Sgrortgtn'" 3000 Sertes Modular, Hlgh-Performance Servers Sgiorigin 3000 Series Product Stanford and SGI .Q.Y..~Iyi~W
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Managing System Resources on ‘Teras’ Experiences in Managing System Resources on a Large SGI Origin 3800 Cluster The paper to the presentation given at the CUG SUMMIT 2002 held at the University of Manchester. Manchester (UK), May 20-24 2002. http://www.sara.nl Mark van de Sanden [email protected] Huub Stoffers [email protected] Introduction Outline of the Paper This is a paper about our experiences with managing system resources on ‘Teras’. Since November 2000 Teras, a large SGI Origin 3800 cluster, is the national supercomputer for the Dutch academic community. Teras is located at and maintained by SARA High Performance Computing (HPC). The outline of this presentation is as follows: Very briefly, we will tell you what SARA is, and what we presently do, particularly in high performance computing, besides maintaining Teras. Subsequently, to give you an idea, on the one hand which resources are available on Teras, and on the other hand what resources are demanded, we will give overviews of three particular aspects of the Teras: 1) Some data on the hardware – number of CPUs, memory, etc. - and the cluster configuration, i.e. description of the hosts that constitute the cluster. 2) Identification of the key software components that are used on the system; both, system software components, as well as software toolkits available to users to create their (parallel) applications. 3) A characterization of the ‘job mix’ that runs on the Teras cluster. Thus equipped with a clearer idea of both ‘supply’ and ‘demand’ of resources on Teras, we then state the resource allocation policy goals that we pursue in this context, and we review what resource management possibilities we have at hand and what they can accomplish for us, in principle. -
Real-Time Graphics Architecture P
4/18/2007 Real-Time Graphics Architecture Lecture 4: Parallelism and Communication Kurt Akeley Pat Hanrahan http://graphics.stanford.edu/cs448-07-spring/ CS448 Lecture 4 Kurt Akeley, Pat Hanrahan, Spring 2007 Topics 1. Frame buffers 2. Types of parallelism 3. Communication patterns and requirements 4. Sorting classification for parallel rendering (with examples) CS448 Lecture 4 Kurt Akeley, Pat Hanrahan, Spring 2007 1 4/18/2007 Frame Buffers Raster vs. calligraphic Raster (image order) dominant choice Calligraphic (object order) Earliest choice (Sketchpad) E&S terminals in the 70s and 80s Works with light pens Scene complexity affects frame rate Monitors are expensive Still required for FAA simulation Increases absolute brightness of light points CS448 Lecture 4 Kurt Akeley, Pat Hanrahan, Spring 2007 2 4/18/2007 Frame buffer definitions What is a frame buffer? What can we learn by considering different definitions? CS448 Lecture 4 Kurt Akeley, Pat Hanrahan, Spring 2007 Frame buffer definition #1 Storage for commands that are executed to refresh the display Allows for raster or calligraphiccalligraphic display (e. g. Megatech) “Frame buffer” for calligraphic display is a “display list” OpenGL “render list”? Key point: frame buffer contents are interpreted Color mapping Image scaling, warping Window system (overlay, separate windows, …) Address Recalculation Pipeline CS448 Lecture 4 Kurt Akeley, Pat Hanrahan, Spring 2007 3 4/18/2007 Frame buffer definition #2 Image memory used to decouple the render frame rate from the display -
SGI® Opengl Multipipe™ User's Guide
SGI® OpenGL Multipipe™ User’s Guide 007-4318-008 Version 1.4.2 CONTRIBUTORS Written by Ken Jones and Jenn Byrnes Illustrated by Chrystie Danzer Edited by Susan Wilkening Production by Glen Traefald Engineering contributions by Bill Feth, Christophe Winkler, Claude Knaus, and Alpana Kaulgud COPYRIGHT © 2000–2002 Silicon Graphics, Inc. All rights reserved; provided portions may be copyright in third parties, as indicated elsewhere herein. No permission is granted to copy, distribute, or create derivative works from the contents of this electronic documentation in any manner, in whole or in part, without the prior written permission of Silicon Graphics, Inc. LIMITED RIGHTS LEGEND The electronic (software) version of this document was developed at private expense; if acquired under an agreement with the USA government or any contractor thereto, it is acquired as "commercial computer software" subject to the provisions of its applicable license agreement, as specified in (a) 48 CFR 12.212 of the FAR; or, if acquired for Department of Defense units, (b) 48 CFR 227-7202 of the DoD FAR Supplement; or sections succeeding thereto. Contractor/manufacturer is Silicon Graphics, Inc., 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy 2E, Mountain View, CA 94043-1351. TRADEMARKS AND ATTRIBUTIONS Silicon Graphics, SGI, the SGI logo, InfiniteReality, IRIS, IRIX, Onyx, Onyx2, and OpenGL are registered trademarks and IRIS GL, OpenGL Performer, InfiniteReality2, Open Inventor, OpenGL Multipipe, Power Onyx, Reality Center, and SGI Reality Center are trademarks of Silicon Graphics, Inc. MIPS and R10000 are registered trademarks of MIPS Technologies, Inc. used under license by Silicon Graphics, Inc. Netscape is a trademark of Netscape Communications Corporation. -
Overview and History Nas Overview
zjjvojvovo OVERVIEWNAS OVERVIEW AND HISTORY a Look at NAS’ 25 Years of Innovation and a Glimpse at the Future In the mid-1970s, a group of Ames aerospace researchers began to study a highly innovative concept: NASA could transform U.S. aerospace R&D from the costly and cghghmgm time-consuming wind tunnel-based process to simulation-centric design and engineer- ing by executing emerging computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models on supercom- puters at least 1,000 times more powerful than those commercially available at the time. In 1976, Ames Center Director Dr. Hans Mark tasked a group led by Dr. F. Ronald Bailey to explore this concept, leading to formation of the Numerical Aerodynamic Simulator (NAS) Projects Office in 1979. At the same time, a user interface group was formed consisting of CFD leaders from industry, government, and academia to help guide requirements for the NAS concept gmfgfgmfand provide feedback on evolving computer feasibility studies. At the conclusion of these activities in 1982, NASA management changed the NAS approach from a focus on purchasing a specially developed supercomputer to an on-going Numerical Aerody- namic Simulation Program to provide leading-edge computational capabilities based on an innovative network-centric environment. The NAS Program plan for implementing this new approach was signed on February 8, 1983. Grand Opening As the NAS Program got underway, a projects office to a full-fledged division its first supercomputers were installed at Ames. In January 1987, NAS staff and in Ames’ Central Computing Facility, equipment were relocated to the new starting with a Cray X-MP-12 in 1984. -
20 Years of Opengl
20 Years of OpenGL Kurt Akeley © Copyright Khronos Group, 2010 - Page 1 So many deprecations! • Application-generated object names • Depth texture mode • Color index mode • Texture wrap mode • SL versions 1.10 and 1.20 • Texture borders • Begin / End primitive specification • Automatic mipmap generation • Edge flags • Fixed-function fragment processing • Client vertex arrays • Alpha test • Rectangles • Accumulation buffers • Current raster position • Pixel copying • Two-sided color selection • Auxiliary color buffers • Non-sprite points • Context framebuffer size queries • Wide lines and line stipple • Evaluators • Quad and polygon primitives • Selection and feedback modes • Separate polygon draw mode • Display lists • Polygon stipple • Hints • Pixel transfer modes and operation • Attribute stacks • Pixel drawing • Unified text string • Bitmaps • Token names and queries • Legacy pixel formats © Copyright Khronos Group, 2010 - Page 2 Technology and culture © Copyright Khronos Group, 2010 - Page 3 Technology © Copyright Khronos Group, 2010 - Page 4 OpenGL is an architecture Blaauw/Brooks OpenGL SGI Indy/Indigo/InfiniteReality Different IBM 360 30/40/50/65/75 NVIDIA GeForce, ATI implementations Amdahl Radeon, … Code runs equivalently on Top-level goal Compatibility all implementations Conformance tests, … It’s an architecture, whether Carefully planned, though Intentional design it was planned or not . mistakes were made Can vary amount of No feature subsetting Configuration resource (e.g., memory) Config attributes (e.g., FB) Not a formal -
IRIS Performer™ Programmer's Guide
IRIS Performer™ Programmer’s Guide Document Number 007-1680-030 CONTRIBUTORS Edited by Steven Hiatt Illustrated by Dany Galgani Production by Derrald Vogt Engineering contributions by Sharon Clay, Brad Grantham, Don Hatch, Jim Helman, Michael Jones, Martin McDonald, John Rohlf, Allan Schaffer, Chris Tanner, and Jenny Zhao © Copyright 1995, Silicon Graphics, Inc.— All Rights Reserved This document contains proprietary and confidential information of Silicon Graphics, Inc. The contents of this document may not be disclosed to third parties, copied, or duplicated in any form, in whole or in part, without the prior written permission of Silicon Graphics, Inc. RESTRICTED RIGHTS LEGEND Use, duplication, or disclosure of the technical data contained in this document by the Government is subject to restrictions as set forth in subdivision (c) (1) (ii) of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software clause at DFARS 52.227-7013 and/ or in similar or successor clauses in the FAR, or in the DOD or NASA FAR Supplement. Unpublished rights reserved under the Copyright Laws of the United States. Contractor/manufacturer is Silicon Graphics, Inc., 2011 N. Shoreline Blvd., Mountain View, CA 94039-7311. Indigo, IRIS, OpenGL, Silicon Graphics, and the Silicon Graphics logo are registered trademarks and Crimson, Elan Graphics, Geometry Pipeline, ImageVision Library, Indigo Elan, Indigo2, Indy, IRIS GL, IRIS Graphics Library, IRIS Indigo, IRIS InSight, IRIS Inventor, IRIS Performer, IRIX, Onyx, Personal IRIS, Power Series, RealityEngine, RealityEngine2, and Showcase are trademarks of Silicon Graphics, Inc. AutoCAD is a registered trademark of Autodesk, Inc. X Window System is a trademark of Massachusetts Institute of Technology. -
PACKET 22 BOOKSTORE, TEXTBOOK CHAPTER Reading Graphics
A.11 GRAPHICS CARDS, Historical Perspective (edited by J Wunderlich PhD in 2020) Graphics Pipeline Evolution 3D graphics pipeline hardware evolved from the large expensive systems of the early 1980s to small workstations and then to PC accelerators in the 1990s, to $X,000 graphics cards of the 2020’s During this period, three major transitions occurred: 1. Performance-leading graphics subsystems PRICE changed from $50,000 in 1980’s down to $200 in 1990’s, then up to $X,0000 in 2020’s. 2. PERFORMANCE increased from 50 million PIXELS PER SECOND in 1980’s to 1 billion pixels per second in 1990’’s and from 100,000 VERTICES PER SECOND to 10 million vertices per second in the 1990’s. In the 2020’s performance is measured more in FRAMES PER SECOND (FPS) 3. Hardware RENDERING evolved from WIREFRAME to FILLED POLYGONS, to FULL- SCENE TEXTURE MAPPING Fixed-Function Graphics Pipelines Throughout the early evolution, graphics hardware was configurable, but not programmable by the application developer. With each generation, incremental improvements were offered. But developers were growing more sophisticated and asking for more new features than could be reasonably offered as built-in fixed functions. The NVIDIA GeForce 3, described by Lindholm, et al. [2001], took the first step toward true general shader programmability. It exposed to the application developer what had been the private internal instruction set of the floating-point vertex engine. This coincided with the release of Microsoft’s DirectX 8 and OpenGL’s vertex shader extensions. Later GPUs, at the time of DirectX 9, extended general programmability and floating point capability to the pixel fragment stage, and made texture available at the vertex stage. -
SGI® Altix® 330 Self-Paced Training
SGI Multi-Paradigm Architecture Michael Woodacre Chief Engineer, Server Platform Group [email protected] A History of Innovation in HPC Challenge® XL media server fuels Steven Spielberg’s Shoah NASA Ames and project to document Altix® set world Power Series™, Holocaust survivor record for multi-processing stories systems provide STREAMS Jim Clark compute power First systems benchmark founded SGI on SGI introduces for high-end deployed in Stephen the vision of its first 64-bit graphics Hawking’s COSMOS Altix®, first scalable Computer operating applications system 64-bit Linux® Server Visualization system 1982 1984 1988 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 2001 2003 2004 DOE deploys 6144p Introduced First generation Origin 2000 to IRIS® Workstations modular NUMA System: monitor and become first integrated NUMAflex™ Origin® 2000 simulate nuclear 3D graphics systems architecture stockpile with Origin® 3000 First 512p Altix cluster Dockside engineering analysis on Origin® drives ocean research at NASA Ames 2000 and Indigo2™ helps Team New +10000p upgrade! Zealand win America’s Cup Images courtesy of Team New Zealand and the University of Cambridge SGI Proprietary 2 Over Time, Problems Get More Complex, Data Sets Exploding Bumper, hood, engine, wheels Entire car E-crash dummy Organ damage This Trend Continues Across SGI's Markets Improve design Improve patient safety Improve oil exploration Improve hurricane prediction & manufacturing First Row Images: EAI, Lana Rushing, Engineering Animation, Inc, Volvo Car Corporation, Images courtesy of the SCI, Second Row Images: The MacNeal-Schwendler Corp , Manchester Visualization Center and University Department of Surgery, Paradigm Geophysical, the Laboratory for Atmospheres,SGI Proprietary NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. -
Interactive Visualization of Large-Scale Architectural Models Over the Grid Strolling in Tang Chang’An City
Interactive Visualization of Large-Scale Architectural Models over the Grid Strolling in Tang Chang’an City XU Shuhong1, HENG Chye Kiang2, SUBRAMANIAM Ganesan1, HO Quoc Thuan1, KHOO Boon Tat1 and HUANG Yan2 1 Institute of High Performance Computing, Singapore 2 Department of Architecture, National University of Singapore Keywords: remote visualization, grid-enabled visualization, large-scale architectural models, virtual heritage Abstract: Virtual reconstruction of the ancient Chinese Chang’an city has been continued for ten years at the National University of Singapore. Motivated by sharing this grand city with people who are geographically distant and equipped with normal personal computers, this paper presents a practical Grid-enabled visualization infrastructure that is suitable for interactive visualization of large-scale architectural models. The underlying Grid services, such as information service, visualization planner and execution container etc, are developed according to the OGSA standard. To tackle the critical problem of Grid visualization, i.e. data size and network bandwidth, a multi-stage data compression approach is deployed and the corresponding data pre-processing, rendering and remote display issues are systematically addressed. 1 INTRODUCTION Chang’an, meaning long-lasting peace, was the capital of China’s Tang dynasty from 618 to 907 AD. At its peak, it had a population of about one million. Measuring 9.7 by 8.6 kilometres, the city’s architecture inspired the planning of many capital cities in East Asia such as Heijo-kyo and Heian-kyo in Japan in the 8th century, and imperial Chinese cities like Beijing of the Ming and Qing dynasties. To bring this architectural miracle back to life, a team led by Professor Heng Chye Kiang at the National University of Singapore (NUS) has conducted extensive research since the middle of 90s. -
SGI™ Origin™ 200 Scalable Multiprocessing Server Origin 200—In Partnership with You
Product Guide SGI™ Origin™ 200 Scalable Multiprocessing Server Origin 200—In Partnership with You Today’s business climate requires servers that manage, serve, and support an ever-increasing number of clients and applications in a rapidly changing environment. Whether you use your server to enhance your presence on the Web, support a local workgroup or department, complete dedicated computation or analy- sis, or act as a core piece of your information management infrastructure, the Origin 200 server from SGI was designed to meet your needs and exceed your expectations. With pricing that starts on par with PC servers and performance that outstrips its competition, Origin 200 makes perfect business sense. •The choice among several Origin 200 models allows a perfect match of power, speed, and performance for your applications •The Origin 200 server has high-performance processors, buses, and scalable I/O to keep up with your most complex application demands •The Origin 200 server was designed with embedded reliability, availability, and serviceability (RAS) so you can confidently trust your business to it •The Origin 200 server is easily expandable and upgradable—keeping pace with your demanding and changing business requirements •The Origin 200 server is a cost-effective business solution, both now and in the future Origin 200 is a sound server investment for your most important applications and is the gateway to the scalable Origin™ and SGI™ server product families. SGI offers an evolving portfolio of complete, pre-packaged solutions to enhance your productivity and success in areas such as Internet applications, media distribution, multiprotocol file serving, multitiered database management, and performance- intensive scientific or technical computing. -
SGI® Opengl Multipipe™ User's Guide
SGI® OpenGL Multipipe™ User’s Guide Version 2.3 007-4318-012 CONTRIBUTORS Written by Ken Jones and Jenn Byrnes Illustrated by Chrystie Danzer Production by Karen Jacobson Engineering contributions by Craig Dunwoody, Bill Feth, Alpana Kaulgud, Claude Knaus, Ravid Na’ali, Jeffrey Ungar, Christophe Winkler, Guy Zadicario, and Hansong Zhang COPYRIGHT © 2000–2003 Silicon Graphics, Inc. All rights reserved; provided portions may be copyright in third parties, as indicated elsewhere herein. No permission is granted to copy, distribute, or create derivative works from the contents of this electronic documentation in any manner, in whole or in part, without the prior written permission of Silicon Graphics, Inc. LIMITED RIGHTS LEGEND The electronic (software) version of this document was developed at private expense; if acquired under an agreement with the USA government or any contractor thereto, it is acquired as "commercial computer software" subject to the provisions of its applicable license agreement, as specified in (a) 48 CFR 12.212 of the FAR; or, if acquired for Department of Defense units, (b) 48 CFR 227-7202 of the DoD FAR Supplement; or sections succeeding thereto. Contractor/manufacturer is Silicon Graphics, Inc., 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy 2E, Mountain View, CA 94043-1351. TRADEMARKS AND ATTRIBUTIONS Silicon Graphics, SGI, the SGI logo, InfiniteReality, IRIS, IRIX, Onyx, Onyx2, OpenGL, and Reality Center are registered trademarks and GL, InfinitePerformance, InfiniteReality2, IRIS GL, Octane2, Onyx4, Open Inventor, the OpenGL logo, OpenGL Multipipe, OpenGL Performer, Power Onyx, Tezro, and UltimateVision are trademarks of Silicon Graphics, Inc., in the United States and/or other countries worldwide. MIPS and R10000 are registered trademarks of MIPS Technologies, Inc. -
SGI Origin 3000 Series Datasheet
Datasheet SGI™ Origin™ 3000 Series SGI™ Origin™ 3200, SGI™ Origin™ 3400, and SGI™ Origin™ 3800 Servers Features As Flexible as Your Imagination •True multidimensional scalability Building on the robust NUMA architecture that made award-winning SGI •Snap-together flexibility, serviceability, and resiliency Origin family servers the most modular and scalable in the industry, the •Clustering to tens of thousands of processors SGI Origin 3000 series delivers flexibility, resiliency, and performance at •SGI Origin 3200—scales from two to eight breakthrough levels. Now taking modularity a step further, you can scale MIPS processors CPU, storage, and I/O components independently within each system. •SGI Origin 3400—scales from 4 to 32 MIPS processors Complete multidimensional flexibility allows organizations to deploy, •SGI Origin 3800—scales from 16 to 512 MIPS processors upgrade, service, expand, and redeploy system components in every possible dimension to meet any business demand. The only limitation is your imagination. Build It Your Way SGI™ NUMAflex™ is a revolutionary snap-together server system concept that allows you to configure—and reconfigure—systems brick by brick to meet the exact demands of your business applications. Upgrade CPUs to keep apace of innovation. Isolate and service I/O interfaces on the fly. Pay only for the computation, data processing, or communications power you need, and expand and redeploy systems with ease as new technologies emerge. Performance, Reliability, and Versatility With their high bandwidth, superior scalability, and efficient resource distribution, the new generation of Origin servers—SGI™ Origin™ 3200, SGI™ Origin™ 3400, and SGI™ Origin™ 3800—are performance leaders. The series provides peak bandwidth for high-speed peripheral connectiv- ity and support for the latest networking protocols.