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HOME TEAM ACADEMY • 2016 ISSUE NO 6 HOME TEAM BY PRACTITIONERS, JOURNAL FOR PRACTITIONERS HOME EDITORIAL BOARD CHAIRPERSON T. Raja Kumar TEAM DEPUTY CHAIRPERSON JOURNAL Teo Tze Fang CHIEF EDITOR Lee Chee Kwong The Home Team Journal is a publication by the Home Team DEPUTY CHIEF EDITOR Academy in collaboration with Lim Jing Jing the Ministry of Home Affairs of Singapore and its departments, EDITORIAL CONSULTANT which are collectively known Susan Sim as the Home Team. The journal publishes articles and reviews ASSISTANT EDITORS on issues relating to the Home Shazwani Babjee Team and its core competencies. Yvonne Chan Karen Teng It aims to be a platform to share DEPARTMENTAL EDITORS knowledge and new insights, Elton Yeo stimulate critical thinking Gobiselven Govindasamy and discussion among the Jane Quek Home Team community, and Jasmin Kaur reach out to our stakeholders Jaswant Singh and the global community of Raymond Lim Suhara practitioners in national safety Tan Teck Tien and security. Winsome Chow Please address all contributions and correspondence to: Home Team Journal Editorial Board Strategic Planning and Organisation Development Branch Strategic Affairs Centre Home Team Academy 501 Old Choa Chu Kang Road, Singapore 698928 For comments and feedback, please mail to MHA _HT [email protected]. HOME TEAM ACADEMY • 2016 ISSUE NO 6 RESEARCH • INSIGHT • TRAINING FOREWORD Foreword and Editorial Introduction 04 T. Raja Kumar SPECIAL FEATURE A Titan of the Home Team Retires: A Tribute to Benny Lim 06 Susan Sim COVER STORY 14 Unwanted Acquaintances: Cyberstalking as Experienced by Emerging Adults in Singapore Majeed Khader, Stephanie Chan, Jansen Ang and Jeffrey Chin POLICIES Stopping Thefts on Board Aircrafts 24 Krystle Chiang, Chee Ee Ling and Grace Teo OPERATIONS 33 The SCDF’s Heavy Urban Search and Rescue Certification Journey Anwar Abdullah RESEARCH 40 Using Behavioural Insights to Encourage Public Participation in the Community Emergency Preparedness Programme Lal Nelson, Sabrina Ng, Mohamed Zulkifli Kassim, Stephen Tay, Michael Hiscox and Daniel Lim Understanding Drug Offenders 53 Goh Jue Hui, Leung Chi Ching, Sylvia Liaw Sze Wai and Jasmin Kaur 60 Identifying Individuals Radicalised via the Internet: A Behavioural Sciences Approach Neo Loo Seng 74 Singaporean Liars Nod More and Fidget Less: A Study in Detecting Deception during Investigative Interviews Stephanie Chan, Majeed Khader, Jansen Ang and Jeffrey Chin 84 Lessons for the Home Team from the Ferguson and Baltimore Civil Unrest Cases Cherielyn Leong HOME THINK 91 Trainers’ Note: Dilemmas in Designing Training Programmes for Police Officers Loy Chye Meng Smart Regulation and the Adaptive Leader in the Public Service 95 Richard Magnus 102 The Prevention of Radicalisation to Violent Extremism: The Police Role David Bayley Copyright ©2016. All rights reserved. No part of this publication (i.e. content and images) may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, scanning, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Home Team Academy. The opinions expressed in this issue are the authors’ own and do not necessarily reflect the opinion of the Home Team Academy. 04 HOME TEAM JOURNAL FOREWORD FOREWORD AND EDITORIAL INTRODUCTION I am delighted to publish the sixth issue of the Home Team Journal. As an academic journal, the HT Journal represents one of the key ways in which HTA strives to share new insights and key lessons, and stimulate critical thinking and discussion among the HT community in the area of safety and security. In keeping with the new sections introduced in the last issue, Issue 6 covers a broad spectrum of content, ranging from new HT policies, to operational research and opinion pieces on issues relating to the HT. In this issue, we have also included a special feature on Mr Benny Lim, our former Permanent Secretary for Home Affairs and the Director of the Internal Security Department from 1997 to 2011, as he retires from public service. In the article, we pay tribute to Mr Lim’s leadership and stellar contributions to the HT, and whose vision led to the establishment of the HTA in 2006. Our HT leaders share how Mr Lim had influenced and inspired many of them to greater heights. Cybercrime remains one of the key challenges facing the HT and it has become an even more insidious threat in recent years. The separation of internet access on work computers for public servants announced in June this year is a sombre reminder of the lurking dangers of cyberhacking, and the importance of practising cyber security in our daily lives. Our cover story looks at another aspect of cybercrime – cyberstalking. Here, we discover how the HT Behavioural Sciences Centre (BSC) uncovered the impact of cyberstalking victimisation among Singaporean young adults. Using surveys from 497 university undergraduates and 317 polytechnic students, Dr Majeed Khader and his team examine the prevalence of cyberstalking, victims’ perception of threat and distress levels, and victims’ coping strategies and their attitudes towards future help- seeking avenues. We also examine how the trends in policy changes correspond to rates of offending for cases of theft on board aircraft. DPPs Krystle Chiang and Chee Ee Ling, and Ms Grace Teo from the Attorney-General’s Chambers posit that the increased severity in penalties that the Courts have meted out and certainty of detection have deterred thefts from occurring on board aircraft. The article also provides insights into the specific characteristics of offenders in terms of demographics and modus operandi. Moving on to operations, SAC Anwar Abdullah’s article recounts the exciting journey of SCDF’s Lionheart Contingent as it went through mandatory re-certification after becoming the first team in the Asia-Pacific region and seventh in the world to attain the highest level of classification in Urban Search and Rescue (USAR) capabilities, awarded by the United Nations in 2008. The author touches on the preparations that the team made to face the challenges of the reclassification exercise as well as the lessons learnt by the team. FOREWORD HOME TEAM JOURNAL 05 Psychology and behavioural sciences research feature heavily in this issue as we look at policing, rehabilitation, and leadership through an academic lens. Dr Lal Nelson and his team from the Research and Statistics Division of the Ministry of Home Affairs share their findings on a randomised controlled trial used to test the effectiveness of Behavioural Insights modifications on residents’ participation rate in SCDF’s Community Emergency Preparedness Programmes (CEPP). The results highlight the importance of bridging the intention-action gap instead of merely getting people interested in order to bring about actual increases in participation. Mr Neo Loo Seng from BSC proposes the use of behavioural sciences research to aid law enforcement agencies in identifying individuals at risk of being radicalised via the internet. The BSC shares their study on detecting deception during investigative interviews. The results show that Singaporean liars tend to nod more and fidget less than truth-tellers. Implications for investigator training and criminal investigative procedures are then discussed. Also in this issue, we are privileged to have SAC Loy Chye Meng, Deputy Chief Executive (Administration) of HTA and concurrently the Commander of Police Training Command share his thoughts on training. In his opinion piece, Mr Loy outlines the dilemmas in designing training programmes for law enforcement officers. He posits that an effective training programme that imparts both principles and procedures can impact an individual in a significant way, but that ultimately, a person’s attitude and aptitude as well as the environment in his work unit will have an even greater influence on the transfer and internalisation of professional skills and knowledge. On this note, I hope that this issue provides good insights into the recent work of the Home Team and how it continues to keep Singapore safe and secure. T. RAJA KUMAR Chairman Home Team Journal Editorial Board 06 HOME TEAM JOURNAL SPECIAL FEATURE A Titan of the Home Team Retires A Tribute to Benny Lim by Susan Sim Editorial Consultant Do it right and do it well. When Benny Lim says these words to you, it is not a gentle nudge. Deliver or he will do the job himself. For chances are that he has already analysed the issue from multiple angles, foreseen the pitfalls in possible solutions and decided on the level of risk acceptable to meet operational and strategic goals. Working with a boss like Benny can be nerve- wrecking if you do not know your stuff; under the charming and reassuring manner is a finely- tuned BS-radar. Yet, as former Commissioner of the Singapore Civil Defence Force James Tan found out, Benny is exactly the sort of boss you Copyright 2016 MediaCorp Press Ltd. Photo first appeared in Today. want in a crisis. “I was the commander during a major incident are concerned. Coming in a close second is and apprised him of my operational plan, “caring boss”. When chief police psychologist rationalizing some of the critical decisions we Majeed Khader began setting up the Behavioural had to make,” recalls the former army officer who Sciences Centre at HTA under Benny’s direction ran SCDF for 17 years. “I remember vividly PS in 2005, a friend told him: “You are lucky. Benny Benny Lim saying, ‘James, do what you think is is a life time guarantee - he always looks out for correct and do it well. I am behind you on all your you even when he has gone off to do something decisions.’ This was a very strong mandate given else!” to me at that critical time. I really appreciated the complete trust he had in me and the full support That care and concern extends to all who work for he rendered, which helped in the successful him.