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(Boiss.) Engler (Anacardiaceae)’İN GÖLLER YÖRESİ’NDEKİ YETİŞME ORTAMI ÖZELLİKLERİ VE YETİŞME ORTAMI - MEYVE UÇUCU YAĞ İÇERİĞİ ETKİLEŞİMLERİ

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(Boiss.) Engler (Anacardiaceae)’İN GÖLLER YÖRESİ’NDEKİ YETİŞME ORTAMI ÖZELLİKLERİ VE YETİŞME ORTAMI - MEYVE UÇUCU YAĞ İÇERİĞİ ETKİLEŞİMLERİ T.C. SÜLEYMAN DEMİREL ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ Pistacia terebinthus L. subsp. palaestina (Boiss.) Engler (Anacardiaceae)’İN GÖLLER YÖRESİ’NDEKİ YETİŞME ORTAMI ÖZELLİKLERİ VE YETİŞME ORTAMI - MEYVE UÇUCU YAĞ İÇERİĞİ ETKİLEŞİMLERİ Serkan GÜLSOY Danışman: Doç. Dr. Kürşad ÖZKAN II. Danışman: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Gülcan ÖZKAN DOKTORA TEZİ ORMAN MÜHENDİSLİĞİ ANABİLİM DALI ISPARTA–2011 TEZ ONAYI Serkan GÜLSOY tarafından hazırlanan “Pistacia terebinthus L. subsp. palaestina (Boiss.) Engler (Anacardiaceae)’in Göller Yöresi’ndeki Yetişme Ortamı Özellikleri ve Yetişme Ortamı - Meyve Uçucu Yağ İçeriği Etkileşimleri” adlı tez çalışması aşağıdaki jüri tarafından oy birliği ile Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Orman Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı’nda DOKTORA TEZİ olarak kabul edilmiştir. Danışman : Doç. Dr. Kürşad ÖZKAN Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Orman Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı II. Danışman : Yrd. Doç. Dr. Gülcan ÖZKAN Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Gıda Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı Jüri Üyeleri : Prof. Dr. İdris OĞURLU Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Orman Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı Prof. Dr. Hasan ÖZÇELİK Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı Prof. Dr. Musa GENÇ Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Orman Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı Doç. Dr. Ender MAKİNECİ İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı Doç. Dr. Ramazan Süleyman GÖKTÜRK Akdeniz Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı Prof. Dr. Mustafa KUŞCU Enstitü Müdürü Not: Bu tezde kullanılan özgün ve başka kaynaktan yapılan bildirişlerin, çizelge, şekil ve fotoğrafların kaynak gösterilmeden kullanımı, 5846 sayılı Fikir ve Sanat Eserleri Kanunundaki hükümlere tabidir. İÇİNDEKİLER Sayfa İÇİNDEKİLER ……………………………………………………………........ i ÖZET………………………………………………………………………........ iv ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………….. v TEŞEKKÜR…………………………………………………………………….. vi ŞEKİLLER DİZİNİ……………………………………………………………... vii ÇİZELGELER DİZİNİ…………………………………………………………. x 1. GİRİŞ……………………………………………………………………........ 1 2. KAYNAK ÖZETLERİ………………………………………………………. 5 3. MATERYAL VE YÖNTEM….……………………………………………... 12 3.1. Materyal….…………………………………………………….................... 12 3.1.1. Çalışma alanı ……...……………………………………………………... 12 3.1.1.1. Topografik özellikler…….……..……………………………………..... 12 3.1.1.2. Toprak özellikleri……..………..……………………………………..... 13 3.1.1.3. İklim……………...……………………………………………………. 14 3.1.1.4. Bitki örtüsü……….……………………………………………………. 15 3.2. Yöntem..….…………………………………………………….................... 17 3.2.1. Arazi çalışmaları.…………………………………………….................... 17 3.2.2. Laboratuar çalışmaları.……………………………………….................... 20 3.2.2.1. Morfolojik özelliklerin tespiti ………………………………................. 20 3.2.2.2. Anatomik özelliklerin tespiti ……..…………………………................. 22 3.2.2.3. Toprak özelliklerinin tespiti ……..…………………………….............. 23 3.2.2.4. Meyve uçucu verimi ve bileşen miktarlarının tespiti...…………............ 24 3.2.3. Değerlendirme yöntemleri..………………………………….................... 26 3.2.3.1. İstatistiksel değerlendirme öncesi verilerin düzenlenmesi…………….. 26 3.2.3.2. İstatistiksel değerlendirme …………………………………………….. 33 4. ARAŞTIRMA BULGULARI…..……………………………………………. 35 4.1. Arazi Envanterine ve Laboratuar Çal ışmalarına Ait Bulgular …………….. 35 4.2. İstatistiksel Değerlendirme Bulguları ………………..……......................... 48 4.2.1. Vejetasyon kümeleme analizi bulguları.……………..……………........... 49 i 4.2.2. UVM Ordinasyon (Bray-Curtis) analiz bulguları.………………….......... 51 4.2.3. UVM Bray-Curtis (Ordinasyon) analiz sonuçlarının bağımsız değişkenler ile ilişkilerine ait bulgular …………………………………………. 52 4.2.4. UVM Bray-Curtis analiz sonuçlarının vejetasyon sınıfları ve alt yöre gruplarına göre konumları ……………………………………………………... 54 4.2.5. UVM değişkenlerine ait gösterge bitki türlerini tespit etmek için uygulanan Wilcoxson sıra testi bulguları.............................................................. 59 4.2.6. UVM değişkenleri ve bağımsız değişkenler arasında yapılan regresyon ağacı analiz bulguları …………………………………………………………... 59 4.2.6.1. UCYAG değişkeninin bağımsız değişkenler veri matrislerine göre sınıflandırma ve regresyon ağacı analizi bulguları …………………………….. 60 4.2.6.2. ALPPIN değişkeninin bağımsız değişkenler veri matrislerine göre sınıflandırma ve regresyon ağacı analizi bulguları …………………………….. 63 4.2.6.3. CAMHN değişkeninin bağımsız değişkenler veri matrislerine göre sınıflandırma ve regresyon ağacı analizi bulguları …………………………….. 66 4.2.6.4. BETPIN değişkeninin bağımsız değişkenler veri matrislerine göre Sınıflandırma ve regresyon ağacı analizi bulguları …………………………….. 69 4.2.6.5. SABIN değişkeninin bağımsız değişkenler veri matrislerine göre sınıflandırma ve regresyon ağacı analizi bulguları …………………………….. 72 4.2.6.6. MYRCEN değişkeninin bağımsız değişkenler veri matrislerine göre sınıflandırma ve regresyon ağacı analizi bulguları …………………………….. 75 4.2.6.7. PHELEN değişkeninin bağımsız değişkenler veri matrislerine göre sınıflandırma ve regresyon ağacı analizi bulguları …………………………….. 78 4.2.6.8. LIMON değişkeninin bağımsız değişkenler veri matrislerine göre sınıflandırma ve regresyon ağacı analizi bulguları …………………………….. 81 4.2.6.9. OCIMEN değişkeninin bağımsız değişkenler veri matrislerine göre sınıflandırma ve regresyon ağacı analizi bulguları …………………………….. 83 4.2.6.10. PCMDLM değişkeninin bağımsız değişkenler veri matrislerine göre sınıflandırma ve regresyon ağacı analizi bulguları …………………………….. 87 4.2.6.11. BETCAR değişkeninin bağımsız değişkenler veri matrislerine göre sınıflandırma ve regresyon ağacı analizi bulguları …………………………….. 90 4.2.6.12. TRPNEN değişkeninin bağımsız değişkenler veri matrislerine göre ii sınıflandırma ve regresyon ağacı analizi bulguları …………………………….. 93 4.2.6.13. TRPNLN değişkeninin bağımsız değişkenler veri matrislerine göre sınıflandırma ve regresyon ağacı analizi bulguları …………………………….. 96 4.2.6.14. DCARRN değişkeninin bağımsız değişkenler veri matrislerine göre sınıflandırma ve regresyon ağacı analizi bulguları …………………………….. 98 4.2.7. UVM değişkenlerinin alt yöreler itibariyle sorgulanması sonucu elde edilen regresyon ağacı ve Wilcoxon sıra testi bulguları ……………………….. 101 5. TARTIŞMA VE SONUÇ…...……………………………………………….. 116 6. KAYNAKLAR………………………………………………………………. 132 EKLER………………………………………………………………………….. 148 ÖZGEÇMİŞ…………………………………………………………………….. 194 iii ÖZET Doktora Tezi Pistacia terebinthus L. subsp. palaestina (Boiss.) Engler (Anacardiaceae)’İN GÖLLER YÖRESİ’NDEKİ YETİŞME ORTAMI ÖZELLİKLERİ VE YETİŞME ORTAMI - MEYVE UÇUCU YAĞ İÇERİĞİ ETKİLEŞİMLERİ Serkan GÜLSOY Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Orman Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı Danışman: Doç. Dr. Kürşad ÖZKAN Doktora tezi olarak sunulan bu çalışmada vejetasyon, yetişme ortamı özellikleri (yeryüzü şekli, iklim ve toprak özellikleri), bazı yaprak ve meyvede morfolojik ve anatomik özellikler ile menengiç (Pistacia terebinthus L. subsp. palaestina (Boiss.) Engler) meyvelerinin uçucu yağ verimi ve bileşen miktarları arasındaki ilişkiler araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada veriler Göller Yöresi’nde menengiç türünün en fazla yayıldığı 34 örnek alandan temin edilmiştir. Örnek alanlarda ve laboratuarda bütün değişkenlere ait veriler, ait oldukları gruplara göre cevaplandırıcı (uçucu yağ ve bileşenleri) ve açıklayıcı (vejetasyon, toprak, topografik, meyve ve yaprak) veri matrisleri olarak depolanmış ve istatistiksel değerlendirmeler için hazır hale getirilmiştir. İstatistiksel değerlendirmelerde kümeleme analizi, çoklu permutasyon testi, indikatör testi, Bray-Curtis varyans regresyon ordinasyon analizi, basit korelasyon analizi, Wilcoxon sıra istatistik testi, regresyon ağac ı yöntemi, basit regresyon analizi ve eşlendirilmiş örneklemde t-testi yöntemlerinden faydalanılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular menengiç türünün meyve uçucu yağ veriminde farklılıklar olduğunu (% 0,05 - % 0,14) göstermiştir. Uçucu yağlardan elde edilen 13 adet bileşen içerisinde en temel olanları ise α-pinen (% 51,3) ve limonen (% 39) olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca örnek alanlar arasında tıpkı uçucu yağ veriminde olduğu gibi uçucu yağ bileşen yüzdelerinde de farklılıkların olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Değerlendirmeler sonucu menengiç türünün uçucu yağ verimi ve bileşen miktarları üzerinde en etkili olan yetişme ortamı faktörlerinin önem sırasına göre boylam, yağış, enlem ve yükseltinin olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Meyve ve yaprakta bazı anatomik ve morfolojik özelliklerin ise uçucu yağ verimi ve bile şen miktarları için önemli gösterge olabileceği anlaşılmıştır. Ayrıca vejetasyonun yine türün uçucu yağ verimi ve bileşen miktarı için gösterge olabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır. Son olarak alt yörelere göre değerlendirme yapılmış ve Göller Yöresi’nin tipik Akdeniz iklim zonunda kalan kısımlardan alınan örnekler ile geçiş zonundan alınan örneklere ait uçucu yağların verimi ve bileşen miktarı arasında farklılıkların olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Göller Yöresi, menengiç, uçucu yağ, yetişme ortamı, limonen, 2011, 196 sayfa iv ABSTRACT Ph.D. Thesis SITE FACTORS OF Pistacia terebinthus L. subsp. palaestina (Boiss.) Engler (Anacardiaceae) IN LAKES DISTRICT OF TURKEY AND INTERACTIONS BETWEEN SITE AND VOLATILE OIL INCREMENTS OF THE FRUIT Serkan GÜLSOY Süleyman Demirel University Graduate School of Applied and Natural Sciences Department of Forestry Engineering Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kürşad ÖZKAN This study was prepared as PhD thesis in order to investigate the relations among amounts of volatile oil and compounds in turpentine fruits (Pistacia terebinthus L. subsp. palaestina (Boiss.) Engler) and the vegetation, abiotic environmental factors (physiographic,
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