Visualisierung Von Informationsräumen

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Visualisierung Von Informationsräumen Visualisierung von Informationsr¨aumen Dissertationsschrift zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor-Ingenieur (Dr.-Ing.) vorgelegt an der Fakult¨at fur¨ Informatik und Automatisierung Institut fur¨ Praktische Informatik und Medieninformatik der Technischen Universit¨at Ilmenau von Dipl.-Inf. Martha Argentina Barberena Najarro Berichterstatter: 1. Gutachter: Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. D. Reschke, TU Ilmenau 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr.-Ing G. Schade, FH Erfurt 3. Gutachter: Prof. Dr.-Ing R. B¨ose, FH Schmalkalden Tag der Einreichung: 06.06.2003 Tag der ¨offentlichen wissenschaftlichen Aussprache: 16.12.2003 2 Vorwort Als ich diese Arbeit begann, ahnte ich nicht, welches Ausmaß sie annehmen wurde¨ und wieviele Fragen und Detail-Probleme fur¨ ca. 200 Seiten beantwortet und aufbereitet werden mußten. An dieser Stelle sei deshalb allen ganz herzlich gedankt, die mich in den vergangenen Jahren unterstutzt¨ haben. Mein besonderer Dank gilt meinem Doktorvater, Herrn Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Dietrich Reschke fur¨ die Unterstutzung¨ und das Vertrauen, mit dem er mich w¨ahrend der Arbeit begleitet hat. In vielen Diskussionen mit ihm erhielt ich wertvolle Hinweise, die mir sehr hilfreich waren bei der Anfertigung dieser Arbeit. Uber¨ die Tatsache, daß ich Frau Prof. Dr. Gabriele Schade und Herrn Prof. Dr. Ralf B¨ose als Gutachter gewinnen konnte, habe ich mich sehr gefreut und danke Ihnen fur¨ ihre sofortige Bereitschaft. Bei meinen Kolleginnen und Kollegen bedanke ich mich fur¨ die angenehme Arbeitsatmosph¨are, die anregenden Gespr¨ache und die gemeinsamen Unternehmungen. Ganz besonders danke ich meinem Mann, Rainer Barth. Sein Verst¨andnis und seine Hilfe bei Problemen jeglicher Art haben es mir erm¨oglicht, diese Arbeit fertigzustellen. Ein unsch¨atzbarer emotionaler Halt war mir in den vergangenen Jahren meine Stieftochter Juliane Barth. Ilmenau, den 01.06.2003 Martha Argentina Barberena Najarro ii Erkl¨arung Ich erkl¨are hiermit, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit ohne unzul¨assige Hilfe Dritter und ohne Be- nutzung anderer als der angegebenen Hilfsmittel angefertigt habe. Die aus anderen Quellen direkt oder indirekt ubernommenen¨ Daten und Konzepte sind unter Angabe der Quelle gekennzeichnet. Niemand hat von mir unmittelbar oder mittelbar geldwerte Leistungen fur¨ Arbeiten erhalten, die im Zusammenhang mit dem Inhalt der vorgelegten Dissertation stehen. Die Arbeit wurde bisher weder im In- noch im Ausland in gleicher oder ¨ahnlicher Form einer Prufungsbeh¨ ¨orde vorgelegt. Ich bin darauf hingewiesen worden, dass die Unrichtigkeit der vorstehenden Erkl¨arung als T¨auschungsversuch angesehen wird und den erfolglosen Abbruch des Promotionsverfahrens zur Folge hat. (Ort, Datum) (Martha Argentina Barberena Najarro) iii iv Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 1 1.1 MotivationundUmfeld ............................. ..... 1 1.2 BisherigeEntwicklung . ....... 2 1.3 Aufgabenstellung ................................ ...... 3 1.4 DerAufbaudieserArbeit . ...... 4 2 Visualisierung von Informationen 7 2.1 Einfuhrung¨ ......................................... 7 2.2 Das Hypertext-Informationssystem WWW . ......... 7 2.3 DieSuchwerkzeuge ................................ ..... 8 2.3.1 Thematisierte Suchmaschinen (Themenkatalog) . ............ 8 2.3.2 Robotbasierte Suchmaschinen . ....... 8 2.3.3 Meta-Suchmaschinen. ... 8 2.4 Probleme bei der Ergebnisdarstellung von Suchmaschinen............... 9 2.5 Die Visualisierung von Suchergebnissen als L¨osung ................... 10 2.5.1 Grundlagen .................................... 10 2.5.2 Begriffsbestimmung: Visualisierung“ und Information“ . 11 ” ” 2.6 Wissenschaftlich-technische Visualisierung . ................ 12 2.6.1 BegriffundHistorie ............................. 12 2.6.2 Inhalte....................................... 13 2.6.3 DieVisualisierungs-Pipeline . ........ 13 2.6.4 DerVisualisierungszyklus . ....... 15 2.7 Informations-Visualisierung . .......... 15 2.7.1 Begriffsbestimmung: Informationsraum“ . 16 ” 2.7.2 Der Abfragezyklus der Informationssuche . .......... 16 2.8 Der Unterschied: Wissenschaftliche und Informations-Visualisierung . 17 2.9 Fazit........................................... 18 3 Ans¨atze zur Visualisierung von Datenstrukturen 19 3.1 DieBewertungskriterien . ........ 19 3.1.1 Einsch¨atzung des Aufbaus der Arbeitsoberfl¨ache ................ 19 3.1.2 Untersuchung des Interaktionsverhaltens . ............ 20 3.1.3 Untersuchung der Funktionalit¨at ......................... 21 3.2 Bewertung der Visualisierungsans¨atze .......................... 22 3.2.1 PerspectiveWall ............................... 22 3.2.2 HyperbolicBrowser ............................. 26 3.2.3 ConeTreeundCamTree ............................ 29 3.2.4 Informationswurfel(InformationCube)¨ . 32 3.2.5 LyberWorld.................................... 36 v vi INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 3.2.6 SQWID ....................................... 41 3.2.7 Sph¨arenvisualisierung (Sphere Visualisation) . ...... 44 3.2.8 Tree-Map ...................................... 46 3.2.9 Bewertung der dargelegten Visualisierungsverfahren .............. 51 3.3 Experimentelle Ans¨atze .................................. 52 3.3.1 TheBrainTechnology . 53 3.3.2 VR-Vibe....................................... 54 3.3.3 NIRVE-Prototypen............................... 54 3.4 Visualisierung der Ergebnisse von Suchdiensten . ............... 57 3.4.1 Yahoo........................................ 58 3.4.2 AltaVista..................................... 58 3.4.3 Vivisimo...................................... 59 3.4.4 VisIT ........................................ 59 3.4.5 Kartoo........................................ 60 3.4.6 Fazit......................................... 61 3.5 DerneueAnsatz ................................... 62 3.6 Fazit........................................... 63 4 Anforderungsanalyse zum Visualisierungssystem 65 4.1 Einfuhrung¨ ......................................... 65 4.2 DieUnifiedModelingLanguage(UML) . ....... 66 4.2.1 EntwicklungderUML ............................. 66 4.2.2 DieNotationderUML............................. 66 4.3 DieObjektorientierteAnalyse(OOA) . .......... 70 4.3.1 Die Use-Case Analyse (Analyse der Anwendungsf¨alle) ............. 70 4.4 Anforderungsspezifikation des Visualisierungssystems.................. 73 4.4.1 Problembeschreibung. ..... 73 4.4.2 DieAnalysedesSystemverhaltens . ....... 75 4.5 Fazit........................................... 83 5 Entwurf des Visualisierungssystems 85 5.1 ObjektorientiertesDesign(OOD) . .......... 87 5.2 Entwurf eines Mappingverfahrens . .......... 88 5.2.1 Die grafische Darstellung der Dokumente . ........ 88 5.2.2 MappingmitGlyphs.............................. 88 5.2.3 Zusammenfassung ............................... 91 5.3 Die Architektur des Visualisierungsmodules . .............. 93 5.3.1 Die Elemente des Visualisierungsmoduls . .......... 94 5.3.2 Die Benutzeroberfl¨ache des Visualisierungsmoduls . 96 5.4 Klassenbeschreibungen. ........ 97 5.4.1 DieDokument-Klasse ............................. 97 5.4.2 DieDokument-Datenstruktur . ..... 97 5.4.3 Lesen und Schreiben von Suchergebnissen . ......... 98 5.4.4 Filter ........................................ 99 5.5 DieRenderer-Komponente. 101 5.5.1 Entwurf eines 2D-Renderers (kartesische Abbildung) . .............103 5.5.2 Entwurf eines 3D-Renderers (kartesische Abbildung) . .............105 5.6 Die Komponente Dokument-Manager“ . .107 ” 5.6.1 DieElemente ................................... 108 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS vii 5.6.2 Die Benutzeroberfl¨ache ..............................109 5.7 Packages........................................ 112 5.8 DynamischeBetrachtungen . .......112 5.8.1 Dynamische Modelle im Objektorientierten Entwurf . ............113 5.8.2 Sequenzdiagramme zum Visualisierungssystem . ...........114 5.9 Die Schnittstelle zu Suchmaschinen . ...........117 5.10Fazit.......................................... 119 6 Prototyp 121 6.1 AuswahldesGrafiksystems . 121 6.1.1 Anforderungen an das Grafiksystem . 121 6.1.2 Die Grafik-Schnittstelle OpenGL .........................123 6.1.3 Die Grafik-Schnittstelle Java3D ..........................125 6.1.4 Die Beschreibungsprache VRML .........................128 6.1.5 Vergleich der Grafik-Schnittstellen / Beschreibungsprache . .129 6.1.6 Fazit......................................... 132 6.2 UmsetzungdesEntwurfes . 132 6.3 Die Benutzeroberfl¨ache...................................132 6.4 ImplementierteRenderer. ........134 6.5 Filtereinstellungen . ........136 6.6 TestsmitSuchergebnissen . ........137 6.6.1 DerSimulationsmodus. 137 6.6.2 Das Auffinden relevanter Dokumente . 138 6.7 Fazit........................................... 138 7 Diskussion und Ausblick 141 A Anforderungsfall-Tabellen 143 A.1 Zielgerichtete Informationssuche . ............143 A.2 Unscharfe Informationssuche . .........152 B Benutzeroberfl¨ache 157 C Klassenbeschreibungen 159 D Package-Deklarationen 167 D.1 Package:Control ................................. 167 D.2 Package:Docmanager .............................. 167 D.3 Package:Filter .................................. 168 D.4 Package:Renderer ................................ 169 D.4.1 Subpackage:cartesian2. 169 D.4.2 Subpackage:cartesian3. 169 D.4.3 Subpackage:Gravity2 . 170 E XML-Strukturen 171 F Glossar 175 G Abkurzungsverzeichnis¨ 179 Literaturverzeichnis 181 viii INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Tabellenverzeichnis 189 Abbildungsverzeichnis 191 Index 193 Kapitel 1 Einleitung 1.1 Motivation und Umfeld Das World Wide Web (WWW) ist ein Teildienst des Internet. Es stellt eine einheitliche grafi- sche
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