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Experimente Clasice in Psihologie PSIHOLOGIE - PSIHOTERAPIE Colecţie coordonată de Simona Reghintovschi DOUGLAS MOOK Experimente clasice în psihologie Traducere din engleză de Clara Ruse Prefaţă la ediţia în limba română de Mihai Aniţei A TRei Editori SILVIU DRAGOMIR VASILE DEM. ZAMFIRESCU Director editorial MAGDALENA MÂRCULESCU Coperta FABER STUDIO (S. OLTEANU, A. RĂDULESCU, D. DUMBRĂVICIAN) Redactor RALUCA HURDUC Director producţie CRISTIAN CLAUDIU COBAN Dtp MARIAN CONSTANTIN Corectori ELENA BIŢU EUGENIA URSU Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naţionale a României MOOK, DOUGLAS Experimente clasice în psihologie / Douglas Mook; trad.: Clara Ruse. - Bucureşti: Editura Trei, 2009 ISBN 978-973-707-286-3 I. Ruse, Clara (trad.) 159.9 Această carte a fost tradusă după Classic Experiments in Psychology de Douglas Mook, Editura Greenwood Press, imprintal Grupului Editorial Greenwood, Westport, CT, U.S.A. (http://www.greenwood.com/greenwood_press.aspx) Copyright © 2004 by Douglas Mook Copyright © Editura Trei, 2009 pentru prezenta ediţie C.P. 27-0490, Bucureşti Tel./Fax: +4 021300 60 90 e-mail: [email protected] www.edituratrei.ro ISBN 978-973-707-286-3 în memoria lui Eliot Stellar, care ar fi -putut o scrie mai bine. Cuprins Prefaţă la ediţia română (de Prof.univ.dr. Mihai Aniţei)................................. 11 Prefaţă .............................................................................................................................. 15 Mulţumiri.........................................................................................................................17 1. Introducere 1. Despre experimente................................................................................................. 21 2. Scurtă istorie a psihologiei experimentale....................................................... 41 2. Psihobiologie 3. Hermann von Helmholtz şi impulsul nervos..................................................73 4. Paul Broca şi centrul vorbirii.................................................................................77 5. Karl Lashley: Mecanismele cerebrale şi învăţarea.........................................82 6..James Olds: sistemele de recompensă cerebrală............................................ 89 7..Vincent Dethier: Hrănirea la m uscă................................................................... 93 8..S.P. Grossman: Codificarea chimică în creier.................................................100 9. Roger Sperry şi disecţia creierului.....................................................................106 3. Motivaţia şi emoţia 10. Neal Miller: Frica — instinct învăţat..............................................................115 11. Neal Miller: Conflictul........................................................................................ 121 12. David McClelland despre motivaţia autorealizării.................................. 130 13. Harry Harlow: Povestea a două m am e........................................................ 137 14. Nikolaas Tinbergen: Studiul asupra instinctului.......................................144 4 Douglas Mook 15. Teitelbaum şi Epstein: Foamea, setea şi creierul........................................151 16. Schachter şi Singer: Cogniţia şi emoţia..........................................................157 17. Herman şi Polivy: Foamea şi cogniţia la om ............................................. 164 18. Walter Mischel şi autocontrolul.......................................................................170 4. învăţareaf 19. Edward Thorndike şi legea efectului.............................................................179 20. Ivan Pavlov şi condiţionarea clasică..............................................................185 21. Wolfgang Kohler şi mentalitatea maimuţelor............................................. 191 22. Edward Tolman şi hărţile cognitive...............................................................195 23. B.F. Skinner şi condiţionarea operantă......................................................... 201 24. John Garda: Aversiunea condiţionată faţă de gust................................... 207 25. Albert Bandura: Imitaţia şi învăţarea socială.............................................. 216 26. Gordon Paul: Teoria învăţării în clinică........................................................ 221 27. Martin Seligman: Neputinţa învăţată............................................................231 28. Lepper şi alţii despre costurile recompensei.............................................. 238 5. Memoria 29. Hermann Ebbinghaus despre memorie........................................................ 247 30. Frederic Bartlett: înţelesul şi memoria...........................................................255 31. Brenda Milner şi cazul lui H.M........................................................................261 32. Lloyd şi Margaret Peterson: Uitarea de scurtă durată.............................268 33. Elizabeth Loftus: întrebările direcţionate şi falsele amintiri..................275 34. Gordon Bower despre memoria dependentă de stare.............................281 35. Collins şi Quillian: Structura memoriei semantice................................... 287 6. Cogniţia 36. F.C. Donders şi timpul de reacţie................................................................... 297 37. Extraordinara poveste a lui Clever Hans (Hans cel Isteţ)......................302 38. A.S. Luchins despre a nu fi lipsit de raţiune................................................308 Experimente clasice în psihologie 5 39. George Miller despre magicul număr şapte............................................... 313 40. Festinger şi Carlsmith: Disonanţa cognitivă............................................... 322 41. Roger Shepard şi rotaţia m entală................................................................... 329 42. Richard Herrnstein: Concepte la porumbei.................................................335 43. Tversky şi Kahneman: încadrarea deciziilor.............................................. 341 7. Percepţia 44. Ernst Weber: Simţul muscular şi legea lui Weber......................................349 45. Gustav Fechner şi măsurarea minţii..............................................................357 46. Max Wertheimer despre mişcarea aparentă.................................................364 47. Selig Hecht şi adaptarea la întuneric.............................................................370 48. H. K. Hartline: Inhibiţia laterală în retină....................................................379 49. Georg von Bekesy: Mecanismele auzului....................................................387 50. Jerome Bruner: Motivaţia şi percepţia...........................................................396 51. Gibson şi Walk: „Prăpastia vizuală"..............................................................402 52. Lettvin şi alţii: Ce-i spune ochiul broaştei creierului acesteia............... 408 8. Psihologie socială 53. Theodore Newcomb: Schimbarea de atitudine la facultate....................419 54. Muzafer Sherif: Prejudecata şi experimentul Robbers' Cave (Peştera Hoţilor)......................................426 55. Kurt Lewin: Tensiuni în „spaţiul de viaţă"..................................................433 56. Solomon Asch despre conformism................................................................. 439 57. Festinger şi alţii: Când profeţia nu se adevereşte......................................446 58. Stanley Milgram despre obedienţa faţă de autoritate..............................452 59. Latane şi Darley: lipsa de reacţie a spectatorului......................................460 60. Benjamin Franklin: Mesmer şi magnetismul animal................................ 466 Cuprins Imagini 1.1 Rezultatele unuia dintre experimentele lui Asch asupra conformismului. Mulţi dintre participanţi s-au conformat judecăţii clar greşite a majorităţii, dacă a trebuit să dea răspunsul în mod public (histograma din stânga), dar nu şi dacă au notat răspunsul în particular (histograma din dreapta)...............24 1.2 Rezultatele unuia dintre experimentele lui Harlow cu „mame maimuţe". Puii de maimuţă au petrecut mult mai mult timp în contact cu o mamă de pluş (cercurile de sus) decât cu o mamă din sârmă (cercurile de jos), chiar dacă doar mama din sârmă oferea mâncare............................................................25 1.3 Rezultatele experimentului clinic al lui Paul. Grupul tratat prin terapia desensibilizării sistematice s-a îmbunătăţit semnificativ faţă de celelalte grupuri.........27 2.1 O figură reversibilă: Cubul Necker. poate fi văzută ca un cub în oricare dintre cele două moduri, dar nu ca o mulţime de linii bidimensionale, deşi asta este............. 61 2.2 O altă figură reversibilă: „soţia" şi „soacra". Aceasta poate fi văzută ca o tânără femeie sau ca o bătrână, dar niciodată ca ambele în acelaşi timp.......... 62 4.1 Vedere din lateral a creierului uman arătând aria Broca..........................................79 5.1 Rezultatele experimentului de învăţare a labirintului al lui Lashley. Erorile apar mai frecvent (exemplu, performanţa scade) pe măsură ce dificultatea labirintului creşte (din faţă către spate) şi cantitatea de leziuni corticale creşte (de la stânga la dreapta)..........................................................85 7.1 Sistemul care controlează hrănirea la musca de carne..............................................95 9.1 Privire de ansamblu asupra sistemului vizual uman. Corpul calos este lezat la pacienţii cu sciziune la nivel cerebral, împiedicând
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