DOCSLIB.ORG

Comecon Data 1989

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Comecon Data 1989 COMECON DATA 1989 The highly specialized information contained in this statistical handbook reaches an interested public in its new-again substantially updated and revised-edition. A growing number of academic, political and economic analysts has to cope with the lack of measurable facts underlying the daily flood of controversial news and views that dominate the strained interplay of forces on the world political stage. The sober statistical data presented here will offer solid information in depth, for countries of the former East Bloc which are undergoing now far-reaching changes. The data originate from three distinct groups of sources: (i) official statistical yearbooks and periodicals published by the member-countries of CMEA (COMECON) and the statistical yearbook of the CMEA secretariat (supplemented by publications of Yugoslavia, an associate but not a member of that body); (ii) data published by international organisations-the United Nations, ECE, OECD, IMF, etc.; (iii) Western sources. Uniquely, COMECON Data 1989 gives ready and systematic access to the data widely scattered in all those original sources published in a multitude of different languages. In the present edition, all the most important tables from earlier issues of COMECON Data (and COMECON Foreign Trade Data published in alternate years) were selected in order to get up-to-date information on all aspects of COMECON economies. Quick reference is facilitated through the detailed list of tables and alphabetical index. In the same series COMECON DATA 1979 COMECON FOREIGN TRADE DATA 1980 COMECON DATA 1981 COMECON FOREIGN TRADE DATA 1982 COMECON DATA 1983 COMECON FOREIGN TRADE DATA 1984 COMECON DATA 1985 COMECON FOREIGN TRADE DATA 1986 COMECON DATA 1987 COMECON DATA 1988 Series Standing Order If you would like to receive future titles in this series as they are published, you can make use of our standing order facility. To place a standing order please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address and the name of the series. Please state with which title you wish to begin your standing order. (If you live outside the UK we may not have the rights for your area, in which case we will forward your order to the publisher concerned.) Standing Order Service, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, RG212XS, England. COMECON DATA 1989 Edited by The Vienna Institute for Comparative Economic Studies (Wiener lnstitut tor Internationals Wirtschaftsvergleiche) M MACMILLAN © Wiener lnstitut fiir lnternationale Wirtschaftsvergleiche (WIIW) (The Vienna Institute for Comparative Economic Studies) 1990 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1990 978-0-333-45719-1 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 33-4 Alfred Place, London WC1 E 7DP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First published 1990 Published by MACMILLAN ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL LTO Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS and London Companies and representatives throughout th~ world British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Comecon data.-1989- 1. Communist countries-Economic conditions-Statistics-Periodicals I. Wiener lnstitut fOr lnternationale Wirtschaftsvergleiche ISBN 978-1-349-09954-2 ISBN 978-1-349-09952-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-09952-8 CONTENTS Preface 7 Hints for the user of "COMECON DATA" 8 Hints for online access to the WlfiN database 9 Summary of Tables and Graphs 13 Ust of Tables and Graphs 15 Register of Sources 39 Tables 42 Index 413 Preface For a sober assessement of the revolution's prospects now in progress in Eastern Europe detailed information is needed on ascertainable facts. "COMECON DATA 1989" is a comprehen­ sive handbook of statistical data covering production and distribution, foreign trade, foreign indebtedness, domestic finance, energy and standards of living in Eastern Europe ~ncluding Yugoslavia) and the Soviet Union. Quick reference is facilitated through the detailed list of tables, and the alphabetical index. Academic, political and economic analysts are here offered the only up-to-date English language assemblage - drawn from the original foreign language sources published in the respective Eastern countries and compilations by international or­ ganizations - of all relevant figures needed to draw reasoned conclusions and to arrive at their own assessments. The 1989 edition of COMECON DATA- the seventh edition of this book with The Macmillan Press Ltd., London,- represents the latest issue in a series of handbooks of statistical data relevant to economies of the European member countries of the "Council for Mutual Economic Assistance". "CMEA", better known in the West as "COMECON", designates the centrally planned economies in Europe - Bulgaria, the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (CSSR), the German Democratic Republic (GDR), Hungary, Poland, Romania and the USSR (together "CMEA (7)"); the non-European countries Cuba (since 1972), Mongolia (since 1962) and Vietnam (since 1978) and, nominally, also Albania. The latter four countries are not included as reporting countries in this handbook. But Yugoslavia, a socialist country and an associate member of the CMEA, is also dealt with. In the period since the first edition of COMECON DATA substantial changes in certain original source material occurred, notably in statistical yearbooks from Czechoslovakia, the GDR, Poland, Romania and to some extent the USSR. Because of these and other changes the 1989 edition differs from the earlier editions. It would not have been possible to produce this handbook without the cooperation of other institutions. REUTERS provided many tables of Parts Ill and V. We are most grateful to the WSR (Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftliches Rechenzentrum, Vienna) where the WIIW database maintained by the Vienna Institute for Comparative Economic Studies is stored. An interested user may access the WIIW database directly at WSR or through Reuters network. The camera-ready copy of the book was prepared by WIIW. The book was prepared and edited by the statistical department of the Institute. Please address comments and questions to Dipl.lng. P. Havlik, WIIW, A-1103 Vienna, P.O.B. 87. Peter Havlik .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Foreign Trade Regime in the Comecon Countries Today
    THE FOREIGN TRADE REGIME IN THE COMECON COUNTRIES TODAY KAzmuExz GRzmows~i* I. THE ScoPE OF REFORM Recently, in three important aspects, foreign trade techniques in socialist Europe were changed significantly. Economic expan- sion, the growing sophistication of national economies in the en- tire area and the need for closer cooperation, both among the members of the Council for Mutual Economic Aid (hereinafter Comecon) and with the free economy countries, have rendered the system of artificial separation of import and export activities from the production of goods obsolete. Accordingly, foreign trade has been made largely the responsibility of the producers again in an effort to involve them directly in more efficient competition for foreign consumers.' Second, in the effort to promote growing effi- dency within the Eastern Bloc, the General Conditions of Delivery of 19582 and the international code of sales and deliveriess were * Professor of Law and Political Science, Duke University. This article is part of a forthcoming book entitled, East-West Economic Relations, to be published by the author in 1972. 1. See generally K. Grzybowski, Soviet Private International Law 46 (1965); K. Grzybowski, The Socialist Commonwealth of Nations: Organizations and Institutions 29, 57 (1964); S. Pisar, Coexistence and Commerce: Guidelines for Transactions between East and West 243-816 (1970); Hoya, The Comecon Gen- eral Conditions-A Socialist Unification of International Trade Law, 70 Colum. L. Rev. 253 (1970). 2. Obshchie Usloviia Postavok Tovarov mczhdu Vneshnetorgovymi Organi- zatsiiami Stran-Uchastnits Soveta Ekonomicheskoi Vraimopomoshchi (General Conditions for the Delivery of Goods Between Foreign Trade Organizations of Member-Countries of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance), in Mnogos- toronnee Ekonomicheskoe Sotrudnichestvo Sotsialisticheskikh Gosudantv 121, 297 (Institut Gosudarstvi Prava Ak-ademii Nauk SSR 1967).
    [Show full text]
  • TOWI Nw866 O Uj
    TOWI Nw866 o uJ HAIII: 9 THE DECHOUKAOE HAS ONLY JUST BEOUN! PERU: IHIT BLOOD THAT HAS BEEI{ SPITT SHAtt NEUER BE FORGOIIE]II F{r**ffiffi sliti;::l$ 1986t6 Hoiti The Dechoukage Has Only Just Begun! Crisis in Haiti and the Tasks of Revolutionaries by the Haitian Internationalist Revolutionary- Group A Call to the Haitian Revolutionary Movement by the Haitian Revolutionary Internationalist Group and the Haitian Workers Party t6 People Are Disposed to Take Care of Business - Talks with Haitian Workers Party l8 Peru This Blood That Has Been Spilt Shall Never Be Forgotten 34 Flames Leap to Puno 37 Support for People's War in Peru Echoes on Every Continent 39 Excerpts From Worldwide Campaign Speech Five Years of People's War in Peru 44 RIM Committee Greets Peru Campaign 46 A "Shining Trench of Combat" Statement on the Massacre of Our Comrades in Peru's Prisons by the RIM Committee 28 "Day of Herois111" - Statement by the PCP Central Committee- 32 Forward Along the Path Charted by Mao Tsetung!42 Interview with Afghan Revolutionary 48 Romania: From Goulash Communism to Capitalist Austerity 58 The Weapon of Criticism: Book Reviews 64 A llorld to I,I4n is a quarterly published by World to Win, whose address is: BCM world to win London WCIN 3XX. U.K. This issue was printed by Russell Press, Bertrand Russeil House, Forest Road West, Nottingham, U.K. AUGUST, I986. Subscribe to A World to Win From Kurdiston to Colombio - people oll oround the world reod A World to Win Avoiloble in English, 'a.,ry%i_*{ Forsi, Sponish, ltolion, ond Turkish.
    [Show full text]
  • YUGOSLAVIA's FIRST POST-TITO PARTY CONGRESS Part I: Problems on the Agenda
    YUGOSLAVIA'S FIRST POST-TITO PARTY CONGRESS Part I: Problems on the Agenda by Dennison I. Rusinow 1982/No. 39 Europe [DIR-2-'82] The first post-Tito Party Con- been signs since the congress that gress emphasized continuity, this may happen sooner rather than later, but it had been clear for some despite the obvious fact that months before the comrades Tito's own guiding hand has assembled in Belgrade that it would been replaced by collective not happen then or without a few leadership. The political prob- more hard knocks from "life itself," lem attendant to this change in as Marxists are fond of calling the a conflict-prone multinational ultimate confounder of even best- society is equaled and reinforced laid schemes.- woes, by Yugoslavia's economic Continuity as the theme of the Con- gress was still unavoidable in June 1982 for a regime whose slogan since its founder's death has been "Continuity" was unavoidably, if "After Tito--Tito," and whose inappropriately, the name of the leaders have been unable to agree game for the Twelfth Congress of on reforms that they also fear would the League of Communists of be interpreted as the beginning of a Yugoslavia ("the Party") which met general "de-Titoization." in Belgrade from June 26 through It is generally and probably correctly 29, 1982. In the light of economic believed that even a widespread problems so grave that they ought suspicion that a general overhaul of to have serious social and political "Titoist" principles and institutions repercussions and the experience of is on theway would be singularly de- other countries after the passing of stabilizing.
    [Show full text]
  • An Historical Ethnography of Rural Life in Communist Albania
    Accepted Manuscript (AM) of King, R. and Vullnetari, J. (2016) From shortage economy to second economy: An historical ethnography of rural life in communist Albania. Journal of Rural Studies 44: 198–207 [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.02.010][accepted January 2016; published online 24 February 2016]. From Shortage Economy to Second Economy: An Historical Ethnography of Rural Life in Communist Albania Abstract Few accounts exist of the nature of everyday rural life in communist societies, such as those which existed in Eastern Europe between the end of World War Two and circa 1990. In this paper we use oral-history testimonies from older people to reconstruct an ‘historical ethnography’ of rural life in Albania, the most isolated and repressive of the East European socialist regimes. We build our analysis around the dialectical relationship between the ‘shortage economy’, which was all-pervasive and derived from the Albanian regime’s Stalinist policy of prioritising mining and heavy industry over consumer goods and agriculture, and the ‘second economy’ which developed as a bottom-up strategy to overcome some of the imbalances and blockages in the official or ‘first’ economy. Fieldwork was carried out in clusters of villages and settlements corresponding to cooperatives and a state farm in four locations in different parts of Albania. Within the symbiotic or ‘lubricating’ relationship between the shortage economy and the second economy, we examine the ‘institutionalised hierarchy of access’ that gave some people and groups privileged access to scarce goods, whilst others remained in a marginalised and partially excluded state. Keywords: Albania; communist era; shortage economy; second economy; everyday rural life; oral history [The Version of Record of this manuscript has been published and is available in Journal of Rural Studies; 24 February 2016; DOI: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.02.010].
    [Show full text]
  • Cold War Perceptions
    Cold War Perceptions Cold War Perceptions Romania’s Policy Change towards the Soviet Union, 1960-1964 By Elena Dragomir Cold War Perceptions: Romania’s Policy Change towards the Soviet Union, 1960-1964 By Elena Dragomir This book first published 2015 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2015 by Elena Dragomir All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-4438-7073-0 ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-7073-3 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ............................................................................................. vii Abstract .................................................................................................... viii Acknowledgements ..................................................................................... x Abbreviations ............................................................................................ xii Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 The research problem Theory and method Previous research Sources of the study Structure of the study Chapter One ..............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Perestroika the Demise of the Communist World?
    Introduction Perestroika The Demise of the Communist World? Francesco Di Palma With the rise to power of Mikhail Gorbachev as general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in March 1985, a range of exten- sive reforms were initiated under the headings of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring). Among other objectives, they sought to make the regime less bureaucratic, to tackle increasing financial woes and to reduce foreign trade imbalances. Given the leading role that Soviet Russia played in bi- and multilateral relations between communist par- ties on both sides of the Iron Curtain, however, these reforms had impor- tant effects not only in the USSR. This book examines both the encounter with Gorbachev’s policies by select European communist parties and the historical actors who helped to guide those policies’ reception and implementation—topics that the historical literature has hitherto failed to analyze systematically.1 It is concerned with the parties’ responses in two respects: firstly, with regard to their mutual political, cultural, and not least financial connections; and secondly, within the context of their bilateral relationships to the hegemonic CPSU. While the “export”2 of Perestroika has been widely acknowledged and extensively described, historians have rarely broached the topic of the independent reformist policies among communist parties that emerged in the 1970s, nor whether and to what extent Gorbachev and his aides may have drawn upon already existing doctrines to buttress their restruc- turing.3 Moving beyond the impact of Perestroika on the Soviet Union and its foreign policy (e.g., the abandonment of the Brezhnev Doctrine), Notes for this chapter begin on page 17.
    [Show full text]
  • Yugoslav Ideology and Its Importance to the Soviet Bloc: an Analysis
    Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 4-1967 Yugoslav Ideology and Its Importance to the Soviet Bloc: An Analysis Christine Deichsel Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Deichsel, Christine, "Yugoslav Ideology and Its Importance to the Soviet Bloc: An Analysis" (1967). Master's Theses. 3240. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/3240 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. YUGOSLAV IDEOLOGY AND ITS IMPORTANCE TO THE SOVIET BLOC: AN ANALYSIS by Christine Deichsel A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the School of Graduate Studies in partial fulfillment of the Degree of Master of Arts Western Michigan University Kalamazoo., Michigan April 1967 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In writing this thesis I have benefited from the advice and encouragement of Professors George Klein and William A. Ritchie. My thanks go to them and the other members of my Committee, namely Professors Richard J. Richardson and Alan Isaak. Furthermore, I wish to ex­ press my appreciation to all the others at Western Michi­ gan University who have given me much needed help and encouragement. The award of an assistantship and the intellectual guidance and stimulation from the faculty of the Department of Political Science have made my graduate work both a valuable experience and a pleasure.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic Development of Comecon Countries
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Munich Personal RePEc Archive MPRA Munich Personal RePEc Archive Economic development of Comecon countries Ramona Dumitriu and R˘azvan Stefanescu Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati 28 September 2015 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/89012/ MPRA Paper No. 89012, posted 15 September 2018 06:57 UTC VANGUARD SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS IN MANAGEMENT, vol. 12, no. 1, 2016, ISSN 1314-0582 Economic Development of Comecon Countries Ramona Dumitriu, Razvan Stefanescu Abstract: In 1949, Soviet Union and some of its satellites created Comecon with the announced goal to facilitate economic cooperation between the socialist countries. The inefficiency of socialist systems affected the performances of Comecon members. However, the analysis of economic development from some of these countries should take into consideration the substantial subsidies received from other Comecon members. Keywords: Economic Development; Comecon; Socialist Systems JEL: N10, O10, O20, P20, P36 1. INTRODUCTION The concept of economic development is aproached from various perspectives in the specialized literature. The Human Development Report 1990, elaborated by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), defines the basic objective of economic development as “to create an environment for people to enjoy long, wealthy and creative lives” (UNDP, 1990). This objective is linked to the quality of life which is evaluated by various indicators: life expectancy, level of nutrition, literacy rates etc. (Birdsall, 1993; Easterlin, 1995; Easterlin, 2000; Alkire, 2002; Veenhoven & Hagerty, 2006; Easterlin & Angelescu, 2012). Sen (2001) included freedom among the main dimensions of the economic development.
    [Show full text]
  • Tito's Yugoslavia
    The Search for a Communist Legitimacy: Tito's Yugoslavia Author: Robert Edward Niebuhr Persistent link: http://hdl.handle.net/2345/1953 This work is posted on eScholarship@BC, Boston College University Libraries. Boston College Electronic Thesis or Dissertation, 2008 Copyright is held by the author, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise noted. Boston College The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Department of History THE SEARCH FOR A COMMUNIST LEGITIMACY: TITO’S YUGOSLAVIA a dissertation by ROBERT EDWARD NIEBUHR submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December, 2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE ABSTRACT . iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . v NOTE ON TRANSLATIONS AND TERMS . vi INTRODUCTION . 1 1 A STRUGGLE FOR THE HEARTS AND MINDS: IDEOLOGY AND YUGOSLAVIA’S THIRD WAY TO PARADISE . 26 2 NONALIGNMENT: YUGOSLAVIA’S ANSWER TO BLOC POLITICS . 74 3 POLITICS OF FEAR AND TOTAL NATIONAL DEFENSE . 133 4 TITO’S TWILIGHT AND THE FEAR OF UNRAVELING . 180 5 CONCLUSION: YUGOSLAVIA AND THE LEGACY OF THE COLD WAR . 245 EPILOGUE: THE TRIUMPH OF FEAR. 254 APPENDIX A: LIST OF KEY LCY OFFICIALS, 1958 . 272 APPENDIX B: ETHNIC COMPOSITION OF JNA, 1963 . 274 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 275 INDEX . 289 © copyright by ROBERT EDWARD NIEBUHR 2008 iii ABSTRACT THE SEARCH FOR A COMMUNIST LEGITIMACY: TITO’S YUGOSLAVIA ROBERT EDWARD NIEBUHR Supervised by Larry Wolff Titoist Yugoslavia—the multiethnic state rising out of the chaos of World War II—is a particularly interesting setting to examine the integrity of the modern nation-state and, more specifically, the viability of a distinctly multi-ethnic nation-building project.
    [Show full text]
  • Nuclear Power in the Soviet Bloc
    .- 1 . .!, . ., . ClC-l4 REPORT COLLECTION 722 ?.C..=:.;L-*W.2+G,,7L?SWX.\.‘.w,, .,-d.-.-*.....,..A“.,._..&.., .,.-. ~:,,<q> ., .!,., . .- . “-” . ?ol&.y Research Series No. 4 ‘ I ,,. I .,. wTy.&@A#4+i&5w#+++w&”4&.M.5 . .-, . — I ~1 —.—-.-.=... -...~>.- ,~L , ~1 ._i------- ,.--: -----:.....---.J .- —..-,. .: --=-- . .— —— -...——---——..——— ., . .. ..- ,., .,.. I , . ,, , .,>, .’. ,”. —.,:,. ““-’.”” ,. I ,.,j:~~~_~~~mo~ LosAlamos National Laboratory –=--~, -:-.?. ... .. .—,. ..-,--.. .... ..-.,, ,. .-,.,-, .. .Los.. Alarnos,New. Mexico 87545 .. AD rUhrUtive AStiOS@@ @sortudt y Empbycr t The documents in this series represent a range of studies carried out at Los ) Alarnos in the general areas of national security and energy. Previous publications in the series are given below. No. 1. Strategic Trends and Critical Choices by Donald M. Kerr, Steven A. Maaranen, and Robert E. Pendley, LA-8692-MS, January 1981. No. 2. Ballistic Missile Defense: A Potential Arms-Control Initiative by G, E. 13arasch, D. M. Kerr, R. H. Kupperman, R, Pollock, and H. A. Smith, LA-8632 January 1981. No. 3. Projection of Soviet Energy Use to 1990 by W. G. Davey and R. E. Pendley, LA-9153-MS, January 1982. Edited by Katherine H. Harper Prepared by Janis Dye, ADPA b . DISCKAfMER T?dsreport was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Govemmcrrt. Neither she United States Covemrrrent nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employee-s,rrrab any mrrarrt y, express or implied, or assumesaoy legal Iiabilit y or responaibilhy for the accuracy, mmpleteness, or usefulnessof any information, apparatus, product, or processdisclosed, or reprc.sentathat its use would not infsinge privately owned rights. References herein to ury spccillc commercial product, process,or service by trade mme, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwiw, does not nemsarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States C-overmnent or any agency thereof.
    [Show full text]
  • Paper 2 Superpower Relations and the Cold War C1941-‐91
    Year 11 Revision Period Study – Paper 2 Superpower Relations and the Cold War c1941-91 Revision Programme – Paper 2 Superpower Rivalry 1941-91 Paper 2 is one hour and forty five minutes long. It has two distinct sections ; Section A – Period Study - Superpower Rivalry 1941-91 ( 50 minutes) Section B – British Depth Study – Elizabethan England 1588-1601 (55 minutes) Section A – Three Questions. All assess AO1 and AO2. All rely on factual knowledge and understanding. Question 1- Explain two consequences of …. ( 8 marks) Allow 10 minutes for this answer. Write about two consequences – you only need to write half a page so be brief. Focus should only be on the effect of an event – good discourse markers to use would be as a result of; as a consequence; the effect was; so Question 2 Write a narrative account analysing… ( 8 marks) Allow 15 minutes. This answer expects a narrative explaining how events lead to an outcome. You are given two information prompts but are expected to add to this to gain the best marks. The key is to write an organised answer, putting events into the right order and most importantly showing how each event links to the next. There should be a clear beginning, middle and end to this response Question 3 Explain two of the following… the importance of xxx for …. ( 16 marks) Allow 25 minutes. You need to choose TWO from the three listed. You must explain the impact of an event – thinking what did this event lead to? What difference did this event make ? KEY TIP : Throughout revision focus on what events are; the effect they have on each other and the overall Cold War tensions.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic Integration Within COMECON and with the Western Economies
    Wiener Institut für The Vienna Institute for Internationale International Economic www.wiiw.ac.at Wirtschaftsvergleiche Studies Falling Behind and Catching Up Southeast Europe and East Central Europe in Comparison Vienna, 23 June, 2016 Economic integration within COMECON and with the Western economies by Sándor Richter 2 Turning away from the West ° New geopolitical realities after WW II. ° Increasing role of trade with the Soviet Union. ° Searching ways of economic cooperation in small CESEE countries. ° Early 1948: the period of free exploration of ways for cooperation by small CESEE countries is over. ° 1949: Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON/CMEA) established, partly to block uncontrolled cooperation across small CESEE countries, partly as a reaction to the Marshall Plan and beginnings of West-European economic cooperation. ° Initial COMECON members: Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania and the Soviet Union. +Albania and GDR, 1961 Albania susp. 3 Rationale of COMECON: ideology vs. practice ° Soviet Union was practically cut off from external trade after its birth, autarchy became an important part of communist ideology, even after the initial isolation was broken. ° The mere size of the Soviet Union, the availability of natural resources made this attitude feasible even if with non-negligible difficulties. ° Autarchy as aim was taken over by the CESEE communist regimes, despite their small size, significant foreign trade and less diversified output structure compared to the Soviet Union. ° Preparation for a possible war with the capitalist world >>> maximum independence from trade with the West. Efforts to achieve dual (national and regional) autarchy. 4 External economic relations in centrally planned economies (1): The institutional system ° Nationalization across the board // price and wage regulation, decisions on investment and lending strictly centralized // development policy implemented in the framework of five- and one-year-plans.
    [Show full text]