in bi- and multilateral relations between communist par- ties on both sides of the Iron Curtain, however, these reforms had impor- tant effects not only in the USSR. This book examines both the encounter with Gorbachev’s policies by select European communist parties and the historical actors who helped to guide those policies’ reception and implementation—topics that the historical literature has hitherto failed to analyze systematically.1 It is concerned with the parties’ responses in two respects: firstly, with regard to their mutual political, cultural, and not least financial connections; and secondly, within the context of their bilateral relationships to the hegemonic CPSU. While the “export”2 of Perestroika has been widely acknowledged and extensively described, historians have rarely broached the topic of the independent reformist policies among communist parties that emerged in the 1970s, nor whether and to what extent Gorbachev and his aides may have drawn upon already existing doctrines to buttress their restruc- turing.3 Moving beyond the impact of Perestroika on the Soviet Union and its foreign policy (e.g., the abandonment of the Brezhnev Doctrine), Notes for this chapter begin on page 17. -
Yugoslav Ideology and Its Importance to the Soviet Bloc: an Analysis
Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 4-1967 Yugoslav Ideology and Its Importance to the Soviet Bloc: An Analysis Christine Deichsel Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Deichsel, Christine, "Yugoslav Ideology and Its Importance to the Soviet Bloc: An Analysis" (1967). Master's Theses. 3240. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/3240 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. YUGOSLAV IDEOLOGY AND ITS IMPORTANCE TO THE SOVIET BLOC: AN ANALYSIS by Christine Deichsel A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the School of Graduate Studies in partial fulfillment of the Degree of Master of Arts Western Michigan University Kalamazoo., Michigan April 1967 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In writing this thesis I have benefited from the advice and encouragement of Professors George Klein and William A. Ritchie. My thanks go to them and the other members of my Committee, namely Professors Richard J. Richardson and Alan Isaak. Furthermore, I wish to ex press my appreciation to all the others at Western Michi gan University who have given me much needed help and encouragement. The award of an assistantship and the intellectual guidance and stimulation from the faculty of the Department of Political Science have made my graduate work both a valuable experience and a pleasure. -
Socialist Competition from Soviet Union to Yugoslavia
UDK: 321.74(497.1) 32.019.51 Received: March 24, 2017 Accepted: October 25, 2017 Izvorni znanstveni članak Socialist Competition from Soviet Union to Yugoslavia Tomislav ANIĆ* The author presents first year of rule of the Communist Party in the new Yugoslav state. This period was marked by efforts to establish the value and administrative order that has already been developed in the USSR. The single-party system, the planned economy, the control of public opinion were techniques taken from Soviet practice. It was important for the Yugoslav communists, to use those methods to achieve it. In the desire for the rapid development of the lack of industry, primarily of machinery, raw materials and labour, the socialist competition method was applied. Key words: socialist competition, Croatia, Yugoslavia, USSR Introduction1 The purpose of this paper is to explain the system of socialist competition in relation to the context in which it appeared, presenting at the same time * Tomislav Anić, Ph.D., Catholic University of Croatia, Department of History, Zagreb, Croatia 1 Most of data and the references from this article could be found in following bibliography: archives sources: Hrvatski državni arhiv (Croatian State Archive), Savez sindikata Jugoslavije, Vijeće Saveza sindikata Hrvatske (SSJ VSSH), periodicals: Borba, 1946, Glas rada, 1945, 1946, 1947, Naprijed, 1946, Rad, 1945, 1946; books: Gerl Friderik, Fran Podrbrežnik, Milan Vučo, Uvod u radne norme, (Beograd: Komisiona naklada Međunarodne knjižare, 1946), Zoran Bujas, Osnove psihofiziologije rada (Uvod u industrijsku psihologiju), (Zagreb: Izdavački zavod Jugo- slavenske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti, 1968), Frederick Winslow, Taylor, Naučno upravl- janje, (Beograd: Rad, 1967), Georgij Nikolaevič Evstaf ev, O socijalističkom takmičenju, (Zagreb: Naprijed, 1946), Lewis H. -
Economic Development of Comecon Countries
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Munich Personal RePEc Archive MPRA Munich Personal RePEc Archive Economic development of Comecon countries Ramona Dumitriu and R˘azvan Stefanescu Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati 28 September 2015 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/89012/ MPRA Paper No. 89012, posted 15 September 2018 06:57 UTC VANGUARD SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS IN MANAGEMENT, vol. 12, no. 1, 2016, ISSN 1314-0582 Economic Development of Comecon Countries Ramona Dumitriu, Razvan Stefanescu Abstract: In 1949, Soviet Union and some of its satellites created Comecon with the announced goal to facilitate economic cooperation between the socialist countries. The inefficiency of socialist systems affected the performances of Comecon members. However, the analysis of economic development from some of these countries should take into consideration the substantial subsidies received from other Comecon members. Keywords: Economic Development; Comecon; Socialist Systems JEL: N10, O10, O20, P20, P36 1. INTRODUCTION The concept of economic development is aproached from various perspectives in the specialized literature. The Human Development Report 1990, elaborated by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), defines the basic objective of economic development as “to create an environment for people to enjoy long, wealthy and creative lives” (UNDP, 1990). This objective is linked to the quality of life which is evaluated by various indicators: life expectancy, level of nutrition, literacy rates etc. (Birdsall, 1993; Easterlin, 1995; Easterlin, 2000; Alkire, 2002; Veenhoven & Hagerty, 2006; Easterlin & Angelescu, 2012). Sen (2001) included freedom among the main dimensions of the economic development.