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Goettingen Journal of GoJIL International Law Vol. 7, No. 1 (2016) Special Issue: The Exercise of Public Authority by International Organizations Exercising or Evading International Public Authority? The Many Faces of Environmental Post-Treaty Instruments Tim Staal A Public Law Approach to Internet Standard Setting Biel Company Pandemic Declarations of the World Health Organization as an Exercise of International Public Authority: The Possible Legal Answers to Frictions Between Legitimacies Pedro A. Villarreal Soft Authority Against Hard Cases of Racially Discriminating Speech: Why the CERD Committee Needs a Margin of Appreciation Doctrine Matthias Goldmann & Mona Sonnen The UN Declaration on the Rule of Law and the Application of the Rule of Law to the UN: A Reconstruction From an International Public Authority Perspective Clemens A. Feinäugle Goettingen Journal of GoJIL International Law Goettingen Journal of International Law (GoJIL) c/o Institute for International and European Law Platz der Göttinger Sieben 5 37073 Göttingen Germany [email protected] www.gojil.eu ISSN 1868-1581 The Goettingen Journal of International Law is published Open Access and two to three times per year by Goettingen Law School students. Submissions: The General Call for Papers focuses on topics of international law including related fields such international criminal law, international humanitarian law and international economic law. A submission’s eligilibility is not contingent upon its specific legal methodology, meaning that e.g. historical or economic approaches are welcome. Submissions are classified as a general article consisting of about 15,000 words, an article on current developments consisting of about 6,000 to 15,000 words, or a report (e.g. on judgments or recent case law). The views expressed in all contributions to the GoJIL are those of the individual authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Board of Editors. Except where otherwise noted, all contributions are licensed under the Creative Commons Licence Attribution – No Derivative Works 3.0 Germany and protected by German Intellectual Property Law (UrhG). Advisory Board Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. KAI AMBOS (University Constitutional Court, University of Goettingen), of Goettingen, Judge at the District Court), Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. DIETRICH RAUSCHNING Prof. Dr. THOMAS BUERGENTHAL, LL.M. (University of Goettingen), Prof. Dr. WALTER (George Washington University, former Judge REESE-SCHÄFER (University of Goettingen), of the International Court of Justice), Prof. Dr. Prof. Dr. FRANK SCHORKOPF (University of CHRISTIAN CALLIESS, LL.M. (Freie Universität Goettingen), Prof. Dr. ANJA SEIBERT-FOHR, LL.M. Berlin), Prof. Dr. GEORG NOLTE (International (UN Human Rights Committee, University of Law Commission, Humboldt University of Berlin), Goettingen), Prof. Dr. BRUNO SIMMA (University Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. ANGELIKA NUSSBERGER, M.A. of Michigan, former Judge at the International (European Court of Human Rights, University of Court of Justice), Prof. Dr. PETER-TOBIAS STOLL Cologne), Prof. Dr. ANDREAS L. PAULUS (Federal (University of Goettingen) Scientific Advisory Board Dr. HELMUT AUST, MLE (Humboldt University Ministry of Education and Research, Bonn), of Berlin), Dr. STEFANIE BOCK (University of Prof. Dr. NIELS PETERSEN (Max Planck Institute Goettingen), ANNE DIENELT, Maîtrise en Droit for Research on Collective Goods, Bonn), MAJA (University of Hamburg), Dr. KATJA GÖCKE, SMRKOLJ, LL.M. (Eurepean Commission), Dr. LL.M. (Graf von Westphalen, Hamburg), Dr. IGNAZ STEGMILLER (University of Gießen), Dr. THOMAS KLEINLEIN (University of Frankfurt/ TOBIAS THIENEL, LL.M. (Weissleder Ewer, Kiel), Main), MATTHIAS LIPPOLD, LL.M. (University MARKUS WAGNER, J.S.M. (University of Miami) of Goettingen), Dr. SVEN MISSLING (Federal Editorial Board Editors-in-Chief: NAZLI Aghazadeh, JOHANNES HAASE, MAXIMILIAN HEINZE, CHRISTIAN FENCHEL, Victoria GUIJARRO JELINSKY, FABIAN KOHANSAL, ANNE Krahnstöver, Katharina Lazar, Katharina Managing Editors: FRANZISKA BERG, Katharina KALINKE, Ben MENDELSON, DANIEL POLEJ, REEMER ULE OHANNSEN, ÖREN OLF C , J J S W JENNIFER RICHTER, NILS SCHLÜTER, JOHANN Von Pachelbel, DARIA SCHMIDT, LINNÉA Editors: GESCHE BUTENSCHÖN, Patrick Schomborg, PHILIPP STELLET, FRANZISKA BRÜCKNER, Charlotte DEGRO, THOMAS THANEL, OSKAR DE WYL Native Speaker Board NEELA BADAMI, ELIZABETH CAMPBELL, DEEPALOKE CHATTERJEE, RAHUL MENON, PAUL PRYCE Goettingen Journal of GoJIL International Law Vol. 7, No. 1 (2016) Contents Editorial & Foreword ..................................................................................... 3 Acknowledgments .......................................................................................... 7 Exercising or Evading International Public Authority? The Many Faces of Environmental Post-Treaty Instruments Tim Staal ....................................................................................................... 9 A Public Law Approach to Internet Standard Setting Biel Company .................................................................................................49 Pandemic Declarations of the World Health Organization as an Exercise of International Public Authority: The Possible Legal Answers to Frictions Between Legitimacies Pedro A. Villarreal ........................................................................................ 95 Soft Authority Against Hard Cases of Racially Discriminating Speech: Why the CERD Committee Needs a Margain of Appreciation Doctrine Matthias Goldmann & Mona Sonnen ...........................................................131 The UN Declaration on the Rule of Law and the Application of the Rule of Law to the UN: A Reconstruction From an International Public Authority Perspective Clemens A. Feinäugle ...................................................................................157 Goettingen Journal of GoJIL International Law Vol. 7, No. 1 (2016) Editorial Dear Readers, we are glad to present you the current issue, a special issue on the exercise of International Public Authority. It emerges from a fruitful collaboration with scholars who participated in workshops on this topic at the Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law in Heidelberg. Many thanks are due to Matthias Goldmann without whom this issue would not have been possible and who will in the following introduce you to this special issue’s topic in a foreword. We hope the thoroughly selected articles provide for yet another worthwhile read to our readership. The Editors Foreword to the Special Issue on the Exercise of International Public Authority Matthias Goldmann This special issue assembles articles by a group of young scholars in international law interested in how globalization transforms the activities of international institutions, as well as the ways we think about them. Globalization is constantly progressing, albeit not in a linear fashion. Rather, it seems to adapt its course in accordance with the specific challenges of the time or an issue. Thus, whether one thinks of the developments following September 11 or the financial crisis, the concern about climate change, worldwide epidemics, or migration – each of these issues has left its mark on the institutions that govern public interests at the supranational level. In this respect, international institutions seem to answer 4 GoJIL 76 (2016)(2014) 1, 3-6 to demands in world public opinion for more international regulation in order to cope with problems requiring international solutions. At the same time, each of these changes has triggered controversies in just that very same world public opinion which generated them. Power causes opposition as there is no “natural” way of regulating public policies. Hence, international institutions increasingly face questions concerning the legitimacy of their activities.1 The contributions of this special issue show the interplay of these two dimensions – the call for international regulation, which prompts new activities of international institutions taking hitherto unknown shapes, and the call for legitimacy, which has – or should have – induced certain international institutions to rethink their substantive and procedural standards. To engage with both aspects of the debate, the contributions to this special issue rely on the concept of “international public authority” (IPA). This concept serves as a focus for the identification of crucial acts of international institutions by which they seek to advance public interests on the international level, whether through traditional international law or new, often informal, governance instruments. It also claims that attention should be paid to the legal structures embedding such acts. Legal structures constitute the backbone of both the effectiveness and the legitimacy of such acts.2 In these respects, the IPA approach resembles scholarly endeavors such as global administrative law3 or global constitutionalism.4 The authors of the contributions to this special issue show how international institutions look for innovative ways to regulate global issues effectively, even though their competencies, hence their capacity to do so through binding international law, are often rather limited. Thus, in a study of “post-treaty instruments” in international environmental law, Tim Staal shows how the Conferences of the Parties implicitly modify treaty obligations, expanding or 1 On the dual call on international institutions for more regulation and more legitimacy, see M. Zürn, ‘The