„Hold Loðir Yðr Í Klóm“

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„Hold Loðir Yðr Í Klóm“ Hugvísindasvið „Hold loðir yðr í klóm“ Hrafnar og heiðin minni Ritgerð til BA-prófs í íslensku Aðalheiður Elfríð Heiðarsdóttir Maí 2015 Háskóli Íslands Hugvísindasvið Íslenska „Hold loðir yðr í klóm“ Hrafnar og heiðin minni Ritgerð til BA-prófs í íslensku Aðalheiður Elfríð Heiðarsdóttir Kt.: 190287-3279 Leiðbeinandi: Ármann Jakobsson Maí 2015 Ágrip Í heiðnum sið voru hrafnarnir Huginn og Muninn þekktir á miðöldum fyrir hlutverk sín sem boðberar Óðins og fjölmiðlar miðaldanna. Nöfn þeirra koma víða að, meðal annars í ýmsum kvæðum og ritum. Hins vegar hefur minna borið á umfjöllun annarra hrafna þessa tíma og samband þeirra við goðheima og heiðinn sið því lítið rannsakað. Til umfjöllunar í ritgerðinni eru hrafnar og mismunandi birtingarmyndir þeirra í bókmenntum á 13. og 14. öld. Þróunarsaga fuglanna verður ekki skoðuð heldur einungis litið til þessa tímabils. Ekki verður einvörðungu litið til hrafna Óðins heldur verða ónafngreindir hrafnar mismunandi rita og kvæða teknir fyrir líka og þeirra birtingarmyndir skoðaðar. Helstu rit sem notuð eru til heimilda um hrafna á þessu tímabili eru meðal annars valin eddukvæði úr Eddukvæðum í útgáfu Gísla Sigurðssonar, dróttkvæðið Haraldskvæði | Hrafnsmál, Snorra-Edda í útgáfu Finns Jónssonar og Íslendingabók: Landnámabók í útgáfu Jakobs Benediktssonar. Í inngangi er minnst lauslega á hrafna Óðins, Hugin og Munin, og hlutverk þeirra sem fjölmiðla miðalda. Síðan er meginviðfangsefni ritgerðarinnar, ásamt köflum hennar, kynnt til sögunnar og að lokum sett fram rannsóknarspurning. Kannað verður hvort hlutverk hrafna hafi ef til vill verið stærra í lífi fólks á 13. og 14. öld en hingað til hefur verið talið. Tilgangurinn er því að rýna í samband fuglanna við goðheima og hvernig það samband birtist í kvæðum og lausamáli. Einnig verður litið til þess hvernig þetta samband hafi haft áhrif á fólk þessa tíma. Efnisyfirlit 1. Inngangur ......................................................................................................................... 5 2. Heimildir .......................................................................................................................... 6 3. Snorra-Edda og skáldamál ............................................................................................... 8 4. Eddukvæði .................................................................................................................... 13 5. Haraldskvæði | Hrafnsmál .............................................................................................. 19 6. Landnáma ...................................................................................................................... 21 7. Niðurstöður ................................................................................................................... 24 Heimildaskrá ...................................................................................................................... 27 1. Inngangur Huginn og Muninn fljúga hverjan dag jörmundgrund yfir. Óumk eg of Hugin að hann aftur né komi-t þó sjámk meir um Muninn (Gísli Sigurðsson 1998:74). Huginn og Muninn eru þekktustu hrafnar íslenskra miðaldabókmennta, þeir voru boðberar Óðins og unnu sem nokkurs konar fjölmiðlar þess tíma. Þeir fóru um heim allan, sáu hvað gerðist og fluttu Alföður fréttirnar. Aðrir hrafnar í miðaldabókmenntum hafa ekki þótt jafn áhugaverðir og virðist sem hræfuglar vígvallanna og fyrirboðar orustna hafi því fallið í skuggann af hinum nafnkunnu hröfnum Óðins. Í eftirfarandi ritgerð verða skoðaðir hrafnar og litið til hinna ýmsu birtingarmynda þeirra í miðaldakveðskap. Fyrstur er kafli með fróðleik um þær heimildir sem helst er stuðst við, næst á eftir verður fjallað um hrafna í Snorra-Eddu og skáldamáli. Þá verða valin eddukvæði athuguð, einnig dróttkvæðið Haraldskvæði | Hrafnsmál og að lokum verður litið til Landnámu áður en niðurstöður verða dregnar saman. Meginviðfangsefnið er að sýna fram á tengsl hrafna við goðheima. Athuguð eru einnig hlutverk Hugins og Munins og hvernig þeir virtust stuðla að því að fólk tengdi hrafna við goðheima hvenær sem þeir sáust. Leitað verður svara við þeirri spurningu hvort tengsl milli hrafna og goðheima hafi ávallt verið til staðar í miðaldaritum frá 13. og 14. öld og skoðuð birtingarmynd þess sambands í (ákveðnum) ritum og kvæðum. Einnig verður hugað að því hvernig þessi tengsl hrafna við goðheima hafði áhrif á fólk miðalda. 5 2. Heimildir Áður en ritað var á skinn og seinna meir pappír á Íslandi, geymdist allur kveðskapur og sögur í manna minnum. Þulið var upp á mannamótum eða á heimilum og vitneskjan fluttist frá kynslóð til kynslóðar. Vitanlega var ekki hægt að halda kvæðunum og sögunum án breytinga því með hverju árinu, og mismunandi þulum eða bragarháttum, gat innihaldið breyst. Sumt gleymdist, annað var skreytt á nýjan máta og jafnvel var bætt inn í kvæði til að auðveldara væri að muna þau. Eftir að ritun á forníslenskri bókmenntasögu hófst, flokkuðu fræðimenn miðaldakveðskap í eddukvæði og dróttkvæði. Ferlið var þó ekki án vandkvæða því margur kveðskapurinn á heima í báðum flokkum og ekki alltaf auðvelt að greina þar á milli (Vésteinn Ólafsson, 2006a, bls. 52). Eddukvæðin hafa talist standa nærri þjóðkvæðum þar sem fjallað er um atburði sem gerst hafa á forsögulegum tímum. Viðfangsefni þeirra eru almenn og fjarlæg í tíma; fjallað er um fornar hetjur, goðin og goðheima. Ýmis fróðleikur fyrirfinnst því innan þessa flokks frásagnar- og fræðslukvæða sem sögðu frá lífi og venjum goðanna úr heiðinni trú. Eddukvæðin eru talin bera vitni um aldarlangt líf kvæðagreinar sem varðveittist í munnlegri geymd. Viðfangsefni dróttkvæðanna eru á hinn bóginn nær skáldunum í tíma og þau eru gjarnan notuð til að lýsa einhverjum sem er enn á lífi eða sem hefur látist nýlega. Þá er jafnan fjallað um fólk sem flestir, ef ekki allir, hafa heyrt minnst á; svo sem konunga eða kappa sem fallið hafa í hetjulegum bardögum. Ef dróttkvæði eru vandlega skoðuð má gjarnan sjá merki þess að yfirstéttin borgaði skáldunum vel fyrir verkin og hlaut lofgjörð í kvæðaformi í staðinn. Líkt og áður var nefnt gat verið lítill munur á þessum tveimur flokkum kvæða. Bragarhættir og skáldskaparmál eddukvæðanna er einfaldara en dróttkvæðanna sem eru flóknari að gerð og skipulagi. Hins vegar geta efni kvæðanna oft tengt þessa tvo flokka en einnig valdið vandræðum í flokkuninni. Hér má nefna kvæði sem fjallar um goðin en er þó sett saman að dróttkvæðum hætti og flokkast þá sem dróttkvæði. Á hinn bóginn má nefna kvæði sem hefur form eddukvæðis en fjallar um nýlátinn höfðingja og er þá flokkað sem eddukvæði, jafnvel þótt efnið vísi til nýlegs atburðar og hafi ekkert með goðheima að gera. Eddukvæði eru í flestum tilvikum frásögukvæði eða dramatísk að gerð. Þau eru því oftast samblanda af frásögn og samtali eða hrein eru samtalskvæði. Finna má mörg dæmi um slíkt en eitt hið frægasta frásagnar- og fræðslukvæðið er Völuspá sem byrjar á þessa leið: 6 Hljóðs bið eg allar kindir, meiri og minni mögu Heimdalar vildu að eg Valföður vel fyr telja forn spjöll fira þau er fremst um man (Gísli Sigurðsson 1998:3). Hér er ályktað að völva sé mælandi og ávarpi Óðin. Kvæðið segir frá endalokum heimsins en einnig upphafi hins nýja. Dróttkvæði eru á hinn bóginn oft lýrísk og lýsa persónulegri afstöðu skáldsins í stað þess að fræða fólk um almenna hluti hins hversdagslega lífs. Frásagnarkvæði í þessum flokki koma þó einnig fyrir, líkt og Haraldskvæði þar sem hrafn talar við valkyrju og segir frá orustum. Eddukvæðin hafa ekki nafngreinda höfunda, þau virðast oftast hafa borist frá einni kynslóð til annarrar í munnlegri geymd og því erfitt að vita hvaðan þau eru upprunnin. Hins vegar eru mörg dróttkvæðanna merkt höfundum (Vésteinn Ólason, 2006a, bls. 52-54). Íslendingasögur, sem taldar eru ritaðar á 13. og 14. öld (Vésteinn Ólason, 2006b, bls. 39), eru á hinn bóginn lausamálsrit og teljast ekki til kveðskapar. Þó hefur verið litið á þær sem nokkurs konar sambland af drótt- og eddukvæðum. Sögurnar eru lausamálsfrásagnir á sinni þjóðtungu, þær segja frá hversdagslegum atburðum í lífi fólks og goðin koma einnig þar við sögu. Íslenska þjóðfélagsgerðin endurspeglaðist gjarnan í sögunum og byggt er bæði á munnlegum og bókmenntalegum þáttum (Byock, 1990, bls. 21-23). Í Snorra-Eddu, riti frá 13. öld eftir Snorra Sturluson, má finna margan fróðleikinn um goðin, hagi þeirra og háttalag. Höfundur veitir ríkulega innsýn í veröld fjarlægrar fortíðar þar sem heiðinn siður ríkir. Snorra-Edda nýtist sem hið ágætasta lærdómsrit ef fólk vill fræðast um norræn trúarbrögð, heiti í skáldskap eða heimssýn forn norrænna manna. Ritið skiptist í fjóra hluta: Prologus, Gylfaginningu, Skáldskaparmál og Háttatal. Ritsmíðin var unnin eftir að kristin trú barst til Íslands og þar af leiðandi er Snorra-Edda uppfull af kristnum áhrifum, þó fróðleikur ritsins sé mestmegnis sprottinn úr heiðni. Það þótti mikilvægt að nýta sér hin fornu trúarbrögð til fróðleiks um eldri 7 tíma því sá fróðleikur veitti innsýn í eldra samfélag og lifnaðarhætti forvera okkar (Ármann Jakobsson, 2009, bls. 93-94). Landnáma sem stuðst verður við var gefin út í ritinu Íslendingabók Landnámabók á vegum Jakobs Benediktssonar. Margt sem fyrirfinnst í Landnámu má telja til endursagnar Íslendingasagna. Þó má benda á að hin elsta gerð Landnámu, sem er glötuð í dag, var talin eldri en Íslendingasögurnar. Þetta rit segir frá landnámi Íslands og þeim köppum sem settust hér að og einnig koma goðin og heiðnir siðir fyrir. Þessi framangreindu rit ná að mestu yfir sama tímatalið; 13. og 14. öldina. Því verður ekki fjallað um þróun hrafnsins
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