Den Ældre Edda

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Den Ældre Edda DEN ÆLDRE EÐDA SAMLING AF NORRONE ÖLDIÍVAD, indcholdende NORDENS ÆLDSTE GUDE- og HELTE-SAGN. Ved det akademiskc Collcgiums Foranstaltning u d g i v e t cí'tcr de ældste og bcdsle Ilaandskrifter, og forsynet med fuldstændigt Variant-Apparat a f JP. »1. JVÆuncli* Professor i líistorien veii Univcr.sitelet i Chrisliunia. Ledsager Forelæsnings^Catalogen for lst.c Halvaar 1847. CHRISTIANIA. Trykt i 1». t. Mallings Officin- 1847. « . ‘ . » / V • < r F 0 R T A L E. Iþeu œldre Edddj hiris Text her forelœgges Publikum i en kritisk, efter Originalhaandskrifterne nöiagtigen bearbeidet Udgave, er, som bekjendt, en Samting af de Oldkvad om Nordens Gude- og Helte-Sagn, hvis Affattelse er at henföre til en saa fjærn Tidsalder, at man kan belragte dem som Levninger af Folkets Urpoesi, og som Hovedkilden lil vor Kundskab om Forfœdrenes Mythologi. Saaledes betragtedes de og af Forfatteren til den yngre Edda, eller den systematiske Frem- siilling af Gudelœren og Skaldekunsten. Han anforer nemlig hyppigt som Bevissteder Vers af dcn œldre Edda; de citeres uden at For- falterne blive nœvnte, medens lœngere henne i Verket, eller i den saa- kaldte Skálda, navngivne Skaldes Vers anföres som Mönstre. „Heraf", siger P. E. Múller rigtigt i Sagabibliotheket 2 Deel S. 122, „kunne vi slutte, at Forfatteren af den yngre Edda maa have benyttet disse til hans Tid almenbekjendte Sange, uden at have vidst deres Forfat- teres Navne, da lian ellers ei mod sin Sœdvane havde gaaet dem forbi; lian maa alligevel have anseet disse anonyme Sange for en bedre Hjemmel, end de Strofer af berömte Skaldes Vers, det ellers havde staaet i hans Magt at anföre. Han maa endog have troet det upassende at anföre navngivne Skaldes Vers ved Siden af disse. ' Denne Fremgangsmaade kan alene forklares af at hin Forfatter har anseet disse Sange for at udgjöre en egen Klasse, og höre til de œldste, lian liunde citere. Da han nu kjendte mange Vers af Harald Haarfagres Skalde, maa denne med sit Folks poetiske Literatur saa vel bekjendte Forfatter, enten det nu var Snorre Sturlesön eller hans Frœnde Olaf, have anseet hine eddiske Sange for at vœre œldre end Har- ald Ilaarfagre eller i det mindste samtidige med denne Konge.“ Saa- vidt Múller. Vi kunne lœgge til, at et gammelt Ilaandskrift af den IV yngre Edda udtrykkeligen nœmer Snorre som Forfatteren, og da der ei er nogen Grund forhaanden til at fremkomme med nogen Beneg- telse mod dette ligefremme Udsagn, kunne vi vel fœste Lid dertil. Vi kunne altsaa anse Snorre som Hjemmelsmand for Oldkvadenes Egt~ hed og bevisende Gyldiglied. Som den œldre Eddas Forfatter, eller rettere som den, der har samlet og ordnet Kvadene, ansees almindeligvis Islœndingen Sœmund Sigfussön, kaldet hinn fróði o: den Kyndige, hvorfor ogsaa Sam- lingens sœdvanlige Titel er „Sœmunds Eddau. Sœmund, föd 1051, 1056 eller 1057, hörte til en af Islands mest anseede Ætter, thi han ned- stammede i lige Linje fra Harald Hildetand l). Meget tidligt reiste han udenlands for at samle Kundskaber, og skal endog have vœret i Rom; idetmindste opholdt han sig en Tidlang i Frankrige eller Fran- ken 2) , indtil Jon Agmundssön, der siden blev Biskop i Hole, traf ham paa sin Romreise og fik ham med sig tilbage 1076 3). Sœmund bosatte sig nu paa sin Fœdrenegaard Odde i Sönderlandet og lod sig indvie til Prest. Som en af Islands fornemste Hövdinger havde han rig Anledning til at gjöre sine indsamlede Kundskaber frugtbrin- gende for Landet. Han blev tagen paa Raad med ved de vigtigste Anledninger; saaledes nœvntes han udtrykkelig som Biskopperne Thor- laks og Ketils Consulent ved Udarbeidelsen af den œldre islandske Christenret*); han bidrog vœsentlig til at Tiendeydelsen vedtoges i Landet5); han meglede og Forlig mellem Thorgils Oddesön og Haf- lide Maarssön, da det ellers maaske vilde have kommet til Borger- krig over hele Island6). Hans Anseelse som Historiker sees bedst af de mange Steder, hvor han anföres som Autoritet; saaledes fortœller Are Frode selv, at han forelagde ham sit, Verk til Gjennemsyn, og paaberaaber sig hans Udsagn som Hjemmel for 01 af Tryggvesöns Döds- aar7); Odd Munk paaberaaher sig ham ligeledes paa to Steder i sin Olaf Tryggvesöns Historie, med det udtrykkelige Tillœg at han var trovœrdig, og en sœrdeles viis Mand*). Ogsaa næmes han som Hjemmelsmand i 40de Strofe af det Æresdigt til Sönnesönnen Jon *) Se Lqndnáma. V. 2, 3. 2) Fr akkland, Are Frodes Islendingaboh, Cap. 9. 3) Se herom den besynderlige Forlœlling i Biskop Jon Agmundssöns Saga, med- delt i Mullers’s Sagabibliothék lste Del, S. 322. 4) Den kjöbenh. Udgave af Christenretten 1775, S. HO. ð) Se bl. a. Are Frodes íslendingabók Cap. 10, Slurl. s. Udg. I, S. 203. fi) Sturlungasaga, Udgaven lste B. S. 43. 1) Islendingabók Indl., og Cap. 7. 8) Fornmanna Sögur lOde B. S. 276, 289. V Loptsörij der er os opbevaret i Flatöbogen og trykt i Fornmanna Sögur lOde B.; her heder det udtrykkeligt, at 10 Konger fra Harald Haar- fagre af ere opregnede efter Sœmund Frodes Beretning l); manskulde saaledes endog formode, at lian har skrevet en norsk Kongekrönike. Han döde i en höi Alder, 1133 2), efterladende flere Börn, hvori- blandt Sönnen Lopt, der i sit Egteskab med Kong Magnus Barfods Datter Thora blev Fader til den mœgtige og lærde Jon Loptsön, Snorre Sturlesöns Fosterfader. Disse ere Hovedtrœkkene af Sœmunds Liv, forsaavidt man af Sagaernes og Annalemes i det Hele taget meget sparsomme Efterretninger kan lœre dem at kjende. Der er in- tet i disse, der i fjœrneste Maade lientyder paa at nogen Samling af Oldkvad er foretagen ved ham. At han kan have, og maaske har foretaget en saadan, er aldeles ikke urimeligt, tvertimod synes den ' Hentydning til Tydskernes Fortcellemaade, der forekommer efter Bryn- hildarkvida V. 19 (S. 127, b. 3), og den Omstœndighed at Franken- land (Frakkland) oftere nœvnes i de prosaiske Udfyldninger, at vidne om enForfatter, cler havdereist i Tydskland, men det er ogsaa mestendeels kun ifölge denne Rimelighedsgrund, at man tilskriver ham Verket. Thi at Torfœus i sit 60de Aar (omtrent 1696) forsikkrede Arne Magnussön, at han af sin Fader havde hört at Titelen Sœmunds-Edda allerede lœnge för Biskop Brynjolf Sveinssöns Tid var almindelig, maa vel kun ansees som et löst og lidet tilforladeligt Udscign. Den förste, der med Bestemthed nœvnte Sœmund som Samler eller Forfatter af Verket, var den nysnœvnte Biskop Brynjolf Sveins- söni Skaalholt. Da han nemlig under sine fliltige Bestrœbelser for ctt samle gamle Haandskrifter i Aaret 1643 liavde opdaget og erhvervet den gamle Membrancodex, som er det eneste, nogenlunde fuldstœn- dige, Ilaandskrift, man kjender af den œldre Edda, lod han den af- skrive paa Pergament, og tilföiede selv som Titel paa denne Afskrift: Edda Sœmundi multiscii. Denne Afskrift fik siden Torfœus; Originalen blev derimod blandt andre Haandskrifter forœret til Kong Frederik III, og indlemmet i det kongelige Bibliothek, hvor den endnu opbevares. Fra denne Original nedstamme, middelbart eller umiddel- bart, alle de Papirsafskrifter af samme lndhold, man nu kjender. Som den egentlige Hovedcodex for den œldre Edda maa altsaa denne vigtige, af Biskop Brynjolf opdagede, Oldbog ansees. At der imid- J) Fornm. S. 10 B. S. 427. 2) Awiales refjii i Lcingcbeks Scviptt. rcrum dan. 3die Decl S. 53. VI lertid ogsaa har vœret andre samtidige eller œldre Afskrifter, er ei alene i og for sig rimeligt, men bestyrkes derhos af de hyppige Citater i Codices af den yngre Edda, Völsungasaga og Nornagestssaga. Man har ogsaa virkelig et betydeligt Brudstykke af en anden, kun lidet yngre, Codex af den œldre Edda, der tillige indeholder Skdlda. Denne, der udgjör Slutningen, findes hel, nien af hin er blot Grimnismál, Baldrs draumar, Hýmiskviða, den störste Deel af Vafprúðnismál, Harbarðs- Ijóð og Skirnismál samt Begyndelsen af den prosaiske Indledning til Völundarkviða tilbage; hvilket dog er tilstrœkkeligt til at vise, at den har omfattet baade de mythiske og de heroiske Kvad. Denne Codex opbevares i den arnamagnœanske Samling i Kjöbenhavn. Endelig maa det tilföies, at Völuspá ogsaa findes i gammel Per- gamenls-Afskrift fra omtrent Midten af 14de Aarhundrede i den saa- • • < kaldte Ilauksbók i den arnamagn. Samling, dog ikke ligesom det Ovrige i Bogen skreven med Lagmanden, Ilr. Hauk Erlendssöns egen eller nogen af hans Afskriveres Hœnder, men, som det synes, senere til- heftet. Eddadigtene kunne inddeles i to Hovedklasser, de ren-mythi- ske, der oplyse den egentlige Gudelœre, og deheroiske, der inde- holde de œldgamle Helte-Sagn, og nœrmest dreie sig om Völsunger- nes og Niflungernes slore Sagnkreds. Til de renmythiske maa man regne dem, som i nœrvœrende Udgave fmdes först, fra S. 1 til 61, Völuspá, Hávamál, Vafprúðnismál, Grimnismál, Alvissmál, lhjmiskviða, Œgisdrekka, Ilamarsheimt, Harbarðsljóð, Baldrs draumar, og Skirnismál. De heroiske ere Rigsmál, Ilyndluljóð, Völundarkviða, de tre Ilelgakviður, de tre Sigurðarkviður, Fafnismál, Sigrdrifumál, Brynhildarkviða, Helreið Brynhildar, de tre Guðríinarkviður, Oddrún- argrátr, Ailakviða, Atlamál, Guðrúnarhvöt, Hamðismál og Grottasöngr. Af disse staar Rigsmál, en allegorisk Fremstilling af Samfundsklas- sernes Oprindelse, isoleret fra de övrige; Ilyndluljóð, der opregner Ottars Forfœdre, kommer derved til at indeholde en Slags Oversigt over den hele Heroe-Kreds; de övrige iilhöre, paa Grottesangen nær, Völsunga-Sagnkredsen, endog Völundarkviða ei undtagen, da den tydske Bearbeidelse af Sagnene vise at Völund og hans Sön Vitig eller Vidrik staar i nöie Berörelse med den Del af Sagnene, der dreie sig om Thjodrek. Grotlesangen angaar Frode-Sagnet. Det ligger i Sa- gens Natur, at de renmythiske Kvad mere end de övrige egnede sig VII til at citeres som Hjemmel i den yngre Edda, der nœrmest dreier sig om den egentlige Gudelœre. De saaledes citerede ere Völuspá, Háva- mál, Vafprúðnismál, Grimnismál, Œgisdrelika, Skirnismál, Hyndluljóð og Fafnismál; i Skálda, eller den yngre Eddas anden Del, citeres desuden Alvissmál. De övrige passe bedst til Citat for Helte-Sagaerne, isœr Völsungasaga, der nöie slutter sig til dem; her citeres Sigurð- arkviða II, Sigrdrífumál, Guðrúnarkviða III og Hamðismál; andre ftndes ligefrem parafraserede; i Nornagestssaga, der og omhandler Völsungasaga, citeres Sigurðarkviða II og Ilelreið Brynhildar.
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