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Changing Process of the Physical and Social Structure of Eski Foça

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Changing Process of the Physical and Social Structure of Eski Foça Changing Process Of The Physical And Social Structure Of Eski Foça By Ahmet ÇETİN A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements For The Degree of MASTER OF CITY PLANNING Department: City and Regional Planning Major: City Planning İzmir Institute of Technology İzmir, Turkey October, 2002 We approve the thesis of Ahmet ÇETİN. Date of Signature ............................................................... ............................. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Semahat ÖZDEMİR Department of City and Regional Planning Supervisor ............................................................... ............................. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ziya GENCEL Department of City and Regional Planning Committee Member ............................................................... ............................. Inst. Dr. Emre ERGÜL Department of Architecture Committee Member ............................................................... ............................. Prof. Dr. Akın SÜEL Head of Department ABSTRACT CHANGING PROCESS OF THE PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF ESKİ FOÇA Çetin, Ahmet Master of Science in City Planning Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Semahat Özdemir October, 2002 The changing process of physical and social structure of Eski Foça settlement is investigated in order to expose the impact of the national policies over the urban development of the settlement and the role of legal and institutional frame of city planning relating to the orientation of physical development, within this study. The problems experienced in urban environment are described with a study that beginning from the national scale and focusing on settlement scale. In this respect, firstly the general characteristics and historical development of the settlement is examined. Particularly, the developments happening within the 20th century are studied concerning to the national policies, city planning and Eski Foça settlement including the inhabitants opinions. The problems relating to the physical structure, authorised and effectual institutions, social life are determined. At the evaluation grade of the investigations and determined problems, the deficiencies and conflicts relating to the urban environment glance of central government and existing planning comprehension and institutional structure in particular of Eski Foça settlement are exposed. Finally, a new planning approach and organisation model ascending from the local dynamics and extended to the national scale is put forward. III ÖZ ESKI FOÇA FİZİKİ VE SOSYAL YAPI DEĞİŞİM SÜRECİ Çetin, Ahmet Şehir Planlama Yüksek Lisans Tezi Tez Yöneticisi: Doç. Dr. Semahat Özdemir Ekim, 2002 Bu çalışmada, Eski Foça’nın fiziki ve sosyal yapısında bugüne kadar olagelen değişimler, ulusal düzeyde benimsenen politikaların kentlerin gelişimi üzerindeki etkileri ile kent planlamanın yasal ve kurumsal çerçevesinin fiziki gelişimi yönlendirmedeki rolünün ortaya konması amacıyla incelenmiştir. Kentsel mekanda yaşanmakta olan problemler ülke ölçeğinden başlayıp yerleşme ölçeğine odaklanan bir çalışma ile tanımlanmaktadır. Bu bağlamda öncelikle yerleşmenin genel karakteri ve tarihsel gelişimi incelenmiştir. Özellikle 20.yy da yaşanan gelişmeler, ülkesel politikalar, kent planlaması ve Eski Foça yerleşmesi bağlamında kentte yaşayanların görüşlerini de içermek üzere detaylı olarak ele alınmaktadır. Kentin bugünkü fiziki çevresine, etkili/yetkili kurumlara ve sosyal yaşantısına dair sorunlar belirlenmiştir. Yapılan araştırmaların ve belirlenen problemlerin değerlendirilmesi aşamasında merkezi yönetimin kentsel mekanlara bakışının ve mevcut planlama anlayışının ve kurumsal yapısının eksiklikleri ve karmaşası Eski Foça yerleşmesi özelinde ortaya konulmuştur. Sonuç aşamasında bugünkü kentsel yapıda karşılaşılan sorunlarının çözümüne yönelik yerel dinamiklerden çıkarak ülke ölçeğine uzanan yeni bir planlama yaklaşımı ve örgütlenme modeli oluşturulmuştur. IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Relating to the though preparing process of the thesis in Master of Science degree, first of all, I am indebted to my supervisor Semahat Özdemir for her professional guidance, various supports and sacrificing attitudes. Special thanks go to Önder Marmasan for his primary encouragement and relevant behaviours. While analysing the settlement many officials, scientists and citizens whom I owe thanks to all, have facilitated acquiring the required materials for the thesis. Specially, I owe regards to Muzaffer Ağluç(Municipality Officer), Osman Arslan(Conservation Committee Officer), Ömer Özyiğit(Excavation Mayor), Uğur Bostancıoğlu, Levent Aktuğ, for their contributions to the site survey. Constituting the thesis would be difficult without their assistance. I also would like to thank my classmates Ali Kemal Çınar, Ulaş Kılıçkaya and Ömer Selvi for their sincere friendship, tolerance and supports. I also thank Musa Özalp, Bülent Gündüz and Muhammed Aydoğan for their technical supports and moral contributions. Besides, I am grateful to my former home mate Nihat Gürbüz Tahtasız for his understanding, moral and financial aids. Special thanks go to my cousin Hesna Erçelebi relating to help in typing. Most of all, I owe deepest regards to my parents Remzi and Fatma Çetin, my brother Sezgin Çetin. The thesis is also prepared by their moral and financial contributions. They have also experienced and worked for the thesis as much as me. V TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT............................................................................................... iii ÖZ............................................................................................................... iv AKCKNOWLEDGEMENT....................................................................... v TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................ vi LIST OF TABLES...................................................................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES..................................................................................... x LIST OF PHOTOS...................................................................................... xii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ...................... ....................................................... 1 1.1. Aim Of The Study ...................................................................... 1 1.2. Definition Of The Study .......................................................... 2 1.3. Methodology .................................................................................. 4 2. GENERAL FEATURES OF THE SETTLEMENT.............................. 6 2.1. Geographical Position.................................................................... 6 2.2. Demographic Structure ............................................................... 6 2.3. Social and Economic Structure...................................................... 8 2.4. Physical Structures ........................................................................ 10 2.4.1. Geologic and Topographic Structure.................................. 10 2.4.2. Climate Factors................................................................... 11 2.4.3. Settlement Features............................................................. 14 2.4.3.1. Special Environment Protection Zone................. 19 2.4.3.2. Special Seal Protection Areas.............................. 20 2.4.3.3. Site Regions......................................................... 20 2.4.3.4. Archeological Excavations ................................. 21 2.4.3.5. Historical Constructions and Natural Features.... 21 VI 3. HISTORY OF ESKİ FOÇA.................................................................. 26 3.1. Foundation...................................................................................... 26 3.2. Ionian Period.................................................................................. 26 3.3. Persian Period................................................................................. 33 3.4. Hellenistic Period........................................................................... 34 3.5. Roman Period................................................................................. 35 3.6. Byzantine And Italian City States.................................................. 36 3.7. Ottoman Period............................................................................... 38 3.7.1 Appearance of City Planning .............................................. 42 4. FOÇA IN TWENTIETH CENTURY................................................... 47 4.1. Wars And Early Republic Period(1912-1950)............................... 47 4.1.1. Social And Economic Structure Of Turkey......................... 47 4.1.2. City Planning....................................................................... 49 4.1.3. Social And Economic Structure Of Eski Foça.................... 52 4.1.4. Physical Structure Of Eski Foça.......................................... 55 4.2. Rapid Development Period(1950-1980)......................................... 60 4.2.1. Social And Economic Structure Of Turkey.......................... 60 4.2.2. City Planning........................................................................ 61 4.2.3. Social And Economic Structure Of Eski Foça.................... 63 4.2.4. Physical Structure Of Eski Foça.......................................... 65 4.3. New World Regime Period(1980-2002)......................................... 71 4.3.1. Social And Economic Structure Of Turkey.......................... 71 4.3.2. City Planning.......................................................................
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