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An Assessment of Disaster Risk Management in a World Heritage Site in Turkey: the Case of Bergama

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An Assessment of Disaster Risk Management in a World Heritage Site in Turkey: the Case of Bergama AN ASSESSMENT OF DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT IN A WORLD HERITAGE SITE IN TURKEY: THE CASE OF BERGAMA A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY ASLI AYGÜN GÜRSOY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CONSERVATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE IN ARCHITECTURE DECEMBER 2019 Approval of the thesis: AN ASSESSMENT OF DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT IN A WORLD HERITAGE SITE IN TURKEY: THE CASE OF BERGAMA submitted by ASLI AYGÜN GÜRSOY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Conservation of Cultural Heritage in Architecture Department, Middle East Technical University by, Prof. Dr. Halil Kalıpçılar Dean, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Prof. Dr. F. Cânâ Bilsel Head of Department, Architecture Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ayşe Güliz Bilgin Altınöz Supervisor, Architecture, METU Dr. Sibel Yıldırım Esen Co-Supervisor, Rep. of Turkey, Ministry of Cult. and Tourism Examining Committee Members: Prof. Dr. Neriman Şahin Güçhan Architecture, METU Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ayşe Güliz Bilgin Altınöz Architecture, METU Assist. Prof. Dr. Meltem Şenol Balaban City and Regional Planning, METU Prof. Dr. Deniz Özkut Turkish and Islamic Archeology, İzmir Katip Çelebi University Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mert Nezih Rifaioğlu Architecture, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University Date: 04.12.2019 I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Surname: Aslı Aygün Gürsoy Signature: iv ABSTRACT AN ASSESSMENT OF DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT IN A WORLD HERITAGE SITE IN TURKEY: THE CASE OF BERGAMA Aygün Gürsoy, Aslı Master of Science, Conservation of Cultural Heritage in Architecture Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ayşe Güliz Bilgin Altınöz Co-Supervisor: Dr. Sibel Yıldırım Esen December 2019, 195 pages The number of disasters in the world is increasing each year due to various natural, human-induced, and climate change-induced hazards such as earthquakes, floods, fires, and many others. Hence, cultural heritage sites, which are unrenewable resources, are under destructive effects of such disasters. In order to safeguard heritage places that are threatened, international studies have been accelerated in recent years. A manual entitled 'Managing Disaster Risks for World Heritage' was prepared by UNESCO, ICCROM, ICOMOS and IUCN in 2010 in order to define disaster risk management process for World Heritage Sites. Due to its historical and cultural richness, Turkey possesses cultural heritage places, including UNESCO World Heritage Sites. However, since the country is prone to disasters, these cultural assets are exposed to various natural, human-induced, and climate change-induced threats. Risks threatening cultural heritage have to be managed through effective management strategies in order to safeguard the cultural richness of the country. Accordingly, a thorough assessment of disaster risk management in a world heritage site in Turkey based on international standards in the above-mentioned manual is crucial for understanding areas that need to be strengthened for effective disaster risk management of cultural heritage. v Following the approaches of the manual for World Heritage Sites, this study aims to test the applicability of the manual in the context of Turkey through assessing the disaster risk management in a World Heritage Site; Bergama and Its Multi-Layered Cultural Landscape. Within the scope of the study, risks threatening the case study area are identified and existing systems, tools and mechanisms of the cultural heritage disaster risk management processes (identification, prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery) are examined. Addressing the roles and responsibilities of public institutions in Turkey, the integration of disaster risk management for cultural heritage in the existing disaster risk management systems is proposed. As risk assessment and effective risk management requires collecting and processing extensive amount of data related to hazards, and vulnerabilities of cultural assets, risk databases should be developed through the collaboration of responsible organizations in Turkey. Keywords: Disaster Risk Management, DRM, World Heritage Site, Bergama, UNESCO vi ÖZ TÜRKİYE’DEKİ BİR DÜNYA MİRAS ALANINDA AFET RİSKİ YÖNETİMİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ: BERGAMA ÖRNEĞİ Aygün Gürsoy, Aslı Yüksek Lisans, Kültürel Mirası Koruma Tez Danışmanı: Doç. Dr. Ayşe Güliz Bilgin Altınöz Ortak Tez Danışmanı: Dr. Sibel Yıldırım Esen Aralık 2019, 195 sayfa Dünyadaki afet sayısı, deprem, sel ve yangın gibi doğal, insan ve iklim değişikliği kaynaklı etkenler nedeniyle her yıl artmaktadır. Bu sebeple, yenilenemeyen kaynaklar olan kültürel miras alanları da afetlerin yıkıcı etkisi altındadır. Tehdit altındaki bu alanlarının korunmasına ilişkin uluslararası çalışmalar son yıllarda artmıştır. 2010 yılında UNESCO, ICCROM, ICOMOS, IUCN tarafından afet risk yönetimi sürecini dünya miras alanları için tanımlamak amacıyla ‘Dünya Mirası için Afet Risklerini Yönetme’ başlıklı bir el kitabı hazırlanmıştır. Türkiye, tarihi ve kültürel zenginlikleri nedeniyle UNESCO dünya miras alanları da dahil olmak üzere çok sayıda miras alanına sahiptir. Ancak Türkiye’nin bir afet ülkesi olması nedeniyle, söz konusu alanlar doğal, insan ve iklim değişikliği kaynaklı çeşitli afet türlerine maruz kalmaktadır. Kültürel mirası tehdit eden risklerin, etkili yönetim stratejileri ile yönetilmesi, ülkenin kültürel zenginliğinin korunması için zorunludur. Dolayısıyla, Türkiye’deki bir dünya miras alanının afet risk yönetiminin yukarıda değinilen el kitabında yer alan uluslararası standartlar çerçevesinde değerlendirilmesi, kültürel miras için afet riski yönetiminde güçlendirilmesi gereken alanların anlaşılması açısından önemlidir. vii Dünya Miras Alanları için hazırlanan el kitabındaki uluslararası yaklaşımları izleyen bu çalışma, el kitabının Türkiye bağlamında uygulanabilirliğini, bir dünya miras alanı olan Bergama Çok Katmanlı Kültürel Peyzaj Alanı’nın afet risk yönetimini değerlendirerek test etmeyi amaçlamıştır. Çalışma kapsamında, çalışma alanını tehdit eden riskler tanımlanmış ve kültürel miras için afet riski yönetim süreçlerinin (tanımlama, önleme, azaltma, afetlere hazırlıklı olma, müdahale, iyileştirme) mevcut sistem, araç ve mekanizmaları incelenmiştir. Türkiye’deki kamu kuruluşlarının görev ve sorumlulukları değerlendirilerek, kültürel miras için afet riski yönetiminin mevcut risk yönetimi sistemlerine entegrasyonu için öneriler geliştirilmiştir. Risk değerlendirme ve etkili risk yönetimi, doğal ve insan kaynaklı afetlere ve kültür varlıklarının hasar görebilirliklerine ilişkin önemli miktarda verinin toplanmasını ve işlenmesini gerektirdiğinden, Türkiye’deki sorumlu kuruluşların iş birliği ile risk veri tabanları oluşturulması önerilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Afet Riski Yönetimi, Dünya Miras Alanı, Bergama, UNESCO viii To the World Heritage Sites damaged by disasters.. ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Foremost, I wish to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Assoc. Prof. Dr. A. Güliz Bilgin Altınöz for her invaluable guidance and endless encouragements throughout to research. She is always, ever since I first met with her in undergraduate courses, promoting me with her positive attitude. Also, I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my co-supervisor Dr. Sibel Yıldırım Esen for her advice, criticism and guidance from 2.800 km away. It was a challenging and enlightening journey for me with their support. I also would like to thank to the jury members, Prof. Dr. Neriman Şahin Güçhan, Assist. Prof. Dr. Meltem Şenol Balaban, Prof. Dr. Deniz Özkut, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mert Nezih Rifaioğlu for their time to listen me and their valuable comments and suggestions. I should add that I am thankful for Assoc. Prof. Dr. Eren Uçkan for his support and guidance. I am indebted to Fatih Kurunaz from Bergama Municipality for his guidance and sharing his archive and knowledge with me and all other people that answering my questions sincerely during my site visit to Bergama. I would like to express my thanks to my colleagues in United Nations Development Programme, Aslı, Büşra, Deniz, Ebru, and Shams and my friends Fethiye and Kaan for their understanding and encouragements. I wish to acknowledge the support and great love of my family, especially my parents Sevim, and Sadık and my sisters Özge, and Özlem for supporting me in my every decision. Finally, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my love Bahadır Gürsoy for his encouragement, respect, endless patience and loving care. x TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. v ÖZ ........................................................................................................................... vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................... x TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................... xi LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................... xiv LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................. xvi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
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