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AP Psychology Summer Assignment Griffin Cook Mary Ainsworth: Mary AP Psychology Summer Assignment Griffin Cook Mary Ainsworth: Mary Ainsworth was involved in the study of attachment between a child and their caregiver. She designed an experiment called the Strange Situation to test the attachment between a baby and its caregiver. From her experiment, she determined that there are three types of attachment a baby may have with their caregiver: Mary Ainsworth’s Attachment Theory Secure Attachment, Anxious- Ambivalent Insecure Attachment, and Anxious-Avoidant Insecure Attachment. Commented [WPB1]: 4 excellent Solomon Asch: Asch worked in the field of social psychology and studied several subjects, such as prestige suggestion, impression formation, and conformity. One of his most famous experiments demonstrated conformity, and involved estimating the length of lines. In the experiment, some people would intentionally make false estimates as to the length of the lines, and usually the actual test subjects would change their estimate to more closely resemble the false estimates made by the other people. Commented [WPB2]: 4 Albert Bandura: Albert Bandura developed social learning theory. He stated that learning takes place through more than just reinforcement, and that people learn by imitation, or modeling. His famous Bobo doll study demonstrated this idea well. In his experiment he would show a video of a woman beating a doll to a group of children. He would then let the children play in a room that had that same doll, and the children consistently began beating the doll. Commented [WPB3]: 4 Walter Cannon: Canon researched the instinctual repulsion from danger on animals. He worked with laboratory animals, and noticed that when they were stressed there were changes in their digestive systems. Upon further investigation, he realized that when introduced to stress, the bodies of animals will prepare for physical action in a response he called “the Fight or Flight response”. Commented [WPB4]: 4 Noam Chomsky: Chomsky studied in the field of linguistics. He developed theories that involve something called universal grammar. Universal grammar is the basic set of principles that all human languages follow. Chomsky theorized that young children have a strong, innate knowledge of this universal grammar, thus why they pick up on languages so quickly. Commented [WPB5]: 4 Hermann Ebbinghaus: Ebbinghaus researched the area of memory. He experimented on himself for over a year, and came up with several theories and discoveries. The most notable of his discoveries are the learning-curve, the forgetting-curve, and the spacing effect. These discoveries explain how quickly something is learned, tell that you retain information better when studying it for a shorter period of time over more times, and explain how quickly something is forgotten, respectively. Commented [WPB6]: 4 Erik Erikson: Erikson developed ideas about psychosocial stages of development. He proposed that there are eight major stages of psychosocial development that develop at a certain age in every normal person’s life, and that each one arises from a particular crisis at that stage in life. The eight stages are Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1 ½), Autonomy vs. Shame (1 ½-3), Initiative vs. Guilt (3-5), Industry vs. Inferiority (5-12), Ego Identity vs. Role Confusion (12-18), Intimacy vs. Isolation (18-40), Generativity vs. Stagnation (40-65), and Ego Integrity vs. Despair (65+). Commented [WPB7]: 4 Sigmund Freud: Freud developed a form of treatment called psychoanalysis. He studied dreams, sexuality, and repressed memories, and incorporated all these into psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis involves bringing repressed memories to the surface so they can be addressed. When confronted, the memories often lead to alleviation of neurotic problems. Commented [WPB8]: 4 Howard Gardner: Gardner studied cognition and intelligence. He developed a theory about something called multiple intelligences. Gardner believed that intelligence is not just a single measure, and cannot be properly recorded with just an IQ level. He theorized, instead, that there are seven intelligences that people have a blend of. The seven intelligences he identified are linguistic intelligence, logical- mathematical intelligence, musical intelligence, bodily-kinesthetic intelligence, spatial intelligence, interpersonal intelligence, and intrapersonal intelligence. Commented [WPB9]: 4 Harry Harlow: Harlow experimented on monkeys to test areas of affection, motivation, and learning. He used the study of primates to further the understanding of human behavior. His most famous experiment involved taking baby monkeys away from their mothers just after birth and placing them with two surrogate, false mothers. The mother was either made out of wire or cloth. The cloth mother was softer, and the baby monkeys would choose to spend more time with it than the wire monkey, even if the wire monkey was its source of milk. Harlow concluded that the need for affection outweigh the need for warmth or food. Commented [WPB10]: 4 William James: James studied emotion and its relation to physiology as well as a method of psychology called functionalism. His theory on emotion was called the James-Lange Theory of Emotion, which proposed that emotions result from physiological responses to stimuli (You are scared because you shake, you don’t shake because you are scared). His method of psychology, Functionalism, focused on mental events as a whole instead of breaking them down, and noted the impact environment has on behavior. Commented [WPB11]: 4 Carl Jung: Jung studied the human psyche, the collective unconscious, and dreams. Jung combined these studies into a theory called Analytical Psychology. This theory states that a person’s behaviors and beliefs result from their conscious and unconscious beliefs. To expound on unconsciousness, Jung said that collective unconscious is all human experience and knowledge. Jung also tried to explain dreams as unfulfilled parts of a person’s waking mind, and said different symbols are present in dreams that represent certain attitudes. He called these symbols archetypes Commented [WPB12]: 4 Lawrence Kohlberg: Kohlberg researched moral development by surveying people of different ages. He would present them with a moral dilemma and then ask them how they would respond. One of these moral dilemmas involved a man whose wife was dying of cancer. In the situation, there is a drug that could save her, but he cannot afford it. The question is, should he steal the drug or not, and if so, should he go to jail for it? Kohlberg surveyed 72 boys aged 10 to 16, all from Chicago, and did follow up surveys every three years for twenty years on 58 of them. Through his questioning, he determined that there are 3 levels of moral development, and 6 stages. Each level is comprised of 2 stages, and the three levels must be followed in sequential order. The 3 levels Kohlberg came up with are Pre-conventional morality, Conventional morality, and Post-conventional morality. The six stages, in order, that make up these levels are Obedience and Punishment Orientation, Individualism and Exchange, Good Interpersonal Relationships, Maintaining the Social Order, Social Contract and Individual Rights, and Universal Principles. Valid as his findings may be, many have questioned his research methods due to a very biased sample (only boys from Chicago), and the fact that many of the situations are things most people will never have to deal with and are not used to dealing with. Commented [WPB13]: 4 Elizabeth Loftus: Loftus studied memory, and how easily it can be changed. She conducted studies by playing videos for people, then asking them about the videos afterwards. An example of one of her studies involved a video of a car crash. Loftus would use different words when asking approximately how fast the car was going when an accident occurred. When she used the words ‘smashed into’ participants reported significantly higher speed than when she said ‘hit’, and got even lower speeds when she said ‘contacted’. Participants who heard the words ‘smashed into’ more often reported seeing broken glass a week after viewing the video than did participants who heard other words. She applied this concept of “malleable memory” to several court cases where eyewitness testimonies pointed out suspects as guilty, but who were in the end found not guilty. Commented [WPB14]: 4 Abraham Maslow: Maslow was a fundamental researcher in human potential, and one of the founders of an area of psychology known as humanistic psychology. Maslow developed several theories that became important in the humanistic movement, including self-actualization, the hierarchy of needs, and peak experiences. Self-actualization is described as fulfilling one’s self. Maslow’s theory suggests that all people have a purpose that they naturally want to fulfill, and that they become very happy when they come closer to fulfilling this purpose. Maslow’s theory on the hierarchy of needs suggests that there is a hierarchy of needs that people fulfill to be happy. The hierarchy starts out with basic physiological needs, and ends with the need to be self-actualized. The hierarchy consists of physiological needs (food, water, oxygen, sexual reproduction), security needs (steady job, health care, shelter from the environment), social needs (belonging, love, affection, friendship), esteem needs (personal worth, social recognition, accomplishment), and self-actualizing needs. Maslow’s theory on peak experiences states that there are certain experiences, which are very
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