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Le Seiðr Des Anciens Scandinaves Et Le Noaidevuohta Des Sâmes : Aspects Chamaniques Et Influences Mutuelles

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Le Seiðr Des Anciens Scandinaves Et Le Noaidevuohta Des Sâmes : Aspects Chamaniques Et Influences Mutuelles Le seiðr des anciens Scandinaves et le noaidevuohta des Sâmes : aspects chamaniques et influences mutuelles Céline Leduc Thèse soumise à la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales dans le cadre des exigences du programme de doctorat en philosophie en Sciences des religions Département des Études anciennes et des Sciences des religions Faculté des Arts Université d’Ottawa © Céline Leduc, Ottawa, Canada, 2015 Résumé La thèse analyse le rituel du seiðr (pratique utilisée entre autres pour la divination, la guérison et la guerre sur des plans surnaturels) des anciens Scandinaves et celui du noaidevuohta (rituel chamanique pratiqué par les Sâmes) chez les Sâmes. Le seiðr était pratiqué surtout par des femmes qui se déplaçaient d’une ferme à l’autre. Il était directement lié au dieu Óðinn, tel que décrit dans l’Ynglinga saga. Quant au noaidevuohta, apparemment l’apanage des hommes, il participait au complexe circumpolaire des chasseurs/éleveurs du renne ou du caribou. Les deux complexes rituels ont été intégrés dans leur culture respective, tout en possèdant des différences. Il est impossible, dans l’état actuel de la recherche, de déterminer s’il y a eu des emprunts de part et d’autre. Selon les conclusions de nos recherches, les deux rituels sont de nature chamanique, s’inscrivant au nouveau paradigme circumpolaire des études contemporaines. En revanche, il n’existe pas de consensus au sujet de la nature chamanique ou non, ni au sujet de l’origine, des rituels en question. Il y a très peu de recherches en langue française sur le sujet, la majorité des études ont été réalisées en langue anglaise ou dans des langues scandinaves. Les textes originaux ne sont d’ailleurs pas tous traduits en français. Notre thèse contribuera de manière significative à la recherche. Nous avons établi un lexique des catégories « prêtre », « sorcier » et « chamane » de la Scandinavie préchrétienne. De plus, nous avons remis dans leur contexte culturel les textes et les objets de la culture matérielle, en utilisant des méthodes de l’anthropologie culturelle et de l’histoire, tout en intégrant les recherches archéologiques pertinentes et l’étude des textes. L’objectif de cette thèse est de démontrer 1) que le seiðr et le noaidevuohta sont apparentés et de nature chamanique, et 2) qu’il est impossible de déterminer la direction (des anciens Scandinaves vers les Sâmes ou le contraire) des échanges et des influences pour chacun des deux rituels. ii Dédicace À la mémoire de ma mère, Francine Codaire, qui m’a appris qu’il faut toujours terminer ce qu’on entreprend, même lorsqu’on travaille sur plusieurs projets en même temps. iii Table des matières Résumé ................................................................................................................... ii Dédicace ................................................................................................................. iii Table des matières .................................................................................................. iv Liste des tableaux, figures et cartes ........................................................................ viii Tableaux .......................................................................................................... viii Figures ............................................................................................................ viii Cartes .............................................................................................................. viii Légende .................................................................................................................. ix Traductions ........................................................................................................ ix Lexique .............................................................................................................. ix Question de vocabulaire ...................................................................................... ix Reprise de documents déjà soumis ....................................................................... x Souci d’historicité ................................................................................................ x Remerciements ........................................................................................................ xi Partie 1 — Introduction .................................................................................... 1 1. Terminologie employée ....................................................................................... 5 2. Influences culturelles et acculturation .................................................................. 6 3. Rituel ................................................................................................................ 12 4. Prêtrise ............................................................................................................. 16 5. Magie ............................................................................................................... 17 6. Sorcellerie ......................................................................................................... 19 7. Chamanisme ..................................................................................................... 20 Partie 2 — Historique de la recherche ............................................................ 24 1. Anciens Scandinaves .......................................................................................... 24 Sources primaires .............................................................................................. 25 Sources externes et archéologie ......................................................................... 30 Études précédentes ........................................................................................... 32 La thèse « magie/sorcellerie » .................................................................. 38 La thèse chamanique ............................................................................... 40 2. Sâmes .............................................................................................................. 42 Sources primaires .............................................................................................. 44 Sources secondaires .......................................................................................... 44 Études .............................................................................................................. 45 3. Sources et études communes aux deux groupes .................................................. 50 Sources primaires .............................................................................................. 50 Sources secondaires .......................................................................................... 51 iv Études précédentes ........................................................................................... 52 Partie 3 — Le seiðr .......................................................................................... 54 1. Séances de seiðr ............................................................................................... 54 Ynglinga saga 7 ................................................................................................. 54 Þorbjǫrg lítilvǫlva dans l’Eiríks saga rauða 4 ......................................................... 56 Laxdæla saga 35, 37 et 76 ................................................................................. 61 2. Société ............................................................................................................. 66 Origines et mode de vie ..................................................................................... 66 Organisation sociale ........................................................................................... 71 Division de la société ............................................................................... 71 Guerriers ................................................................................................ 73 Religion des anciens Scandinaves ....................................................................... 76 Processus de christianisation .............................................................................. 77 3. Mythologie ........................................................................................................ 82 Cosmologie ....................................................................................................... 82 Origine divine du seiðr ....................................................................................... 84 Oðinn ..................................................................................................... 84 Freyja ................................................................................................... 101 Nornir ................................................................................................... 104 Valkyrjur ............................................................................................... 107 4. Autres savoirs ................................................................................................. 113 Conception de l’humain .................................................................................... 114 Hamr .................................................................................................... 114 Hugr .................................................................................................... 115
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