In Appreciation… One of the outstanding examples of success created through the cooperation of industrial establishments and non-governmental organizations in our country is the solidarity achieved between Philip Morris/Sabancı, The Aegean Foundation for Economic Development and The Association of Aegean Industrialists and Businessmen. Within the framework of the above mentioned cooperation, we launched the program entitled “The EU Training for the Aegean Opinion Leaders” as of 2005 and closely followed the developments related to the European Union Integration processes in the cities of Afyonkarahisar, Aydın, Balıkesir, Çanakkale, , İzmir, Kütahya, , Muğla and Uşak; realized impact analysis on the basis of sectors and shared our knowledge in seminars in which 3500 persons participated and also at “round-table” meetings. This book in your hands now, is another outcome of our cooperation. It is an end- product of the project on which The Aegean Foundation for Economic Development (EGEV) has been working since 2007. In this study, which we believe is a valuable reference source for the ; Philip Morris / Sabancı, once again, in proof of its strong awareness of social responsibility, has not left us alone. On behalf of The Aegean Foundation for Economic Development (EGEV), we hereby express our boundless thanks and appreciation primarily to the Governorship of Izmir, Provincial Council General of Izmir and Presidentship of Izmir Municipality, to the Board of the Chairmen of Izmir Chambers, to all of our esteemed trustees, to all of the trainers who undertook responsibilities in the training program and to all of the participants for their presence and also for their intellectual support. We hope that this book will serve our purpose and will be rewarding for the local and the foreign investor.

Sincerely,

Yılmaz TEMİZOCAK Chairman, Board of Directors The Aegean Foundation for Economic Development THE AEGEAN FOUNDATION EGEV ‘09 FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT EGEV

GEV (Aegean by their chairmen or presidents “Balanced and Foundation for serving as trustees. While enlarging Economic Develop- its territory, EGEV held a confer- Sustainable ment) was founded ence in 1998 to determine its new in 1992 by the function. Development of provincialE and municipal admin- istrations, universities, business The vision was phrased as: the Aegean chambers and associations of Izmir “Balanced and Sustainable to promote the city for foreign Development of the Aegean Region Region through the investments. In 1996, this initial through the Efficient Utilization of objective had to be revised based on Human and Natural Resources” Efficient Utilization the fact that Izmir, although the largest city of the Aegean Region, of Human and can not develop sufficiently without And the mission was phrased as: Natural having the full cooperation of the “Assuming the Leadership in surrounding provinces. the Design and Application of a Resources” Development Model Specific to the With the above in mind, EGEV Aegean Region and Based on Com- invited the institutions and organi- mon Wisdom and Participation” zations of the nine other provinces of the region, namely Afyonkara- Following the conference, EGEV hisar, Aydın, Balıkesir, Çanakkale, and SPO (State Planning Orga- Denizli, Kütahya, Manisa, Muğla, nization) signed an agreement of and Uşak to join the Foundation, co-operation for the representatives which they readily accepted. Since of the SPO to take part as advising 1997, EGEV is comprised of 118 partners in the new working plan institutional members, represented of the Foundation, namely “The

2 The mission of EGEV foresees two key elements: Common Wis- dom and Participation. In order to achieve this purpose, EGEV organized a series of Strategic Target Conferences in its member provinces where stakeholders were invited to discuss the poten- tials, problems, strategic aims and the vision of their provinces. The method applied was German ZOPP (output-oriented pro- ject planning).

Regional Development Plan”. The first data, to make socio-economical analysis phase of the plan envisaged an inventory and to design regional policies accord- of the region serving as a database. To ing to this classification. The Aegean this end, EGEV organized meetings in Region is defined as NUTS I. Izmir, each of the provinces inviting the major Aydın and Manisa form the NUTS 2 organizations and institutions to join its sub-regions. Izmir by itself is both a sub- site. region (NUTS 2) and a province (NUTS 3). Aydın sub-region comprises Aydın, The mission of EGEV foresees two Denizli and Muğla (NUTS 3). Manisa key elements: Common Wisdom and sub-region comprises Manisa, Uşak, Participation. In order to achieve this Afyonkarahisar and Kütahya provinces purpose, EGEV organized a series of (NUTS 3). Strategic Target Conferences in its member provinces where stakeholders West Region (NUTS I) is were invited to discuss the potentials, made up of two sub-regions, one of which problems, strategic aims and the vision of is Balıkesir and Çanakkale provinces their provinces. The method applied was (NUTS 3). This classification was paral- German ZOPP (output-oriented project lel to the working plan of EGEV. planning). Beginning with 2003, a series of In 2003, the Cabinet issued a decree, search conferences were held by EGEV in which divides into Regions all of the 10 member provinces. Partici- (NUTS I), sub-region (NUTS 2) and pants prioritized the specific products provinces (NUTS 3). The purpose of this and assets, industries and actions leading decree is to collect regional statistical to the vision of their provinces.

3 In 2006, EGEV and ESİAD (Association of Aegean Industrialists and Businessmen) initiated a new program called “Seminars

EGEV ‘09 on EU with Opinion Leaders” supported by Philip Morris / Sabancı. Educational programs were applied in 9 cities of the Aegean Region for two days, lecturing on different topics of the EU accession process of Turkey. The partnership continued in 2008, with the project named EU Training: Sectoral Impact Analysis”, holding seminars and round- table meetings in 10 provinces of the region.

The results of these provincial confer- the SPO specialists for each sector were ences were discussed and concluded at the filled by the attendees and the results have Regional Conference held in Afyonkara- been published as a report shared by the hisar. Representatives from each province authorities. determined the priority industries in each of the sub-regions and the list of Among numerous projects imple- industries for which business clusters will mented by the Foundation, EGEV has be formed. Four main industries of the been also assigned by the State Plan- region were listed as “Agriculture, Tour- ning Organization (SPO) as the Regional ism, Geothermal, and Mining/Earth Based Technical Secretariat in the EU-funded Industry. Interreg III/A Program, supporting the cross-border cooperation between Regional Sector Conferences on four and Turkey. topics were held in 2005. Each sector’s representatives from all over the Aegean An agreement of co-operation with Region discussed the potentials, problems, ADI International is also signed by and the solution alternatives for their EGEV, to promote the economic relations sectors. The questionnaires prepared by between Alsace and the Aegean Region.

4 In 2006, EGEV and ESIAD (Associa- Aerospace Conference”, as the first meet- tion of Aegean Industrialists and Business- ing of a series of sustainable networking in men) initiated a new program called “Aegean aviation. Opinion Leaders EU Training Program” supported by Philip Morris/Sabancı. Educa- EGEV is an umbrella organization, tional programs were applied in 9 cities of providing coordination between member in- the Aegean Region for two days, lecturing on stitutions, arranging meetings between local different topics of the EU accession process chambers and authorities. of Turkey. The partnership continued in 2008, with the project named “EU Training The Foundation has prepared the base Program: Sectoral Impact Analysis”, holding of the regional development agencies by con- seminars and round-table meetings in 10 ducting “The Regional Development Plan” provinces of the region. already in 2000 – 2005, which supplied every province with an analysis of its poten- An Aviation clustering project was tials, problems, strategic aims and its vision, developed in July 2007 under the leadership stated by its own representatives. of ESBAŞ (Aegean Free Zone) and EGEV; in collaboration with universities, chambers EGEV carries out its duties in consent of commerce and industry of the region. and close cooperation with governmental The aim of the project is to build a cluster institutions, NGO leaders and high officials. to promote systematic mutual exchange of EGEV, thanks to its extensive territory and information as well as interactions between its effective membership base, is in a posi- companies in aviation, aerospace and avion- tion to supply all kinds of information and ics sectors. An international conference was links for prospective investors in the Aegean held in November 2008, “1st Izmir Global Region of Turkey.

5 EGEV ‘09 MEMBER ORGANIZATIONS OF EGEV

İZMİR AFYONKARAHİSAR BALIKESİR

1 Governorship of İzmir 29 Governorship of Afyonkarahisar 49 Governorship of Balıkesir 2 İzmir Metropolitan Municipality 30 Afyonkarahisar Metropolitan 50 Balıkesir Metropolitan Municipality 3 Ege University Municipality 51 Balıkesir Chamber of Commerce 4 Dokuz Eylül University 31 Afyonkarahisar Chamber of 52 Balıkesir Chamber of Industry 5 İzmir Institute of Technology Commerce & Industry 53 Balıkesir Commodity Exchange 6 Yaşar University 32 Afyonkarahisar Commodity Exchange 54 Balıkesir Chamber of Agriculture 7 İzmir Economy University 33 Afyonkarahisar Chamber of Agriculture 55 Balıkesir Chamber of SME’s & 8 İzmir Chamber of Commerce 34 Afyonkarahisar Chamber of SME’s & Artisans 9 Aegean Chamber of Industry Artisans 56 Balıkesir University 10 İzmir Commodity Exchange 35 Afyonkarahisar Kocatepe University 57 Balıkesir Journalist’s Association 11 İzmir Chamber of Maritime Trade 36 Afyonkarahisar Journalists’ Association 58 Association of Industrialists & 12 Aegean Exporters’ Union 37 Ass.of Industrialists % Businessmen of Businessmen of Balıkesir 13 İzmir Chamber of Agriculture Afyonkarahisar 59 Association of Young Businesmen 14 İzmir Chamber of SME’s & Artisans of Balıkesir 15 Common-Stock Holding 60 Balıkesir Jaycees Association 16 İzmir Journalists’ Association AYDIN 17 İzmir Fair Coorporation ÇANAKKALE 18 İzmir Free Trade Zone 38 Governorship of Aydın 19 İzmir Association of Industrialists & 39 Aydın Metropolitan Municipality 61 Governorship of Çanakkale Businessmen 40 Aydın Chamber of Commerce 62 Çanakkale Metropolitan Municipality 20 Associationof Industrialists & 41 Aydın Chamber of Industry 63 Çanakkale Chamber of Commerce & Businessmen 42 Aydın Commodity Exchange Industry 21 Association of Young Businessmen 43 Aydın Chamber of Agriculture 64 Çanakkale Commodity Exchange 22 JCI Izmir Association 44 Aydın Chamber of SME’s & Artisans 65 Çanakkale Chamber of Agriculture 23 BASİFED Association 45 Aydın Adnan Menderes University 66 Çanakkale Chamber of SME’s & 24 EGİFED Association 46 Aydın Journalists’ Association Artisans 25 EGAFED Association 47 Association of Young Businessmen of 67 Çanakkale On Sekiz Mart University 26 Enda Energy Coorporation Aydın 68 Association of Industrialists & 27 Vestel Electronics Coorporation 48 Association of Budinessmen Businessmen of Çanakkale 28 Tariş Corporation Interdependence of Aydın 69 Çanakkale Jaycees Association

6 DENİZLİ MANİSA UŞAK

70 Governorship of Denizli 92 Governorship of Manisa 110 Governorship of Uşak 71 Denizli Metropolitan Municipality 93 Manisa Metropolitan Municipality 111 Uşak Metropolitan Municipality 72 Denizli Chamber of Commerce 94 Manisa Chamber of Commerce & 112 Uşak Chamber of Commerce & 73 Denizli Chamber of Industry Industry Industry 74 Denizli Commodity Exchange 95 Manisa Commodity Exchange 113 Uşak Chamber of Agriculture 75 Denizli Chamber of Agriculture 96 Manisa Chamber of Agriculture 114 Uşak Chamber of SME’s & Artisans 76 Denizli Chamber of SME’s & Artisans 97 Manisa Chamber of SME’s & Artisans 115 Uşak Journalist’s Association 77 Denizli Pamukkale University 98 Manisa Celal Bayar University 116 Association of Industrialists & 78 Denizli Journalist’s Association 99 Manisa Journalist’s Association Businessmen of Uşak 79 Association of Industrialists & 100 Association of Industrialists & 117 Association of Young Businessmen of Businessmen of Denizli Businessmen of Manisa Uşak 80 Association of Young Businessmen 101 Association of Young Businessmen of 118 Uşak Commodity Exchange of Denizli Manisa 81 Denizli Jaycees Association

MUĞLA KÜTAHYA 102 Governorship of Muğla 82 Governorship of Kütahya 103 Muğla Metropolitan Municipality EGEV 83 Kütahya Metropolitan Municipality 104 Muğla Chamber of Commerce Aegean Foundation for Economic 84 Kütahya Chamber of Commerce & 105 Muğla Chamber of Agriculture Development (EGEV) Industry 106 Muğla Chamber of SME’s & Address: Ziya Gökalp Bulvarı 85 Kütahya Commodity Exchange Artisans No: 7 Burak Apt. D: 4 86 Kütahya Chamber of Agriculture 107 Muğla University Tel : +90 232 463 47 78 (pbx) 87 Kütahya Chamber of SME’s & Artisans 108 Muğla Journalist’s Association Fax : +90 232 421 22 59 88 Kütahya Dumlupınar University 109 Associationof Young Businessmen e-posta: [email protected] 89 Kütahya Journalist’s Association of Muğla www.egev.org 90 Associationof Businessmen of Kütahya 91 Association of Young Businessmen of Kütahya

7 Industrial activities also gradually İZMİR ‘09 developed in this sea-port city which grew to become a foreign trade center...

İzmirSeaside and the Port of Izmir 8 Following the 1st Turkish Economy Congress, investments were accelerated and major steps were taken toward the development of the area with the support of the public sector.

Clock Tower zmir is the third largest city of Turkey when we consider its economic dimensions. With its history dating back 8,500 years, our city has become the door of opening to Asia, the Middle East and the West. As a harbour city, İzmir has İalways been on the forefront as an important trade center at all ages of history. Izmir started to play a significant role in the world trade as of the 17th century. Its development gained impetus in industrializa- tion during the struggles for freedom and upon the establishment of the Republic. First major steps for industrialization of our country were taken in İzmir where industry and supporting branches recorded important developments. Therefore, when we overview the economy of the city, the multiplicity of its directions attract attention. Also in our day, İzmir undertakes an important role in the econo- mies of both the country and the region. In a research conducted by PriceWaterhouse Coopers, the world famous consulting firm, İzmir is introduced as the 117th city among the cities with the largest economies, and is expected to rise upto the 99th position with its record series of national income. On the other hand, China selected İzmir as one of the 70 cities which best suit investments. At the same time, the Aegean Free Zone is selected to be one of the 40 industrial zones which are evaluated to be the most convenient of new investments. The economic significance of our city was first underlined through the Economcy Congress which convened in İzmir for the first time during February 17 through March 4, 1923. İzmir is a center of attraction with its many advantages made avail- able for investors. Its qualified workforce, raw and semi-processed prod- uct resources, its proximity to the domestic and international markets, the high level of per capita income and many other qualities of the city invite and attract local and foreign investors to İzmir. Day by day, more and more national and foreign investment com- panies become aware of all these advantages available at the city and Ephessus

9 start new investments or expand their existing investments. İzmir is not only economi- cally but also culturally a very

İZMİR ‘09 rich city. Tolerance and mutual understanding are shared values in İzmir and the representatives of the three religions (Muslims, Christians and Jews) have lived together in peace for long years. İzmir, in our day, is a cen- ter of tourism, as well as is one of the cultural crossroads of our country with its universities, According to the 2005 figures museums, concert halls, cultural İzmir realized 17.4 % of the total and artistic associations, annual national and international festi- exports of the country and 12.5 vals. There are 43 libraries, one opera house and 20 museums in % of the total imports. the city. 15 of the museums are located at the city cneter. There are three state uni- versities, namely the Ege Üni- versitesi and Dokuzeylül Üni- versitesi and the İzmir Yüksek Teknoloji Enstitüsü. The num- tion of Bayraklı and Karabağlar to re-classify them as ber of univesities rose up to provinces has been approved and the relevant law has five with the establishment of issued both sections of the city as provinces. private Yaşar Üniversitesi and Thus the number of provinces of İzmir has in- İzmir Ekonomi Üniversitesi, creased from 28 to 30, increasing the metropolitan Gediz Üniversitesi ve İzmir provinces from 9 to 11. İzmir hosts 5.3% of the popu- Üniversitesi. lation of the country and 6.8% of the foreign nationals residing in Turkey. It stands in the 3rd place with its population density of 311 persons per square kilome- Socio-Economic Outlook According to the figures of ter. the year 2007 Census Report, These data lead to the declaration that İzmir con- based on residential address, as tinues to receive immigration and its population is in- disclosed by the Turkish Na- creased thereby. tional Statistics Corporation, According to the figures of the 2001 Gross Do- the population of İzmir rose up mestic Product disclosures by the Turkish Statistics to 3,739,353. This represents Corporation, İzmir occupies the third place with its an increase of 11% over the pop- 13.4 quatrillion TL and a ratio of 7.6%. ulation figure of 3,370,866 of In our city, national income per capita is 3,215 US the year 2000. Dollars. Estimates of our Chamber indicate that this According to the popula- figure has reached 7,300 US Dollars in 2007. tion distribution per province, The economy of the city is constituted by the dis- Konak is the most crowded and tribution of the shares of the sectors in the following Karaburun is the least crowded ratios: industry 30.5%, commerce 22.9%, transpor- province. Konak stands on line tation and communication 13.5%, and agriculture 5 among the provinces of the 7.3%. country with the highest popu- lation. On the other hand, the 2. Industrialization in İzmir proposal to re-evaluate the posi- As mentioned above, our city started to attain

10 Table 1 1 Population Statistics for İzmir (Year 2007)

Name of Center Village Total Male Female prominence in industry following the 1st İzmir Econ- Province omy Congress. Factors such as raw material resources, Aliağa 43.822 16.221 60.043 30.399 29.644 qualified workforce, transportation advantages and Balçova 74.837 - 74.837 36.223 38.614 proximity to the domestic and international markets Bayındır 14.857 27.295 42.152 20.863 21.289 were impactful on the development of the industry. 58.212 44.369 102.581 51.200 51.381 Industries for petroleum and chemical products, Beydağ 5.722 7.778 13.500 6.666 6.834 metal, textile, machinery, automotive, food, tobacco products and especially soil based industry are signifi- 470.211 5.942 476.153 240.095 236.058 cant areas. One of the most important petro-chemical Buca 393.934 6.996 400.930 200.898 200.032 facilities of our country, namely Pektim, conducts its Çeşme 17.950 9.846 27.796 14.371 13.425 business in İzmir. Çiğli 141.769 2.482 144.251 72.364 71.887 Development of city industry increased its veloc- Dikili 14.545 12.803 27.348 13.581 13.767 ity following the 1970s. In 2007, the number of in- Foça 13.257 17.292 30.549 20.361 10.188 dustrial establishments active in the city were around 5,800. Gaziemir 86.111 23.180 109.291 57.460 51.831 In 2007, 117 national investments within the Güzelbahçe 15.651 3.604 19.255 9.943 9.312 framework of investment incentive certification to- Karaburun 2.489 5.551 8.040 4.128 3.912 talled 791,527,126 YTL, providing an employment Karşıyaka 514.917 267 515.184 251.847 263.337 possibility for 3,178 people. Kemalpaşa 37.126 44.651 81.777 41.338 40.439 İzmir is the city which owns most of the foreign Kınık 11.340 16.598 27.938 13.960 13.978 capital investments in the Aegean Region. The num- ber of foreign capital companies established in İzmir Kiraz 8.683 36.389 45.072 22.495 22.577 between 1954-2007 reached 1,120 as of the year Konak 847.409 817 848.226 417.155 431.071 2007. Menderes 20.576 43.489 64.065 32.494 31.571 During 1997-2007, a total of 1,870,163,559 US 53.940 72.994 126.934 64.337 62.597 Dollars were invested in the city within the frame- Narlıdere 61.455 61.455 33.999 27.456 work of 215 incentive certificates. Ödemiş 71.219 57.034 128.253 63.087 65.166 According to the report of the State Planning Or- ganization, food products and beverage industry, tex- Seferihisar 16.114 9.716 25.830 13.633 12.197 tile products manufacturing, tobacco products manu- Selçuk 27.284 6.718 34.002 16.997 17.005 facturing and agricultural product industy sectors are Tire 48.565 27.762 76.327 37.662 38.665 significant in the city. Companies in each sector are Torbalı 62.080 57.426 119.506 59.923 59.583 located at main centers. Urla 41.058 7.000 48.058 25.100 22.958 The city has a vast hinterland and well-developed TOPLAM 3.175.133 564.220 3.739.353 1.872.579 1.866.774 transportation facilites and therefore the majority of industrial facilities of the Aegean Region are located Source: Turkish Statistics Corporation in İzmir. The area encompassing Pasaport-Konak-Çankaya hosted many small production facitilties and ateliers Table 2: Socio-Economic Indicators for İzmir in the past and still does today, as this area is close Gross Domestic Product (billion YTL) (2001) 13,4 to the harbour. Gross Domestic Product Per Capita ($) 7.300 Another area where we find industrial facilities is (Chamber Estimate for 2007) the Alsancak-Çınarlı district. Facilities were later di- Number of Universities 5 verted towards Bornova. Number of Ports 4 First industrial facilities in İzmir were established Number of International Capital Companies (2007) 1.120 around Kemalpaşa, Işıkkent and Pınarbaşı. In the 76.146 (İzmir’deki Number of Registered Members of Chambers (2005) Ticaret Odaları), 1970s, major iron and steel works, automotive and 5.796 (EBSO), motor industry were located at this section of the city. 3.374 (Ege İhracatçı Birlikleri) In time, we notice that a more planned and environ- Source: Turkish Statistics Corporation, Undersecretariat of Treasury ment-sensitive industrialization was realized.

11 Within this concept, small scale During the recent years, new steps industrial compounds and orga- have been realized in the industry nized industrial zones were estab- sector at the provinces located out- lished at certain areas of the city. the Metropolitan area.

İZMİR ‘09 Pınarbaşı-Işıkkent-Kemalpaşa Aliağa, Çiğli, Torbalı and is an area where especially small Kemalpaşa are the provinces which scale industrial compounds and have achieved serious forward leaps specialized markets are intensely in industry. The Organized Indus- localized. trial Zones located at these areas These industrial compounds provide many varieties of invest- host many small industries and pro- ment opportunities. duction facilities producing metals, Additionally, the Organized vehicles, plastics, cement and earth- Industrial Zones located at Buca, enware. Kınık, Menemen (Leather-Plas- Another industrial area in the tics), Ödemis, Tire, Torbalı and town is located on the direction of Torbalı-Pancar continue their de- Çiğli-Menemen-Aliağa line. Atatürk velopment. Organized Industrial Zone and Me- Atatürk, Kemalpaşa, Tire, Buca, nemen Leather Manufacturing Free İTOB, Aliağa Organized Industrial Zone are the two important estab- Zones are established within the lishments at this area. concept of planned and sustainable Organized industrial zones are industrialization. Within this context, studies were also being established on the İzmir- Organized Industrial Zones of Menderes-Torbali axis. Pancar, Bergama, Ödemiş, Torbalı initiated to establish an area for There are around 30 Small Scale I, Kınık, Menemen (Plastics Spe- technology development un- Industrial Compounds in the city. cialized), Aliağa (Chemistry), Aliağa These compounds reflect the mod- II Bayındır Food Products, İzmir der the coordination of the City ern understanding of commerce and Center Marble Cutters and Kiraz bear importance in the development are still at their establishment or Governorship... of small scale artisans. project phases. These compounds provide by- There are also two free trade products for the industry and thus zones and one free technology zone contribute to the industrial produc- in İzmir. The Aegean Free Zone, tion of the country to a large extent. situated on a land of 2.2 million

12 Within the industrial life of İzmir, petroleum and chemical products, metal processing, textile, machinery, automotive, and food, tobacco, agriculture based industries play a major role.

square meters and located at Gaziemir thousand US Dollars. İzmir Technology province is the first production free zone Development Zone was established to sup- established and operated by the private port the establishment and development sector. This zone is at a distance of 4 of companies which produce high added km.s to the Adnan Menderes Airport, 12 value utilizing advanced technologies, to km.s to the İzmir Harbour, 1 km. to the provide infrastructure and technical sup- highway and 60 km.s to the Çeşme Ro- port wherein they will conduct research Ro port. and development works and to contribute The Aegean Free Zone hosts most of to the realization of universiy-industry the foreign investments among other free cooperation at the high-level desired. zones of our country. İzmir Technology Development Zone There is a total of 298 active users in is established on a land of 225.5 hect- the Zone and the total of foreign invest- ares of land within the premises of İzmir ments reach up to 280,061,348 US Dol- High Technology Institute comprising lars. 13,750 persons are under employ- five buildings. 41 companies operate at ment at the Zone. the zone, employing 278 qualified perso- The trade volume of the Zone was re- nell. alized as 4,092,781 thousand US Dollars The number of on-going research and İzmir Atatürk Organized Industrial in 2007. The Aegean Free Trade Zone development projects reached upto 168 ranks as the second among all free zone Zone (İAOSB) and exports totalled 8.5 million US Dol- with its trade volume. lars. The other free zones of İzmir com- As the Zone was taken into operation, prise of Menemen Leather Free Zone studies were started on projects to pro- with specialized operation in leather and and 55 km.s to the Adnan Menderes Air- vide technical support to the researchers leather products processing. port. The Zone has 189 industrial parcels. in the country, the universities, other re- It is located at a distance of 26 km.s The number of companies which actively search establishments and through which to the Aliağa port, 40 km.s to the İzmir operate at the Zone is 247 and the trade experimental production relations could harbour, 45 km.s to the İzmir city center volume of the Zone in 2007 was 423,836 be initiated when required.

Table 4: Organized Industrial Zones at İzmir

No. of Facilities Surface Area Name Location Year Exports (billion$) No.of Employees (Hectares) Foreign Local

ATATÜRK Çiğli 1990 750 20 465 1,5 30.000

ALİAĞA Aliağa 1997 922 3 21 - *

BEGOS Buca 2001 54 22 0 135 1.200 KOSBİ Kemalpaşa 1990 1.320 5 231 1,9 19.000 ITOB Menderes 1997 250 364 2 - 200

TİRE Tire 1993 410 3 28 1.000 65

Source: Industry and Trade City Management, The economic profile of İzmir City and its Provinces and Alternative Investment Opportunities, * Unknown

13 İZMİR ‘09

ince of İzmir. In 2007, 25.6 million 3. Energy İzmir has a significant potential of tons of raw petroleum was processed and nature-friendly energy resourses. Geo- 23.98 million tons of product was manu- thermal energy sources found intensively factured. at Balçova, Seferihisar, Aliağa, Dikili, Natural gas projects which will bring Bergama, Doğanbey, Çeşme and Alaçatı natural gas to the Region are still ongo- areas are utilized in thermal tourism, res- ing. Some industrial facilities are al- idences, swimming pools, soil and green- ready utilizing natural gas in their op- house heating, organic material dehydra- eration. Works are ongoing at Karşıyaka, tion, fish and poultry production farms. Çiği, Bornova, Gaziemir, Konak, Buca, At İzmir - Balçova, over 9,000 resi- Kemalpaşa, Aliağa and Torbalı for urban dences are heated by the utilization of utilization. geo-thermal energy. In 2006, total electricity consump- Aliağa has a considerable amount of tion was realized as1,641,311 megawat/ geo-thermal hot water reserves which can hour and this figure per capita was real- be utilized in residence heating, green- ized as 3,648 kW/hr. house production and spa tourism. Ac- cording to the data given by MTA (State 4. Tourism Mine Survey and Search Corporation), a In İzmir, where you find the traces of potential to heat 10,000 residences exist many civilizations, natural resources and at the area. historical sites bear great importance in At Seferihisar, there are 35 geo-ther- the tourism of the city. İzmir has a vast mal areas which have a capacity worth potential for culture, belief, entertain- utilization. ment, cruise, fair, meeting and congress, The wind has recently become the health, thermal, and sports tourism. most rapidly developing renewable ener- There are 128 facilities with touristic gy source for the world. A modern wind operation certification. These facilities turbine reaches the power of a 600kW have a total of 11,228 hotel rooms with electric power generator and produces 1-2 a total of 23,843 hotel beds. Recently, million kW/hr energy per annum. It is in- investments in hotel construction have dicated that in our day a total of 40,301 increased and thus hotel bed availability MW electrical energy is produced from problem in the city will be extensively wind power. solved. In İzmir, there is a total of 81 wind İzmir has a 629 kms long coastline by turbines with a total energy production the sea. There is a total of 23 blue-flagged power of 4,400 kW. beaches in İzmir. 8 of these are located at Tüpraş, where the refining process for the coast of Çeşme, 3 at Dikili, 3 at Foça, petroleum products which fulfil nearly 3 at Karaburun, 4 at Menderes and 3 at half of our primary energy consumption Selçuk. is realized, operates at the Aliağa prov- A total of 306 travel agencies oper-

14 ate in the city. The most famous tour- cal and historical tourism. These areas, istic areas in İzmir are Alaçatı (Çeşme), when owned by the city, will attract more Şirince (Selçuk), Dereköy, Kurudere tourists. Along with this, fair and con- (Kemalpaşa), Kozbeyli (Foça), Karabu- gress tourism should be paid more atten- run, and Bozdağ (Ödemiş). tion among the varieties of alternative We may state that touristic activities tourism. Fair and congress tourism are based mostly on the sun and the sea in- musts in extending the touristic activity tensify at Urla, Menderes, Çeşme, Seferi- season throughout the 12 months of a hisar, Foça, Dikili and Karaburun, while year. alternative tourism possibilities intensi- Fair services have a major potential fy at Balçova, Güzelbahçe, Tire, Ödemiş in the city. İzmir has recorded its name and Bayındır. in history as the first city which orga- Especially at Çeşme which is very nized the first international fair in Tur- prominent in the sun and the sea tour- key. The 77th İzmir International Fair ism, Alaçatı is one of the largest wind- will be organized in the year 2008. surfing centers of the world and there are In 2007, 37 fairs were organized in 29 water-sports centers at Alaçatı. İzmir. Among these, two international All kinds of touristic investments, fairs were realized, namely the İzmir In- which may be realized in İzmir, should ternational Fair and International Natu- be directed towards the objective of ral Stone and Technologies Fair. “TOURISM THROUGHOUT THE 12 It is expected that İzmir will take a MONTHS”. launch in the organizations of fair and In line with this objective, Cruise congress tourism with its increasing ho- Tourism Project was initiated. tel capacity and the fair areas. Owing to this Project initiated by our Recently, spa and thermal tourism, Chamber, the cruise tourism with null which combine modern medicine and passengers in 2003, reached a volume of medical methods of thousands of years 288,017 passengers at the end of 2007. of age, attract world-wide interest. This With a share of 24%, İzmir rose up to potential of İzmir, which owns 23 ther- the second line after Kuşadası in cruise mal resources, must be worked out into tourism during the first six months of advantages. 2007. İzmir must use all of the 23 thermal Nearly 35,000 tourists came to İzmir sources to develop this advantage. with cruise tours during the first three months of 2008. A total of 400,000 pas- 5. Transportation sengers aboard 140 cruise programs by İzmir is taking way towards becoming the end of the year 2008 is expected. a logistics center as it is situated at the , Kadifekale (the City Fortress), farthest end of Western Anatolia. People Bayraklı, and Old play a major are in the foreground in this city where role in the development of archeologi- all transportation facilities are available

15 16 İZMİR ‘08 and used. Roads in this city, under the liquid freighters receive service at this trepreneurship and modern structure, is responsibility of the 2nd District of State harbour. Furthermore, there is a Ro-Ro in hold of considerable advantages. İzmir Roads and Highways General Director- port at Çeşme and a bulk freight port at protects its position in the country with ate, reach a length of 1,768 km.s. İzmir Dikili. its high educational level and spirit of en- is directly connected by road to all the In İzmir, transportation and logistics trpreneurship. cities in its environs and has three high- sector is highly developed; domestic and İzmir and the geography of its hinter- ways, namely İzmir Peripheral Highway, international transportation is realized by land present very important opportuni- İzmir-Aydın Highway and İzmir-Çeşme buses, TIR’s and naval fleet. ties. Despite its advantageous geographic Highway. İzmir is located at a distance, During the recent past, intracity location, busy harbour, modern airport by road, of 580 km.s to Ankara, 565 km.s transportation in İzmir recorded develop- and the high tourism potential at its en- to , 36 km.s to Manisa, 224 km.s ments. virons, İzmir is, unfortunately, not posi- to Denizli and 130 km.s to Aydın. İzmir sub-way, at the present, serves tioned at the place which it deserves. First railroad investments in Turkey between Üçyol and Bornova. Upon com- İzmir must sustain its claim to be a were realized in our region. The widest pletion of the upgrading the standard of global city, basing this claim on its his- railroad net is found in our region; howev- the present suburban systems into sub- toric mission, very high potential and its er, railroads are not widely utilized in ei- way standards, travel by sub-way will be competitive and entrepreneurship spirit. ther passenger or freight transportation. made possible between Aliağa and Men- In order for the city to reach its ex- İzmir has an International Airport deres. Additionally, sub-way construc- isting potential, the problems of the city named Adnan Menderes Airport and a tion works are ongoing between Üçyol- must, as soon as possible, be solved and military airport named Kaklıç airport Üçkuyular, between Bornova Center and the city must be supported in such direc- under the responsibility of Turkish Air the Aegean University Hospital. tion. On the occasion of its candidacy for Forces Commandment. Sea transportation is being conducted EXPO 2015 organization, the city was Adnan Menderes Airport has an an- efficiently between the Konak, Karşıyaka, effectively introduced and now the del- nual capacity of five million passengers. Bostanlı, Üçkuyular, Güzelyalı, Bayraklı, egates all over the world immediately as- İzmir, a coastal harbour city, owns 4 Pasaport and Güzelyalı boat landings. sociate the name of İzmir when they hear ports and many yacht ports, jetties, fish- Ferry boat transportaion is available be- of Turkey. ermen’s shelters and anchoring places. tween Bostanlı and Üçkuyular boat land- Taking advantage of the publicity, The most important port of the city ings. the objective of creating a global with the is İzmir Alsancak Harbour. Alsancak har- City bus services named ESHOT and power of competition in trade, production bour is the largest container exporting İZULAŞ, under the management of İzmir and tourism and with a high quality of port of Turkey. Metropolitan Municipality, have realized living must be embraced. Alsancak Harbour, located at the city 3,795,924 runs. Without wasting any more time, solid center, has an annual capacity of 11 mil- actions must be initiated, projects and lion tons. Conventional and container Conclusion plans must be made, and objectives must loadings are realized at the harbour and İzmir, with its commercial and cul- be set to convert İzmir into a trademark general cargo ships, dry freighters and tural infrastructure, with its spirit of en- city.

Bibliography • İzmir Chamber of Commerce, The Economic Profile of İzmir City and its Provinces and Alternative Investment Opportunities • İzmir Chamber of Commerce, Economic Profile for İzmir in 2006 • Turkish Statistics Corporation, 2007 Census Results based on Residential Address • Data provided by İzmir City Management of Industry and commerce, State Planning Organization, İzmir City Tourism Management, Undersecretariat of Treasury • İstanbul Chamber of Industry, First 500 Large Scale Industrial Enterprises of Turkey, 2006 • İzmir Technology Development Zone, http://iztekgeb.iyte.edu.tr • İzmir Industry, http://www.sehriizmir.com/bloglar/izmirsanayi.html • İzmir Metropolitan Municipality, ESHOT General Management, httt://www.eshot.gov.tr/f-sayisal_profily.htm • Turkish Electricity Distribution Corporation, http://www.tedas.gov.tr/29.Istatistiki_Bilgiler.html • İzmir Gas, http://www.izmirgaz.com.tr/

17 AEGEAN FOUNDATION FOR

İZMİR ‘09 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT STUDIES FOR THE CITY OF İZMİR

Aegean Foundation for Economic Development Search Conference 6/7 November 1998 Aegean Foundation for Economic Development Resolution Conference 12 December 1998

AEGEAN REGION DEVELOPMENT PROJECT 2000 – 2005 İzmir Meeting for Strategic Goals 13/14 October 2001 70 participants İzmir Meeting for Setting Priorities 19/20 April 2003 58 participants Regional Dialogue Conference - Afyonkarahisar 4/6 July 2003 84 participants from member cities Agriculture and Stockbreeding Sector Meeting – Aydın 2/3 April 2005 57 participants from member cities Tourism Sector Meeting – 16/17 April 2005 54 participants from member cities Geothermal Sector Meeting – Kuşadası 14/15 May 2005 29 participants from member cities Mining Sector Meeting – Kuşadası 14/15 May 2005 30 participants from member cities

AEGEAN OPINION LEADERS 2008 Agriculture and Stockbreeding EU Conformity Seminar 17 April 2008 39 participants received certificates Press Meeting

AEGEANThe Aegean OPINION Opinion Leaders LEADERS European 2008 Union Training Program, star- ted by Philip Morris/Sabancı as a social responsibility project within the fra- mework of the activities prepared by EGEV and held in its member cities, received enormous interest in cities which are EGEV members and this has brought along new shared projects. The strong support provided by the local foci, with which we are in contact in every city of the Aegean, the new ideas and suggestions put forth during the seminars, and the request for research on new solutions for the problems of the region’s cities have motivated us into sustaining these social responsibility projects in an expanded fashion. Within this context a training session was realized in collaboration with ESİAD on 17 April 2008 in İzmir with the participation of 39 persons. Prof. Dr. Yaşar UYSAL lectured on “The Present Day Position of Turkish Agri- culture within the EU Integration Process” and Sümer TOMEK BAYINDIR (TE- TA Agriculture) on “Modern Animalbreeding Farms and Competition with EU”. Mr. Arif GÜRDAL, member of the Board of Directors of the Aege- an Foundation for Economic Development, explained modern applications in

18 PROFILES OF IZMIR PARTICIPATORS

PIE CHART BY SECTOR

3 10 4

Public University Non-Governmental Society Local Authority 6 Media

16 PIE CHART BY AGE

3 2

Age 20’ s 3 Age 30’ s Age 40’ s Age 50’ s Age 60’ s and up 9

5 organic agriculture. On 8 May 2008, a special evalua- Arzu AMİRAK, Manager, Corporate Affairs, Philip tion meeting was held for the press members to inform Morris/Sabancı, Mr. YILMAZ TEMİZOCAK, Chair- them about the first period of EU Training Seminars man of the Board of Directors of EGEV and Mr. Sıtkı realized by Philip Morris/Sabancı with the support of ŞÜKÜRER, Chairman of the Board of Directors of the EGEV (Aegean Foundation for Economic Deve- ESİAD, it was disclosed that a record participation of lopment) and ESİAD (The Association of the Aegean 910 people was realized in the six seminars organized Industrialists and Businessmen) in the Aegean Re- in Muğla, Aydın, Manisa, İzmir, Kütahya and Çanak- gion. At the meeting realized under the auspices of kale within the first period of EU training seminars.

19 Since 7000 B.C. many civilizations, like the Hittites, Phrygians, Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, Seljuks and the Ottomans have been in power AFYONKARAHİSAR ‘09 AFYONKARAHİSAR within the city boundaries...

Afyonkarahisar / Center 20 Celali rebellions which emerged in the XVIIth century wiped over the city, and Deli Hasan, the brother of Celali Karayazıcı, when failed to capture Kütahya, settled at Afyonkarahisar to spend the winter (1402), and looted and destroyed the city to a large extent.

ur city is named after its still famous fortress built by the Hittites around 1340 B.C. and the poppy plant continuously grown at the area for almost 2000 years. Since 7000 B.C. many civilizations, like the Hittites, Phrygians,O Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, Seljuks and the Ottomans have been in power within the city boundaries. When Anatolia was conquered by the Turks following the fall of the Seljuk State in 1071, the city was under the reign of Sahipoğulları and thereafter, as an outcome of kinship relations, was taken over by Germiyanoğulları in the year 1341. During the reign of Yakup Bey the Second, Afyonkara- hisar was adjoined to the Ottoman Land (1390) by Yıldırım Beyazıt, the then emperor of the Ottoman State. Following the War of Ankara, the city was destroyed by the soldiers of Temur Leng; was once again over-taken by Yakup Bey the Second and upon his death and as per his last will, was transferred to the Ottoman rule forever. Due to its strategic position of importance, Afyonkarahisar was a major center of military operations led by Fatih Sultan (the Conqueror) Mehmet against the state of Karaman. Celali rebellions which emerged in the XVIIth century wiped over the city, and Deli Hasan, the brother of Celali Karayazıcı, when failed to capture Kütahya, settled at Afyonka- rahisar to spend the winter (1602), and looted and destroyed the city to a large extent. Following the Mondoros Peace Armistice (December 18-19, 1918) the British, French and Italian troops entered the Ottoman land from different directions; the French settled themselves in the area on April 16, 1919. On 21 May 1919, Italian troops, composed of two officers and 262 soldiers, came to Afyonkarahisar and later on these troops left their position to the Greeks on 17 March 1920. Following the short-term first occupation period, Afyonkarahisar was occupied by the Greeks for the second time on 13 July 1921. This occupation period lasted one year, one month and 25 days. Afyonkarahisar was one of the largest fronts of the Turkish War of Independence, and the ‘Great Assault’ was launched from Afyonkarahisar. The Greek forces

21 were defeated and the city was freed from their situated within the lands of the Mediterranean AFYONKARAHİSAR ‘09 AFYONKARAHİSAR occupation on 27 August 1922. This date is still Region, and some areas to the east and north- celebrated today as the ‘Day of Freedom’ by the east part are located within the Central Anato- citizens of Afyonkarahisar. lian Region. A mountain range appears on the step of inner western Anatolia, running in the direction of so- Geographic Structure The city, connecting the east to the west, the utheast/northwest, rises over the eastern borders north to the south, is situated on the west of the of the city (Emirdağ, Türkmendağı). Karahisar Anatolian peninsula, located in the inner west plain is located at a height of 1,000 meters above part of the Aegean Region. the sea level to the west of this range of moun- Afyonkarahisar neighbors Konya at the east, tains; Sandıklı and Sincanlı plains are situated at the west where Sandıklı mountains (Kuma- lar mountain) are located. The rivers cross the city flowing at different directions. Waters at the north-west discharge to , waters- treams at the north-west also discharge to Sakar- ya River over its branch the Porsuk Stream and thus reach the . Streams at the west flow to the via Kufi stream which is a branch of the Menderes River. An important number of the streams at the midst of the city, joining the Akarçay which crosses the Afyon- karahisar plain, first reach the Eber Lake and thereafter end up at Akşehir Lake. Eber Lake is totally within the city boundaries, while Akşehir and Acıgöl lakes are only partly within.

Climate and Vegetation Although Afyonkarahisar is located at the Ae- gean Region, its climate is similar to that of the Central Anatolian Region due to its height from Uşak at the west, Kütahya at the north-east, and distance to the sea. The winters are cold Denizli at the south-west, Burdur at the south, and snowy (lowest temperatures ca. -23 degrees Isparta at the south-east, and Eskişehir at the centigrade), and the summers are dry and hot north. It is established at a height of 1,034 (highest temperatures ca. 40 degrees centigrade). meters from the sea level and its surface area is Spring and fall bring in rains (average rainfall ca 13,927 square kilometers. The city extends over 453 mm). Vegetation is basically dry forests as three geographic regions of our country. A large seen in land climates. These forests appearing at section of the city lies over the inner-west section the mountainous areas disappear at the plains. of the Central Anatolian Region; the southern The forests are unfortunately destroyed and the provinces like Dinar, Dazkırı and Evciler are plains look like prairies.

22 the public sector, recent economic launc- employed by the agricultural sector, 6% Demographic Structure According to the census results rea- hes, the university and the inter-city and by industry, 5% by the commercial sector, lized on 22 October 2000, the total po- inter-regional roads and railways crossing 1% by commercial corporations and 18% pulation of Afyonkarahisar is 810,776. the city increased the velocity of social is employed by the service sector. Accor- 351,969 people live in the central city life. ding to the Turkish Statistics Institute and 440,548 at the rural area. It is obser- Within the process of public and cul- (TUİK) data, unemployment rate in the ved that during the years 1990-2000, city tural changes, the family structure has city is 4.46% and is below the country center population increased by 9.47%; ge- also changed in the city. A transition average of 10.3%. neral city population by 21.44% and the from conventional family structure, pecu- A total of 7,648 applicants are awa- rural area population by 1.74%. Popula- iting employment, 6,204 of which are tion intensity is 57. The Turkish Statis- male and 1,110 female; in other words, tics Institute projects that the population 7,314 of this group is totally jobless. of the city is expected to reach 830,000 311 persons have applied for unemp- by the year 2007. 408,000 is expected loyment benefits, 11 have been rejected to be living in the city and 422,000 at and 290 were positively evaluated to re- the provinces of Bayat, Çobanlar, Daz- ceive unemployment pay. There are five kırı, Dinar, Emirdağ, Evciler, Hocalar, active worker unions in the city. They are İscehisar, Kızılören; in short, the popu- namely Turk-İş Confederation, Railway lation is expected to increase in the cen- Workers Union, Turkish Military Wor- ter city as well as in Başmakçı, Bolvadin, kers Unions, Railway Workers Union, Çay, Sandıklı, Sinanpaşa, Sultandağı and Sugar Industry Workers Union, and Mu- Şuhut provinces. Year 2000 census data nicipality Workers Union. Furthermore, show that the city received 35,636 new within the framework of Law No.4688 citizens through migrations and 52,252 relevant to the Turkish Public Workers people left the city. Rate of migration is Union, the following unions exist in the -22.55%. The total number of male po- city: 7 unions under the roof of Kamu- pulation leaving the city is 38,137, while Sen, one union under BASK and one free the relevant number of female population union. The distribution of the public or is 30,760; while the migration is from private sector enterprises in the city may city to another city and the total number liar to the closed economies, towards the be grouped as follows: of inter-city migration is 36,700. modern nuclear family structure has been Economic, Agricultural, Social and Afyonkarahisar comprises 18 provin- experienced. According to the year 2000 Occupational Activities of Commercial ces, 107 municipalities, 392 villages and Census results, the number of average ho- Enterprises Existing within the City Bo- 576 districts. With its 107 municipaliti- usehold members is 4.98. Housing prob- undaries es, Afyonkarahisar is the second city after lems emerged in parallel to the increasing number of population concentrating wit- Konya as far as the number of municipa- Chambers of Commerce and Industry: lities is concerned. These municipalities hin the center city. However no squatter There are six Chambers of Commerce are distributed in the following manner: housing exists in the city. Getting and ow- and Industry in the city with 3345 actu- central province has 16 municipalities, ning a house extensively evolves through al and 4071 corporate members. Sinanpaşa 13, Sandıklı 11, Çay-Dinar- housing co-operatives which construct and Commercial Stock Markets: There are İhsaniye 9 each, Sultandağı-Şuhut 7each, supply houses. Housing supplied by state three commercial stock markets with Emirdağ 6, Bolvadin 5. In other provin- owned Collective Housing Administrati- 749 registered members 253 of them are on (TOKİ) plays a major role in the ful- ces, the number of municipalities is less corporate bodies. fillment of housing demands; within the than 5. There are 11 context of 10 projects, construction of Chambers of Agriculture: 2,176 apartment buildings are ongoing. chambers of agriculture. Social Structure 580 of them are now on sale. Activities of the Chambers: One small - The location of Afyonkarahisar on an scale Tradesmen and Artisans Chambers axis of important transportation lines has Union and 37 Occupational Chambers of speeded up the modernization process Business Life Tradesmen and Artisans are active in the and increased the geographical and social Year 2000 census report indicates city. The distribution of the chambers dynamism by changing the conventional that 132,868 of the citizens (between introvert structure of the city. Completi- ages 15-65) are active in business life. according to occupations is as follows: on of the infrastructural investments of Their distribution is as follows: 70% is - there are 32 co-operatives reporting

23 to the Ministry of Industry and Com- academicians and 557 administrative Sports Activities merce, 373 agricultural co-operatives personnel employ a total of 1,559 per- There are 33 sports facilities at the reporting to the Ministry of Agriculture sons. In the academic year of 2006-2007, city. There are two stadiums, one of and four co-operative unions. There are 21,889 students received education and which is at the main city and the other 16 Tradesmen and Artisans Small-Scale training at the faculties and colleges of is at Dinar. Although football is the most Credit and Bailment Co-operatives with the university. popular sports in the city, in general fen- 9,971 members. cing, wrestling, volleyball, table-tennis, basketball, handball and karate attract Health Services interest. Afyonkarahisar is very success- Afyon Kocatepe University There are 139 health service points, The university was established on 3 90 health service homes, 14 state hospi- ful in fencing and fencing teams many ti- July 1992 and started its academic ac- tals, one gynecology-obstetrics and baby- mes received first, second and third place tivity on 10 November 1992. However, care hospital, one respiratory illnesses trophies in tournaments. Sportsmen of the history of the university dates back Afyonkarahisar have also been successful AFYONKARAHİSAR ‘09 AFYONKARAHİSAR hospital, one hospital affiliated with the to 1974 when Afyon Vocational School Faculty of Medicine Research and Deve- in national and worldwide wrestling to- of Finance and Accounting was opened lopment of Afyon Kocatepe University, urnaments. Some wrestlers were invited as a section of the Eskişehir Academy of three private hospitals, one public health to the Turkish National Wrestling Team Economic and Commercial Sciences. As laboratory, 3 tuberculosis out-patient and they represented our country with of the start of the 2006-2007 academic clinic, and one mother-child-family out- success. year, Afyon Kocatepe University compri- patient clinic. There are six private out- ses eight faculties (Economic and Com- patient clinics at the center city, one at Cultural Structure mercial Sciences, Veterinary, Science and Dazkırı and two at Emirdağ, totaling For the last 1200 years, Afyonkarahi- Letters, Technical Training, Training, nine. There are 209 pharmacies and five sar has been the land of Turks following Engineering, Medicine, Fine-Arts), three medical supply warehouses. the reign of the Hittite, Phrygian, Greek, institutes (Health Services, Social Sci- During the first six months 1,335,428 Roman, Byzantine civilizations in its his- ences, Science), four colleges (Physical patients received service. 1,183,531 pati- tory dating back to 3000 B.C. Afyonka- Training, Foreign Languages, Touristic ents received this service at state hospi- rahisar has very rich remnants of various Operations and Hotel Management), Sta- tals and 151,847 at the University Hos- other civilizations established in Anato- te Conservatory, 12 Occupational High pital and private hospitals. In general, lia. Archeological sites at Dinar (Gelenia, Schools (Atatürk Health Services State the hospitalization rate is 53.3% in terms Apemenia), Emirdağ / Hisarköy (Amere- Occupational High School –SOHS-, Af- of hospital beds, and average duration of um), İhsaniye / Döğer (Kapıkaya I, Kapı- yonkarahisar SOHS, Bayat SOHS, Bol- hospitalization is 4.9 days. Recently he- kaya II, Aslankaya), İhsaniye / Kayıhan, vadin SOHS, Çay SOHS, Dinar SOHS, alth services were united under one roof, Göynüş Valley, İhsaniye Ayazini Village Emirdağ SOHS, İscehisar SOHS, Acıpa- and effectiveness and productivity of such (), Bolvadin , Kemerkaya, Yedi yam SOHS, Sandıklı SOHS, Sultandağı services improved. Through the newly Kapı are among the well-known sites. SOHS, Şuhut SOHS), and 15 Research initiated ‘appointment system’ the citi- Afyonkarahisar hosted the great Tur- and Application Centers. The units lo- zens do not lose time in hospital queues kish Leader Atatürk, his military teams cated within Afyonkarahisar with 1,002 any more. and the soldiers of our country during the

24 ‘Great Assault’ and thus the foundations The names, the number of rooms and bed has unfortunately not received satisfac- of the Turkish Republic were set in this capacities of the spa facilities are listed tory shares from private investments. city. There are many monuments and below: Gazlıgöl Thermal Springs is loca- Except the public sector investments war graves in the city. There are 44,012 ted at the 22nd km. of the road to Eski- at the area, private sector investments pieces of archeological remnants in the şehir. Total bed capacity is around 2000. were very few. Various industrial invest- city museum. Local findings unearthed Facilities operated by the Municipality ments by the public sector (cement, conc- around the city are exhibited in the mu- have 215 beds while the privately owned rete traverse, spring water bottling, the seum. Karaoğlan, Kaklık, Kusura, Yanar- 11 hotels have 776 beds. There are 490 Turkish Red Crescent Alkaloid factory, lar, Yazılı Kaya, Tutarlı, Çavdarlı, and beds in small pensions. Hüdai Thermal sugar processing, paper mills) diverted are the sites where excavations Springs is located at a distance of 8 km.s the agriculture based city economy to- were realized and findings dating back to to the Sandıklı province. Total bed capa- wards industry. the Bronze Age belonging to the Hittite, city is 947. There are 262 apartments. Phrygian, Lydian, Hellenistic, Roman Karaca Hotel has 34 rooms, 68 beds. Ter- and Byzantine ages were put in exhibition mal Yeni Otel has 132 rooms, 264 beds. Organized Industrial Zones at the city museum. Heybeli Thermal Springs is located at Afyonkarahisar Organized the 30th km of the road between Afyonka- Industrial Zone rahisar and Konya. It has 74 rooms with This zone has been planned within the Tourism Each year nearly 230,000 tourists bath, 60 public type houses with 180 framework of 1996 Investment Program visit the city. Around 220,000 of them beds. Additionally the new touristic hotel and is situated on a land of 465 hecta- are locals and 2,000 are foreigners. The has 25 rooms and 102 beds. The total ca- res at Çapakkırı area at a distance of 4 hotel-bed capacity in town is 7,356. This pacity of the spa is 650 beds. Ömer Ther- km.s to the city. There are a total of 431 number will increase to 10,463 when the mal Springs is located at the 14th km of parcels at the zone. Infrastructure and ci- touristic facilities under construction are the road between Afyonkarahisar and Kü- vil construction activities have been 90% completed. tahya. Thermal Resort Oruçoğlu has 306 completed. rooms, 624 beds. Ömer Thermal Springs are rented by Afyonkarahisar Commercial Thermal Springs (SPAs) Stock Market and all the facilities have İscehisar Marble Organized Thermal springs, which date back to been renovated. There are 49 villas, 35 Industrial Zone the Bronze Age, have been converted to This zone has been planned within the hotel rooms, 20 apartments at the area spa facilities during the Phrygian times. framework of 1996 Investment Program and the total bed capacity is 270. Gecek Gazlıgöl and Hüdai spas are the most fa- and is situated on an area of 100 hecta- Thermal Springs is located at the 18th mous ones. In our days, these spas have res located at the 3rd km. of the road to km of the road between Ayonkarahisar been re-structured into thermal therapy İscehisar-Ankara, Kocakır area. Later on and Kütahya. and rehabilitation centers. Physiotherapy the surface area was extended to 150 hec- deploying scientific methods and availab- tares and a spare area of 332 hectares was le professional services support thermal INDUSTRY allocated. and alternative tourism development.The Although our city is located at the There are 56 parcels extending over city is well-known as the capital of spas. crossroads between cities and regions, it an area of 150 hectares.

25 Bolvadin Organized Industrial tion was completed on 04 April 2000. It is Thermal springs, located between Yelönü Tepesi – İkizburnu at Zone This area was allocated by the Investment Topçukuru area on a land of 200 hectares. which date back Program of 1998, area selection was completed to the Bronze on 15 February 2000. It is located at the 14th Şuhut Industrial Organized Zone km of the road between Bolvadin and Emirdağ. A land of nearly 200 hectares was selected Age, have been The area extends over a land of 128 hectares. on 30 December 2004 as the location of this converted to spa At the first stage of the investment, 50 hecta- zone. res were prepared for utilization. On this area facilities during the there are 24 parcels. At the second stage, there Phrygian times. will be 48 parcels on an area of 78 hectares. Bolvadin Agriculture Based Specializati- on (Milking) Organized Industrial Zone Infrastructure projects are completed. A land of 446 hectares was selected on 02 Gazlıgöl and

AFYONKARAHİSAR ‘09 AFYONKARAHİSAR November 2006 as the location of this zone Hüdai spas are Sandıklı Organized Industrial Zone situated on the Bolvadin-Çobanhisar road at This zone was planned within the frame- Kalın Toprak area. the most famous work of 1997 Investment Program. Site selec- ones... tion was completed on 25 March 1998. It is Marbling situated on an area of 130 hectares and is loca- Marble beds, located at İscehisar, dating ted at the Kepez area, at a distance of 2 km.s back to 300 B.C. were very well known yet to the center of the province. unexploited until 1945. At that date, opera- tion of marble beds was initiated in order to Emirdağ Organized Industrial Zone provide the marble required for building the This zone was planned within the frame- Mausoleum of Atatürk; the ‘Anıtkabir’. Total work of 1990 Investment Program and the Turkish marble reserves of five million square site selection was completed on 21 June 2005. meters were taken under the coverage of Mine It is situated on an area of 113 hectares at the Law. Two million square meters of the reser- Kuruca Village, Kabir Tepe area. ve is operable and approximately 35-40% of this reserve is present in the İscehisar marble Dazkırı Weaving, Confection basin. Following the ‘2nd Turkish Marble Sympo- Industrial Zone This zone was planned within the frame- sium’ organized during 3-6 May, 2001, sci- work of 1997 Investment Program as a mixed entific information released indicate that the zone of specialization and the site selection was only marble production in the city is realized completed on 25 March 1998. It is situated on at İscehisar to the north of the city, that there a land of 120 hectares at Kepez Area, two kilo- is a reserve of 70 million square meters at this meters to the center of the province. area and a yearly average of only 700,000 squ- are meters of marble is extracted at İscehisar. 100,000 square meters of this quantity is pro- Dinar Textile Organized Industrial duced as marble and the remaining 600.000 Zone square meters is used as rubble. This zone was planned within the frame- Marble extracting and production is a dif- work of 1998 Investment Program. Site selec- ficult and dangerous process. Despite this fact, tion was completed on 08 July 1998. Dinar many competitors exist in external markets. Textile Organized Industrial Zone is situated However, demand is very high and increa- on an area of 380 hectares at the 12th km of sing in the global markets for the high quality the road to Dinar-Denizli at the Akçaören- marbles produced with quality workmanship Göğebakan location. so long as delivery in requested quantities and dates is ensured. Akçahisar Besi Organized Afyon Marbling College founded with the Industrial Zone support and cooperation of Afyonkarahisar in- This zone was planned within the frame- dustrialists and marbling sector investors in work of 1999 Investment Program. Site selec- order to educate qualified personnel to meet

26 The city center is connected directly to neighboring cities of Konya, Isparta, Denizli, and Kütahya, to Eskişehir and Uşak over Kütahya and to Burdur over Isparta. the demand of the sector has started tra- around İscehisar is white with yellow ve- On the average, 13 passenger trains and ining programs. The training period is ins in it. Its hardness is 3, density is 2 12 freight trains, thus a total of 25 tra- two years and the graduates will fulfill grams per cubic centimeter and porosity ins, cross across the city on a daily ba- the needs of the sector. is 0.2%. The reserves are assumed to be sis. The city center is connected directly 2,500,000 cubic meters. The other type to neighboring cities of Konya, Isparta, Mines of marble known as ‘Tiger Skin’ is the Denizli, and Kütahya, to Eskişehir and Afyonkarahisar is very rich in vari- second most important type of marble. Uşak over Kütahya and to Burdur over ous mines. ANTIMONY (Sbn) is found It has a color of light gray and various Isparta. at Emirdağ-Cevizli area. It was operated shades of gray. Its hardness is 4, density 90 kilometers of Afyonkarahisar - Kon- in past years and the yield was 32.49% is 2.73 grams per cubic centimeter and ya railroad, 52 kilometers of Afyonkara- Sbn. Iron ore (Fe) is found at Sultan Dağı porosity is 0.2%. The reserves are around hisar - Kütahya railroad, 50 kilometers of (Sultandede Tepe, Çayderesi, Tavasan 3,600,000 cubic meters. Afyonkarahisar - Uşak railroad, and 203 Tepe). 467,000 tons of visible reserves of (U) is found in Gazlıgöl kilometers of Afyonkarahisar-Alsancak this mine have a yield value of 50-56% and Karaveli areas. The yield is at low (İzmir) railroads are running within the Fe2O3. At Özburun area the yield is fo- levels. Afyonkarahisar city boundaries. und to be 50% Fe2O3 and there is a vi- sible reserve of 200,000 tons. Airways DIATOMITE mine is located at the TRANSPORTATION AND There is a military airport near Ata- environs of Sinanpaşa-Tınaztepe. The COMMUNICATION köy (Deper) village within the city boun- visible reserve is 133,668 tons. 376,800 daries. Construction of a public airport is tons more reserves may be possible and Roads planned. An area for this purpose is se- As our city is a transit center, it is 813,000 tons are likely to be existent. lected and expropriation process is comp- the door of Western Anatolia opening Diatomite is suitable for filtration. leted. BLACKLEAD (graphite-Grf)) mine is up to other regions of the country. Af- found at Afyon-İscehisar/Akhisar-Kezban yonkarahisar has direct and rather short areas. Yield level of this mine is 18.40%C. connections to İstanbul, Ankara, İzmir, Communication Telephone communication services There is a visible reserve of 2,750 tons. Eskişehir, Kütahya, Konya, Isparta, Bur- are available at all provinces and villages. CALCITE (Cc) mine found around dur, Denizli and Antalya. It is located 223 switchboards with a total capacity of the city center is quite rich in yield with at a very advantageous position as far as 178,000 connections are in operation. 94-98% CaCO3. Limestone is found transportation is concerned. The length There are 157,000 registered subscri- around Pazarağaç village and its yield is of the state highways in our city is 554 bers. As of June 2007, 7,291,393 postal 94% CaCO3, 2.25MgO. Possible reserve kilometers and all is asphalt coated. City mail documents have been distributed to is 21,884,375 tons. roads are 460 kilometers, only 2 kilome- the receivers. QUARTZITE (Qz) is found around ters of which are terraneous. The total Şuhut-Taşoluk. The yield is 95-75% length of state and city highways (roads) is 1034 kilometers. Within the city limits SiO2, 1.5% Fe2O3, 2-9% Al2O3 and AFJET (Afyonkarahisar less than 0.1%TiO2. There is a possible of Afyonkarahisar, there are 207 kilome- Geo-Thermal Heating System) reserve of 15,937,500, and 9,031,250 ters of two-line highways. AFJET was initiated by the collabo- tons of visible reserves. There are four ration of City Private Administration, quartzite beds. Railroads Afyonkarahisar Municipality and Cham- MANGANESE (Mn) is found around The city is the only city in Turkey ber of Industry and Commerce with the Emirdağ, Centrum (Bayramgazi), Bolva- which is situated at the junction point of purpose of utilizing geo-thermal energy din (Çay). The yield is 23.50% Al2O3 four major railroad lines. Due to rational available in the city for heating. AFJET and the reserves are 51,000 tons. MARB- investments in the past, Afyonkarahisar started serving the subscribers as of 1996. LE (Mr) - Afyonkarahisar is very famous has a highly developed railroad network The number of service receivers increased with its marble resources. The marble connecting it to all parts of the country. to 4,600 as of October, 2002.

27 Natural Gas dessert named ‘helva’. Marble is the leader with Infrastructure contracting process for natu- an export volume of 81,501,152 YTL (consti- ral gas lines was completed in January 2006. Li- tuting 73% of total exports). Total volume of cense was received to distribute natural gas for importation is USD 3,700,000. 30 years at Afyonkarahisar, Bolvadin, Çay and Exports were made to 104 countries. U.S.A. Dinar residential areas. Construction cost of the is at the top of the list receiving 37% of all ex- Project is USD 25 million. Projects still under ports from Afyonkarahisar. Exports to EU co- construction will cover Beyazıt, Sahipata, Veysel untries totaled USD 40,808,234. Karani, Hoca Ahmet Yesevi and Eşrefpaşa resi- dential areas. Natural gas distribution network Finance and Banking Statistics construction is ongoing. As of the end of 2005, 585,970,000 YTL worth of bank loans was used in the city. Ag-

AFYONKARAHİSAR ‘09 AFYONKARAHİSAR ECONOMIC STATUS ricultural sector is the group using the highest Within the Aegean Region, Afyonkarahisar, amount of loans (56,315,000 YTL). At the unfortunately, has a negative developmental end of 2005, country total of bank deposits status. According to the data given by the Sta- was 253,578,919,000 YTL. This figure is te Planning Organization, following a study on 891,765,000 YTL in Afyonkarahisar. 40.8% the ‘Socio-Economic Status of Cities and Regi- of this amount is constituted by individual sa- ons’ realized in 2003, Afyonkarahisar stands in vings. the 44th place in regards to its developmental There are 28 public capital, 22 private ca- status and in the 26th place in regards to its pital and two foreign capital banks operating in production industry development. In 2001, per the city. Offices (branches) of these banks are in capita national income was USD 2,146 whereas the center city (19), Dinar (6), Emirdağ (6), and in Afyonkarahisar this figure is USD 1,263. In Sandıklı (5). 2005, per capita national income increased to USD 5,477 but in Afyonkarahisar it remained Agriculture under the country average. When we analyze the Although our city is situated in the Aegean provinces, Sandıklı stands at the 157th place Region, it has the characteristics of land clima- among the provinces of the country. It is the te. The negative effects of the climate coupled highly developed province of Afyonkarahisar. with insufficient agricultural land cause low Sandıklı is followed by Bolvadin and Dazkırı. productivity and limited variety in agricultural The least developed province standing at the products. It is a need for the city to increase ir- bottom of the listing is Hocalar. rigated agricultural areas and initiate new inf- rastructure projects for investment. An area of Export and Import Activities 617,734 hectares – 44% of the surface area of Export volumes show an increasing trend. In the city – is suitable for agriculture and 771,796 2004, USD 132 million, in 2005, USD 152 hectares are unsuitable. million, and in 2006, USD 222 million worth Afyonkarahisar has a high potential for ag- of exports were realized in our city. 2006 ex- ricultural production. 70% of the population ports of 222,666,166 YTL record an increase of is dealing with agriculture. Grains, sugar be- 41% in respect to 2006. Leading export items ets, potatoes, poppy and cucumbers for pickle are marble, conveyor bands, enameled kitchen making are extensively grown, and the city is cooking pots, eggs, poppy seeds and a Turkish a production center of the county for the above

There are 28 public capital, 22 private capital and two foreign capital banks operating in the city. Offices (branches) of these banks are in the center city (19), Dinar (6), Emirdağ (6), and Sandıklı (5).

28 agricultural produces. Agricultural land produced yearly. The egg stock-market in at 11 locations. Six biological waste treat- irrigated by the state and farmer initia- the Başmakçı province supplies 4% of the ment facilities were taken into operation tives covers an area of 185,260 hectares total egg requirement of the country. with the purpose of preventing pollution (34% of agricultural land), whereas the in this river. Three more such facilities area of the land potentially suitable for are under construction by the City Private Agricultural Support Funds agriculture is 640,890 hectares. Water A new system was established in 2001. Administration’s Village Services Unit. sprinkling systems must be installed over With this new ‘Farmer Registration this wide land in order to effectively use System and Direct Income Support Pro- Soil and Land Utilization Plan limited water resources. Afyonkarahisar ject,’ 51,964 farmers were taken under Due to the variety in the geological contributes a large amount to the country registration and financial support fund of structure, vegetation and topographic pro- economy through its agricultural and - 287,729,723 YTL was distributed. Pay- perties of the city, there are many kinds mal breeding products. Modern techniqu- ments made within the framework of this of soil compositions extending over large es are being used by the farmers. Efforts Support Project are shown below: land areas. In order to prevent negative are spent to receive quality produces and developments and to take objective deci- improve the productivity. Real income of sions, Afyonkarahisar City Soil and Land ENVIRONMENT & FORESTRY the farmers increases and therefore their There are 46 facilities in the city with Utilization Plan was accepted in accor- contribution to the country economy inc- waste treatment systems. 18 of them have dance with Law No. 5403, foreseeing the reases in parallel. Afyonkarahisar contri- received relevant discharge permits. The- Protection of Soil and Land Utilization. buted 1,718,103,414 YTL to the Tur- re are 500-660 Marble factories, 100 of kish economy during the first six months which were studied and controlled in re- Solid Waste Treatment Project of 2007. gards to the efficiency of their waste pro- Work is initiated on an area of 90 hec- cessing systems. Among these, 15 of them tares at the Tavşanuçurağı area of Akçin Agricultural Crops were fined for non-conformance with the Village to set up solid waste treatment - 25,433 tons of cherries were grown regulations. Preventive measures were ta- facility in order to solve household so- in 2006. ken. On the other hand, the existence of lid waste problem. Final Environmental - Surface area of the plantations 4.5 to 5 million poultry poses a pollution Evaluation Report (ÇED) is received on is 428,125 hectares and the total threat for the environment. To minimize 9 October 2006. The facility is planned production is 2,097,229 tons. such pollution, 50% of poultry manure is for completion and operation by the end - Vegetables are grown on an area processed into fertilizers at the Poultry of 2007. Environmental Plan Project was of 7,016 hectares and the total Manure Factory. completed on 25 November 2005. Cost of produce is 140,454 tons. In 19 facilities, a total of 19,400 li- this Project is 130,000 YTL and is finan- - Number of fruit trees is 2,495,798 ters of waste vegetable oil is accumulated. ced by City Private Administration. This and total fruit produce is 120,115 As per the regulations on the control of Project aims at establishing correlation tons. oil wastes, 83,287 kg of waste engine oil data base for all the information and data was collected by the Association of Petro- collected and prepared in the environment leum Industry and was discarded at the of Geographical Information Systems. Stockbreeding The natural structure and the clima- cement factory under the license of the tic conditions of Afyonkarahisar are very related Ministry. suitable for stockbreeding. Stockbreeding plays an important role in the city eco- Biological Waste Treatment nomy. Cattle, sheep and goat breeding Projects and milking are highly developed in the In order to prevent environmental pol- city. lution through waste waters, such water Afyonkarahisar provides 4% of the to- is collected in specially designed gutters; tal meat requirements of the country. the solid waste is precipitated therein and There are 296,456 cattle in the city. through the vegetation grown within, the Number of sheep is 700,000 and the water is treated and cleaned biologically. number of goats is 95,000. Total num- First application of this Project was ini- ber of poultry is 7,104,680, 7,044,860 tiated on 15 July 2004. Household was- of which are hens. tes are discharged to the 108 km. long 11,486 tons of red meat, 956 tons Akarçay River at 20 locations; industrial of sausages and 81,260 tons of eggs are wastes at 11 locations and thermal wastes

29 AEGEAN FOUNDATION FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT STUDIES FOR THE CITY OF AFYONKARAHİSAR

AEGEAN REGION DEVELOPMENT PROJECT 2000 – 2005 AFYONKARAHİSAR ‘09 AFYONKARAHİSAR Afyonkarahisar Meeting for Strategic Goals 5/6 May 2001 40 participants Afyonkarahisar Meeting for Setting Priorities 3 May 2003 33 participants Regional Dialogue Conference - Afyonkarahisar 4/6 July 2003 84 participants from member cities Agriculture and Stockbreeding Sector Meeting – Aydın 2/3 April 2005 57 participants from member cities Tourism Sector Meeting – Marmaris 16/17 April 2005 54 participants from member cities Geothermal Sector Meeting – Kuşadası 14/15 May 2005 29 participants from member cities Mining Sector Meeting – Kuşadası 14/15 May 2005 30 participants from member cities

AEGEAN OPINION LEADERS 2006 European Union Briefing Seminar 24/25 May 2006 31participants received certificates

AEGEAN OPINION LEADERS 2008 Agriculture and Stockbreeding EU Conformity Seminar 14 May 2008 177 participants received certificates Agriculture and Stockbreeding Round-Table Meeting 23 October 2008 26 participants

During the training held on the second Medium Scale Establishments and Com- AEGEAN OPINION day, the issues on which the lecturers en- petition, Input Costs, Credits, The China WithinLEADERS the framework 2006 of the programs lightened the participants were as follows: Factor, Protection from the Currency Risk, prepared by EGEV for its member cities, Prof. Dr. Canan BALKIR: Trade Policy of Benefiting from EU Funds, E-Trade and seminars were held on the European Uni- the EU, Common Customs Tariffs, Pro- Competition Strategies. on, for which we stand as a member can- tection Precautions, Applications by Sec- didate. Meetings organized under “Aegean tor; Prof. Dr. İge PIRNAR: EU’s Tourism Opinion Leaders EU Training Program” Policies, The Rules Turkey Must Follow; AEGEAN OPINION have been realized by the support of Phi- Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yaşar UYSAL: EU’s Ag- LEADERS 2008 lip Morris / Sabancı and the collaboration riculture Policies, The Possible Effects of The Aegean Opinion Leaders Europe- of ESİAD. While 31 participants atten- Full Membership on Turkish Agricultu- an Union Training Program, started by ded the training program held on 24-25 re; Assist. Prof. Dr. Esin TAYLAN: EU’s Philip Morris/Sabancı as a social responsi- May 2006, Prof. Dr. Haluk GÜNUĞUR Policy on the Law of Competition, Rules bility project within the framework of the discussed, on the first day of the two-day for Customs Union and Competition, The activities prepared by EGEV and held in program, the topics of The Road to Euro- Aim, Structure, Addressees and Applicati- its member cities, received enormous in- pean Integration, The Expansion of the ons of the Law concerning the Preservation terest in cities which are EGEV members EU, The Institutional Structure of the of Competition, Exemption, Determining and this has brought along new shared pro- European Union, European Constitution, the Judge Status; Assist. Prof. Dr. Berna jects. The strong support provided by the and Turkey-EU Relations. KIRKULAK: EU Policies on Small and local foci, with which we are in contact in

30 AFYONKARAHİSAR CITY PARTICIPANT PROFILE

PIE CHART BY SECTOR

Public Education 2 6 15 Non-Governmental Society 7 Livestock 47 Private Sector (Cluster & Innovation) Poultry and Egg Sector Media PIE CHART BY AGE

9 20 32 80 Age 20’ s 26 Age 30’ s Age 40’ s Age 50’ s Age 60’ s and up

43 44

every city of the Aegean, the new ideas and Stockbreeding and Organization”; in addi- Regional Development, on “Innovation,” suggestions put forth during the seminars, tion to a seminar on “Stockbreeding.” In and of Meral SAYIN, the Deputy Team and the request for research on new soluti- the same hall, a panel on “Re-Structuring Leader of the Project on Developing Na- ons for the problems of the region’s cities in Stockbreeding: From the Farm to the tional Clustering Policy, on “Clustering,” have motivated us into sustaining these so- Table” was held in the afternoon. were especially attractive of dense interest cial responsibility projects in an expanded The second topic of the morning ses- of the leaders of Non-Governmental Orga- fashion. sion was “Poultry and Egg Production.” nizations of Afyon and private sector ma- The training program held on 14 May Following their presentations, Prof. Dr. nagers. 2008 in Afyonkarahisar, which was organi- Servet YALÇIN, lecturer in the Branch On 23 October 2008, a round-table zed in collaboration with ESİAD and las- of Stockbreeding, Department of Zootech- meeting was held with the participation ted for one full day, consisted of 3 separate nics, Faculty of Agriculture of Ege Univer- of 26 executives from the Agriculture and topics discussed in different seminar halls. sity, and Dr. Hüseyin SUNGUR, the Sec- Stockbreeding sector of the city and Vice The first topic of the morning session was retary General of YUMBİR – Center Union Governor Niyazi ERKUT. The develop- realized through the following presentati- for Egg Producers, answered the questions ments, problems, and solutions of the sec- ons: Prof. Dr. Yaşar UYSAL’s “The Gene- addressed by the participants. tor were discussed. The ideas of adopting ral Status of Stockbreeding,” Sumer TÖ- In another session held in the afterno- modern methods and keeping record of MEK BAYINDIR and Arif Gürdal’s, the on, the topics of “Clustering” and “Inno- production were commonly accepted. The Sector Representatives’, “Modern Stock- vation” were analyzed. The presentation of benefits of Sector-Based Dialogue Mee- breeding Establishments and Their Cont- Ceren AYDIN, the manager for Relations tings were emphasized and it was decided ribution to the Economy” and “Organic with TÜSİAD Career Organizations and that they be continued.

31 During the Aydınoğulları period, the name ‘09 AYDIN of the city was changed as “Aydın Güzelhisar” and later it was shortened to “Aydın”...

AydınAfrodisias / AYDIN 32 The city was reestablished in its present situation in XIVth century; became a state in 1390; a sanjak in 1426, again a state in 1811 and a sanjak under the flag of Izmir in 1850.

Apollon Temple ydın has been the center of different civilizations since the early ages of history. Many scientists, scholars, thinkers and gurus (enlightened men) lived and proliferated in its notorious and developed cities of , , ,A , , and Magnesia. Aydın of today was es- tablished together with the City of Tralles on the hills to the north of the city at the Top Yatağı area and developed during the Hittites peri- od. The city lived its age of prosperity during the times of the Lydians. It went through the Neolithic, Calcolithic and Bronze Ages; Phyrigian, Lydian, Persian, Roman and Byzantine eras as well as Seljuk period during 1171-1270; Menteşeoğulları period during 1270-1307; Aydı- noğulları period during 1307-1390 and Ottoman period during 1390- 1922. During the days of the Seljuks the city was decorated with the cultural presence and the works of the Turkish civilization. Aydın, at these times, witnessed highly civilized social services, agricultural and architectural excellence. In 1390; Ertuğrul Bey; the prince (son) of Yıldırım Beyazıt was appointed as the governor of Aydın; and so the existence of Aydın as an administrative unit under the Turkish sove- reignty began. During the Aydınoğulları period, the name of the city was changed as “Aydın Güzelhisar” and later it was shortened to “Aydın”. The city was reestablished in its present situation in XIVth century; became a state in 1390; a sanjak in 1426, again a state in 1811 and a sanjak under the flag of Izmir in 1850. This administrative set-up continued until 1919, and following a 40-months occupation period between 25 May 1919 - 7 September 1922, upon the victory achieved at the end of the “War of Independence”, was changed in 1923, and Aydın the became an independent city. Aydın is situated over the Büyük Menderes river basin, on an area of 8,007 square kilometers; with fertile plains at the west and in the middle; surrounded by mountains at the south. It neighbors the Aege- an Sea at the west, the cities of Denizli at the east, Izmir and Manisa at the north and Muğla at the south. The city is within the Mediterranean

33 ‘09 AYDIN

climatic zone; the summers are hot and arid, pulation was 1.6% of the country total; this the winters are mild and rainy. Average tem- figure is 1.4% in 2000. These figures indicate perature is 17 degrees Celsius, average num- that population increase rate of Aydın is lower ber of rainy days is 80.6 and average rainfall is than that of the country average. 677.5cu.m./ year. Geographically it is located between 37°- 44’ and 38°-08’ northern paral- Administrative Status lels and 27°and 28°-52’ eastern meridians. Aydın city, which is the center of admi- nistration for 17 provinces, has 59 munici- Population, Social Status and palities, 489 villages and 262 districts. The provinces of Aydın are; Bozdoğan, , Demographic Properties Aydın is one of our cities where tourism Çine, , , İncirliova, , and agriculture are highly developed. Fortu- , Koçarlı, Köşk, Kuşadası, , nately enough, Aydın is one of the rare cities , Söke, and Yenipazar. Di- where squatter housing is not existent. During dim province has the maximum yearly average recent years, in all industrial sectors and es- population increase with 0.566% and Yenipa- pecially in agriculture and industrialization, zar has the least with 0.129%. City center’s major steps have been taken forward. This de- yearly average population increase is 0.292%. velopment process continues at an increasing The most populated province is Nazilli and and rapid pace. More than half of the working the least is Karpuzlu. population makes a living in agricultural sec- Population density is 56 in the largest pro- tors. The population has a high level of cultu- vince (by surface area) Çine; while at Söke, the ral development. second largest province, it is 144. At Buhar- kent, which is the smallest province, on the other hand, population density is 107. 267 Population and Population Increase villages out of 488 have less than 500 inha- Within the last 73 years, country populati- bitants; that is to say that these villages have on increased five times. During the same peri- very few inhabitants. od, the population of Aydın increased 4.5 fold and rose to 950,757 in 2001. During 19727- 2000, the population of Aydın has shown a Social Status continuous increase. The least annual increa- Industrialization, urbanization, social se was recorded between 1940-1945 – 0.88% change, population increase and immigration, and the maximum was between 1950-1955 – which develop in parallel to the socio - econo- 42.2% whereas during the years 1990-2000 mic expansion of the country, bring with them this figure is 0.142%. In 1927 Aydın city po- many social problems. These problems have an

34 Aydın city, which is the center of administration for 17 provinces, has 59 municipalities, 48 villages and 262 districts. The provinces of Aydın are; Bozdoğan, Buharkent, Çine, Didim, Germencik, İncirliova, Karacasu, Karpuzlu, Koçarlı, Köşk, Kuşadası, Kuyucak, Nazilli, Söke, Sultanhisar and Yenipazar. impact on all sections of the community. nager. The most notorious Efes in the For example, population increase through folkloric history of Aydın are namely; Yö- migration turns cities into villages and is rük Ali Efe, Demirci Mehmet Efe, Kil- the basic factor in the development of un- lioğlu Hüseyin Efe, Kozalakçı Mehmet healthy residential areas. Unemployment Efe, Mesutlulu Mestan Efe, Sökeli Ali increases and services supplied are insuf- Efe, Danişmentli İsmail Efe, Zurnacı Ali ficient. This in turn brings an increase Efe, Sancaktar Ali Efe, Tekeli İsmail Efe, in crimes and harmful addictions. This Orhaniyeli Kara Durmuş Efe, and Giritli trend is also noticeable in our city due to Cafer Efe. population increase and immigration. In Although its folklore reflects the tra- 1927, 19.5% of the population lived in ditions of Aydın, giving it a special shape, the city. This figure continuously increa- the economic conditions of the city and sed as of 1935, reaching 51.9% in 2000; its interrelations with the other cities aro- bringing city population to 950.757 as und due to the transportation facilities of mentioned above. the city caused the integration of the cha- While until 2000, total village popula- racteristics of other cities in the folklore tion was higher than the city population; of Aydın. For example, properties specific this turned out to be vice-versa in 2000. to Muğla and Denizli cities are mingled 493,114 persons (52% of the city popula- with the folklore of Aydın. Examples of tion) live in the city, while 457,643 per- these are the folk dances named Harman- sons (48%) live in the villages at Aydın. dalı, Tavas Zeybeği, Somalı Zeybeği, and (Table) Population increase rate is 14.2 Bengi Zeybeği. per thousand and population intensity is As of May 2007, 103,874 persons 121 persons per square kilometer. entered /exited the Kuşadası Border Cus- According to the results of General toms Port. At the same period, 149 pas- Census 2000, economically active popu- rease rate of the workforce population was senger ships (cruise ships) and 200 motor lation (workforce) of the city is 476,239 realized as 19.6 per thousand. boats entered the port. There are 190 persons. 449,981 (economically working) There are 17 Public Libraries in our active travel agencies in our city, and 5 persons are under employment. 26,252 city. yacht operators. According to the nati- persons are unemployed. Unemployment In the city, including the provinces, onality of the tourists entering the city, rate is 5.5%. 28% of the active population 48 local newspapers are published; five American citizens are at the top of the is working in the agricultural sector, 8% local and regional list, followed by French, British, Belgian in state services, 9% in production sector, TV networks are in broadcast. There and Dutch citizens. In the city in general, 30% in wholesale and retail trade, 12% are 6 movie theaters and 83 printing ho- 70,578 hotel bed capacity with touristic in construction sector and the remaining uses in Aydın. operation certification is available. Tou- 13% in various other jobs. Our folkloric roots are the source of rism potential covers sea, thermal, youth, The population in Aydın city, of those an endless culture, education and science. culture, art and eco tourism. at the age of 12 and above, which is con- The folklore displays the most beautiful sidered as the working age, has increased and the most elegant. This area is named at a higher rate than the total population after its folklore, its “Efe” which is the ECONOMİC STATUS national prime character of the lands of increase. During 1980-2000, yearly inc- Agriculture (Vegetation) rease rate of the population at age 12 and Aydın. Aydın is the “Land of Efes”. Efe Our city has a very important agri- above was 22.2 per thousand; yearly inc- is the head of the Zeybeks and their ma- cultural potential. The city extends over

35 the fertile soil of the plains and 4% share. Remaining land Contribution of our city to watered by the Büyük Men- of 82,468 hectares is used for the agricultural production of ‘09 AYDIN deres River. Its surface area is various purposes. our country is around 3.5%. 831,900 hectares with water Aydın is suitable for poly- Within the agricultural sec- and soil resources. Richness of cultural agriculture with its tor, plant production, animal these resources coupled with soil quality, climate, topograp- breeding, and fishing are im- the Mediterranean climate ma- hic structure and ecologic pro- portant sub-sectors. Most im- kes it possible to realize all va- perties. 48% of the population portant crops are cotton, figs, rieties of agriculture. Agricul- (959,757) is villagers. Some olives, chestnuts and citrus tural production is carried on part of the population living fruit. The city has launched over 395,494 hectares of land, forward steps recently also in Agricultural produc- comprising 47.50% of the animal breeding. tion is carried on city land. 298,000 hectares of the remaining land is forests, Cotton over 395,494 hec- 47,666 hectares are meadows, With its cotton production, tares of land, com- 14,271 hectares are lakes and Aydın stands next to the area swamps and the remaining constituted by the cities for- prising 47.50% of the 76,669 hectares are land not ming together the South Ana- city land. 298,000 suitable for agriculture. More tolian Project (GAP). In 2006 than 173,173 hectares of land cotton production in Aydın hectares of the re- consisting 68% of the 252,486 was realized as 235,767 tons. maining land is for- hectares of land is arable and This figure makes cotton the plants which need irrigation top value adding crop. Des- ests, 47,666 hec- are grown. Small and medium pite this fact, thread, textile, tares are meadows, size plantations are active in oil and animal food industries production of the agricultural have not sufficiently developed 14,271 hectares are produces. in the city causing low cont- lakes and swamps All branches of agriculture ribution to the city economy. are live in Aydın, along with Unthreaded cotton leaves the and the remaining industrial products, arable fi- city but comes back as pulp, oil eld plants, vineyard and gar- and animal food. Investments 76,669 hectares are den plants are grown. The to be planned and realized in land not suitable for most value adding produces of these sectors will contribute the city are cotton, olives, figs, to the development of animal agriculture. and chestnuts. Considering the breeding and will increase country production, our city is employment potential for the at the top of the list for its oli- workforce. ve, fig and chestnut production and stands in the second posi- in the city is also involved in Figs tion following Şanlıurfa with agriculture. Therefore we can Turkey is one of the most its cotton production. Within easily state that 55% of the important fresh fig producers the 395,494 hectares owned population makes their living of the world. This position by the city, olive farms and from agriculture. Weight of ag- makes Turkey a leader country fruit gardens have a 50% share riculture constituting the ba- in the production and exporta- with 199.533 hectares and is sis of the economic life is also tion of dried figs. Our country followed by industrial plants reflected onto the industry and accomplishes more than half of by 109,361 hectares and 28% commerce sectors of the city. the world production of fresh share, grains by 41,032 hecta- 90% of the industrial produc- and dried figs. 65% of the res 10% share and by vegetab- tion facilities are directly or in- figs exported by our country le gardens by 13,100 hectares directly based on agriculture. is grown in Aydın, which,

36 with its production quality and capacity, is the of chestnut production was realized. Required number one city in Turkey. Within the city bor- industry to process chestnuts and produce chest- ders, fig production is realized at 258 residential nut candy is not available in the city. Chestnuts areas. There are 6.4 million fig trees in Aydın. produced in Aydın are processed into chestnut A yearly average of 140,000 – 170,000 tons of candy at Bursa. Establishment of such processing fresh figs is cropped from these trees, and 90% of industry in our city will make chestnut growing this production is processed as dried figs. Boxed very profitable. Aydın figs are world famous. Aydın is also the number one city in the production and export of Animal Breeding dried figs. Yearly dried figs production is round Important economical functions are loaded on 45,000 tons and the export of dried figs is around animal-breeding sector which is an important and 20,000 tons per year. In 2005, 19,108 tons and integrated part of the rural economic structure in 2006, 205,399 tons of fresh figs were produ- playing a major role in the development of the co- ced. Fig growing for commercial purposes is car- untry as well as of the region and the area. These ried out on both slopes of the Aydın mountains functions may be listed as providing raw-material and moorlands. Ecologic conditions of this area, for the industrial sector, decreasing the migrati- especially the temperature, humidity and winds on from the rural areas and creating employment during the ripening period of the figs, positively possibilities for the locals both in the sector itself affect the quality of the figs grown. and in other related industrial sectors. In Aydın, 85% of the household population involved in agricultural operations runs agricul- Olives Second most important produce of the city tural production and animal-breeding together. is olives. Olives and olive oil constitute a bread Only 15% of such household population is spe- earning source for thousands of people. Olives cialized solely in animal breeding. Improving the and olive oil are the indispensable elements of specialization level in animal breeding and incre- the Mediterranean kitchen and human health. asing the number of livestock are considered and Aydın owns 20,977,170 live trees, which is 23% exist as an important potential in order to achieve of the number of olive trees in Turkey. In 2006, economic development. Share of animal breeding, 575,858 tons of olives were produced. As is well which increased to the 24% of total agricultural known, olive production has a periodicity. Ac- production; is constituted by 271,231 cattle and cordingly, in 2005 only 104,965 tons of olive 191,743 sheep and goats as of 2006. As the milk production was realized. It is intended that the production and sales are not registered and the traditional cropping methods be mechanized to number of milking animals is not known, it is not ensure a good produce each year. To attain this possible to quantify milk production. objective, it is necessary to grow olive trees with a format fit for mechanical production and supply INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE such machinery to the farmers at low costs. Furt- Aydın, with its transportation advantages hermore, in order to maintain a continuous and arising of its geographical location, its proximity stable production, maintenance, pruning and pre- to raw material resources, organized industrial ventive insecticide applications are carried out zones, young and qualified population, is a deve- over a land of 153,479 hectares on which olive loping city in touristic, agricultural and service trees are grown. sectors, as well as in industry.

Chestnuts Commercial and Industrial Despite the advantageous ecological conditi- Organizations in the City ons prevalent in the city, chestnut production is There are 1,131 ea Housing Construction Co- extensively realized on the mountainous areas, on operatives as foreseen by Law No. 1163 – the Law plains specifically to the northern slopes of the of Cooperatives, 46 ea Agricultural Sales Coopera- city. Aydın is the number one city in Turkey with tives reaching a total of 1650 with other active or its chestnut production. In 2006, 19,850 tons under liquidation cooperatives in our city. There

37 OIZ, Çine OIZ, Nazilli OIZ and Bu- harkent OIZ. All Organized Industri- al Zones have their own management and administration units. In 2006, the number of operating facilities in Aydın ‘09 AYDIN and ASTİM Organized Industrial Zo- nes increased to 134 and the number of employees approximately to 5,750.

1. Aydın I (Umurlu) Organized Industrial Zone Aydın I is the first Organized In- dustrial Zone of the city and is situated on a land of 1,107 decares. Infrastruc- ture works were completed in 1996. There are 62 industrial parcels in the zone all which are already allocated. On 44 of those parcels industrial facilities are operational in the sectors of food products, textiles, furniture, agricultu- ral equipment, chemistry, packaging, tire-rim, marble, plastics and confec- tionary. 12 other facilities are under construction. Project works are ongo- ing in three factories and the number of workforce under employment is 1950. First level waste treatment facility with a 1500 cubic meter/day capacity of the zone was completed in 2006 and was realized by its own means. are five Chambers of Commerce, regis- tered by the Law No.5590 on Cham- bers and Stock Markets, with 14,756 2. Aydın II (ASTİM) Organized Industrial Zone registered members, one Chamber of This zone is situated on a land of Industry with 512 active members, 530 hectares and will be extended to three commercial Stock Markets with cover 750 hectares. A request is pen- 561 members, and 89 Chambers of ding to convert this zone into an In- Tradesmen and Artisans with 40,000 dustrial Zone. members. There are 18 public indust- At the present 90 mid-size facili- rial sectors with 5433 work places and ties are operational, producing marble 10,025 employees. tiles, cement mix, furniture, soap and detergent raw materials, textiles, texti- Organized Industrial Zones le machinery, hydraulic machinery, oli- (OIZ) ve oil presses, plastic window and door There are two active Industri- frames, cotton-seed oil, bricks, automo- al Zones in the city, namely Aydın I tive bodywork, hot oil and central hea- (Umurlu Organized Industrial Zone) ting boilers, and electrical machinery. and Aydın II (ASTİM) Organized In- There are factories under construction dustrial Zone. Furthermore, five more and project works are ongoing for 10 organized industrial zone construction other facilities. Total number of par- projects are on-going which are Söke cels is 132 and the number of emplo- Organized Industrial Zone, Ortaklar yees is 3800.

38 3. Söke Organized Industrial 6. Nazilli Organized Zone Industrial Zone Geological and geotechnical and situ- A land of 1300 decares (1,300,000 ational plans have been completed for the sq.meters) on which Nazilli OIZ will be Söke OIZ, established in 1996 on a land established has been purchased on the ba- of 1850 decares and located to the south of sis of sale by will and registered under the Söke Cement Factory. 89 industrial parcels Organized Industrial Zone legal entity. Ho- were set up. Revised plans were completed wever, for the two remaining real assets of during the second half of 2004 and applica- 70 decares of the remaining 3% of the selec- tion was filed with the request of inclusion ted land, a court-case has been initiated in in the 2005 Investment Program. Aydın Area Administration Court with the All is now clear and the area is ready for request to stop the action. No final court investments. Söke OIZ is a model establish- decision has yet been released. All infrast- ment protecting fertile agricultural lands, ructure work is ongoing including changing creating planned and systematic industries, the routes of State Water Works irrigation supporting the development of agriculture ducts and the purchase of a land of 45 deca- and industry; providing employment oppor- res belonging to the State Water Works. tunities for 12-15 thousand people. 7. Buharkent Organized 4. Ortaklar Organized Industrial Zone Industial Zone Land selection was completed on 24 Oc- Expropriation actions are on-going for tober 2000. 950 hectares of land selected this OIZ, established in 1997 on a land of is located at Taşbuzağıkırı. The founders 1680 decares at Karakovan location close of this OIZ are City Private Administra- to the Ortaklar Teacher Training School. tion and a Cooperative established for this Applications by the industrialists for land purpose. All relevant permits are received, allotment are being accepted. 75% (1150 documentation is completed and situational decares) of the allocated area belongs to the plans are sent to the Ministry for approval. State Treasury. Infrastructure works were initiated as of June 2006. Purchase of the 80% of the Sta- OTHER INCOME te Treasury parcels are ongoing while exp- RESOURCES Although the global energy resources ropriation decision for the remaining 20% are limited, the need for energy increases of the land belonging to private persons continuously in parallel to industrialization is given by the Ministry of Industry and and population increase. Accordingly, alter- Trade. Following the application made on native energy resources are under study for 06 April 2004 to BOTAŞ, General Mana- utilization in sectors of tourism, agriculture gement for natural gas line, it is approved and industry. that take-off valve be installed at the entry point to the OIZ. Geological and geotechni- cal land study permit has been granted by Geothermal Energy the Ministry of Industry and Trade. Geothermal energy is Aydın’s most im- portant underground resource. Over many locations, but especially the geothermal 5. Çine Organized Industrial Zone area around Germencik-Ömerbeyli with its Land selection was realized on 04 April 230 degrees Celsius, hot thermal waters 2000. The selected area is 2300 decares on constitute the geothermal area with the the hills of Molla Hasan on the Karpuzlu highest temperatures in Turkey. Further- road. Structural analysis is being carried more, it has the geothermal area with the out by the Ministry teams. highest potential. Geothermal resources

39 ‘09 AYDIN

around Germencik - Alangüllü, Kuşadası - Da- Pheldsphate, potassium, sodium and quartz are vutlar and İmamköy are areas for investment to the raw materials for the production of porcela- serve city heating and cooling. First initiatives in vitrified ceramics. These minerals are extrac- have been taken for the evaluation of these areas ted from the reserves around Çine and make up for the mentioned purposes. The 8.5 megawatt 95% of the total country production. 500,000- capacity Geothermal Electric Power Station lo- 600,000 tons of these minerals are consumed cated at Sultanhisar-Salavatlı is the first priva- within the country while 2,500,000 tons are ex- tely owned power station of Turkey, producing ported to foreign markets, thus contributing to USD 15,450 worth of electricity. Private sector the economy. As the important raw materials of activities are ongoing to establish another geot- cement industry (porcelain clay, limestone and hermal electric power station at the Germencik clay) are also available, this industry has develo- province and power generation is expected to be ped in the city. The kilns of limestone and clay achieved by the end of 2007. operated around some provinces and villages of the city are of a small scale and provide the raw materials basically for the construction materi- Wind Energy Wind energy is one of the other energy re- als production industry. sources which is clean, renewable, cheap, and Spring-water, one of the underground assets environment friendly. Measurements taken at of the city, is bottled and presented to the con- Söke and Didim provinces indicated that the sumers. Operation of these springs should be wind speed is suitable for wind-energy producti- modernized to increase their contribution to the on applications. economy and employment possibilities.

Natural Gas TRANSPORTATION AND Within the framework of the Natural Gas INFRASTRUCTURE Study Project carried out between 1999 and Geographically, Aydın has railroad, sea and 2000, in order to expand the distribution of na- air transportation possibilities. However, the tural gas over the whole country, Aydın is situ- road transportation plays the major role in pas- ated on the south transfer line (Konya-Isparta- senger and commercial freight transportation. Denizli-Aydın-İzmir) and plans are made to There is a total of 760 km.s of roads in the city. supply natural gas to Aydın through the Konya- Of those roads, 73 km.s are part of the İzmir- İzmir natural gas transfer line. Aydın section of Aydın motor-way; 309 are state roads and 378 the natural gas transfer line has been completed are city roads. A railway network of 135 km.s and inner-city distribution line bidding is under (constructed in 1866 between Aydın and İzmir) planning. exists within city borders. Railway network is composed of two lines. First line is Buharkent- Other Mines and Mineral Assets Ortaklar line of 112 km.s. The second line is Most important assets are lignite (brown Ortaklar-Söke railroad of 23 km.s. Daily pas- coal) and carborandum. Others are marble, iron, senger and freight transportation is realized on pheldphate, quartz, sulphur, and tile kilns. both lines.

40 Kuşadası Sea Port is one of the Dilek Peninsula and sics of Agricultural Policies of EU”, important border ports of the co- “Possible Impacts of Full Members- Büyük Menderes Basin untry; during the summer season National Park: Total surface area hip on Turkish Agriculture”; Prof. thousands of tourists transported by of this section is 27,675 hectares. Esin Taylan lectured on “EU Policies passenger ships or yachts enter and 804 plant varieties (six of them are on Competition Law”, “Customs Uni- exit the country via this port. Kuşa- endemic), 28 varieties of mammals, on and Rules of Competition”, “Pur- dası seaport has a capacity of 2,400 27 varieties of reptiles, 225 varieties pose, Structure, Counterparts and ships per year. of birds exist in the National Park. Application of the Law on Protection Aydın - Çıldır airport, opened in During the first five months of 2007, of Competition”, and “Designation of 1993, is suitable for landing and take National Park received 1500 local Exception and Governing Situation”. - off for small size airplanes. and foreign day-time visitors. Asst. Prof. Dr. Berna Kırkulaç lec- Bafa Lake within the Aydın-Muğla tured on “EU Policies on KOBİ and Competition”, “Input Costs”, “Lo- HEALTH SERVICES city border was declared a national park in 1994. This park has a surface ans”, “China Factor”, “Measures aga- In the city, there are: inst Parity Risks”, “Benefiting EU 14 hospitals (10 state hospitals, 3 area of 12,181 hectares. Tavşanburnu Recreation Area Loans”, “E-Trade” and “Competition private hospitals, 1 Faculty of Medi- Strategies”. cine Training, Research and Applica- (Type A) is established on an area of tion Hospital) 18.6 hectares. It is situated at 6km.s to Didim. It has a capacity of 2500 1 dental center EU Impact Analysis on 1 cancer diagnosis and treatment visitors per day and 250 camping center tends per day. Sector Basis Kuşadası Recreation Area (Type The wide interest shown in the 2 hemoglobinopathy centers EGEV initiated, Philip Morris /Sa- 4 mother and child health and B) situated on a hill overseeing the city center is special with its vegeta- bancı sponsored EU training prog- family planning centers rams for the “Aegean Thought Lea- 5 tuberculosis out-patient centers tion and view. It was established in 2002. ders” brought in new projects. Strong 100 health homes support received in all member cities 139 village health centers from related parties, called in de- Aegean Leaders of Thought 4 public health laboratories Seminars on the European Union mands for further studies on the ideas were conducted for EGEV member and suggestions put forward during ENVIRONMENT cities. Meetings held under the title the seminars to inquire into new so- Surface area of Aydın city is of “Training on European Union for lutions. 815,220 hectares. 37% of this area is the Aegean Leaders of Thought” were We were motivated to expand and covered with forests, groves and other sponsored by Philip Morris/Sabancı. continue these social responsibility irregular groves, and 129,917 hecta- Training sessions conducted during projects. New training program to res are swamps. Aydın Forest Plan- March 29-30, 2006 were attended by study the impact of competition on tation established on an area of 66 176 persons. EU accession on different sectors “EU decares grows the plants utilized in On the first day, Prof. Dr. Haluk Impact Analysis on Sector Basis” was afforestation and erosion prevention. Günuğur lectured on “Road to Integ- prepared to include subjects such as 85 private afforestation permits have ration with Europe”, “Expansion of KOBİ, Competition, Logistics, Agri- been granted to real and legal entities EU”, “Corporate Structure of EU”, culture and Animal Breeding, Tou- for afforestation of a land of 18,000 “European Constitution”, and “Tur- rism, Standards and Innovation. This decares. kish - EU Relations”. On the second training was held on March 12, 2008 There are 339 forest villages in day, Prof. Dr. Canan Balkır lectured in Aydın. Prof. Dr. Yaşar Uysal lectu- our city. 101 of them are within the on “EU Trade Policy”, “Common red on “Present Situation of the Tur- forests and 238 are next to the forests. Customs Tariff”, “Protective Measu- kish Agriculture during the Integra- 43,769 persons live in the 101 villa- res”, and “Applications on Sector Ba- tion Period”; Sümer Tömek Bayındır ges in the forests and 134,140 per- sis” and Prof. Dr. İge Pınar on “EU on “Modern Animal Breeding Farms sons in the 238 villages neighboring Tourism Policies”, and “Rules for and Competition with EU”; and Dr. the forests. The total inhabitants of Turkey to Comply”. Asst. Prof. Yaşar Fatma Tunç Köprülü on “Competiti- these villages are 177,909. Uysal lectured on “Structure and Ba- on with EU”.

41 AEGEAN FOUNDATION FOR

‘09 AYDIN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT STUDIES FOR THE CITY OF AYDIN

AEGEAN REGION DEVELOPMENT PROJECT 2000 – 2005 Aydın Meeting for Strategic Goals 14/15 Dec. 2002 40 participants Aydın Meeting for Setting Priorities 30 March 2003 35 participants Regional Dialogue Conference - Afyonkarahisar 4/6 July 2003 84 participants from member cities Agriculture and Stockbreeding Sector Meeting – Aydın 2/3 April 2005 57 participants from member cities Tourism Sector Meeting – Marmaris 16/17 April 2005 54 participants from member cities Geothermal Sector Meeting – Kuşadası 14/15 May 2005 29 participants from member cities Mining Sector Meeting – Kuşadası 14/15 May 2005 30 participants from member cities

AEGEAN OPINION LEADERS 2006 European Union Briefing Seminar 29/30 March 2006 176 participants received certificates

AEGEAN OPINION LEADERS 2008 Agriculture and Stockbreeding EU Conformity Seminar 12 March2008 100 participants received certificates Agriculture and Stockbreeding Round-Table Meeting 20 November 2008 36 participants

toms Tariffs, Protection Precautions, Prof. Dr. AEGEAN OPINION LEADERS 2006 Within the framework of the programs - İge PIRNAR: EU’s Tourism Policies, The Rules red by EGEV for its member cities, seminars were Turkey Must Follow; Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yaşar UY- held on the EU, for which we stand as a member SAL: EU’s Agriculture Policies, The Possible Ef- candidate. Meetings organized under the title of fects of Full Membership on Turkish Agriculture; “Aegean Opinion Leaders EU Training Program” Assist. Prof. Dr. Esin TAYLAN: EU’s Policy on have been realized by the support of Philip Morris/ the Law of Competition, Rules for Customs Uni- Sabancı and the collaboration of ESİAD. Within on and Competition, The Aim, Structure, Add- this context, 176 persons participated in the two ressees and Applications of the Law concerning day training realized during 29-30 March 2006. the Preservation of Competition; Assist. Prof. Dr. The first day sessions included lectures by Prof. Berna KIRKULAK: EU Policies on SME’s and Dr. Haluk Günuğur on “On the Way to Integra- Competition, Input Costs, Credits, The China tion with the EU”, “Extension of the EU”, “Cor- Factor, Protection from the Currency Risk, Bene- porate Structure of the EU”, “European Consti- fiting from EU Funds, E-Trade and Strategies. tution”, and “Relations between Turkey and the EU”. During the training held on the second day, the issues on which the lecturers enlightened the AEGEAN OPINION participants were as follows: Prof. Dr. Canan LEADERS 2008 BALKIR: Trade Policy of the EU, Common Cus- The Aegean Opinion Leaders European Uni-

42 on Training Program, started by Phi- and stockbreeding, agriculture in the lip Morris/Sabancı as a social respon- EU and Turkish economies, general PROFILES OF AYDIN sibility project within the framework comparison of agriculture in Turkey PARTICIPATORS of the activities prepared by EGEV and in the EU, EU and Turkey’s and held in its member cities, recei- arrangements on stockbreeding. In ved enormous interest. The strong the same section, Sumer TÖMEK of PIE CHART BY SECTOR support provided by the local foci, TE-TA Agriculture, representing the with which we are in contact in every sector, delivered a speech in which he city of the Aegean, the new ideas and underlined that stockbreeding and the 1 9 suggestions put forth during the semi- relevant agricultural industy will be 20 3 nars, and the request for research on one of the major and most important Public new solutions for the problems of the sectors of the future. The last sessi- Local Authority region’s cities have motivated us into on of the day ended with the presen- Non-Governmental Society sustaining these social responsibility tation of Dr. Fatma Tunç Köprülü, Private Sector projects in an expanded fashion. On of Turkish Standards Institute, on Media 12 March 2008, in the first section of “Standards & CE Sign”. Within the the training held in AYDIN with the context of this topic, she elaborated collaboration of ESİAD, Prof. Dr. Ca- on standards and standardization. 67 nan BALKIR delivered her lecture on On 20 November 2008, a round The Short History of Turkey & EU table meeting was organized with the Relations, The Process of Becoming participation of 36 responsible repre- an EU Member, Negotiations, Factors sentatives from the City Agriculture Differentiating Turkey from other and Stockbreeding sector and Assis- PIE CHART BY AGE member candidate countries, Impacts tant Governor Mr. Mehmet ÖKSÜZ, of Customs Union. The questions re- as well as Mr. Mehmet ERDEM, 7 12 garding the barriers and the drawback Member of Parliament representing put in front of Turkey during the pro- Aydın. As a precipitate of common 16 cess of EU membership were answered opinion, it was stated that incentive Age 20’ s by Prof. Dr. BALKIR by examples ex- loans were not utilized efficiently, and 14 Age 30’ s Age 40’ s perienced by other member candidate that the farmers have to act in a more Age 50’ s countries. planned manner within the financial Age 60’ s and up During the afternoon section, structuring. It was also requested Prof. Dr. Yaşar UYSAL summarized that supply and demand phenomenon shortly the importance of agriculture be balanced. 33

43 Turks reached Balıkesir area after the war of Malazgirt in 1071. BALIKESIR ‘09 BALIKESIR Sanjak of Karesi joined the Ottoman Union in 1336. In 1841, Balıkesir turned to be a Sanjak of the Hüdavendigar City...

BalıkesirBalıkesir Center 44 Balıkesir was among the cities which first took action against the enemy and initiated the community group named “Rejecting Annexation” (Reddi İlhak Cemiyeti).

Ayvalık - Cunda umans have settled over the lands of Balıkesir ever since the oldest ages of history. Balıkesir owns natural and climatic conditions which highly support human surviv- al. Before the Turks arrived, Bytins, Mys, Phyrigians, Persians,H Empire of , Selevkus and the Empire of reigned over this land. Upon the fall of the Empire of - mon, Balıkesir and its environs remained within the lands of Eastern Rome (Byzantine). As of the VIIth century, Arab and Islam armed forces who attempted to seize İstanbul took this city under siege from time to time. area was invaded by the Persians in 334 B.C. and afterwards was included in the lands of Alexander the Great. Turks reached Balıkesir area after the war of Malazgirt in 1071. Sanjak of Karesi joined the Ottoman Union in 1336. In 1841, Balıkesir turned to be a Sanjak of the Hüdavendigar City. During 1881-1888, Karesi City was founded and on 28 June 1909, Karesi Sanjak became an inde- pendent law owner. In 1923 it became a city and in 1926 was named “Balıkesir”. Balıkesir was among the cities which first took action against the enemy and initiated the community group named “Rejecting Annexa- tion” (Reddi İlhak Cemiyeti). On 18 May 1919, a group of 41 people coming together at Alaca Mosque, realized the “Congress of Balıkesir” and in line with the Declaration of Atatürk, stating “With strong determination and devotedness, the people of this nation, will redeem their freedom,” started the “National Struggle Movement”. Balıkesir was occupied on 30 June 1922 and was relieved of this Greek occupation on 6 Septem- ber 1922. Atatürk visited the city seven times, including his first visit on 6 February 1923.

GEOGRAPHIC STRUCTURE Balikesir is situated at the southern part of the and its land extends over both Marmara and northern Aegean regions. It is

Altınoluk

45 BALIKESIR ‘09 BALIKESIR

surrounded by Bursa and Kütahya at the east; Marmara Sea is 175.25 km. and at the coast İzmir and Manisa at the south; the Aegean Sea of the Aegean Sea is 115.5 km. Total coastal and Çanakkale at the west and by the Marmara strip of the city is 290.75 km. The city owns Sea at the north. Excluding the lakes, its sur- a total of 28 islands, seven of which are in the The effect of the face area is 14,992 square kilometers. It stands Aegean Sea and 21 are in the Marmara Sea. Mediterranean cli- at a height of 139 meters above the sea-level. It The inhabited islands are Alibey (Cunda), holds the 12th place among 81 cities of Turkey Marmara, Avşa, Ekinlik, Paşa Limanı, Koyun mate is observed at as far as its surface area is considered. and Zeytinli islands. the Aegean Coast It is located between 390.06’ and 400.49’ northern latitudes and between 260.30’ and and that of the 280.58’ eastern meridians. 47% (675,010 DEMOGRAPHIC PROPERTIES, hectares) of the city land are covered by for- SOCIAL & CULTURAL STRUCTURE ests and shrubs; 35% (513,946 hectares) are climate at the Mar- agricultural land and an area of 210,014 hec- A.Climate and Vegetation tares is composed of meadows and pastures. Balıkesir is situated in a transitory posi- mara Sea coastal The eastern and southern areas of the city are tion between the Mediterranean and the Black areas. rugged terrain. Akdağ Hill (Dursunbey) with Sea Region climatic conditions. The effect of its height of 2089 m. is the highest level from the Mediterranean climate is observed at the the sea. Alaçam mountains are 1652 m. high; Aegean Coast and that of the Black Sea Region are 1,338 m. high; Çataldağ climate at the Marmara Sea coastal areas. Av- is 1,226 m. high and the Kazdağları are 1,767 erage yearly rainfall is 620 mm. As we move m. high. Sındırgı, Bigadiç, Balıkesir, Manyas, towards the inner parts, it is seen that land Gönen and Edremit plains lie over 10-220 m. climate is in effect. High pressure air systems, above sea-level. Usurluk (Simav) river, Kocaçay which affect the area from time to time, pre- and Gönen rivers discharge to the Marmara Sea vent the formation of rainfall and causes pol- and the river discharges to the Aegean lution. sea. Each year around three million varieties of birds visit the Manyas Lake Area which was B. Population declared as “Aquatic Birds Protection and Re- According to the Census Data of year 2000, production Area”. On 30 December 1993, it the population of Balıkesir is 1,076,347. 50% was included in the Ramser Agreement. of this population (542,681) is composed The length of the coast of Balıkesir at the of males and 49.6% (533,666) of females.

46 577,595 people live in the city and 498,752 leges, vocational colleges and institutes active in people live in the rural area. In the city, overall the city are as follows: population density increases to 198 persons at - Necatibey Training Faculty, Faculty of Fine the city center. Rate of the population increase Arts, Faculty of Administrative and Commercial in Balıkesir is 9.96 per thousand, while this fig- Sciences, Balıkesir College of Health, College ure is 20.87 at the city and -1.35 per thousand of Tourism Operation and Hotel Management, at the rural areas. College of Physical Training and Sports It is noticed that urbanization rate as well as -Ayvalık, Balıkesir, Bandırma, Bigadiç, Bur- annual population increase rate of Balıkesir are haniye, Dursunbey, Edremit, Erdek, Gönen, lower than the average rates of Turkey. Similar- Havran, Savaştepe, Sındırgı, Susurluk and ly, population density of the city is again lower Altınoluk vocational colleges; Institutes of Sci- than the rates of the Aegean Region and Turkey ence, Social Sciences, Geothermal Institute in average. Gönen and Olive Growing Institute in Edremit. According to the year 2000 Census Data, im- migration rate of Balıkesir city is 4.85%. With D. Health Services this rate, Balıkesir stands at the 6th position There are 23 state owned and three private among the cities of the Aegean Region. With the hospitals. There are also three health centers. A population of 1,118,813 it stands as the 17th in total of 460 medical specialists, 82 dentists, 514 line among 81 cities of the country. Population general practitioners, 1,423 nurses, and 1,238 density is 78. 58% of the population lives in the mid-wives serve the community. The general city and 42% in the provinces and the villages. average of patients per medical doctor is 1,200 patients. The total number of hospital beds in C. Education the city is 3,457 and the number of patients per Education is of high importance when we hospital bed is 361. consider bringing-up qualified employees. Data about schools, students, and teachers in Balıkesir E. Cultural Structure are presented below. There are many historic, ecologic and natural The number of students per teacher at pre- points of attraction within the city boundaries. school education in Balıkesir is equal to the aver- Among these are the Birds’ Paradise Natural age of the Aegean Region but is lower than the Park, beaches on the coasts of Erdek, Bandırma, average of Turkey. The number of students per Edremit Bay and Ayvalık, Şeytan Sofrası (The teacher in Balıkesir at elementary-intermediary, Devil’s Table), Marmara Island, Alibey Island vocational and technical high-school education is (Cunda), Erdek and Gönen open air museums, lower than both the Aegean and Turkey-wide av- archeological remains of Kyzika, Yıldırım (old) erages. Schooling percentage in Balıkesir both in Mosque in Balikesir, Zağanospaşa Educational pre-school, elementary and intermediary school Complex, Church with Clock in Ayvalık, Ali stages is above the country averages. Bey (Çınarlı) Mosque, the thermal springs of Balıkesir University was established on 11 Gönen, Pamukçu-Bengi, Balya mountain, Hisar, July 1992 and started its academic activity as of Hisarköy, Karaağaç, Kepekler; and Dutluca Vil- 1 January 1993 as a legal entity. Faculties, col- lage potable thermal waters.

47 BALIKESIR ‘09 BALIKESIR

The registered cultural real-estate assets Kaz Dağları, Kapı Dağı, Alçam Dağları, and and natural assets of Balıkesir are the follow- Madra Dağı are evaluated and accepted as ing: Museum of National Forces which was natural miracles. Kaz Dağı and its environs utilized as municipality building until it was are classified as the second oxygen depot of the turned into the museum in 1996. It was built in 1840 as the palace of Giridizade Mehmet Paşa; then the State Real-Estate Registrar of the Karesi Sanjak but was destroyed by a fire later on. Halit Paşa, the grand-son of Meh- met Paşa, built a new palace in its place bear- ing his name. Important services were given in this building during the War of Independ- ence. Following the occupation of İzmir on 15 May 1919, people of Balıkesir came to- gether in this building on 16 May 1919 and decided to participate in the armed struggle and launched the United National Front movement there and then. For long years, it was used as the IInd Army Corps Base and as Base of the General Ali Hikmet Paşa, as well as the office of the İzmir Northern Front Team. Atatürk, during his visit to the city on 6 February 1923, stayed in this building at the section which was allocated as “Reading Home” in 1913 and which later on (18 May 1998) was transformed into “Library of Na- tional Struggle History”. Archeological findings of the area and lo- cal ethnic art pieces are also on display at this museum.

world. National Park of Manyas Lake Birds’ F. Tourism Balıkesir has a very rich legacy of history Paradise is an important center of “A Class”. and culture. Coupled with its location and na- Thermal water springs which facilitate and ture, the city is an important touristic center. serve alternative tourism are located at Pa- Balıkesir is privileged to be the city within mukçu (center city), Güre, Bostancı (at Edre- the borders of which planned tourism was mit), Gönen, Manyas, Sındırgı, and Bigadiç initiated at Erdek and Akçay. The islands of provices. Tourism is one of the major re- Marmara, Avşa, Ekinlik, Paşalimanı in the sources of our city. As of the end of December Marmara Sea and the 22 other islands of vari- 2007, 57,137 foreign tourists visited the city. ous sizes situated in the Aegean Sea belong to 286,431 local tourists checked-in at touristic Balıkesir. The mountains of Balıkesir, namely facilities. In the city there are 86 facilities cer-

48 tified for touristic operation, 12 facilities cer- duced annually. 80% of the marble resources tified for touristic investments, 520 facilities of the country are in Balıkesir. Lignite coal certified by the municipality and 32 facili- is the most important energy raw material of ties of public sector camping. There is a total the city. Pamukçu, Gönen, Edremit-Güre, of 46,316 hotel beds in these facilities. 38 Balya-Ilıca, and Bigadiç-Hisarköy are the travel agencies operate in the city. major thermal centers with healthy and high- Furthermore, there are more than radioactivity waters. 125,000 summer houses within the city bor- ders. If we include these also a hotel-bed ca- pacity of 500,000 exists and 2,750,000 local PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE and foreign tourists benefit from this avail- A. Transportation ability. Despite all this, Balıkesir does not A total of 1,221 km. of roads exist in host as many foreign tourists when compared Balıkesir. 642 km. of these are state roads, to areas like Antalya and Cappadocia. Nev- and 570 km. are city roads. 1,204 km. of ertheless, Belıkesir is like a heaver for local these roads are asphalt coated. Total village tourism. Edremit Bay area is the locomotive roads net is 5,086 km. 2,462 km of them are of both internal and external tourism. Im- asphalt coated, 2,262 km are gravel roads, provement work has been initiated by open- 278 km. are leveled roads and 34 km. are ing the airport at the bay area to internation- earthen roads. Edremit Airport, opened in al flights. This will increase the number of 1997, and the Balıkesir Airport, opened in foreign tourists considerably. Construction 1998, make it possible to connect the city of two-way (double lane) roads at the tour- to the world despite the fact that regular in- istic areas of our city is about to be complet- ternal and external flights are not scheduled. ed. There are 13 blue-flagged beaches at the In the summer months however, regular coasts of our city. Improvement activities are internal and external flights are realized at ongoing. Project works are continued to de- the Edremit Airport. Balıkesir is connected velop alternative tourism branches. Study is to Eskişehir, Ankara, Kütahya and İzmir by continued to declare Erdek Kapıdağ Penin- railroad. The number of private cars owned sula and the area encompassing the islands in per 1,000 persons in Balıkesir is shown in the Marmara Sea as “Tourism Areas”. the table below.

B. Communication NATURAL RESOURCES Intercity and international automatic tel- Balıkesir has rich resources of metal Atatürk, during his ephone connection is available to all residen- mines and industrial raw materials. Some tial units within the city boundaries. visit to the city on of the underground mines were exploited for a period and then exploitation was stopped, 6 February 1923, whereas some other mines are still being ex- C. Potable Water stayed in this build- ploited. Iron, lead, zinc, copper, antimony, Potable and utility water availability for mercury, gold, manganese and chromium the number of people and the number of ing at the section are important metal mines of the city. Boron people benefiting from solid waste collection salts, porcelain clay, gypsum, talcum, wöllas- service and the water consumption figures which was allo- tonit, barite, bentonite and marble are im- are given below on a comparative basis. cated as “Reading portant industrial raw materials. Home” in 1913 and The richest reserves of boron are found D. Energy in our city. Boron reserves are one of the Total electrical energy consumption in which later on (18 richest resources not only of our country but the city as of the year 2000 was realized as also of the world. Main reserves are found 1,456,043 mgw/hr and the consumption per May 1998) was trans- around Sultançayırı, Bigadiç and Taşköy. person as 1,353 Kw/hr. The city stands on formed into “Library These mines have been exploited since the the 26th place when electricity consumption 19th century and the mineral is exported. per person is considered. Electrical energy of National Struggle Balıkesir has 625 million tons of boron re- consumption per sector basis is shown be- History”. serves. 650,000 tons of boron salts are pro- low.

49 As shown above, 33% of the electrical energy Haddeciler (Roller Mills) Organized is consumed by industry, 29.5% by homes, and Industrial Zone 15% by commercial enterprises. Electricity con- 97% of the initiators of this zone are roller sumption in houses and in lighting is higher than mill owners and the Collective Workplace Con- the same figures for the region and the country. struction Cooperative formed by them, 1% City The important finding here is that the 32% of Private Administration, 1% Chamber of Indus- BALIKESIR ‘09 BALIKESIR the electricity is consumed in industry; and 18% try and 1% Chamber of Commerce. in agricultural irrigation. Both ratios are lower Infrastructure works of the zone are com- than the regional (51%) and country (47.5%) pleted, and electrical energy is supplied. 38 averages. On the other hand, 15.1% of the elec- members of Collective Workplace Construction trical energy is consumed by the commercial sec- Cooperative for Roller Mills have shares equiva- tor. This ratio is higher than that of the Aegean lent to 61 parcels. 27 parcels are allocated to Meat production Region and the country ratios. Under the light 11 members. The price of the parcel is 18/YTL has a high poten- of these findings, we may state that commerce per square meter to be paid in installments un- plays a major role in the city economy. til the end of 2015.Two facilities in the area tial in the city. Pro- have already started production. Construction activities are ongoing on 20 parcels and project duction of milk E. Organized Industrial Zones There are four Organized Industrial Zones works are continuing for five other parcels. The and dairy products in our city, namely; Balıkesir Organized Indus- Haddeciler (roller millers) Organized Industrial (cheese, yoghurt, trial Zone, Haddeciler OIZ, Gönen Leather OIZ Zone is now opened to the participation of other and Bandırma OIZ. When all these areas become sectors. butter and but- functional with all enterprises, economic activi- ter cream) is quite ties will increase in the city. At the present, there Bandırma Organized Industrial Zone are 15 small-scale industry compounds serving Infrastructure works of the Bandırma OIZ, high. Most of the the city with 1,220 workplaces. extending on a land of 150 hectares, are com- animal asset is milk pleted. There are 74 parcels with a total area of 890 hectares in the zone. 51 parcels are al- Balıkesir Organized Industrial Zone producing cattle. This zone is situated on a land of 450 hec- ready sold. Nine factories out of ten have already At the rural areas tares and comprises 157 parcels; 47 compa- started production. Construction works of other nies have started production activities, and 22 factories are continuing; one completed factory most of the farm- companies are at the stage of construction and is not in operation. ing (71%) is animal project studies. Up to date, 126 industrial par- Electrical energy transfer line and electrical cels were sold to 98 companies. In order to solve supply networks within the zone are completed. breeding. Many the transportation problem of the area, first Distribution license has been obtained. Studies projects are in ap- stage of 4.5 km. two-lane road connecting to are initiated to construct waste water treatment İzmir-Savaştepe road is completed and opened system. Natural gas supply is expected to be plication to devel- to service. For the second stage, expropriation available within 1.5 years. op animal breed- activities were initiated for a road construction to connect the organized industrial zone to the Gönen Leather Organized ing in the city... bay area. 15 km. of the 21 km. roads of the zone Industrial Zone are asphalt coated. Drinking and utility water This zone has a surface area of 220 hectares requirements of the zone are met with water sup- and contains 54 industrial parcels. 28 parcels plied from the İkizcetepeler Dam. Agreements are already allocated. Infrastructure civil works have been completed between the Municipality have been completed. Electrical energy trans- and the State Railroads to construct a freight fer line and electrical supply network within loading-unloading terminal. Projects are also the zone and waste water treatment systems completed. Container loading-unloading termi- were finalized in 2006. Road coating activities nal will be finished and put into service by the were completed in 2007. Water treatment plant end of 2009. First stage natural gas investment projects were sent to the Ministry of Environ- program is completed. At the present 16 compa- ment and Forestry for approval. nies are utilizing natural gas.

50 ive growing/olive oil production, vineyards and TECHNOLOGY, INDUSTRIAL AND fishing, while those living over the inner parts are INTELLECTUAL involved in agriculture, animal breeding, forestry OWNERSHIP and RESEARCH and mining. & DEVELOPMENT In Balıkesir, as the agriculture extends over There is neither a technopark nor a research large areas, the development of agriculture-based and development unit in the city. Balıkesir, unfor- industry is possible. Balıkesir continuously moves tunately, does not possess the required infrastruc- forward in industry and commerce. Flour, animal ture to utilize its educated workforce in areas of feed, olive oil, bagasse and canned vegetable pro- technology development, development of industri- duction facilities are dispersed all over the city. al and intellectual ownership and to present them Furthermore lumber, cement, sugar, leather, to serve the business world. On the other hand, stout leather, brick tiles, machinery and equip- technical training units of Balıkesir University ment manufacturing investments exist in the are developed so as to meet the requirements of city. Agricultural machinery and equipment is the city in research and development. Some of the also manufactured on a large scale. All the above various industrial facilities established in the or- products are supplied to both internal and exter- ganized industrial zones, distributed to the prov- nal markets. inces of the city do have research and development Industrial facilities are homogenous and dis- units but these are not united in a technopark or persed in the provinces on a sector basis. Agricul- under a central research and development unit. tural machinery and equipment, cement, synthet- ic bag, transformer, generator, flour and animal feedstock manufacturing facilities are located at A. Socio-Economic Developmental the bay area; while meat and fertilizer and chemi- Status of the City and the Provinces cal material manufacturing facilities are located in Bandırma; milk and dairy products manufac- of Balıkesir According to the data of the “Study on the turing facilities at Manyas, Gönen, Susurluk and Socio-Economic Developmental Status Listing” center province; leather manufacturing at Gönen; conducted in 2003 by the State Planning Organi- forestry products manufacturing at Dursunbey; zation, Balıkesir stands on the 15th line with an and mining at Bigadıç and Sındırgı. Weaving, index of 0.56540 among 81 cities of the country. electrical home equipment, electrical machine, (Table 13) Table 16 shows the status of the 16 chemistry, forestry products, construction materi- provinces of Balıkesir among a country total of als, raw material, metal industries are rapidly de- 872 provinces. Bandırma, one of the Provinces veloping in the recent years. Industrial sector has of Balıkesir, is number one of the list of city’s 18% share in the Gross National Internal Product provinces. Balya is at the bottom of the list with generated in the city and 8% of the active popula- its lowest developmental status. tion is working in the manufacturing industry. Commodities exported to foreign countries are marble, cement, agricultural machines, trans- B.Industry Large part of the city territory is located to formers, sea food products, vegetable oils, tomato the south of the Marmara Region and it also has paste, fruits, vegetables and synthetic materials. some territory in the Northern Aegean Region. In 2007, exports totaled USD 316 million and Therefore it is a bridge between these two devel- imports totaled USD 298 million. oped regions. Share of the city industrial sector in the Gross C. Agriculture and Animal Breeding National Product is 19.5%; in agricultural sector, Agriculture it is 26.9% and 53.6% in the service sector. 35% (513,966) hectares of Balıkesir city ter- The city is evaluated under three geographical ritory is agricultural land. Main income source divisions, namely the center, bay area and Mar- in Balıkesir is Agriculture and Animal Breeding. mara, when under and above ground resources, 46.34% of the city population lives at the rural roads, stations, industrial status and all economic areas and 56.7% of the working population earn activities are taken into consideration. their living from agriculture and animal breeding Coastal inhabitants are active in tourism, ol- sectors. The city is considered as the important

51 BALIKESIR ‘09 BALIKESIR

grains warehouse of the region with a production ricultural land, drilled irrigation wells) to grow of 812,852 tons, grown over an area of 222,821 other produces with higher yield and profitabil- hectares. Leguminosae, industrial plants, animal ity. 27,450 tons of grapes are produced in our feed plants, olive, citrus fruit and vegetable pro- city and most of this is consumed as fruits. As duction are realized in the city. Tomato growing the tobacco growing farmlands are decreased, the and tomato paste production are important agri- farmers are motivated to establish vineyards in cultural income providers. former tobacco plantations. Olive trees are grown on a land of 81,291 hectares, producing 215,454 tons of olives which Animal Breeding constitute 8% of the total country production. Animal breeding in the city is wide-spread on Olive production is followed by citrus fruits and the pastures which mainly belong to the State peach production. Treasury. However, these pastures rapidly lose Balıkesir occupies an important place when their properties due to the change in the climate the number of cattle it owns is considered com- and agricultural technical up-keeping problems. pared to the neighboring cities. Breeding milk The number of people involved in animal breed- producing animals is highly developed. Average ing (including poultry) operations shows a de- annual milk production per animal is 4 tons. creasing trend. 90% of the animals are specially cultured breeds. Meat production has a high potential in the Sheep and goat breeding is a major activity for city. Production of milk and dairy products earning a living at the mountain areas. Our city (cheese, yoghurt, butter and butter cream) is is at the top of the country list poultry breed- quite high. Most of the animal asset is milk pro- ing and egg production. Provinces of Balıkesir ducing cattle. have a total agricultural land of 513,946 hec- At the rural areas most of the farming (71%) tares, 284,929 of which can be irrigated. 86,146 is animal breeding. Many projects are in applica- hectares of this land is being exploited presently. tion to develop animal breeding in the city. In other words, 31.3% of the farming land is ir- There are 365 active agricultural coopera- rigated. Irrigation of 49,330 hectares (56%) of tives with 93,116 shareholders. These coopera- this land is provided by the state facilities and tives are ruled by the Law No.1163 – Law of 38,816 hectares (44%) is irrigated by the farm- Cooperatives. There are 78 shareholders of the ers. Union of Cooperatives for Animal Breeding in the Balıkesir region. In addition, Union of Coop- eratives for Forestry in the Balıkesir region has Irrigation Projects of the City In most of the farming land of our city, 44 shareholders. Number of members of the Un- grains are grown. Due to the climatic reasons ion of Cooperatives for Sea Food is nine. of the recent years, as well as to the increasing prices of agricultural inputs, yield per unit land Balıkesir City Economic Indexes started to decrease. The farmers are motivated General Evaluation with increased irrigation possibilities (dam and According to the Census Count of 2003, artificial lake construction, starting-up of elec- Balıkesir occupies line 15 among 81 cities with trical irrigation systems for the irrigation of ag- its index of development of 0.56540. The city,

52 with this rating, falls within the second newly (2006) established 524 companies group of developed cities. In terms of cur- according to their economic area of activity, rent 2001 figures, city Gross National In- we observe that: ternal Product is 2,627,937 billion TL. This figure, per capita, is 1,770 million n 193 companies are involved in TL. wholesale and retail trade; Amount allocated for the city from n 80 companies are involved in State Investment Expenditures Budget in manufacturing; 2003 was 179,914,470 million TL. This n 64 companies are involved in figure was realized as 304,790,963 YTL in construction; 2007. n 56 companies are involved in Expenditures per year increased as the real-asset rental; amounts allocated to the city increased. n 50 companies are involved in During 2002-2006, 234 investments transportation, warehousing and with incentives created new employment communication; possibilities for 8,413 persons. As of Oc- n 26 companies are involved in tober 2007, 28 Incentive Certificates were agriculture, forestry; extended to various investments and the n 17 companies are involved in total of such investments is 231,686,726 education; YTL, creating employment opportunities n 15 companies are involved in hotel for 795 persons. and restaurant business; n 7 companies are involved in financial brokerage; Foreign Trade As there is a vast variety of production n 5 companies are involved in health in the city, exports and imports also show and other social services; a wide variety. Basic export goods are boric n 5 companies are involved in mining acid, borax, pentahydrate, borax detahy- and mine furnace operation; drate, bentonite, tincal ore, colemanite ore, n 3 companies are involved in fishing; dough yeast, olives, kaolin, synthetic bags, n 2 companies are involved in tomato paste, various sea food, olive-oil, electricity, natural gas production and sunflower seed oil, generators, newspaper distribution; and 1 company is in- paper and marble.Main imported goods are volved ammonium sulphate, sulphuric acid, sun- in social, community and personal flower seed, doal, pure ammonia, calcium services. phosphate, corn, wicker, haifer, orthophos- phoric acid, soy-beans, powdered milk, G. Financial and Banking Statistics polypropylene, calcium phosphate, fish 15 banks operate with their 96 branches flour, sulphur, oil cake, urea, and various (offices) in Balıkesir. Total bank deposits of machine parts. 2006 were 2,862,126,000 YTL. Per capita Export and import customs formali- bank deposit was 2,660 YTL. Total bank ties of these goods are carried on at İzmir loans were 1,643,005,000 YTL. Per capita Customs. Similarly, provinces close to the bank loan is 1,526 YTL. Bandırma sea-port carry out such formali- ties at the Bandırma Customs. Further- H. Social Security more, some companies ship their products Social Security is an integrated system to intermediary firms in İstanbul and which secures the social and economic needs İzmir. Therefore import and export figures of everybody today and in the future. There of Balıkesir do not fully reflect the real ex- are three social security corporations in our port-import volumes. country and the number of people receiving retirement pay from these corporations and are presently secured by each one of them is Internal Commerce When we analyze the distribution of the presented below.

53 AEGEAN FOUNDATION FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

BALIKESIR ‘09 BALIKESIR STUDIES FOR THE CITY OF BALIKESİR PIE CHART BY SECTOR 4 34 AEGEAN REGION DEVELOPMENT PROJECT 2000 – 2005 32 Balıkesir Meeting for Strategic Goals 2/3 June 2001 39 participants Public Balıkesir Meeting for Setting Priorities 12 April 2003 45 participants. Education Regional Dialogue Conference - Afyonkarahisar 4/6 July 2003 84 participants from member cities 8 Local Authority Agriculture and Stockbreeding Sector Meeting – Aydın 2/3 April 2005 57 participants from member cities Non-Governmental Society Tourism Sector Meeting – Marmaris 16/17 April 2005 54 participants from member cities Geothermal Sector Meeting – Kuşadası 14/15 May 2005 29 participants from member cities Livestock Mining Sector Meeting – Kuşadası 14/15 May 2005 30 participants from member cities 6 Private Sector Media AEGEAN OPINION LEADERS 2006 49 23 European Union Briefing Seminar 21/22 June 2006 115 participants received certificates

AEGEAN OPINION LEADERS 2008 Agriculture and Stockbreeding EU Conformity Seminar 11 June 2008 239 participants received certificates Agriculture and Stockbreeding Round-Table Meeting 7 November 2008 36 participants

on Precautions, Applications by Sector; Prof. Dr. İge AEGEANWithin the OPINION framework LEADERS of the programs 2006 prepared PIRNAR: EU’s Tourism Policies, The Rules Turkey by EGEV for its member cities, seminars were held on Must Follow; Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yaşar UYSAL: EU’s Ag- the European Union, for which we stand as a member riculture Policies, The Possible Effects of Full Mem- candidate. Meetings organized under the title of “Aege- bership on Turkish Agriculture; Assist. Prof. Dr. Esin an Opinion Leaders EU Training Program” have been TAYLAN: EU’s Policy on the Law of Competition, realized by the support of Philip Morris/Sabancı and Rules for Customs Union and Competition, The Aim, the collaboration of ESİAD. Within this context, 115 Structure, Addressees and Applications of the Law con- persons participated in the two day trainings held on cerning the Preservation of Competition, Exemption, 21-22 June 2006. On the first day of the training, Determining the Judge Status; Assist. Prof. Dr. Berna Prof. Dr. Haluk GÜNUĞUR lectured on “On the way KIRKULAK: EU Policies on Small and Medium Scale to Integration with the European Union”, “Extension Establishments and Competition, Input Costs, Credits, of the European Union”, “Institutional Structure of the The China Factor, Protection from the Currency Risk, European Union”, “European Constitution”, and “Re- Benefiting from EU Funds, E-Trade and Competition lations between Turkey and the European Union”. Strategies. During the training held on the second day, the issues on which the lecturers enlightened the partici- AEGEAN OPINION LEADERS 2008 pants were as follows: Prof. Dr. Canan BALKIR: Trade During the half-day seminar held on 11 June 2008 Policy of the EU, Common Customs Tariffs, Protecti- in collaboration with ESİAD, Prof. Dr. UYSAL exp-

54 PROFILES OF BALIKESİR PARTICIPATORS

PIE CHART BY SECTOR

4 34 32

Public Education 8 Local Authority Non-Governmental Society Livestock 6 Private Sector Media PIE CHART BY AGE

49 23 12 17

33

Age 20’ s Age 30’ s Age 40’ s 62 Age 50’ s Age 60’ s and up

64 lained the importance of agriculture sector, delivered a speech in which he participation of 36 responsible repre- and stockbreeding in the economi- underlined that stockbreeding and the sentatives from the City Agriculture es of the countries and displayed a relevant agricultural industy will be and Stockbreeding sector and Assis- status comparison of the sector with one of the major and most important tant Governor Mr. Kadim DOĞAN. Turkey and EU. Prof. Dr. UYSAL sectors of the future, and he shared his In this highly productive meeting, it specifically stated that organic milk experience in the sector with the parti- was stated that the state must take il- and meat production may be a relief cipants. Finally, Mr. Arif GÜRDAL, legal live animal stock entry into the for the agriculture of Turkey. He also owner of the Arif Gürdal Agricultural country and the importation of pow- stated that, to achieve this purpose, Operations, informed the participants dered milk under discipline and that re-structuring actions must be taken about his experiences in organic agri- a national policy at an applicable level in relevant production, marketing and culture. for agriculture must be established. policies. Sumer TÖMEK Bayındır of On 7 November 2008, a round At the end of this meeting, the repeti- TE-TA Agriculture, representing the table meeting was organized with the tion of such meetings was requested.

55 Çanakkale is not only a city of education, culture and history with a past of 5000 years, but also a significant city of tourism encompassing ÇANAKKALE ‘09 magical historical sights where ancient cultural treasures, feeding off of legends, achieve reality, as in the case of Homer’s Iliad.

ÇanakkaleÇanakkale Center 56 1st Troia, which was established in 3000 B.C., was destroyed around 2500 B.C. due to an earthquake. It is known that there were old settlements in this region even before this date. It is believed that the city of Dardanos was founded about 100-150 years before the 1st Troia.

Trojan Horse ffering a different beauty each season, Çanakkale is an ancient, natural, and modern city with its geography cut through by the sea, its fertile lands, and its histori- cal grandeur. Çanakkale is not only a city of education, cultureO and history with a past of 5000 years, but also a significant city of tourism encompassing magical historical sights where ancient cultural treasures, feeding off of legends, achieve reality, as in the case of Homer’s Iliad. Referred to as the “Dardanelles” or “Helles Pontus” in the ancient era, Çanakkale is a beautiful city which has land in the Aegean and Marmara regions and a coastline of 671 km.s, and where history and geography meet elegantly.

HISTORY Known in ancient days as the Dardanelles and Helles Pontus, and a significant settlement since the Bronze Age, Çanakkale is one of the two passageways which provide the connection between Anatolia and Europe and between the Mediterranean and the Black Sea via Çana- kkale Strait. For this reason, it has a considerably rich history. 1st Troia, which was established in 3000 B.C., was destroyed around 2500 B.C. due to an earthquake. It is known that there were old settlements in this region even before this date. It is believed that the city of Dardanos was founded about 100-150 years before the 1st Troia. Around 1200 B.C., with the migration of “sea tribes” from the north, there began a dark age in relation to written history both in the region and in Anatolia. The region went under the sovereignty of Lydia Kingdom, a powerful force in Western Anatolia in 7th century B.C., and with the coming of the Persians in 5th century B.C., the Persian influence began to increase, and in 386 B.C., through the “King Peace” signed between the Persians and the Spartans, absolute

Memorial Monument

57 Persian sovereignty was established in the re- key’s largest island, Bozcaada, and Tavşan Is- gion. Persian domination in Anatolia started lands in the Aegean Sea. The city encompasses to decrease when, in 334 B.C., the Macedonian a 9.933 km/sq. land area, lying between 25° king Alexander the Great defeated the Persian 40’-27°30’ east longitude and 39°27’-40°45’ army near the Biga stream (Granikos). Follow- north latitude. ing his death, Alexander’s commanders em- Most of the city lands are within southern barked upon a power struggle in the region. section of the Marmara region and a smaller

ÇANAKKALE ‘09 Following the rule of Pergamon Kingdom part on the coast of the Edremit Bay remains in and the invasions of Galat, and during efforts the Aegean Region. The farthest western part of Rome to dominate the region, Dictator Sulla of the Anatolian peninsula – Baba Burnu (Cape made it to Gallipoli. The region also gained Baba) and the farthest western point of Turkey significance through its ports in the Roman - Avlaka Burnu (Cape Avlaka) of Gökçeada are Following the rule and Byzantian periods. The earliest known in- included in the city boundaries. The city has habitants of the region were the native popula- 672 kilometers of coasts. of Pergamon King- tion of the Calcolithic Period, known through dom and the inva- the Beşiktepe and Kumtepe settlements. They Mountains were followed by the Trojans who, from around Lands of Çanakkale, in general, look quite sions of Galat, and 3000 to 1200 B.C., sustained their lives with- rough with mountains and hills broken apart by during efforts of out any outside influence. Afterwards Akas, valleys. Kaz Dağı is the highest mountain with as a result of the Trojan Wars, and then, vari- a height of 1,767meters. Koru Dağı, which is Rome to dominate ous tribes, due to Aegean migrations, came to the extension of Tekir mountains in Gelibolu, the region, Dicta- the region. Finally, Catalonians, following the is 726 m. high. Other high mountains are death of the Sicilian General Roger de Flor, situated around Kaz Dağı. In the Biga area, tor Sulla made it to tried to remain active in the region, but they mountains running on the north-east, south- Gallipoli. The region later turned over Çanakkale and its environs to west direction with their changing elevations Turkish governors as a part of the agreement of 500-2000 meters display a wavy scenery. In also gained signifi- they signed with the Turks. The desire of the the Gelibolu peninsula, mountains rise up step cance through its Ottomans to establish supremacy in the Medi- by step starting from the strait towards Saroz terranean forced them to start their conquests Bay. These mountains, reaching up to a height ports in the Roman in the Balkan Peninsula at Gallipoli and its en- of 400 meters, have steep hills going down to and Byzantian peri- virons. With the founding of a shipyard at Gal- the Saroz Bay. lipoli, the Ottoman dominance in Çanakkale ods. was increased. At the narrowest point of the Plains Strait, there were forts built during the reign of Plains, which are seen in the mouth section Fatih Sultan Mehmet: Kilitbahir, around Ses- of rivers and in valleys with wide bases, cov- tos on the Rumelian side, and Sultaniye (Kale-i er little land in Çanakkale. Ezine, Bayramiç, Sultaniye), also known as the Fort of Çanak Kumkale, Biga and Karabiga, Agonya (Yenice- (Çanak Kalesi), around on the Anato- Hamdibey - Kalkım), Umurbey and Sarıçay lian side. Today’s city of Çanakkale is named plains are situated on the Anatolian side. Ka- after that Fort of Çanak on the Anatolian side. vak, Cumalı, Yalova, Kilye and Piren plains The significance of the Strait was foregrounded are located on the Gelibolu peninsula. once again during the War of Çanakkale (as a Rivers and Lakes part of World War I) and the enemy’s naval The rivers in our city, whether large or forces were defeated on March 18th, 1915. small, do not have a regular flow rate. In April and May, when the snow melts and rain falls, they have a high flow rate. Aside this period, GEOGRAPHIC STRUCTURE Çanakkale is situated to the northwest of their flow rate falls down to a few hundred Turkey, on the two sides of the Strait that pos- liters. With such irregular flow rates, the wa- sesses the same name, and that separates the ters of the rivers of our city cannot be used in continents of Europe and Asia. transportation or for agricultural irrigation The city’s borders include Gökçeada, Tur- purposes.

58 Most of the rivers are born in the Kaz Environment Mountains. The main rivers and streams of our Despite the rapidly deteriorating natural en- city are: Tuzla, Menderes, Sarıçay, Kocabaş, vironments of our day, ÇANAKKALE is one of Bayramiç, Bergaz and Kavak. There is no lake the rarest natural living environments which is worth mentioning within the city borders. The still protected from devastation in the Marmara existing lakes are salt lakes found in the Geli- Region, where 25% of the country’s population bolu peninsula and in Gökçeada which dry out live and where more than half of the country’s in summer time. industry is situated. Çanakkale Strait with its 671 km.s of coast- line, which is one of the most important wa- DEMOGRAPHIC PROPERTIES, terways of the world, is the most spectacular SOCIAL AND CULTURAL natural resource of our city. Environmental STRUCTURE problems are not extensively prevalent in our city as urbanization and industrialization are Climate Due to its location, the climate of Çanakkale not much intensive. In order to prevent air pol- displays transitory climate properties. Its gen- lution, necessary preventive measures to contol eral characteristics are that of the Mediterrane- liquid and gas wastes are being taken by the an climate. However, since the city is situated existing industrial facilities in our city. Biologi- at the north, average temperatures are lower in cal waste treatment systems are operating. En- winter than those of the Mediterranean climate. vironmental Impact Evaluation (ÇED) studies Minimum temperature of -4.2o C is recorded are conducted for the planned investments. in February and the maximum temperature of Natural gas pipe lines were established in +35.8o C is recorded in August. Average yearly former years and industry utilizes natural gas temperature is around 14.7o C and average hu- in its operations. In 2006, Intra-city Distribu- midity is 72.6%. A special property of our city tion Licence was obtained by the AKSA compa- is the winds blowing throughout most of the ny, and Çanakkale Natural Gas company start- year. The winds blow basically from the north, ed its work to supply natural gas to Çanakkale, north-east, south and south-west. Kepez, Çan, Biga, Ezine and Bayramiç. Gas is Yearly average rainfall varies between already supplied to Çanakkale and Çan. 662.8 cu.m (at Gökçeada) and 854.9 cu.m (at Ayvacık). Most rain falls in December, Janu- POPULATION, POPULATION ary and February. The land is covered by snow only for a maximum of eight days throughout STRUCTURE and ADMINISTRATIVE STATUS the winter. Excluding the center province, the city has 11 provinces (two of which are islands), 21 dis- Vegetation tricts, 568 villages and 78 village extensions. 54% of the surface area of the city is cov- There are 34 habitation areas with municipali- ered by forests. Remaining parts are covered by ties. According to the year 2003 Census Re- plains, pastures and agricultural land. Shrubs port, Çanakkale has a population of 464,975. such as laurel and others peculiar to the Medi- 215,571 people (46% of the total population) terranean climate are widely seen. live in the city center and in the provinces, Trees found in the forests are of various whereas 249,404 people (54% of the total pop- kinds. Turkish pine, blackpine, fir, oak and ulation) live in the villages. Population density beech trees are widespread. Groves are seen is 48. As per the results of 2003 Census Re- around Kaz Dağları. At the internal parts, the port, population distribution is shown in the land looks like mooreland with feeble grass and table below. agricultural soil. Green pastures, in all seasons, The mostly populated province of the city are spotted on the sides of the rivers. is Biga, with 77,169 inhabitants, and the least

59 ÇANAKKALE ‘09

populated one is Bozcaada, with 2,427 inhabit- high-schools and/or their equivalent and 1,311 ants. Çan is the most crowded province, with teachers are on duty. Four of these schools are 27,878 persons following the center province. Vocational High-Schools for Health Services Gökçeada and Bozcaada provinces (both islands) and are located in city center, Biga, Çan and have a special administrative structure as fore- Gelibolu provinces. seen by law number 1151, dated 1927. They An overall total of 69,152 students receive both have a local administration unit as legal training at 3,225 classrooms in pre-, elementa- entities and have private budgets. ry, intermediary and high schools. Accordingly, There are 242,539 males (52% of the total the number of students per classroom is 21. population) and 222,436 females (48% of the Percentage of schooling in elementary school total population) in the city. 113,805 males age is 93.6% (average for Turkey is 89.77%); in (53%) and 101,766 females (47%) live in the intermediary and high-school age, it is 81.83% city and the provinces, while 128,734 males (average for Turkey is 56.63%). (52%) and 120,670 females (48%) live in the According to the 2000 census data, literacy villages. According to the 2003 Census Report, rate in the city is 90% - 94% for men and 85% the yearly population increase rate of our city is for women (country average is 87.4%). However 7.29 per thousand. during the time elapsed, the literacy rate has 2003 Census Report data indicate that risen to approximately 99%. Çanakkale received 42,818 persons (between 857 courses were conducted in the city and 1995 and 2000) through migration and 31,327 448 of them targeted a vocational training cer- persons left the city. Therefore the net migra- tification. 14,470 persons benefited from this tion figure for the city is 11,491 persons. training environment. University education: There are 9 faculties, 2 colleges, 11 vocational colleges and two in- EDUCATION stitutes within the 18 Mart Üniversitesi (18th As per the academic year 2007-2008: Pre-school education; 3,770 pre-school stu- March University) where 20,500 students re- dents receive training in a total of 224 kinder- ceive university education. gartens (four of which are independent and the others are within the structure of elementary HEALTH SERVICES schools) and 132 teachers are on duty. The ratio Excluding the military hospitals, there are of pre-school students to the targeted popula- 10 state hospitals, one private hospital, one tion group is 31.6%. mother and child health and family planning Elementary School education: 47,882 stu- center, 63 health centers, 202 health homes, dents receive education in 193 elementary one public health laboratory, three private out- schools (three of which are private schools for patient clinics (one of which is dental), three boys) and 2,208 teachers are on duty. specialization centers (one of which is opthal- Intermediary School education; 17,500 stu- mology and one children’s health and ilnesses), dents receive training in 74 intermediary and one general medical center, and six dialysis

60 centers (three of them in hospitals and the other yörük Brook, Çataldere, and Kesikdere Martyrs three are private centers). Monuments. The total number of hospital beds in Çana- Works on projects like Martyrs Monuments, kkale is 1,152 (1,108 in public hospitals and 44 road construction, publicity and simulation in private hospitals) and the number of patients centers, as well as on maintenance and repair, per hospital bed is 391. The number of patients are ongoing... The well-known and 400 years- per one medical doctor is 1,010. old lodge used by Mevlevi Dervishes located Mortality rate for babies of ages 0-1 is 10.75 in the Gelibolu province has been restored and per thousand, and for children of ages 1-5, it opened to visitors on 17 September 2005. is 2.46 per thousand. These indicators are very 37 facilities operate in the city together with positive and Çanakkale was selected the “Baby a 5* hotel, all with Touristic Operation Certifi- Friendly City” in 2004. cates. The total bed capacity of these facilities is 4,094. The city, with other authorized facilities, CULTURAL STRUCTURE has a total hotel bed capacity of nearly 13,000. With many historical, ecologic, and natural Yearly average number of tourists is 2.5 centers of attraction over its land, Çanakkale, million and a total of 19 travel agencies, 15 of which hosted the oldest civilizations of Anatolia which are Group A, operate in the city. There like , , Alexandria, Troas, Neandria, are 15 libraries (3 in the city center, 12 in the Abydos, and Parion, also includes the provinces and 1 mobile) in Çanakkale. Gelibolu Peninsula Historic National Park with- The following areas were declared “Cultural in its boundaries. The most important events and Touristic Protection and Preservation Ar- of our National History happened over the ter- eas” by the decision of the National Cabinet of ritory of this park. On the other hand, with a Ministers: coastline of 671 km.s, two island provinces, its • Ayvacık-Tuzla-thermal tourism • Be- thermal waters at various locations, and Kaz hramkale Kadırga Koyu-tourism • Ezine Ke- Dağları of rich flora and fauna, Çanakkale has stanbol - thermal tourism • Geyikli-touristic very rich touristic assets. With the implementa- center • Küçükkuyu - touristic center • Çan-Eti- tion of Long Term Development Plan, approved li-Tepeköy-thermal tourism • Yenice-Hıdırlar- by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, thermal tourism • Yenice Merkez - touristic activities have been intensified at the Gelibolu center • Saroz Bay. Peninsula Historic National Park. It is intended In line with the Laws No. 5571 and 5355, it to own the historic legacy of the area and make it is foreseen to re-organize and complete the for- an asset for the world touristic activity. malities for the unions. Accordingly, initiatives 40 million YTL have already been spent. are taken to form Some of the recently completed projects are • Kaz Mountains Touristic Infrastructure Çanakkale Martyrs Monument fortification Service Union and museum organization works, Representa- • Gelibolu Peninsula and Gökçeada Touris- tive Turkish Martyrs Monument, Kilye Cove tic Infrastructure Service Union Information Center, Şahindere, Soğanlıdere, • Çanakkale Assos-Truva (Troy) Touristic Kocadere Hospital, Lt.Colonel Hüseyin Avni, Infrastructure Service Union. Namazgah Bastion, Ertuğrul Bastion, Kara- Most commonly visited places are Archeol-

61 ÇANAKKALE ‘09

ogy Museum, Kabatepe Publicity Center utmost care. These properties constitute potential of our city is evaluated within Museum, Biga Atatürk Home Museum, a very important factor in eco-tourism. the context of “new and renewable ener- Military Museum, Hadımoğlu Palace, The agricultural potential of the area is gy resources” and the private sector has Adatepe Olive Oil Museum, Çimenlik also very high. Olives and garden plants initiated relevant investments recently. Fortress, Kilitbahir Fortress, Seddülba- are the main export goods. Production of Further Project Works on the subject are hir Fortress, and Bozcaada Fortress. fruits and vegetables is highly developed. on-going. Çanakkale Martyrs Monument Mu- The region owns 80 kinds of endemic seum is being re - organized. plants and Kaz Dağları own 43 such vari- There are 838 non - governmental or- eties and constitute a genetic bank for the PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE ganizations (NGO) in the city. 29 of these wild plants. As the city possesses rich geo- 1. Roads are foundations (with 240 members), 797 thermal resources, projects are ongoing to Roads of the city total 1,031 km.s. are associations (with 19,875 members) use these sources in thermal tourism and 521 km.s of these roads are state roads and 12 are workers’ unions (with 5,314 in producing energy. and 510 km.s are city roads. While 94% members). of the city roads are asphalt coated, all In general, sports activities attract state roads are asphalt coated. There is wide attention in the city which has The thermal spas operating at the no village in the city without a road. The present are: Kestanbol Kaplıcası – Ezine 11,894 licensed sportsmen and 94 sports // Afrodit Kaplıcası - Küçükçetmi Vil- village road-net is 3,451 km.s and 2,222 clubs. lage; // Külcüler Kaplıcası - Bayramiç // km.s (65%) of these roads are asphalt Hıdırlar Kaplıcası // Tuzla Kaplıcası // coated: 1,047 km.s (30%) are gravel roads, and 189 km.s are plain roads. NATURAL RESOURCES Açık IIıca – Ayvacık. Çanakkale has rich mines. MTA (Mine Wind energy and geothermal energy Survey and Search Institute), deploying 2. Sea Transportation modern technical methods and scientific Between Çanakkale-Eceabat, Lapseki- surveys, has explored many mine and Gelibolu, Bozcaada-Yükyeri and Çana- mineral beds in the area which is rich kkale-Gökçeada, sea transportation is in metallic mines (gold, lead, zinc, iron, provided by GESTAŞ with ships which manganese), industrial raw materials belong to the City Private Administra- (bentonite, cement raw materials and ka- tion. Additionally, sea transportation olen) and energy raw materials (geo-ther- is carried out by private sector ferry- mal resources), uranium and lignite. 53% boats between Çanakkale-Kilitbahir and of total lead production of our country is Lapseki-Çardak. Studies are on-going realized in our city. Gold reserves are con- to improve internal sea transportation sidered to be of remarkable quantity. Kaz services. 25 million YTL has been trans- Dağları is one of the 200 most important ferred to the account of the City Private ecological areas of the world and the sec- Administration to modernize and speed- ond area following the Alps in producing up the transportation between Gökçeada the highest amount of oxygen. The area is and Çanakkale and studies are continued. very rich in forests and endemic vegetati- There are piers (quays) at Çanakkale cent- ton. It is also a very important area with er, Eceabat, Gelibolu, Lapseki, Ezine-Ge- its natural assests and animals. Therefore yikli Yükyeri, Bozcada, Gökçeada, Çardak it should be preserved and protected with and Kabatepe. Furthermore, Çanakkale

62 Kepez port, Kepez Akçansa Cement Factory production at Gökçeada. Furthermore port and Biga İçdaş port are in service. •A wind power station with 38 turbines Advanced project works are ongoing for and a capacity of 30.2 MV electricity produc- the construction of a new pier at the area of tion, erected at Çanakkale Center (İntepe) by Karacaören on the Anatolian side and for con- Demirer Holding, was completed and integrat- necting roads between this pier and the exist- ed with the national system. ing Akbaş pier, in order to minimize the traf- •Turbines with a capacity of 15.2 MV, con- fic congestion at the city center caused by the structed by Demirer Holding at Gelibolu, have freight transportation by sea. also been integrated with the national system Wind power potential of our city is very high and private sector continues its activities 3. Air Transportation An (stol type) airport with dimensions of to realize investments in this area. 1800x30 exists in the city and an additional Natural gas pipe lines were constructed terminal building is under construction. At in the past years and the industry has started Gökçeada, there is a military airport with di- to utilize natural gas in its operations. AKSA mensions of 1000x30. Infrastructure works company obtained the distribution license in have been completed for the Gökçeada air- 2006 for Çanakkale, Kepez, Çan, Biga, Ezine, port which is within the Investment Program. and Bayramiç centers, and Intra City Natural Above-ground facilities have yet to be con- Gas Distribution Project Works have been ini- structed. tiated by the Çanakkale Natural Gas Company. Çanakkale and Çan centers have been supplied with natural gas and activities are ongoing to 4. Communication All villages of our city have automatic tel- provide natural gas to the remaining centers. ephone communication connections. 160 au- tomatic switchboards with a subscriber capac- POTABLE WATER ity of 180,962 are at the service of the city. All provinces and municipalities have po- Telephone utilization intensity per population table water systems. 564 villages, plus 73 sub- is 34%. units, have sufficient drinking water. Only four villages and five sub-units have shortages; however there is no village or sub-unit without ENERGY All villages of the city have electricity. To- drinking water supply. tal power of transformers over the city is 617 MVA. Electical power utilization as of the end BIOLOGICAL AND INDUSTRIAL of 2006 is 2,262,175 MWh. Electrical power WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM consumption per person is 4,842kWh. Central province, Gelibolu, Gökçeada, A 10 MW, 17-tower (turbine) Wind Power Bayramiç, Eceabat and Kepez Municipalities Electricity Production Station continues its have constructed sewer systems with the finan-

63 ÇANAKKALE ‘09

cial support of “İller Bankası” (Bank of Cities). Bozcaada sewer system construction is ongoing. SMALL SCALE INDUSTRY COMPOUNDS Other municipalities have partial sewer systems There are seven small scale industry com- constructed with their own financial means; how- pounds in the city. They are: ever they are not systems equipped with waste Çanakkale Small Industry Compound, Biga water treatment. Small Industry Compound, Biga Number 2 Solid Waste Management Alliance has been Small Industry Compound, Çan Small Industry established with the participation of Çanakkale, Compound, and Lapseki Small Industry Com- Lapseki, Kumkale, Kepez, İntepe, Çardak and pound. Umurbey Municipalities. A total of 997 workplaces continue their ac- The purpose of this alliance is to find a new tivities in the above mentioned seven industrial place and to rehabilitate the garbage collection compounds in the city. area which now remains close to the 18 March University Terzioğlu Campus within the city limits. An area of 34.5 hectares has been selected INDUSTRIAL AND nearby Kemel village as Solid Waste Collection Area; Environmental Impact Report (ÇED) has INTELLECTUAL OWNERSHIP CAPACITY been approved; and feasibility studies and techni- There is neither a technopark nor an exten- cal design projects are completed. The European sively equipped research and development unit in Union is financing this Project which is under- the city. Çanakkale does not have the required taken by the Ministry of Environment and For- infrastructure to develop its educated workforce estry. Relevant work is expedited to complete the in technology development and/or industrial and project as soon as possible. intellectual ownership. Howeever, 18 March University, with its re- ORGANIZED search and development activities, attempts to meet the needs of the industrialists to a certain INDUSTRIAL ZONES Çanakkale has two Organized Industrial extent. Bringing together all R&D units, which Zones; one of them is at Çanakkale and the other are established in various sectors operating in dif- is at Biga. ferent organized industrial zones or compounds •76 parcels of a total of 91 parcels at Çana- dispersed in the city and provinces, under the roof kkale Organized Industrial Zone have been al- of a technopark or centralized research and devel- located to the investors. 10 projects have been opment establishment, will facilitate productive completed and facilities are in production. Con- and effective utilization of the reseources. struction of 18 other facitities is ongoing. Four other investments are still at project phase. ECONOMIC STRUCTURE •54 parcels of a total of 58 parcels at Biga Agriculture is the most important area of ac- Organized Industrial Zone have been allocated tivity in the city economy. However, in the recent to the investors. Five facilities are in operation. years, industries based on agriculture are increas- Seven companies are going through construction ing and raising the share of industry in the city phase and three others are in the Project phase. economy.

64 Gross National Product Data tons of olives, 80,504 tons of apples, of Industry and Commerce since many According to the data given by State 58,717 tons of peaches, 52,218 tons of companies realize their customs formali- Statistics Institute, based on 2001 cur- sunflowers, 43,989 tons of grapes, and ties at other locations and through inter- rent prices, Çanakkale occupies the 32nd 1,650 tons of canola were produced. mediary companies. place among the cities of Turkey based According to 2004 data on total Most exported products are construc- on the contributional share of cities in country production volumes, Çanakkale tion iron, ceramics, ceramic tiles, cement the Gross National Internal Product. It realized 5% of total tomato, 5% of total and frozen food. is placed in the 9th place by its per capi- olive, 10% of total peach, and 22% of to- Again, according to the data dis- ta contribution of USD 2,335. tal canola production. closed by Çanakkale Customs Manage- Gross National Product per capita Animal breeding is the most impor- ment, as of September 2007, imports was realized as USD 5,477. Although tant susbsistance source for the rural of Çanakkale totaled USD 582 million. no such data is available relevant to our people of Çanakkale. There are 138,875 Most imported products are scrap iron, city, it is estimated that the figure for cattle and 502,117 sheep and goats in ceramic materials, frozen fish and an- Çanakkale is above the average for Tur- the city. Poultry and apiculture are also thracite. key. important income sources for the Çana- kkale villagers. Production of seafood is also impor- Other Main Subsistance Sources In our city a total of 5,393 commer- Agriculture (24.7%), industry tant in Çanakkale. In 2006, 10,967 tons cial companies conduct business. 283 of (23.5%) and commercial sector (17%) of sea fish, 24 tons of edible freshwater them are joint stock companies, 1,844 have the most contribution to the Gross fish and 478 tons of culture fish, and are limited stock companies and 3,266 National Internal Product. 2,304 tons of crustaceans and cartilagi- are private personal companies. 54 bank nous fish were produced. Total value of branches operate in the city. this production is computed to be worth As of 31 December 2006, the general Contributional shares of the sectors 45 million YTL. income and other revenues of the city existing in our city in the Gross Natio- were realized as 439,936 YTL. Within nal Internal Product are as follows: Industry this amount, tax revenues were 367,730 Agriculture24.7% There are 275 production companies YTL, and the ratio between the accrued Industry23.5% in the city and 114 of them operate in and the collected taxes was 84%. There Commerce17.0% the food production sector. Our city is are 29,486 tax-payers in our city. Transportation and classified as a “normal area” within the As of 31 December 2007, the general Communication17.2% context of investment incentives. income and other revenues of the city Civil (State) Services5.0% However, Gökçeada and Bozcaada were realized as 402,617 YTL. Within Construction4.4% provinces are classified as “priority” ar- this amount, tax revenues were 311,494 Other5.2% eas in the development of the country. YTL, and the ratio between the accrued Both islands were taken under coverage and the collected taxes was 77%. Agriculture of Incentives Law No.5084 on 1 March According to the “Statististical Area The city has a total of 330,337 hec- 2007. Existing industrial facilities in Unit Classification” based on “Socio- tares of agricultural land; 81% of this is the city manufacture construction iron, Economic Developmental Status” con- arable land; 7% is vegetable gardens, 2% ceramic tiles, frozen and dried food ducted by the Undersecretariat of State is fruit gardens, 2% is vineyards and 8% products, seafood, dairy products, flour, Planning Organization and the Turk- is olive groves. olive-oil, animalfeed, cement, and metal ish Statistics Corporation, Çanakkale is 177,953 hectares of the agricultural ores. placed on Level 1 in the Western Mar- land can be irrigated. Out of this land, mara Region (TR2) and Level 2 in the 63,133 hectares are irrigated. 40,632 Balıkesir area (TR22). Foreign Trade hectares (65%) are irrigated by state According to the data disclosed by Çanakkale occupies the 24th po- means and 21,501 hectares (35%) are Çanakkale Customs Management, as of sition among the cities of Turkey in irrigated by the people themselves. Ac- September 2007, Çanakkale exported “Socio-Economic Developmental Sta- cording to 2006 data, the most impor- USD 468 million worth of products. Al- tus” evaluation scale (by State Planning tant agricultural products by volume and though the approximate yearly exports of Organization). Within this framework, by cropping area are grains. In 2006, the city are recorded as USD 500 mil- provinces of Bayramiç and Yenice of the 482,100 tons of tomatoes, 398,995 tons lion, this figure rises to one million dol- city have been rated under the negative of wheat, 308,627 tons of corn, 105,028 lars according to the Çanakkale Chamber index scale.

65 AEGEAN FOUNDATION FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT STUDIES FOR THE CITY OF ÇANAKKALE ÇANAKKALE ‘09

AEGEAN REGION DEVELOPMENT PROJECT 2000 – 2005 Çanakkale Meeting for Strategic Goals 23/24 June 2001 36 participants Çanakkale Meeting for Setting Priorities 11 April 2003 42 participants Regional Dialogue Conference - Afyonkarahisar 4/6 July 2003 84 participants from member cities Agriculture and Stockbreeding Sector Meeting – Aydın 2/3 April 2005 57 participants from member cities Tourism Sector Meeting – Marmaris 16/17 April 2005 54 participants from member cities Geothermal Sector Meeting – Kuşadası 14/15 May 2005 29 participants from member cities Mining Sector Meeting – Kuşadası 14/15 May 2005 30 participants from member cities

AEGEAN OPINION LEADERS 2006 European Union Briefing Seminar 7/8 June 2006 162 participants received certificates

AEGEAN OPINION LEADERS 2008 SME’s / Impact Tourism EU Conformity Seminar 30 April 2008 134 participants received certificates Agriculture and Stockbreeding Round-Table Meeting 12 March 2009

participants were as follows: Prof. Dr. Canan AEGEANWithin the OPINION framework of LEADERS the programs 2006 prepa- BALKIR: Trade Policy of the EU, Common Cus- red by EGEV for its member cities, seminars were toms Tariffs, Protection Precautions, Applicati- held on the European Union, for which we stand ons by Sector; Prof. Dr. İge PIRNAR: EU’s To- as a member candidate. Meetings organized un- urism Policies, The Rules Turkey Must Follow; der the title of Aegean Opinion Leaders European Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yaşar UYSAL: EU’s Agriculture Union Training have been realized by the support Policies, The Possible Effects of Full Membership of Philip Morris/Sabancı and the collaboration of on Turkish Agriculture; Assist. Prof. Dr. Esin ESİAD. Within this context, 162 persons parti- TAYLAN: EU’s Policy on the Law of Competi- cipated in the two day trainings held on 7-8 June tion, Rules for Customs Union and Competition, 2006. On the first day of the training, Prof. Dr. The Aim, Structure, Addressees and Applications Haluk GÜNUĞUR lectured on “On the way to of the Law concerning the Preservation of Compe- Integration with the European Union”, “Extensi- tition, Exemption, Determining the Judge Status; on of the European Union”, “Institutional Struc- Assist. Prof. Dr. Berna KIRKULAK: EU Policies ture of the European Union”, “European Consti- on Small and Medium Scale Establishments and tution”, and “Relations between Turkey and the Competition, Input Costs, Credits, The China European Union”. Factor, Protection from the Currency Risk, Bene- During the training held on the second day, fiting from EU Funds, E-Trade and Competition the issues on which the lecturers enlightened the Strategies.

66 PROFILES OF ÇANAKKALE PARTICIPATORS

PIE CHART BY SECTOR

3 5 17

19 Public University Non-Governmental Society Local Sector Media

90 PIE CHART BY AGE

3 1 13

10 Age 20’ s Age 30’ s Age 40’ s Age 50’ s Age 60’ s and up

73

culty of Economics and Administrati- on and Chairman of the Board of Di- AEGEAN OPINION ve Sciences, and Prof. Dr. İge Pırnar, rectors of Karavan Tourism Company, LEADERS 2008 academic member and lecturer of the exchanged opinions with the partici- During the morning session held same university, Faculty of Business pants on the needs of the sector and on 30 April 2008 in collaboration with Administration, Department of To- what improvements and innovations ESİAD at Çanakkale, Prof. Dr. Mus- urism and Hotel Management, made can be realized for the sector, expeci- tafa Yaşar TINAR and Selçuk Kara- presentations about EU Tourism Po- ally at Çanakkale. ata, the representative of the Sabancı licies and Current Status. Speaking Upon the request of Çanakkale Par- University National Innovation Ven- under the title “Policies which Impact liamentarians, an alteration was made ture, exposed the group to the subjects Tourism”, Prof.Dr.İge Pırnar explai- in the program for the second half of of EU Policies on Small and Medium ned by examples how the resolutions 2008 and it was decided to organize Scale Establishments and Innovation. taken under such policies affected the a meeting about the Agriculture and In the second part of the seminar held sector. Speaking after the presentati- Stockbreeding Sector also in Çanakka- in the afternoon, Prof. Dr. Öcal Usta, ons, Mr. Alex Baltazzi, President of le. On 12 March 2009 a round table Head of 9th September University, Fa- the Aegean Travel Agencies Associati- meeting will be realized in Çanakkale.

67 Industrial activities also gradually

DENİZLİ ‘09 developed in this sea-port city which grew to become a foreign trade center...

DenizliIncilipınar / Denizli 68 In archaic Turkish, the word “Tengiz” means sea, and Tengizli as it is spelled today is “Denizli”. As mentioned above, it is not possible to identify the name of the city accurately.

Pamukkale enizli was first established around Eskihisar Village sit- uated six kilometers to the North of the present city. It was established by the Syrian King, Anthiakustheos the 11th, during the years 261-145 B.C. and was named afterD his wife, LAODICIA. When the Turks overtook the environments of the city, they trans- ferred the city to its present day location at Kaleiçi area which had rich water resources. In historical records, the name of the city Denizli varies from one record to the other. For example, in Seljuk records and records of Denizli courts refer to the city as “Ladik,” whereas in the travelbook of Ibni Batuta, it is mentioned as “Tonguzlu”. Şerafettin Zeydi, in his legend of Timur-Leng writes about “Tenguzluğ” and “Tonguzluğ”. In archaic Turkish, the word “Tengiz” means sea, and Tengizli as it is spelled today is “Denizli”. As mentioned above, it is not possible to identify the name of the city accurately. In our opinion, “Tongu- zlu” or “Tenguzlu” mutated into “Denizli” in time. Our city is an important cradle of civilizations situated on an important touristic route neighboring Aphrosisias and encompassing antique cities like , , , and Laodicia; world famous white and red travertens and geothermal spas within its boundaries. Its location at the end of the road known as the “Holy Crusade Road” between İzmir and ; on the roads connecting Anatolia to the Mesopo- tamia; on the conquest roads dividing Anatolia from the North and the South, and finally on the roads used by the caravans make Denizli even more important geographically. It is a passageway between the Aegean, Central Anatolian and Mediterranean regions. This important touristic city hosted Hitite, Phyrigian, Lydian, Ionian, Roman and Byzantinian civilizations. It has more than 30 antique cities like Hi- erapolis, Laodicia, Tripolis, Herakleia, and Colossae, and more than 20 antique tumuli. Furthermore, Denizli owns many historical assests remaining from the Seljuks and the Ottomans. All these assets

Hierapolis

69 serve cultural tourism. Turks the east, Aydın and Manisa Eşeler Dağı: 2254 m. Sandıras arrived at the area for the first at the west, Uşak at the north Dağı: 2294 m. Babadağ: 2308 time around 1071. Afgşin Bey, and Muğla at the south. m. Bozdağ: 2421 m. Akdağ: crossing through the whole The land of the city is com- 2449 m.

DENİZLİ ‘09 Anatolia, looted Laodicia and posed 47% of mountains, 28% conquered Honaz. Following of plains, 23% of plateaus and 1071, Denizli and its environs 2% of mountain pastures. The Water Resources Rivers were conquered by the princes city is located between 28 0 Büyük Menderes is the of Kutalmışoğlu Süleyman 30’-29 0 30’ east longitude largest river of the Aegean Re- Bey. In 1097, the Byzantine and 37 0 12’-38 0 12’ north gion and has a lotal length of Emperor Alexis Komnenas latitude. In general, it is under 529 km.s. 194 km.s of this ordered the Duke of Juannus the effect of the Mediterranean river is within the city bound- to conquer western Anatolia. atmospheric pressure. The city aries. Çürüksu has a length Thereafter, this area and Deni- of 101 km.s.; 96 km.s flow This beautiful city, zli were seized by the Byzantin- within the city boundaries and remaining in the ians. At this date the Turkish it has a flow rate of 9,25 cu.m/ Forces were situated at Central second. As its water is highly hands of Byzantin- Anatolia. calcic it is named as “çürük- ians for a shorat This beautiful city, remain- su” meaning “rotten water”. ing in the hands of Byzantin- Akçay (Bozdoğan Stream) while, was re-cap- ians for a shorat while, was has a length of 157 km.s and re-captured by Kılınç Arslan. tured by Kılınç Ars- 70 k.m.s flow within the city After this date, the Turkish boundaries; it has a flow rate lan. After this date, forces under the command of of 17,37 cu.m/second. Its Alparslan organized raids on fountain head is at Bozdağ and the Turkish forces the Byzantine land very often. Sandras mountains. Dalaman under the com- (Gireniz) Stream has a length GEOGRAPHIC of 201 km.s and 81 k.m.s mand of Alparslan flow within the city boundar- STRUCTURE organized raids on Surface area, Location ies; it has a flow rate of 17,37 within the Region, Neighbors cu.m/second. Kul Stream has a the Byzantine land and the Topographic Structıre length of 97 km.s and 32 k.m.s very often. Denizli is located at the flow within the city boundar- southwest of the Anatolian ies; it has a flow rate of 3.34 has a surface area of 11,868 peninsula and at the southeast cu.m/second. Banaz Stream square kilometers and the pop- of the Aegean region, consti- has a length of 170 km.s and ulation density is 64. It lies at tuting a passageway between 13 k.m.s flow within the city 428 meters above sea level and the Aegean, Central Anatolian boundaries. Hamam Stream has a population of 870,201. and Mediterranean regions. has a length of 48 km.s and Çameli, Kale and Beyağaç 17 k.m.s flow within the city provinces remain within the Mountains boundaries. Gökpınar Stream, Mediterranean while Sarayköy, The mountains of the city 38 k.m.s of the river flow with- and Çürüksu valley of and their elevation are as fol- in the city boundaries, it has a the Denizli center province lows: Honaz Dağı: 2571 m. flow rate of 2.8 cu.m/second. within the Aegean and the oth- Karcı Dağı: 2308 m. Sazak Yenidere, 70 k.m.s of the river er provinces within the Central Dağı: 1143 m. Beşparmak flow within the city boundar- Anatolian regions. Therefore, Dağı: 1307 m Maymun Dağı: ies, it has a flow rate of 2.45 this locational set up does have 1733 m. Elma Dağı: 1805 m. cu.m/second. Derbent Stream, an impact on the climate and Büyük Çökelez Dağı : 1840 m. 32 k.m.s of the river flow with- vegetation. Denizli neighbors Kızılhisar Dağı: 2241 m. Bur- in the city boundaries, it has a Burdur, Isparta and Afyon at gaz (Bulkaz) Dağı: 1990 m. flow rate of 1.00 cu.m/second.

70 Lakes 600 meters. Cotton, wheat and corn are grown in the plain. Natural Lakes Acıgöl (Çardak Lake) is a tectonic lake. It Büyük Menderes and Sarayköy Plains: has a surface area of 41.34 square kilometers. It This plain is surrounded by Honaz Mountain is located between the provinces of Çardak and at the east, Çökelez Mountain at the north and Dazkırı of Afyon. northeast, Sazak mountain at the northwest and Beylerli Lake is located at 20 km.s to the Babadağ at the south and southwest. Büyük southwest of Acıgöl. It is a shallow lake with a Menderes River irrigates the plain. The surface maximum depth of 4 m. and a surface area of of this plain is 200 square kilometers and its 4.12 square kilometers. height varies between 70-500 meters above sea Karagöl has a surface area of 0,20 square ki- level. Cotton, wheat and corn are grown in the lometers; it is located at a height of 1.250 m. plain. above sea level. It is a crater lake fed by rivers. It Tavas Plain: Tavas province is situated at the lies above Çambaşı ve Bozkurt provinces, among northeastern part of the plain, and Kale province pine trees and is a cluster of 3-4 lakes. Its waters is situated at the southwestern end. Its surface are fresh. area is 300 square kilometers. It is 950 m. high Süleymanlı Lake has a surface area of 1,05 above sea-level. Agricultural products grown in square kilometers; it is located at a height this plain are wheat, tobacco and chickpeas. of 1,150 m. above sea level. It lies within the Kaklık Plain: Starting at the north of Honaz boundaries of Buldan province at the Süleymanlı mountain, it lies towards the east. Its surface mountain pasture and Sazak plain. area is 60 square kilometers, and it is 600 m. Işıklı Lake has a surface area of 65.87 square above sea-level. Agricultural products grown in kilometers; it is located at a height of 814 m. this plain are cotton and wheat. above sea level with maximum depth of 8 m. It is situated to the west of Kartal Lake is located on the northern slopes Hanabat Plains: Acıgöl lake. It is surrounded by Maymun Moun- of the summit of Çiçekbaba mountain of the tain at the north and Söğüt Mountains at the Beyağaç province of Denizli city. It has a height south. Wheat is grown extensively in this plain. of 1.903 m. above sea level. Acıpayam Plains: It is situated at the east Dam Lakes of Tavas plains and at the end of the Serinhisar Gökpınar Dam, Adıgüzel Dam, Işıklı Lake province and Kızılhisar Mountains. Its height Collector, Beylerli Pond, Tavas Pond and Water- above sea-level is 850 meters. Wheat, tobacco ing System. and chickpeas are grown in this plain, as these crops do not require much water. Plains Çivril and Baklan Plains: It is surrounded Çürüksu and Denizli Plain: The plain start- by Yorga Mountain at the north, Bozdağ and ing at Çömleksaz village, below Pamukkale, min- Beşparmak Mountains at the south, Akdağ at gles with the Büyük Menderes (Sarayköy) plain. the east, and Çökelez Mountain at the west. The plain is irrigated by Çürüksu. The surface Çivril and Baklan plains are irrigated by the area of the plain is 150 square kilometers and Büyük Menders River. It has a surface area of its height over the sea level varies between 100- 920 square kilometers.

71 DENİZLİ ‘09

Plateaus 950 m., Çivril-975m., Kale-1000m., and Çameli-1359m. Low lands are Böceli, Upper-Lower Erikli Plateau: It is situated at a distance of 10 km.s to Ho- Goncalı, Sarayköy and Denizli plains and naz. It is a wide flat land surrounded to- the Büyük Menderes Valley of the Buldan tally by pine trees. province. Denizli city center is situated on the northern slopes Karcı Mountain Lala Bağlar Plateau: It is situated at a distance of 3 km.s to Honaz. It is not and this land is separated from the low a very big plateau and is a flat land sur- plains in the Çürüksu valley by a stream rounded completely by pine trees. of mountains. Süleymanlı Plateau: It is connected to the Buldan province with an 8 km. as- DEMOGRAPHIC phalt road. It is situated on a wide flat PROPERTIES, SOCIAL & area. CULTURAL STRUCTURE Taşdelen Plaeauı: It is at a distance of 5 km.s to Babadağ province and 20 km.s Climate and Vegetation to Sarayköy province. It is connected by a Although Denizli is located in the Ae- gravel road to these provinces. “Altuda” gean region, we do not witness a totally antique city is found at Hisarköy. Aegean climate in the city. At the inter- nal sections, land climate is experienced. It is 12 km.s away Yatağan Plateau: Temperatures may be lower than those of from the province and is connected with the Aegean climate. As the mountains of an asphalt road. It has camping facilities Denizli lie perpendicular to the sea, the with tents. area receives winds blowing from the sea. It is connected 62%). Average annual population increase Topuklu Plateau: Winters are warm and rainy. is 11.48% and population intensity is 73. to the Beyağaç province with a 15 km. Annual average temperature is 15.7oC gravel road. Urbanization and average annual popula- and average total rainfall is around 556.3 tion increase for Denizli are lower than Kapuz Cavern is lo- Karagöz Plateau: mm. As Denizli is rich in water resources, the relevant values for the Aegeanr and cated in this plateau which is in Çameli forests cover a large part of its land, more for the country. Same situation is also province. There are rich water sources in than half of which is composed of plains valid for population intensity. this plateau surrounded by pine tress. and plateaus. When we analyze the population in- crease in the city on a yearly basis, it is Surface Shapes and Elevation noticed that the population increased Denizli has a rugged surface shape. Population and Population faster after the 1980s. This is not due to Low and high plains, plateaus, and moun- Structure According to the year 2000 Cen- child births but rather to the immigra- tains complement one another. Its land sus Report, Denizli has a population of tion into the city due to rapid industri- lies high above the sea. Sarayköy prov- 850,029. 413,914 (49%) of this popu- alization witnessed in the city. Table 3 ince is situated closest to the sea level at lation live in the city and the remaining indicates that the net rate of immigration an altitude of 170 meters. Elevations of part of 436,115 (51%) persons live in received by Denizli is 15%. some other centers are as follows: Denizli- the rural areas. Urbanization percent in 428m., Buldan-609m., Güney-88m., Çal Denizli is 49 (while this figure for Turkey Education and Çardak-850m., Acıpayam and Tavas- is 65% and for the Aegean region, it is The social infrastructure of a city is

72 one of the main indicators of that city’s with a capacity of 3,750 persons, Honaz Total number of health service developmental level. Educational infra- Hostel with a capacity of 96 persons, and employees: 6.3 structure is very important when raising Bekilli Hostel with a capacity of 210 per- qualified employees and health infrastruc- sons. Honaz Student Hostel serves the In Denizli there are 54,848 citizens ture gains importance when we consider students at a building belonging to the in hold of Green Cards (people who re- having healthy citizens. In Denizli, Na- Prime Ministry Social Solidarity Founda- ceive free health care services). Further- tional Education started its development tion and Bekilli hostel at a building con- more, 136 children receive financial aid by the establishment of the Republic. As structed with the financial contribution in cash within the context of the “Proj- of that date, it is noticed that the number of City Private Administration. Pamuk- ect for Reducing the Social Risk 8SRAP” of elementary and intermediary schools kale Hostel with its capacity is the 8th provided that they benefit from the basic increased rapidly. In Turkey, first co- largest hostel in the country. This hostel educational (boys-girls) school started its provides services with 99% capacity uti- education in Denizli indicating that the lization. city has given much importance to educa- tion for long years. Health Services Health services are provided by 11 Higher Education state hospitals, 4 private hospitals, one Pamukkale University was founded in University Hospital and one pulmonary 1992 and has six Faculties, 14 Colleges diseases hospital. 128 Health Centers and three Research Institutes. A total of have been transformed into Family and

23,571 students attended the university during the 2006-2007 Community Health Centers and, togeth- academic year. At the present, there are a er with 260 Family Medical Health Care total of 1,411 academics on board, com- Centers, they serve the community. Total prising 88 Professors, 65 Associate Pro- hospital bed capacity in the city is 1,982. fessors, 334 Assistant Professors, 189 1,373 doctors are in service; 1,274 of Lecturers, 67 Instructors, 622 Research them work for the public sector hospitals Assistants and 46 Specialists. Pamuk- and 99 for the private sector. The num- kale University campuses are located at ber of patients per doctor is 619. Further- Çamlık and Kırıklı. more, 13 doctors, 7 paramedics, 5 health technicians, 2 nurses and 49 mid-wives health services within the year. Addition- Elementary, Intermediary and High- are on duty on behalf of the Ministry of ally, 1,345 persons (154 children in cen- ter city and 1,191 children in the prov- er Education Student Hostels Health, employed on a contract basis. Bed capacity of the student hostels Some general statistical figures per- inces) were found to be eligible to receive under the management of Higher Edu- taining to 2007 in Denizli are as follows: health aid (Conditional Cash Transfer) cation Credit and Student Hostels Area (per thousand citizens) along with a total of 4,373 students (645 Management is 4,056 and 3,021 stu- Number of doctors: 1.6 students at the center city and 3,278 in dents stay in these hostels. These hostels Number of health service employees: the provinces) receive Conditional Cash are Pamukkale Hostel (at the city center) 4.7 Transfer aid for education.

73 Libraries are numerous. Many salads are CULTURAL There are a total of 31 li- prepared from naturally grown STRUCTURE Denizli, the second largest braries in the city, four of them green plants. city of the Aegean region along are at the center city and the DENİZLİ ‘09 with its fast and forward devel- remaining 27 are in the prov- Historical - Cultural opment in textile, commerce inces. Asset Sites and industry, has become a very Silk Road Project Works important center especially in Municipality Academy Developments in tourism, tourism with its “Pamukkale” recently, gain an increasing of Music (Conservatoire) which is taken under protection Külahçıoğlu flour mills importance in world economy. by “UNESCO”. (which during the War of In- Volume of tourism in the world When we consider the effect dependence provided all needed has increased at an annual aver- of tourism on other sectors, we food materials for the soldiers age of 7.4% during the last 40 cannot overlook the impact of at the front) building was put years.Also in Turkey, invest- this potential over the general thropugh restoration at an ments in tourism gained im- economics of Denizli. How- unprecedented rapid pace and petus coupled with wide-scale ever, from here on what bears the building was opened to the advertising, and striking devel- importance is how long more service of citizens as the Mu- opments have been achieved. this impact will continue and nicipality Academy of Music. Ministry of Culture and what must be done to keep this Branches of service were in- Tourism takes into account impact ongoing. Our city, situ- creased from 10 to 24 by the the changing preferences of ated over an important touris- contribution of Külahçıoğlu. the consumers, conducts stud- tic passageway, is a neighbor of Janissary Band (“Mehter ies in country general to bring Aphrodisias and hosts antique Takımı,” old Turkish military into light existing natural and cities like Colossae, Tripolis, band), Folk Music Orchestra, cultural assests, and puts them Hieropolis, Laodicia as well Popular Band Group, Folk into the service of tourism. The as red and white travertines, Music Choir, and Folk Danc- Ministry thus attempts to ex- thermal spa facilities within its ing Groups continue their ac- pand tourism over the country boundaries and is an important tivities at the academy. Actions territory and exploit this poten- center of civilization. Its posi- are initiated to establish a City tial in various alternative tour- tioning at the end of the İzmir- Orchestra. Productivity was istic areas. Ephesus Road, well known as improved by reduced number One of these projects is plac- the “Sacred Pilgrimage Road” of students (2-3) in each class. ing the “Silk Road”, the “Inns and location over the roads con- Külahçıoğlu also contributed and Caravansarais” at the ser- necting İzmir to Mesopotamia, to the selection and gathering vice of tourism. This Project the roads dividing North Ana- of the nearly forgotten ballads will take all these places under tolia from South, the roads of and folk songs of the area for protection as well as make it caravans and conquests, make the new generations. In 2006, possible to use them in tour- Denizli even more important. 76 events were organized. ism. The “Silk Road” will be Touristically, it is more attrac- re-animated. tive for tours rather than vaca- Local Culinary Culture tioning. Traditional kitchen variet- Caravansarais Let us view the touristic ies and habits of eating con- Akhan Caravansarai potential of our city shortly in tinue at Denizli. Black-eye pea This old inn is situated at order to present our historical, soup, lentil soup, tomato soup the 7th km. of the road between natural and cultural attractions and other soups like “Tarhana” Denizli and Afyon and is locat- to the internal and external and “Ovmaç” are favorites. Also ed at the entrance of the village touristic markets by way of al- many varieties are prepared us- bearing the same name. One ternative touristic schemes and ing red meat. Vegetable casse- of the last caravansarais of the spreading the touristic activi- roles are the basics of Denizli Seljuks in the west, Akhan is a ties over the whole year. kitchens. Egg plant varieties small inn although it has a con-

74 struction plan of inns for the Sultans. It has two architecturally similar to the other Seljuk inns. epitaphs. The closed area section of the inn was Again belonging to this period, Mahmutgazi completed in 1253 and the atrium (courtyard) shrine (moseleum) found in Mahmutgazi Village was finished the next year, in 1254. It was con- of Çardak province and Hüsamettin Dede shrine structed by the order of the Governor Seyfettin located in Bakan area display architectural char- Karasungur bin Abdullah. The name of İzzettin acteristics of 15th century Ottoman mouseleum Keykavus the 2nd is mentioned in the epitaph. architecture. There are only two antique bridges The caravansarai is composed of open and closed which still remain behind. sections and does not have a symmetrical set-up. It is situated on a land of 1,100 square meters Baths and has one square shaped courtyard and one Uçancıbaşı bath, found in the Uçancıbaşı dis- rectangular hall running in depth. The closed trict of the center city, was constructed in the section is divided into three sections (platforms) 14th Century. It has the structural plan of Turk- by two strings of pillars. The platform in the ish baths. In all the above mentioned buildings, middle is larger than those on the sides. The bricks, ruble, cut stones and other materials were top is covered by vaults. It has a pungent arched picked randomly. At the villages we find out that niche type portal which protrudes half a meter mud bricks were utilized together with stone. outside with its low arched entrance door. De- The city does not have an architectural property spite the symmetrical set-up of the closed area, special to it. The buildings bear the same proper- the atrium has a non-symmetrical organization. ties with the houses in the Aegean region. Two storey spaces, a vaulted room with one side open to the court, and a unit with two doors are Historical Mosques placed on the right side of the entrance to the Kayı Pazarı (Market) Mosque atrium. Yet on the other side porticos and two It is located in Şapcılar village on the road volted closed areas take place adjacent to the from Çal province to Süller borough. Only the main closed section. minaret of this mosque remains to our day. The area was the market place of the Turks from the Çardakhan Caravansarai Kayı tribe and was named after the tribe. This inn is located to the right of the road Kale Cevher Paşa Mosque between Denizli and Afyon within the center of This mosque is located within the Çardak province. As described in the seven-line antique site found on the route to Muğla. Kale epitaph found in the inn, it was constructed by Cevher Paşa Camii has a rectangular plan, its the order of Esededdin Ayaz bin Abdullah el minaret is at its northwestern corner, and the Şahabi (who was a slave of Alaeddin Keykubat last communion area is placed at the north. granted with his freedom) during the reign of Alaeddin Keykubat. It was completed during Sports Activities the month of Ramadan in 1230 and, according Denizli is active in sports as well as sports to the epitaph, it was constructed as an inn. Sit- training. Denizlispor has represented the city in uated on northwest direction, the inn has quite the Super League since 1998. Denizli Atatürk a large square atrium, and a six-section hall in- Stadium has a capacity of 17,500 spectators. It cluding five private areas. It is a plain examplery is equipped also for games played at night. The of Sultan’s inns. stadium is the first one in the country without a wire fence. This stadium is used for the matches Antique Houses and Architecture of Denizlispor (Denizli Sports Club). Only a few buildings, dating back to the As of 2007, there are 53 football fields in Seljuk reign, still remain standing upright in Denizli and its provinces. 29 of these fields are our day. Akhan and Çardak Caravansarais are grass fields and 24 are terraneous fields. With

75 financial support received from the used in industry will be facilitated. City Private Administration, terra- PHYSICAL As of 2007, the city has 103 km.s neous fields are being switched to INFRASTRUCTURE of railroads belonging to the Turk- grass fields. Transportation ish State Railroads. Passenger and DENİZLİ ‘09 Denizli has road, railway and freight transportation is carried out airway transportation connections. NATURAL RESOURCES on a daily basis. Denizli has important chro- Two separate roads connect Deni- zli to İzmir. One of these roads mium beds found in Beyağaç Air Transportation and Acıpayam provinces. Çivril, connects via Manisa and the other Çardak airport was first opened Güney, Buldan, Beyağaç and Kale via Aydın. Railway running in the to service as a military aiport in provinces have lignite, and sodium same route as the Denizli-Afyon- 1991. It was opened to public sulphate is found in Çardak Acıgöl. İzmir road connects Denizli to transportation later on in 2001 Geothermal energy sources are lo- İzmir, the largest city of the region. and international scheduled flights cated at Kızıldere of Sarayköy. Denizli is connected to Ankara were started. In the near future, Manganese is found in Tavas and via Afyon by road and via Afyon- the administrative structure of Acıpayam. Meerschaum sources are Kütahya-Eskişehir by railroad. the airport will be completed in- located at Acıpayam, Center Prov- cluding a terminal building. Total ince, Kale and Tavas. Sulphur is Roads completion of the remaining works Traffic is very intense on our found in Sarayköy; gypsum in Ho- is planned for December. It is sug- roads especially in summer as the naz; cupper at Tavas; lead and zinc gested that completion date be city is located on important routes. in Çal and Sarayköy; travertine taken forward to October and that Activities are continued to improve beds in Center Province, Pamuk- the work be carried on faster. There the quality of the roads as well as kale, Akköy, Karahayıt, Honaz are daily flight connections to and the village roads. City roads re- and Çal; and marble beds in Cen- from Denizli-İstanbul. In 2006, maining within the municipality ter Province, Dkdağ, Kızılcabölük, 209,317 passengers traveled via boundaries are temporarily severed Çivril and Kurudere. domestic flights. from the state and city roads net- The Aegean Directorat of MTA work and are trasferred to the mu- (Metal Survey and Search Insti- nicipalities by the ruling of the tute) has continued its surveys and COMMUNICATION Ministry of Public Works. There is no residential area in search for mines in the area since The distance between Denizli the city without telephone connec- 1975. All mentioned mines have and İstanbul is 662 km.s. It takes tion. Total switchboard capacity is been discovered by MTA. Mines 10 hours of driving time. Bus con- 290,978 and the total number of and mineral assests of Denizli have nection from İstanbul is available subscribers is 272,707. Cable TV a large potential for exploitation. at every half hour. Denizli is 479 service has 10,565 subscribers. Most important of them are chro- km.s to Ankara and the road takes Radio and TV broadcasts continue mium, lignite, geothermal energy, seven hours of time. Same connec- without any problems. marble and travetine beds. tion schedule is valid also in An- The mines and minerals of our kara. The distance between Denizli ENERGY city and their yields and reserve As the industry developed and İzmir is 236 km.s. It takes 3.5 quantities are listed in the follow- rapidly, a need for energy supply hours to reach İzmir. Antalya is ing table. emerged in Denizli. An energy 297.km.s far from Denizli and it It is expected that the drought bottleneck was experienced in the takes 4 hours to reach Antalya. with 38% decreased rains experi- city during 1994-1997. This en- enced in our city in the fall of 2006 ergy shortage was caused due to the Railroads and spring and summer of 2007 is Railway utilization, relative to shut-down of the thermal electrical expected to cause a 38% loss in ag- transportation by road, is very low. power production stations which ricultural plant production yields. In order to integrate railroads, directly supplied the energy to the As this situation will have a chain lines are being renewed and capac- city. reaction effect in animal breeding, ity is being increased. It is expect- Adıgüzel, Buldan, and Gökpınar decreases are also expected in meat, ed that through these initiatives, hydro-electric power stations within milk, fish and eggs. transportation of the raw materials our city continue their production.

76 Established power of the Adıgüzel power station It was completed in June, 1988. It is 18 km.s is 149.57 MW. Average annual electric power to the Denizli center. It is situated on a land of production is 598.50GWh/yr. The private sector 3,000,000 square meters at Gürlek Village area station has an established capacity of 79.36MW on the road connecting Denizli to Afyon. The and the average annual electric power production surface area was enlarged to 3,641,216 square is 309.92GWh/yr. Energy consumption totaled meters by the expropriation of a land of 641,216 1,761,108,122 KWH at the end of 2006. En- square meters at the south of the zone. The num- ergy loss is computed as 106,476,317KWH or ber of parcels thus reached 159. Studies contin- 6.05%. In Turkey, there are 170 geothermal ar- ue to include a land of 110 hectares lying on the eas containing geothermal liquids with tempera- east of the industrial zone. tures above 35oC. In the First Organized Industrial Zone, there are 159 industrial parcels of various sizes. Pamukkale – Special Environmental 100% of the parcels are allocated. Surface area Protection Area of the parcels varies between 5,000-110,000 Pamukkale is an important touristic center square meters. Total surface area of the zone is with its natural structure and historical val- 3,641,216 square meters with net parcel surface ues, and it comprises thermal water resources, area of 2,325,000 square meters. The remain- travertines and Hieropelis antique city. Pamuk- ing 1,331,450 square meters of land comprises kale is listed among world heritages and it is green areas, roads, parks and social facilities. declared as a Special Environmental Protection Distribution of the facilities at the zone on sector Area by the decree of Cabinet of Ministers, dated basis is shown below. A total of 21,769 persons 22/10/1990, numbered 90/1117. are employed at the Zone; comprising 623 per- Works to construct the sewage and waste sons in management and administration, 1,605 water treatment infrastructure system continue technicians, 1,545 office employees and 18,610 under the authority of the Ministry of Environ- workers. Total employment capacity of the zone ment and Forestry. Infrastructure works for Pa- is 30,000 persons. Administrative building of mukkale and Karahayıt areas and Yeniköy and the Zone Management, Trade Center (15 work- Develi villages. At Pamukkale Special Environ- places), Gendarmarie station, Post and Telecom- mental Protection Area, opinion and approval munication building, Banks (3), Kindergarten, are requested from Special Environmental Pro- fire brigade, living quarters, Conference Hall, tection Corporation. Construction of sewage sys- Cafeteria, 112 Emergency Station, Social Insur- tem works at the area is completed, waste water ance Health Station, Textile Vocational College, treatment system is in operation and discharge sports facilities and a mosque are situated within permit is received. the zone. Out-Patient Clinic will be completed soon. Fair building with a capacity of 10,000 ORGANIZED INDUSTRIAL ZONES square meters closed area hosts fair organiza- 1.Organized Industrial Zone tions. Electrical energy power need of the zone The zone was established by the decree of the is supplied by the Electical Power Production Cabinet of Ministers, numbered 7/9359, dated Station constructed by Birlik Energy Corpora- 24.01.1975. Infrastructure work was contracted tion within the Zone. Electricity network and in 1984 and construction was started in 1985. transformers are under the ownership of the

77 DENİZLİ ‘09

Organized Industrial Zone. logical studies were conducted of 16 billion TL with the pur- Operation, maintenanace and by the Pamukkale University pose of drilling a well for the repair works of this network is and approved by the General supply of potable and utility undertaken by the Organized Management of Disasters. water. Industrial Zone Management. Site planning and parcellation 448,380 YTL of loans are Natural gas distribution sys- works were completed and title included in the 2005 Invest- tem network construction for deeds are obtained. State Water ment Program. the Organized Industrial Zone Works started their surveys for Infrastructure works (waste was started in July 2003 and water exploration. water, rain water, potable and completed on 16 July 2005. At this Leather Organized utility water) was contracted Gas is now in utilization. Un- Zone, there are 54 industrial out to GÜVENÇ construc- der the same contract coverage, parcels; land is allocated for tion company at an initial potable water distribution sys- one water treatment plant, cost of 6,131,862 YTL on tem network construction was one community building, three 21.7.2005. projected and relevant studies shops and it is surrounded by are completed. Waste treatment a 50 m. wide health protection plant was put in use in January band. Çardak Özdemir Sabancı Organized Industrial Zone 1998. It has a daily capacity of Until the end of 2003, 115 Site selection for this zone 43,000 cubic meters. It com- billion TL worth of loans were was realized on 08.10.1996. prises physical, chemical, and given to the use of this Zone. The surface area of the selected biological treatment as well as Extension of 300 billion TL land for the Zone is 3,225,913 mud dehydration units. worth of loans are planned in square meters and it is locat- the framework of 2004 Invest- ed nearby the Airport Area of Denizli Leather ment Plan (including the cost Çardak province at a distance Organized Industrial Zone of a waste treatment plant of of 60 km.s to Denizli. It is only It is situated at Kaklık 60 hectares at the first stage). 2 km.s to the international air- borough in the environs of Infrastructure works (roads, port and borders the Denizli Elmalı Tepe. It is connected water suply and sewage sys- Free Trade Zone (DENSER). to the Denizli-Afyon road by tems) were contracted out to Infrastructure works for the a side-road of 4 km.s and is at ARTEK Engineering Company Zone were completed at the end a distance of 34 km.s to Deni- at a cost of 179.5 billion TL. of 1997. USD 13,465,221 was zli. An area of 205 hectares However, since these projects spent for the infrastructure. No was selected for the zone on were not completed, 300 bil- State-financing was received 16.12.1997. lion TL allocated by the 2004 and the Zone is the first private At the present, land survey Investment Plan, could not be Organized Industrial Zone in of the area was completed fol- utilized. Infrastructure works the country. lowing the expropriation of an reached completion at the end It has a total of 96 industri- area of 630,000 square meters of 2004. al parcels (the smallest parcel is and approval of Environmental Furthermore, in March, 25,000 square meters). The Impact Report by the Ministry 2004 a land of 4,850 square Zone has two green fields, one of Environment. Relevant geo- meters was purchased at a cost community and administration

78 building, (132,000 square meters), one cubic meters of the existing 5,404 mil- all related parties. No controversary water tank, one TIR park and customs lion cubic meters of travertine reserves view was declared at this meeting. Ac- area (36,000 square meters). Title deeds of our country. cordingly, studies are on-going over the of 50 parcels are received by the own- There are 90 high-capacity mar- re-selected land. ing industrialists. However, due to the ble factories and 72 mine operations. Çal Denizler Organized Industrial economic crisis, the parcel owners could 400,000 cubic meters of block marble Zone, Tavas Organized Industrial Zone not realize their relevant investments. and 8,500,000 square meters of marble Two facilities have started their slab are produced at these facilities. Irrigation Potentials operation. One of these is a facility for 3,000 persons are employed at these Denizli has a total of 376,738 hect- the production of pre-fabricated con- workplaces. Annual turnover of the ares of agricultural land. 189,461 hect- struction units and the other manufac- marble industry in our city is computed ares of this land can be irrigated. In fact, tures plastic materials. 11 persons are to be around USD 150 to 200 million. 129, 395 hectares are being irrigated employed by these two facilities. Total In order to carry out this work with- presently. A new land of 60,066 hect- employment capacity of this Zone is as- out causing environmental hazards and ares will be opened to irrigation. Within sumed to be 10,000 persons. Construc- in order to make collective production this framework, project works for the ir- tion of Health Center and Telecommu- and processing possible, it has been rigation of 25,611 hectares are initiated nication buildings is completed. decided to initiate relevant survey and and civil works for 34,455 hectares are studies for the establishment of an Or- on-going. Acıpayam-Yumrutaş Organized ganized Industrial Zone specializing in Irrigation of 16,655 hectares of ag- Industrial Zone marble production and processing. As a ricultural land is realized by the people, This Zone is situated at a distance result of local surveys and studies con- 85,527 hectares by State Water Works of 13 km.s to the center of Acıpayam ducted by the Ministry, an area situated (DSİ), and 27,213 hectares by the abol- province and 4 km.s to the Yumrutaş at the Kocadüz and Esenli section of ished Village Services. borough at the İşgen Pazarı (İşgen Mar- Dereçiftlik Village of Honaz Province ket) area. 490 hectares of land was was found to be suitable for the purpose; ECONOMIC STATUS selected on 27.03.1998. The protocol relevant communication with involved Basic City and Regional Indicators for the establishment of the Zone was Ministries (the Ministry of National De- Basic Comparative Indicators submitted to the Ministry and was ap- fense, the Ministry of Agriculture and Gross National Domestic Product proved on 12.04.2001. The Zone was Village Works, the Ministry of Energy Growth Rate and Ratios registered as a Legal Entity. and Natural Resources) was initiated. Year 2000 Gross National Domestic The Zone covers a land of 4,009,414 The response received on Product based on current 1987 prices, is square meters; 2,789,663 square meters 16.01.2004 indicated that the area one trillion 817 million Turkish Liras. of this area is allocated to the Denizli proposed was not found suitable by the Based on the same prices, Gross Na- Chamber of Industry and the remaining Ministry of National Defense, the Man- tional Product per capita is 1,763,004 1,219,751 square meters belong to pri- agement of State Water Works (DSİ) thousand Turkish Liras. In the year vate entities. Land survey and develop- and General Management of Mines 2000, based on current 2001 prices, ment plans are completed and the land under the Minstry of Energy and Na- Public Investment Expenditures were application plans are materialized under tional Resources. Howeever, personal 23.011 billion Turkish Liras, whereas the coordination of the Municipality of applications of the mining companies to in 2001, this figure was realized as Yumrutaş. Denizli Chamber of Trade is obtain work permits at the mentioned 27,568 billion Turkish Liras. With per the entrepreneur group. area were evaluated and site selection capita Public Investment Expenditures permits were extended. of 16 million Turkish Liras in 2000, Denizli Marble Organized Thereafter, new studies and sur- Denizli occupies the 52nd place in the Industrial Zone veys were initiated upon the applica- general country listing. This figure is Following textiles, marble has be- tion of the Board of Directors of Denizli much lower than the average figure for come an alternative investment area Leather Organized Industrial Zone on the Aegean region. In 2000, General in our city. The geological surveys 22.06.2005 followed by the approval of Budget Expenditures based on current conducted to date in our country have the City Governorship on the same date. 2001 prices, were realized as 251,051 revealed that Denizli owns, within its Upon the completion of surveys and billion Turkish Liras and as 250,339 borders, 72 million cubic meters of the studies, a “Land Selection Commission billion Turkish Liras in 2001. With existing 1,077.1 million cubic meters of Meeting” was organized on 30.11.2005 186 million per capita budget income, visible marble reserves and 553 million bringing together the representative of Denizli occupies the 18th place among

79 DENİZLİ ‘09

all cities of the country. In 2000, the number tion for the same is 298.8 million YTL and of investments with “Investment Incentive the amount dispersed from the allocated budget Certificate”s was 100, with a total investment is 228.7 million YTL. Average financial rate value of 91,996 billion Turkish Liras, creating of realization of our investments is 76.5% and employment opportunities for 5,621 persons. physical realization rate is 66%. The table on In 2001, these figures respectively dropped down to 58 certificates, 92,705 billion Turk- ish Liras, and 2,782 persons. In 2000, bank deposits (based on 2001 cur- rent prices) totaled 874,765 billion Turkish Liras. Total bank deposits per capita is 1,037.5 million Turkish Liras. Total bank loans is 769,159 million and per capita 9,12.3 Turk- ish Liras. Gross National Domestic Product on city basis is defined as the monetary value of all the final commodities and services produced in the city, within a year. In 2000 (based on 2001 current prices) per capita Gross National Do- mestic Product of Denizli is 1,763,004 thou- sand Turkish Liras. Overall country GNDP per capita is 1,760,850 Turkish Liras. So, the figure for Denizli is close to the overall coun- try figure, placing Denizli on the 15th position among 81 cities (based on 1987 current prices). One of the points of attention in this table is that Denizli, compared to the other cities, was relatively less affected by the crisis experienced by the country economy in 1999. The crisis ex- perienced in 1994 was bonded to external con- ditions, and therefore Denizli went through a down-sizing of 0.4% only. This figure for 1999 was realized as 1.2%. When we compare this figure with the ratio of 9.2% of the neighboring attachment 5 shows State Planning Organiza- cities, we can state that Denizli applied a very tion List of Public Investments per Cities. successful crisis management and made good As of 31 December, 2006, 704 projects use of its position targeting external markets are on-going in our city. 427 projects are com- rather than the internal ones. pleted, 161 projects are on-going, 19 projects reached contracting stage and 97 projects were not initiated due to various reasons. PUBLIC INVESTMENTS As at the end of year 2006, total project As of end of June 2007, 977 projects were cost of 704 on-going projects is one billion on-going at our city with a total project cost 230 million New Turkish Liras; yearly alloca- of one billion 401 million New Turkish Liras

80 (YTL), yearly budget allocation of 362.9 mil- in animal breeding. “Village Based Participa- lion YTL and total actual disbursements was tive Investment Program,” which is one of the 137.85 million YTL. Average financial rate sub-components of the “Agricultural Reform of realization of our investments is 38% and Program,” is in application as a pilot project in physical rate of realization is 36.8%. 16 cities, including Denizli. In these activities As of 30 June, 2007, 977 projects are on- State Water Works’ irrigation initiatives, aggre- going in our city. 264 projects are completed, gation of Village Services and drainage works 461 projects are on-going, 57 projects reached have major shares. The city has 376,738 hect- contracting stage and 195 projects were not ini- ares of agricultural land. 129,395 hectares are tiated due to various reasons. irrigated; irrigation system construction works continue to cover 34,455 hectares; irrigation survey studies are on-going for the irrigation of INTERNAL COMMERCE According to the data disclosed by the Deni- 25,611 hectares and 187,277 hectares of agri- zli Chamber of Commerce, in 2007 the follow- cultural land cannot be irrigated. Irrigation of ing numbers of companies were established to 16,655 hectares of agricultural land is realized serve in the indicated sectors: by the people, 85,527 hectares by State Water Works (DSİ) and 27,213 hectares by the City 161 companies - Wholesale and Retail Private Administration. When we review the Sales contribution of total value of the agricultural 130 companies - Production and animal products of the city to the Gross 86 companies - Construction National Domestic Product, the importance of 27 companies - Education arable field plants and fruits come to the fore- 10 companies – Financial Services ground. The value of arable field plants within 26 companies – Transportation, total marketed produce is 539,160,290 YTL; Warehousing and Communication the value of fruits is 398,747,220YTL; the 6 companies – Real-estate Leasing value of vegetables is 114,783,100 YTL, and 49 companies – Agriculture and Forestry the value of green house produces is 3,622,805 39 companies – Mining YTL. First five most important arable field 22 companies – Hotels and Restaurants plants are grains, tobacco, peas, cotton, and 17 companies – Health Services common vetch. First five vegetables are toma- 43 companies – Other Services toe, melon, watermelon, cucumber and carrot. Employment Statistics and Social Security Grape, apple, olive, pomogranede and peach are September and October 2007 figures indi- the first five of the fruits. cate that 247,743 persons in Denizli are cov- In Denizli, animal feed plants are grown on ered by social security. 1.72% of the people em- a land of 16,783 hectares. Agricultural and live ployed in the country are in Denizli; most of animal stock figures for Denizli are shown in this population is registered under Social Insur- tables in Attachment 9. ance Corporation (SSK) totaling 145,348 per- Meat, milk and eggs contribute the most to sons. 181,521 males (73.27% of the employed the income of Denizli from the animal products. population) and 66,222 females (26.73% of the Recently, in addition to the City Governor- employed population) are within social insur- ship Budget allocations, funds obtained from ance coverage. The least number of employees sources such as “Social Assistance and Solidar- are covered under the social security scheme of ity” among the budget items of City Private “Emekli Sandığı” (Social Security Corporation Administration are being used to give incetives for the civil servants) and this figure is 32,809 to establish modern animal breeding facilities. persons. Animal breeding infrastructure is completed, and initiatives are taken to establish organized Basic Indicators in Agriculture, industrial zones. Animal Breeding Industrial Zone Entrepreneur Group has been formed at Industry and the Service Sector Denizli, recording a good achievement in Sarayköy province and activities are on-going. tourism and industry, owns an agricultural 26% of our country is covered by forests land of 376,738 hectares and is quite developed and, for Denizli, this figure is 46%.

81 AEGEAN FOUNDATION FOR

DENİZLİ ‘09 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT STUDIES FOR THE CITY OF DENİZLİ

AEGEAN REGION DEVELOPMENT PROJECT 2000 – 2005 Denizli Meeting for Strategic Goals 6/7 October 2001 40 participants Denizli Meeting for Setting Priorities 29 March 2003 49 participants Regional Dialogue Conference - Afyonkarahisar 4/6 July 2003 84 participants from member cities Agriculture and Stockbreeding Sector Meeting – Aydın 2/3 April 2005 57 participants from member cities Tourism Sector Meeting – Marmaris 16/17 April 2005 54 participants from member cities Geothermal Sector Meeting – Kuşadası 14/15 May 2005 9 participants from member cities Mining Sector Meeting – Kuşadası 14/15 May 2005 30 participants from member cities

AEGEAN OPINION LEADERS 2006 European Union Briefing Seminar 11/12 May 2006 151 participants received certificates

AEGEAN OPINION LEADERS 2008 Thermal and Health Tourism EU Conformity Seminar 28 May 2008 39 participants received certificates

Precautions, Applications by Sector; Prof. Dr. İge PIR- AEGEANWithin the OPINION framework LEADERS of the programs 2006 prepared NAR: EU’s Tourism Policies, The Rules Turkey Must by EGEV for its member cities, seminars were held on Follow; Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yaşar UYSAL: EU’s Agricul- the European Union, for which we stand as a member ture Policies, The Possible Effects of Full Membership candidate. Meetings organized under the title of “Aege- on Turkish Agriculture; Assist. Prof. Dr. Esin TAY- an Opinion Leaders EU Training Program” have been LAN: EU’s Policy on the Law of Competition, Rules for realized by the support of Philip Morris/Sabancı and Customs Union and Competition, The Aim, Structure, the collaboration of ESİAD. Within this context 151 Addressees and Applications of the Law concerning the persons participated in the two day trainings held on Preservation of Competition, Exemption, Determining 11-12 May 2006. On the first day of the training Prof. the Judge Status; Assist. Prof. Dr. Berna KIRKULAK: Dr. Haluk GÜNUĞUR lectured on “On the way to In- EU Policies on Small and Medium Scale Establishments tegration with the European Union”, “Extension of the and Competition, Input Costs, Credits, The China Fac- European Union”, “Institutional Structure of the Eu- tor, Protection from the Currency Risk, Benefiting from ropean Union”, “European Constitution”, “Relations EU Funds, E-Trade and Competition Strategies. between Turkey and the European Union”. During the training held on the second day, the issues on which the lecturers enlightened the partici- TheAEGEAN “Aegean OPINION Opinion Leaders LEADERS EU Training 2008 Prog- pants were as follows: Prof. Dr. Canan BALKIR: Trade ram”, started by Philip Morris/Sabancı as a social res- Policy of the EU, Common Customs Tariffs, Protection ponsibility project within the framework of the activities

82 PROFILES OF DENİZLİ PARTICIPATORS

PIE CHART BY SECTOR

3

6 Public Education Non-Governmental Society Private Sector

23 7 PIE CHART BY AGE

4 3

Age 20’ s 9 Age 30’ s Age 40’ s Age 50’ s 11 Age 60’ s

9 prepared by EGEV and held in its member 28 May 2008, in collaboration with ESİAD and SPA/Wellness Tourism concepts. He cities, received enormous interest in cities in Denizli, Prof. Dr. İge PIRNAR, acade- mentioned the traditional hot springs of which are EGEV members and this has mician and lecturer in 9th September Uni- our country and called attention to the rich brought along new shared projects. The versity Faculty of Business Administration thermal, mineral water and mud resources strong support provided by the local foci, Department of Tourism and Hotel Mana- of the Aegean Region and of Denizli. with which we are in contact in every city gement, briefly explained EU policies and Mr. Turabi Çelebi, the General Mana- of the Aegean, the new ideas and sugges- exchanged information under the sub-title ger of Balçova Thermal Tourism and Hotel tions put forth during the seminars, and of “Thermal and Health Tourism”. Corporation, shared his experiences in the the request for research on new solutions Prof. Dr. Zeki Karagülle, speaking after sector and underlined what needs to be paid for the problems of the region’s cities have Prof. Dr. İge Pırnar, elaborated on the he- attention in order to achieve success in this motivated us into sustaining these social alth tourism under three main titles explai- sector. He also suggested ideas on how to responsibility projects in an expanded fas- ning Medical Tourism, Thermal Tourism, develop thermal tourism of Denizli. hion. During the half-day training held on Thermal / Hot Spring / Thalasso Tourism

83 In antique ages, the area was first

KÜTAHYA ‘09 KÜTAHYA taken under rule by Hittites, followed by Friggians, Lydians, Persians, Macedonians, Bitinians and Pergamons.

KütahyaZeus Alter 84 Kütahya has a total surface area of 11,875 square kilometers constituting 1.5% of the Turkish land.

Kütahya Homes ate of establishment for Kütahya city cannot exactly be traced back. However, it is assumed that the first set- tlements started in 1500 B.C. Kütahya is known to be the birth place of the famous author of fables, Aesop and the Dfamous Ottoman traveler, Evliya Çelebi. In old ages, its name was Katiaion, meaning the city of Katis. In antique ages, the area was first taken under rule by Hittites, followed by Friggians, Lydians, Persians, Macedonians, Bitinians and Pergamons. Later on, the area was reigned by the Roman Empire. Fol- lowing the separation of the Roman Empire, the city and its environs were included in the territory of Byzantine (Eastern Rome). Thus the area gained importance as a center of Christianity. This status contin- ued until 1074, when the area was conquered by Melik Mansur, the brother of Kutlamışoğlu Süleyman Shah, who was the first ruler of the Anatolian Seljuk State founded following the Victory of Malazgirt in 1071. During the Crusades, this area was intermittently taken over by the Byzantinians; then it was conquered by the Sanjak of Germiyanoğlu and was incorporated into the Ottoman lands.

GEOGRAPHIC STRUCTURE Kütahya is located at the northeast of the Aegean region at the in- ner west section. It is a passageway between the Aegean and the Central Anatolian regions and is situated between 380.70’ and 390.80’ north- ern latitudes and between 290.00’ and 300.30’ eastern meridians. Kü- tahya has a total surface area of 11,875 square kilometers constituting 1.5% of the Turkish land. It is surrounded by İnegöl, Keles, Orhaneli provinces of Bursa at the north and northwest; Bozüyük province of Bilecik at the northeast; center and Seyitgazi provinces of Eskişehir at the east; İhsaniye, center and Sincanlı provinces of Afyon at the southeast; Banaz and center province of Uşak at the south; Demirci and Selendi provinces of Manisa at the southwest, and Dursunbey and Sındırgı provinces of Balıkesir at the west.

Kütahya Castle

85 The important plains of Kütahya are Kütahya, Aslanapa, Altıntaş, Tavşanlı, Örencik and Simav plains. KÜTAHYA ‘09 KÜTAHYA

There are a total of 520 villages, 75 munici- palities and 13 provinces (including the center DEMOGRAPHIC PROPERTIES, province) within the city borders. The following SOCIAL AND CULTURAL are the provinces of Kütahya: Center, Altıntaş, STRUCTURE Aslanapa, Çavdarhisar, Domaniç, Dumlupınar, Climate and Vegetation Emeti Gediz, Hisarcık, Samav, Şaphane, Pazar- The climate of Kütahya exhibits the transi- lar and Tavşanlı. There are also 150 sub-village tory properties specific to the Aegean, Marmara residential units in Kütahya. and Central Anatolian regions. Temperature More than half of the city land is mountain- properties of the Central Anatolian region are ex- ous, one-third is composed of plateaus and the perienced at the city while the rainfall is similar remaining parts are plains. to that of the Marmara region. Winters are cold Important mountains within the city borders and snowy and frost is seen often. No extreme and their elevation above sea level are as follows: heat is experienced in summer and droughts are Akdağ 1.300 m, Eğrigöz mountain 1.931 m, seldom. Kütahya’s climate exhibits the proper- Yellice mountain 1.764 m, Gümüşdağ 1.901 m, ties of all three regions. Climate is mild at the Yeşildağ 1.533 m, Türkmen mountain l.826 m, western sections around Gediz and Simav plains Şaphane mountain 2.120 m, Muratdağı 2.308 as the elevation from the sea level is relatively m and Simav mountains 1.800 m. low. Rain falls in spring, autumn and winter. The main streams in the city are Koca Çay, Summers are dry. Yearly average rainfall var- Porsuk, Felent, Emet and Kocasu and Gediz ies between 491-683mm. Most rain falls at Si- River. There are no naturally formed lakes in mav and the least at Tavşanlı provinces. As the the city. Ağaçköy Regulator, Enne, Kayaboğazı, amount of rainfall distribution changes over the Çavdarhisar, Söğüt, Porsuk and Beşkarış Dam years, in certain years the rainfall decreases and Lakes and Çerte, Gümele, Yenice and Kuruçay this decrease limits the agricultural production. artificial ponds are utilized for irrigation and Yearly temperatures average 10.60C. Coldest other purposes. months are January and February, and the hot- The only natural lake, the Simav Lake, was test months are July and August. Most rainfall drained out by the drainage ducts put up by is received in December and January, and the State Water Works (DSİ). A land of 5 square least in July and August. Annual average rainfall kilometers surrounding the lake was rented to is 546.6 mm. Winds at Kütahya blow at an an- the nearby villagers by the Agricultural Reform nual average speed of 1.6m/s. and the predomi- Management to be used for agricultural purpos- nant winds blow in the direction of northwest. es. A natural lake exists over the Gölcük plateau The strongest wind has a speed of 24.8m/s and of Simav. blows in northwest direction. Also a southwind The water sources feeding the dams are listed blowing from southwest and the north winds are in the below table, indicating their depth, sur- dominant in the city. face area and volumes. Denizli has an elevation of 969 m. above the The important plains of Kütahya are Kü- sea level. Meteorological measurements taken at tahya, Aslanapa, Altıntaş, Tavşanlı, Örencik the city are shown in the list below. and Simav plains. The city land has a rugged surface; northern, There are 13 provinces in the city. The sur- western and southern sections are covered with face areas of these provinces are listed below. rich forests. Four main groups of plants; conifer-

86 ous plants, oak bushes and forests, the female population. In 1927, willow and poplar ranges and praries for every 100 females, there were constitute the natural vegetation of 86 males in the city; however, the the city. male population increased at a rapid Red pine and larch (black pine) paste, and in 1955, for every 100 forests are seen at Domaniç and females, there were 101 males in center provinces, and oak forests the city. This increase contiued in composed of various kinds of oaks the same manner, and, in 1975, for (such as gail oak, Lebanon oak) are every 100 females, there were 106 seen at Emet, and juniper and larch males. This figure is 100 to 102 re- forests are seen at Tavşanlı. At Ge- spectively, for 2000. diz and Simav, chestnut, buckeye and larch forests cover wide areas. Groups of red pine and lemur seen at Social Structure: Education and Health Services dry forest areas make up a separate Social infrastructure of a city property of the vegetation. As seen is one of the main indicators of the in the Aegean and Marmara regions, developmental status of the city. soil below red pines is covered with Educational infrastructure bears tahya Economic and Administrative lemur kinds, such as maple, mastic great importance in raising qualified trees and prickly juniper. Sciences and Kütahya Vocational employees and health infrastructure School, which formerly continued bears also great importance in order their educational activities under Demographic Properties to have healthy individuals. the framework of the Anatolian Kütahya gained the status of University, constituted the basis of city following the Declaration of the Education Dumlupınar University. Republic. Among 81 cities of Tur- There are 419 schools, 95,616 As of 2006-2007 academic year, key, it is in the 34th place with its students and 5,309 teachers in the there are 7 faculties, 3 colleges, 13 size of 0.96 per thousand. The city city. Literacy rate is 98%. vocational colleges, and 3 institutes population was found to be 303,641 In the academic year 2006- at the University. The total number at the end of the census of 1927. 2007, schooling ratios were realized of students attending the university At the first following census, rate as: 17% in pre-school age, 99.9% in is 31,153 and the number of lectur- of increase was 16.93%. Popula- elementary school age and 59.5% ers is 831. tion increase in the city continued in intermediary (general, vocational its upwaard trend throughout the and technical high schools) school years; however, in 1955 with a sud- age. 32 of the high schools (and Health Services den drop, the population decreased their equivalents) are general high In Kütahya, there are 11 hos- down to 330,978. According to the schools; 36 are vocational-technical pitals reporting to the Ministry of year 2000 census, the population of intermediary schools. Schooling ra- Health. Hospital bed capacity of all Kütahya is 656,903. tio for the general high schools is the hospitals in the city is 1,681. According to the 1990 census 87%, while it is 84% for vocational There are neither private hospitals results, net immigration ratio for technical high schools. The numbers nor a university hospital in the city. Kütahya is -9% per thousand. In of students per teacher on a categori- A total of 428 medical doctors, com- the Aegean Region, Kütahya follows cal basis is given in the table below. prising 185 specialists and 243 gen- Afyon in respect to outbound immi- There are 3,086 classrooms in el- eral practitioners are at the service of gration. ementary schools and 1,017 in in- the community. Number of patients termediary schools. per specialist is 3,016; per general Gender and Age Structure The Dumlupınar University of practitioner is 2,296 and the aver- The ratio of male population to Kütahya was established by the Law age number of patients per medical female population does not differ numbered 3837, dated 3 July 1992. doctor is 21,463. The numbers of much from the same ratio for the Four faculties and two institutes health service personnel and para- overall country. During 1927-1950 were founded also within the context medics in Kütahya are presented in male population was smaller than of the same law. The Faculty of Kü- the list below.

87 The city libraries contain 147,879 books. CULTURAL STRUCTURE Kütahya, following its conquest in 1078 Kütahya center and its provinces have 1,345 by the Anatolian Seljuk state, was taken un- registered real assets of cultural value. der Turkish-Islam domination. For nearly Important historical and cultural assets of 130 years, it was the center of the Sanjak of Kütahya Germiyanoğulları and later on, for about 400 The famous Turkish traveler Evliya Çelebi years, it was positioned as the center of the and Poet Şeyhi of the Ottoman literature were KÜTAHYA ‘09 KÜTAHYA Anatolian State General Governorship with- born in Kütahya. in the Ottoman State. As would be expected The first collective Labor Agreement of from such an important center, Kütahya city, the world was signed in Kütahya on 13 July its provinces and villages were decorated with 1766, between the experts and the headwork- many valuable and beautiful pieces of art, ers, manufacturing porcelain cups. mosques, theological Islam schools, caravan- The first known Stock Market building of sarais and baths, each representing the Turk- the world is found in Alzanoi antique city at ish-Islam culture. Çavdarhisar. Kütahya also has, in the past, been the A Temple of Zeus, still standing upright Although the art cradle of many civilizations. Still today, it has and thus the most strongest of the world, is many valuable remnants dating back to the also in Alzanoi antique city at Çavdarhisar. of tile-making was Phyriggian and Roman times. Battlefields of Dumlupınar and Zafer- transferred to İznik Kütahya is famous for its art of tile-mak- tepe (Victory Hill) at Çalköy were the set- ing, local garments, carpet weaving and other tings where the “Battle of the Commander following the stag- handcrafts, as well as for its architectural in Chief” was realized, which constituted the nation period in structure and folkloric values. This special foundation of the Turkish Republic. city has quite a rich historical and cultural Tile-making covers an important area in the Ottoman Em- legacy which is exhibited in its museums and the cultural structure of the city. The art of pire, this art is still at archeological sites. In our city, there are tile-making dates back to the 13th century. three museums; namely the Museum of Ar- The city, since then, has been an important actively continued cheology, the Museum of Ceramic Tiles and center in the manufacture of tiles. at the city. the Kossuth Museum (which is a Hungarian Although the art of tile-making was trans- home). The Alzanai antique city dates back ferred to İznik following the stagnation pe- to former ages. “Germiyan Street” exhibits riod in the Ottoman Empire, this art is still the lively samples of civil architecture. These actively continued at the city. three museums and the Alzanai archeological Three voluntary, three employed and two site were visited by 33,222 persons in 2006. contracted trainers serve the city sports life at With all these historical and cultural as- 23 sportive areas, reporting to the Kütahya sets, and furthermore with its thermal re- City Youth and Sports City Management. sources, Kütahya is one of the cities of Tur- key with the highest potential for tourism. NATURAL RESOURCES Despite this high potential, tourism has not Mines are one of the most important re- sufficiently developed and remained at quite sources of the city. The large capacity of avail- a low level. Kütahya does not have sufficient able mine reserves and the variety of existing accommodation. Those available are old and mines place Kütahya among the leading cit- insufficient. There are four facilities certified ies of the country in this respect. The mines, by the Ministry of Tourism for touristic oper- which played a major role in the social and ations, with a total hotel-bed capacity of 588. economic development of the city, are coal, There are seven facilities with investment cer- boron, antimony, and sepiolite (meerschaum). tificates and their respective capacity is 1,127 Kütahya has many other mine reserves and beds. Kütahya city owns seven thermal tour- thus makes considerable contribution to the ism centers. country economy. In the city general, there are 18 public Chromium, kaolen, pheldsphate, dolo- and children’s libraries. There is also a mobile mite, talcum, alum, silver and marble mines library and one Gallery of Fine Arts. A book are among the important mines found at Kü- sales shop is run by the Ministry of Tourism. tahya area.

88 As mentioned above, Kütahya owns seven thermal tourism centers which are: Kütahya- PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE A.Transportation Ilıca Spa, Gediz-Ilıcasu Spa, Gediz-Muratdağı Kütahya is situated at the crossing point of Spa, Emet-Yeşil and Kaynarca Spas, Simav-Ey- the roads and railroads connecting the Central nal, Çitgöl, Naşa Spas, Hisarcık Esire (Safaköy) Anatolian region to the Aegean, and connect- Spas and Tavşanlı-Göbel Spas. ing the Marmara region to the Aegean and the There are many more spas, like Yoncalı Spa, Mediterranean regions. Furthermore, the city is at various other areas. on the transit transportation roads between the North and the South. As the industry is devel- Underground Water Resources oped in the city and as the city has rich mine It is expected that water supply demand for resources, transportation by road is intensive. Kütahya city will be 356,00lt/s in 2006 and The city has a network of 961 km.s of roads. 810.00lt/s in 2035 (excluding the losses). Wa- The table below shows the distance between Kü- ter distribution network system renewal activi- tahya center and its provinces;, between Kütahya ties are continued in order to prevent any water and other citites and important centers. loss. The capacity of presently available water The distances between Kütahya and the resources is 1,095lt/s. neighboring cities are as follows (in kilometers): Above Ground Water Resources Afyon 97 They are Felent Stream, Porsuk Stream, Balıkesir 222 Murat Stream(Oysu), Kureyşler Brook, Kokar Bilecik 110 Stream, Avşar Brook, Gediz Stream, Emet Bursa 178 Streamı, Bedir Brook, Tavşanlı Stream, Simav Eskişehir 78 Stream, and Hamzabey Stream. Manisa 193 Uşak 144 Forests The distance between Kütahya and the near- Another important richness of Kütahya is its est metropolis, Bursa, is 178 km. forests. 612,033 hectares of land, correspond- The number of people living at the rural ar- ing to 52% of the total city land, are covered eas is 328,736 in Kütahya and the total length with forests. Of this forest area, 86% is groves, of asphalt-coated roads at the area is 3,838 kil- and 14% are swamps. 55% of groves are normal ometers. 2,487 km.s of these roads are Class I and 54% are irregular groves. 48% of forests are priority roads and 1,351 km.s are Class II prior- covered with lurch (black pine) trees, 14% with ity roads. The ratio of total asphalt-coated roads oak trees, 6% with juniper trees, 5% with red within its own residential area is 52%. pine trees, 1% with beech trees, and the remain- There are 52,314 registered private cars in ing 25% are covered with mized coniferous and the city. The number of private cars is 80 per foliated trees. thousand persons. The number of vehicles per In 1% of the forests, cedar, fir, poplar, chest- 100 persons is 10.3. Transportation by rail- nut and alder trees are spotted. As of the end road is important for Kütahya due to its under- of 2006, 233,600 cu.m. industrial wood and ground mine resources. The city is connected via 62,400 steres (cubic meters) of wood for heating Eskişehir to the north and the east, via Balıkesir purposes were produced and sold. to the west, via Afyon to the south and Central

89 KÜTAHYA ‘09 KÜTAHYA

Anatolia. There are 225 km.s of railroads with- MW/h in 2005. Although final figures are not in the Kütahya city boundaries. Tavşanlı and available, it is expected that in 2006, elec- Dumlupınar provinces are connected to the city trical energy consumption will have reached by railroad. 785,311MW/h, increasing by 2.41% percent The city does neither have an airport nor a with respect to the previous year. For the same seaport. The nearest airport is at Uşak (144 km.s period, the increase in consumption (with re- away) and the nearest seaport is at İzmir (334 spect to the former year) according to the sectors km.s away). Preliminary studies are conducted was distributed in the following manner: 8.97% to construct an airport at Altıntaş province. in households, 7.86% in public offices, 3.39% in industrial facilities, 56.24% in agricultural ir- rigation, 10.04% in commercial enterprises, and B. Communication All residential units within Kütahya city 9.9% in “other” subscriber groups. boundaries have internal and international au- tomatic telephone connections. There are 177 Organized Industrial Zones communication swithchboards in the city. Total Kütahya I Organized Industrial Zone capacity of these switchboards is 171,793, with The establishment of Kütahya Center Organ- a distribution of 111,051 for subscribers in the ized Industrial Zone was programed in 1973. city and 60,642 for the subscribers at the vil- Site selection permit and advance development lages. permit were receivd in 1980. Development plans As of the end of 2006, there are 135 inter- were approved in 1986. The zone covers a land net-cafés at the center city. of 165 hectares and contains 101 industrial par- Four TV and 10 radio channels are broad- cels. casting; 10 daily, 12 weekly, one twice a week, No action was taken until 1992 and expro- and one bi-weekly local newspapers are printed priation actions were completed during 1992- in the city. 1993. Infrastructure projects were prepared in 1993. Infrastructure construction activities were C. Energy started in 1994 and land allocation was initiated Electrical energy is produced in Kütahya by in 1995. Kütahya Organized Industrial Zone is the Seyitömer and Tunçbilek Thermic Power established on a total surface area of 2,213,100 Generation Stations and by Kayaköy Hydroelec- square meters. 103 industrial parcels comprise a tric Power Generation Station. Please find below land of 1,552,404 square meters. data related to the electrical power generation quantities of these stations. At this zone, • 36 companies were allocated parcels and Electical Energy Production Quantities they started production; In 2006, three power generation stations • 24 companies continue with the produced a total of 4.1 billion KW/h of electrical construction of their facilities; energy. • 10 companies are at the stage of project Consumption for the same was 654,494MW/h works; in 2004, which rose up by 14.60% to 766,34 • 13 parcels stand-by for allocation;

90 • and a total of 2,200 persons are period between 1987-2001 (15 years), places and the number of employees in employed by the companies which start- the GNDP of the city increased by 8% trade and services sector in comparison ed their production. and that the general yearly average in- to the region and Turkey. Kütahya II Organized Industrial crease rate was 0.53% per thousand. 79.7% of the total number of work- Zone, Gediz Organized Industrial Zone, places in trading and services sector Simav Organized Industrial Zone, and 75.9% of the total employees are Tavşanlı Organized Industrial Zone, FOREIGN TRADE involved in wholesale and retail sales. and Simav Agriculture Based Speciali- Importation Similarly, 20.3% of the total workplaces zation (hothouse growing) Organized In Kütahya, mostly imported items and 24.1% of employees are involved in Industrial Zone are among the main in- are high technology machinery, their hotel, restaurant, and café sector. dustrial zones. spare parts and other industrial prod- It is noticeable that the share of ucts. Companies benefiting from State trade and services sector in the number Incentives also import various machin- of workplaces (17,973) and the number ECONOMIC STRUCTURE ery and equipment. Additionally, raw of employees (51,336) are, respectively, Socio-Economic Developmental and chemical materials are also imported 51.0% and 35.0%. These values consti- Status of Kütahya City and its Provinces to meet the needs of the industry. tute 55.7% of the workplaces and 44.0% When we evaluate the socio-economic Imports of Kütahya are equivalent of employment in the region, and 55.4% developmental level of the Kütahya city to the 0.97% of the total imports of the and 40% respectively in regards to over- in relativity with the provinces of the Aegean region and 0.06% of total coun- all Turkey values. country, we see that Center province is try importation. placed at the 58th position among 872 STATUS of INCENTIVES provinces and at the first position among Kütahya is included among 13 cities the own provinces of the city. Aslanapa Exportation Exports from Kütahya comprise which will receive incentives in order to province is at the bottom among the mostly of mines, stones and terraneous boost investments and employment, in provinces of the city, while it holds the products, like porcelains, ceramics, fire- accordance with Law No. 5350, bringing 721st place among the provinces of the bricks and forest products. In addition, alterations to the Law No. 5084. Within country. Developmental status listing various chemical materials, machinery, the framework of the decree of Cabinet per provinces for the city of Kütahya is textiles and food products are also ex- of Ministers, published in the Official shown in the table below. ported. Gazette on 09.07.2002, No.24810, the As we can see from the table, socio- following will be applied during the in- economic developmental status level vestment or operational phases for the indices of Center, Tavşanlı, Gediz and INTERNAL TRADE Kütahya is situated on an impor- investments realized under “Investment Simav provinces have a beter standing tant position as far as transportation is Certificate”s: compared to the general index value concerned. We can identify agricultural (-0.20884) of Kütahya city itself. products, forest products, mines, (boron, •Exemption from Customs Tax and The general city socio-economic de- lignite, sepiolite), ceramics, porcelains, Collective Housing Fund velopmental status level places Kütahya porcelain tiles as commodities of ongoing •Investment reduction between cities at the third level of de- trade. The only silver producing facility •Value Added Tax exemption velopmental status, whereas the Center of the country is in Kütahya; therefore •Exemption from Taxes, fees and province is placed among second level a major part of silver trading is realized charges cities. in the city. •Loan allocation In 2006, there were 616 public and Gross National Domestic Product 7,709 private workplaces operating in In order for an investment project, In 1987, based on current prices, the city. 368 new companies were estab- to be realized in prioritized regions, to GNDP of the city was 770,206 million lished and 172 companies were closed receive incentives, investment total must TL, recorded an average yearly increase down. be a minimum of 200 billion TL for de- of 125% during the years 1987-2001 In 2002, the number of workplaces veloping areas and minimum 400 bil- and was realized as 1,446,533, 281 mil- in trading and services sectors was 9,172 lion TL for normal and developed areas. lion TL in 2001. and the number of people employed was For investments to be realized through When the increase in GNDP is evalu- 17,965. Table 94 presents, according the entrepreneurship of financial leasing ated on the basis of fixed prices (1976 to the year 2002 General Industry and companies, fixed investments will be at producer prices), we can state that for the Workplace Census, the number of work- minimum 25% of the above figures.

91 Employment Forest Products Industry According to the 2000 Census Report, active Industry for processing forest products, un- population above the age of 12 is 525,699 per- fortunately, is not much developed in the city, sons; constituting 80% of the total population. despite the fact that 52% (612,592hectares) of Total workforce number is 315,427, and a total its land is covered with forests. There are 46 of 300,564 persons are employed. 93.9% of the facilities producing furniture and other forest KÜTAHYA ‘09 KÜTAHYA active male workforce population and 97.3% of products. They provide a total employment of the active female population are employed. 632 persons. Nearly 93% of the female workforce is em- Most of the facilities, led by the private sec- ployed in the agricultural sector. The ratio of the tor, produce timber. One facility impregnates workforce employed in industry in the region and telephone posts. Another one is involved in chip- in Turkey doubles the ratio for Kütahya. Accord- ping and shaving wood. Most of the raw materi- ing to the data disclosed by Turkish Statistics als used by these facilities are supplied by the Corporation (TÜİK), 66% of the city population city forests. at the age of 12 and above is economically active, while the remaining 34% constitutes the eco- nomically inactive population group. 3% of the AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL economically active population is unemployed. BREEDING 34% of the available 1,187,500 hectares of land is agricultural land; 52% (612,597 hectares) Social Security is forests and shrubbery; 7% (88,209 hectares) is In Kütahya 109,165 persons are registered fields and pastures; and 7% (78,611 hectares) is under social security corporations as working various kinds of land. 91% of the available land persons and 92,444 persons as retired persons. is being actually used for agriculture. A total of 59,918 persons are insured. 11,708 Field plantations cover 76.1%; vegetable of insured persons are under public insurance plantations cover 1.7%; fruit gardens cover 1.6% coverage and 39,210 are under private sector in- of this land and 13.5% is (uncultivated) plowing surance coverage. land. Although suitable for agriculture, 7.1% of this land is not used for agriculture for various INDUSTRY reasons. 201,210 hectares of agricultural land Production industry in Kütahya is based can actually be irrigated; however, only 14.4% on processing natural resources such as mines, (59,168 hectares) is in fact irrigated. stones and terracotta. 39,111 hectares are irrigated by own means of Mining and Mine Processing Sector the people and 21,057 hectares by State means. Mining and mine processing are the leading 201,210 hectares of land which can be irri- sectors of the city economy. 70 facilities are in gated constitute 49.1% of the total agricultural operation in this sector. 11 of them are public land. A total of 59,168 hectares are irrigated, establishments and 59 are private sector compa- constituting 29.4% of the total land which can nies. A total of 9,184 persons are employed in be irrigated. this sector. Total land which can be irrigated is distrib- Share of the city in regional mining and mine uted, in order, among the provinces of Altıntaş, processing sector was 49.6% and increased to Simav, Tavşanlı and Center. 50.5% in 2001. Its share in Turkey was 14.4%, In Kütahya, undercover agricultural produc- and rose to 28.5% in 2001. tion is realized on a land of 229 decares.

Food Industry TOURISM There are 364 facilities with various sizes op- Tourism Services erating in this sector, employing 1,665 persons. Tourism, in the world and in our country, is Most of these facilities produce flour. Others a rapidly growing sector. It follows petroleum, produce milk and animal feed. There are also fa- in revenue creation. World Trade Organization cilities processing roasted chickpeas and employ- identifies it as the sector which will grow the fast- ing 1 to 5 personnel. est in the next 20 years. Tourism is a major con-

92 tributor to the income of the countries above average, when compared to the place with 1,282 million TL and Afy- of the world. Recently, tourism is no average country ratio of 48.38 and the onkarahisar the fourth place with 1,081 more an activity based on three classic average Aegean region ratio of 50.48. million TL. characteristic components - “the sea, the The value of the agricultural produc- Comparing the shares of 3rd level sand and the sun.” Alternative tourism tion per rural population and the share group cities in total bank deposits; Man- has developed, such as health, history, of the agricultural production value in isa comes first with 0.67%; Uşak and culture, congress and eco tourism. Turkey show differences in comparison Afyonkarahisar come the second and the Agricultural sector is the prime reve- to the other cities in the same group. third with 0.97% and Kütahya comes nue creator for the economy of Kütahya. When we review the ratio of the paid last, on the fourth line, with 0.25%. Investments in industry, especially en- workers to the employment total, the Looking at the per capita export and ergy generation and mining, developed cities in the group can be listed in the import figures of the period between rapidly. The advantageous position of following order; Manisa comes first with 1995 and 2000; we observe USD 1 in the city with regards to its roads and 35.91%, followed by Uşak-31.67%; Kü- export and USD 10 in import values railroads positively contributed to the tahya-27.99% and Afyonkarahisar with for Kütahya. These figures are quite low development of industry and added im- 24.39%. when compared to the per capita export/ petus to the improvement of its internal When we look at the industrial indi- import figures for the Aegean Region and external commercial relations. cators, we notice that while the number (USD 3,416 and USD 4,162 respec- With the impact of all these dynam- of workplaces in the production industry tively) and for Turkey (USD 2,249 and ics, the tourism sector in the city has is 50 in Kütahya, corresponding figure USD 2,967 respectively). left stagnation behind and has taken a is 194 in Manisa and 104 in Afyonka- Four Chambers of Industry and big leap forward. In the past, touristic rahisar. The average number of people Commerce can be cited in Kütahya as investments in the city were realized in Kütahya, working on a yearly basis, Non-Govermental Organizations based only through the evaluation of the ther- in the production industry is 8,096 on economy. They are Chambers of In- mal spa potential available and targeted persons. This figure places Kütahya in dustry and Commerce of Kütahya Cent- internal tourists. In the recent years the second line after Manisa among the er, Gediz, Tavşanlı and Simav provinc- however, extravert investments focusing group cities. In 2000, production in- es. A Commercial Stock Market is active on alternative tourism areas are gaining dustry created a per capita added value in the Center city. On the other hand, stregth. of 112 million in Kütahya, 383 million there is a Union of Chambers of Trades- in Manisa, 97 million in Uşak, and 140 men and Artisans with 17,254 mem- million in Afyonkarahisar. bers. Kütahya Association of Business- GENERAL EVALUATION OF When we analyze the shares within men and Kütahya Association of Young THE ECONOMIC the Gross National Domestic Product, Businessmen continue their mission at INDICATORS OF KÜTAHYA one of the financial indicators; Manisa the city. CITY comes first with 2.09% and Kütahya According to the “Statistical Clas- comes second with 0.74% between the sification of Regional Units” (1985) cities of Level Group 3. within the context of National Develop- On the other hand, when we look at ment Plan developed by the State Plan- the per capita public investment figures ning Organization, Kütahya city takes realized during 1995-2000; Kütahya place in the “Manisa Group” together is positioned at the 49th place among with Manisa, Afyon and Uşak cities of 81 cities with 161 million TL. By the the Aegean region. same token, Manisa occupies the 65th In the table, the developmental sta- place with 80 million TL; Uşak occupies tus of Kütahya is shown comparatively the 73rd place with 64 million TL and with the same level group cities of Man- Ayonkarahisar occupies the 62nd place isa, Uşak and Afyonkarahisar. with 92 million TL. When we review the employment in- When we compare Gross National dices of the city, we see that most of the Domestic Product value per person; active population group is employed in Manisa takes the first place with 2,062 the agricultural sector. This ratio, which million TL; Kütahya the second place is 66.90 for Kütahya, is quite high with 1,411 million TL; Uşak the third

93 AEGEAN FOUNDATION FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT KÜTAHYA ‘09 KÜTAHYA STUDIES FOR THE CITY OF KÜTAHYA

AEGEAN REGION DEVELOPMENT PROJECT 2000 – 2005 Kütahya Meeting for Strategic Goals 21/22 Dec. 2001 70 participants Kütahya Meeting for Setting Priorities 19/20 April 2003 58 participants Regional Dialogue Conference - Afyonkarahisar 4/6 July 2003 84 participants from member cities Agriculture and Stockbreeding Sector Meeting – Aydın 2/3 April 2005 57 participants from member cities Tourism Sector Meeting – Marmaris 16/17 April 2005 54 participants from member cities Geothermal Sector Meeting – Kuşadası 14/15 May 2005 29 participants from member cities Mining Sector Meeting – Kuşadası 14/15 May 2005 30 participants from member cities

AEGEAN OPINION LEADERS 2006 European Union Briefing Seminar 3/4 May 2006 65 participants received certificates

AEGEAN OPINION LEADERS 2008 Agriculture and Stockbreeding EU Conformity Seminar 24 April 2008 410 participants received certificates Agriculture and Stockbreeding Round-Table Meeting 22 October 2008 24 participants

Union”, “European Constitution”, “Re- AEGEAN OPINION lations between Turkey and the Europe- LEADERSWithin the 2006 context of the programs an Union”. EGEV prepared for its member cities, se- During the training held on the se- minars were conducted on the subject of cond day, the issues on which the lectu- the European Union for which we stand rers enlightened the participants were as as a member candidate. These meetings follows: Prof. Dr. Canan BALKIR: Tra- launched under the title “Aegean Opini- de Policy of the EU, Common Customs on Leaders EU Training Program” were Tariffs, Protection Precautions, Applica- realized with the support of Philip Morris tions by Sector; Prof. Dr. İge PIRNAR: /Sabancı and the collaboration of ESİAD. EU’s Tourism Policies, The Rules Tur- Within this framework, a two-day me- key Must Follow; Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yaşar eting was held on 3-4 May 2006 with UYSAL: EU’s Agriculture Policies, The the participation of 65 persons. On the Possible Effects of Full Membership on first day of the meeting, Prof. Dr. Haluk Turkish Agriculture; Assist. Prof. Dr. GÜNUĞUR lectured on “On the way to Esin TAYLAN: EU’s Policy on the Law Integration with the European Union”, of Competition, Rules for Customs Uni- “Extension of the European Union”, on and Competition, The Aim, Structure, “Institutional Structure of the European Addressees and Applications of the Law

94 PROFILES OF KÜTAHYA PARTICIPATORS

PIE CHART BY SECTOR

5 1 14 PIE CHART BY AGE

Public 48 Education 8 9 Non-Governmental Society 24 Livestock Age 20’ s Local Authority Age 30’ s Media 47 Age 30’ s 113 Age 40’ s 13 Age 50’ s Age 60’ s and up 22

22 concerning the Preservation of Competi- purpose, re-structuring actions must be ta- re and Stockbreeding; it is necessary that tion, Exemption, Determining the Judge ken in relevant production, marketing and projects be developed for modern animal Status; Assist. Prof. Dr. Berna KIRKU- policies. Sumer TÖMEK Bayındır of TE- feeding systems and milk production. It LAK: EU Policies on Small and Medium TA Agriculture, and Mr. Arif GÜRDAL, was also requested that global milk prices Scale Establishments and Competition, of the Arif Gürdal Agricultural Operati- be considered in pricing milk. Input Costs, Credits, The China Factor, ons shared their experiences in the sector Protection from the Currency Risk, Bene- with the participants. Finally, Mr. Selçuk fiting from EU Funds, E-Trade and Com- KARAATA made a presentation on inno- petition Strategies. vation. Karaata, starting his presentation with the definition of “innovation”, stated that the stockbreeding farm operations, AEGEAN OPINION representatives of wich constitute most of the participants, can take little but ef- LEADERSThe fifth of2008 the series of 2008 semi- fective steps in the name of “innovation” nars which broke participation records, in all of their operational processes from was realized in Kütahya on 24 April 2008 production to marketing and for this all with the collaboration of ESİAD. Despite they need is just an innovative idea and to the fact that a group of over 400 people bring “new traditions to the old village”. comprising mostly farmers engaged in ag- In the course of the panel held following riculture and stockbreeding participated in the presentations; “From the Farm to the this seminar, registration records for only Table – Reconstruction in Stockbreeding” 184 persons could be obtained. was discussed. At the morning session of the seminar, On 22 October 2008, a round-table Prof. Dr. UYSAL, explained the importan- meeting was organized with the participa- ce of agriculture and stockbreeding in the tion of 24 responsible representatives from economies of the countries and displayed a the city Agriculture and Stockbreeding comparative status of the sector with Tur- sector and Assistant Governor Mr. Musta- key and EU. Prof. Dr. UYSAL, specifically fa KILIÇ. The results of the first meeting stated that organic milk and meat produc- held in April were reviewed. It was poin- tion may be an relief for the agriculture of ted out that Kütahya remained behind sur- Turkey. He also stated that to achieve this rounding cities in the sector of Agricultu-

95 Historical information related to the

MANİSA ‘09 MANİSA important residential areas existing at the region today is based on the Hellenistic age.

ManisaSardes 96 Following the fall of the Lydian State (547 B.C.), Manisa was taken under the sovereignty of first the Persians, later on of Alexander the Great; of Selevkos and their extension – the Kingdom of Pergamon, of Romans and the Byzantines.

Manisa Tulip he first settlement in Manisa is traced back to the pre- historic period. According to some research, these traces belong to a very very old period, dating back 25 thou- sand years. Furthermore, the legendary archaic city of AtlantisT existed in this region. As we study the known history going back to 3000 B.C., we come upon the civilizations of the Hittites, the tribe of “Aka” (Iranian Turks), Phyrigians, Lydians, Persians, Mac- edonians, Kingdom of Pergamon and Byzantine. Historical informa- tion related to the important residential areas existing at the region today is based on the Hellenistic age. Following the fall of the Lydian State (547 B.C.), Manisa was taken under the sovereignty of first the Persians, later on of Alexander the Great; of Selevkos and their extension – the Kingdom of Perga- mon, of Romans and the Byzantines. , Alaşehir and Akhisar, where important archeological rem- nants are found, occupy an important place in the history of Christi- anity. Three of the seven churches mentioned in the Bible are found in these provinces. We know that Manisa was formerly named as “Tantalis” before it took the name “Magnesia ad Spylum”. In Manisa and at its environs, there are around 100 residential areas dating back to the Hellenistic and Roman eras. The most important ones can be listed as Magnesia ad Spylum (Manisa), Sardis (Sart-Salihli), (Alaşehir), Thyateria (Akhisar), Opsikian (), Hermokapeleia (Gölmarmara), and Silandos (Karaselendi-Selendi). While the Byzantine sovereignty continued at the area, Saruhanoğulları took Manisa under their domination in 1313 from the Byzantines and the Turkish domination started at the region. In 1410, Manisa was taken within the Ottoman State and, in the fol- lowing period, was referred to as the “City of Princes”. This attribu- tion was due to the fact that it was managed by the princes between 1437 and 1595. At this period, famous Ottoman Emperors Sultan Mehmet the Conqueror, his father Sultan Murad, the Second, Ka- Ottoman War Band (Mehter) 97 nuni Sultan Süleyman, Murat the Third, and Mehmet the Third lived in the city. The princes left behind many beautiful pieces of work of art and architecture. On 26 May 1919, Manisa was occupied by the Greeks

MANİSA ‘09 MANİSA and freed by the Turkish Army un- der the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk on May 26, 1922.

GEOGRAPHIC STRUCTURE Manisa has a surface area of 13,810 square kilometers and is sit- According to the 2005 figures İzmir uated between 27o08’-29o05’ east- ern meridians and 38o04’-39o58’ realized 17.4 % of the total exports northern parallels. In the Turkish geography, it is located at the middle of the country and 12.5 % of the section of the Aegean region. Most total imports. of its land falls within the basin of the and a smaller part is within the Bakırçay River basin similar to those of the Mediterranean climate prevail over at the northwest. The average eleva- the whole city, except high mountaineous areas and the tion of the city is 70 m. above the plateaus. Summers are mostly hot and arid; the winters sea level. The neighbors of Manisa are rainy and relatively colder than the coastal area of the are Balıkesir at the north, Kütahya Aegean region. The climatic properties over high areas at the east and northeast, Denizli at and plateaus are more similar to the climatic conditions the southeast, Aydın at the South of the land climate of the Central Anatolian region. Mete- and İzmir at the west. orological data for Manisa city is presented above. Geographical surface formation of Manisa comprises Gediz Valley B. Population plains and Demirci Mountains and According to the 2000 Census Report, population of their extensions, Kula-Gördes-Uşak Manisa city is 1,260,169. 714,760 (57%) persons live Plateaus, Bozdağ aggregate, Spil in the city and 545,409 (43%) live in the rural areas. Mountain, Mountain ex- Urbanization rate for Manisa is 57% (65% for Turkey tension, extensions of Menemen and overall and 62% for the Aegean region); yearly popula- .The city owns a to- tion increase rate is 8.76% and the number of people per tal of 16 provinces. The surface areas square kilometer is 98. Urbanization and population in- of these provinces are given below. crease rates for Manisa are, thus, lower than the general The surface area of the city Turkey rates as well as the Aegean region rates. Popula- (13,810 square kilometers) consti- tion intensity is, on the other hand, lower than that of the tutes 2% of the total surface area region but higher than that of the country figure. (780,576 square kilometers) of Tur- Acccording to the 1990 Census Report, total city pop- key. ulation is 1,154,418 with 590,374 persons living in the city and 564,044 persons in the rural areas, and the ur- baanization ratio is 51%. When we compare these results DEMOGRAPHIC with the results of the 2000 Census Report, we notice PROPERTIES, SOCIAL that urbanization rate is relatively low and the urbaniza- AND CULTURAL tion process is stil continuing. According to the Census Report, net immigration rate for Manisa is 21%. With STRUCTURE this rate, Manisa occupies the 4th position among the cit- A.Climate and Vegetation Manisa city, situated in the ies of the Aegeran region. When we review the 1990 and Aegean region, exhibits two sub- 2000 population indices of the provinces of Manisa, we climate types. Climatic conditions notice that population decreased in Köprübaşı, Gördes, Saruhanlı, Gölmarmara, Ahmetli and Demirci provinces.

98 At elementary level, schooling ratio in Manisa is 102% ? and this figure is higher than that of the averages for the Aegean region and for Turkey.

Center province has the highest popula- rates are higher than both the correspond- tion increase rate of 22.83%. When we ing country (15.4%, 25.4%) and the V. PHYSICAL assume that population increase will re- Aegean region (19.5%, 30.8%) averages. INFRASTRUCTURE main the same, the population of Manisa Celal Bayar University of the city was A.Transportation Manisa is connected to the city of is projected to reach 1,400,000 in 2010 established on 11 July 1992. It has a to- İzmir and its port by a road of 36 km.s and 1,500.000 in 2020. tal of 34 units comprising 5 faculties, 4 and a railroad of 65 km.s. Total railroad colleges, 15 vocational colleges, 3 insti- network in the city is 265 kilometers. tutes, 6 research and development cent- As mentioned above, 498,080 persons C. Social Structure: Education and ers, and one research and application hos- live at the rural areas of this city. A total Health Services pital. 24,177 students receive education Social infrastructure of a city is one of 4,952 asphalt coated roads are availale at the university. 11,616 students attend of the main indicators of the develop- at the rural areas. Within the city’s own faculties; 11,475 attend colleges and vo- mental status of the city. Educational residential area, the ratio of asphalt coat- cational colleges,; 1,086 students attend infrastructure bears great importance in ed roads is 75.36%. This figure is near- the institutes. raising qualified employees and health in- ly 4.7% higher than the average for the frastructure bears also great importance Aegean region (71.97%) and 67% higher in order to have healthy individuals. Health Services than the average for Turkey (45.23%). There are 22 hospitals and two health These figures place Manisa in the 22nd centers in Manisa. 18 of the hospitals re- Education place among the cities of the country. Below presented data show the number port to the Ministry of Health; one reports There are 94,751 cars registered in of schools, students and teachers accord- to the Celal Bayar University, and three Manisa. The ratio of private cars per per- ing to the educational level in Manisa. are private hospitals. In 2006, hospital son is 947 per 10,000 persons. The ra- Education is classified as pre-school, el- bed utilization was realized as 61.08% tio of motor vehicles per person is 2,336 ementary school, vocational and techni- for the hospitals and the health center re- per 10,000 persons. Manisa occupies the cal high schools and higher education. In porting to the Ministry of Health, 81.2% 11th place among the cities of the coun- Manisa, 17% of the children at pre-school for the university hospital, and 36.7% for try with the number of motor vehicles it age receive pre-school education. This the private hospitals. owns. Manisa, while remaining behind ratio is above the relevant ratios for the A total of 1,753 medical doctors serve the regional and country figures with its country and for the Aegean region. the city health; 873 of them are special- ownership of private cars, has the same At elementary level, schooling ratio ists and 880 are general practitioners. value with the Aegean region and a higher in Manisa is 102% ? and this figure is The table below presents the data for value than the contry value in motor vehi- higher than that of the averages for the health service employees, the number of cle ownership. Aegean region and for Turkey. patients per health service employee, the number of pharmacies and pharmacists. General, technical and vocational high B. Communication schools are available at the intermediary Domestic and international automatic level education. Differing from the trend D. Cultural Structure telephone communication facility is avail- of the Aegean region, schooling ratio for The table below presents the cultural able in all residential units of Manisa. female students to male students is lower and natural real assests of the city and the areas under protection. in Manisa. Schooling rate for the techni- C.Potable Water cal and vocational high schools is 36% in When we review the inventory of pota- Manisa, which is higher than the averages NATURAL RESOURCES ble water for villages, Manisa is placed in for Turkey (20.5%) and for the Aegean re- Manisa owns many mine beds. The the 40th place of the country listing. gion (25.3%). When we review the figures table below presents the mine resources of attendance at these schools on a gender available within the city boundaries of D. Energy basis, we find out the figures as 26% for Manisa, as well as their reserve capaci- In 2006, total electrical energy con- female and 46% for male students. These ties. sumption in Manisa was realized as

99 MANİSA ‘09 MANİSA

1,620,415,908 MW/h and per capita con- of production realized in the zone, as well sumption was 1,285 KW/h. These figures as the added value created. The existence place Manisa in the 25th place among the of foreign capital companies at this zone, cities of Turkey. Distrbution of electrical utilizing high technology in their opera- energy consumption on a sector basis is tions, is worth noting. presented below. Lot allocation at this zone was initi- As seen in the table, 25.2% of the ated in 1970 and the capacity is 90% uti- electricity is consumed by the industry, lized. For this reason, second and third 28.1% in residences, 19.7% in commer- extensions were contracted out. Develop- cial workplaces and 8.6% in agricultural ing very healthily, Manisa Organized In- irrigation. When compared with the cor- dustrial Zone later on constituted a model responding figures for the Aegean region for the İzmir Çiğli Organized Industrial and the country, we may state that in Zone. Small Scale Industrial Compounds, Manisa, more electricity is consumed in comprising more than 4,400 small and residences, commercial workplaces and medium sized industrial facilities, are lo- agricultural irrigation. The point to be cated in Center, Akhisar, Alaşehir, Demir- underlined here is the fact that electricity ci, Kırkağaç, Salihli, Soma and Turgutlu consumption in commercial workplaces provinces. A total of 15,000 persons are (19.7%) and in agricultural irrigation employed by these compounds. Operations (8.6%) is higher than the regional and are continued in various sectors. These country values for the same. Electrical compounds contribute an additional force energy consumption especially in agricul- of power to the industry of Manisa. tural irrigation is 3.7 times higher than the regional and 3.3 times higher than the country consumption figures. These find- TECHNOLOGY, INDUSTRIAL ings clearly indicate that agriculture plays & INTELLECTUAL a major role in the Manisa city economy. OWNERSHIP AND RESEARCH Energy network losses in Manisa are AND DEVELOPMENT measured as 9.49% in 1999. This ratio is A technopark or a widely equipped re- the second lowest ratio in the Aegean re- search and development unit is not estab- gion. Furthermore, when we consider the lished in the city. Manisa does not have fact that this figure for the country aver- the necessary infrastructure set up to ex- age is 20.16%, we notice that energy net- ploit the potential of its educated human work loss in Manisa is at a minimal level. resources in the development of industrial and intellectual ownership and to mobi- lize them to serve the industry. Neverthe- E. Organized Industrial Zones Manisa Organized Industrial Zone is less, the research and development units one of the best exemplary zones in the established under the roof of Celal Bayar country. It is one of the most important University and the three state and two organized industrial zones in Turkey, foundation universities of nearby İzmir, when we consider the size and varieties sufficiently meet the demands of the in-

100 dustry in this respect. Some of the enter- it had in 1996. Denizli is the only city in started with the initiatives of Manisa prises founded in the above mentioned the Aegean region which jumped upwards Chamber of Commerce and Industry, had small and medium sized industrial com- by 4 lines, to the 12th line. its infrastructure completed and opened pounds do own research and development Table below lists the socio-economic to service at the end of 1970. This Zone units. Bringing all these units together developmental status indices of the 16 played a major role in shaping the new under one research and development unit provinces of Manisa among the country character of the industry. As the indus- and conducting a coordinated research total of 872 provinces. trial areas in İzmir had filled up their and development process will certainly The indices from top-down, list the capacities, the land costs increased and be beneficial in the efficient utilization of Center province at the top and Selendi since Manisa was close to the İzmir port, the relevant resources. province of Manisa at the bottom of de- the Industrial Zone of Manisa became a velopment levels. The city provinces are center of interest in a short while. There ECONOMIC STRUCTURE placed in the following order among the are 133 manufacturing facilities in Man- Socio-Economic Developmental Sta- other provinces of the country: Center isa Organized Industrial Zone, which, in tus of Manisa City and its Provinces province-24th line, Turgutlu-82nd line, 2003, provided employment opportuni- According to the data of the “Study and Soma-117th line. Center province ties for 23,000 workers. on the Socio-Economic Developmental and Gördes have, during 1996-2003, Important industrial facilities, such Status Listing” conducted in 2003 by recorded a forward move on the Turkey as Soma Black Coal Processing Facili- the State Planning Organization, Manisa scale and the rest of the provinces moved ties, Thermic Power Generation Stations, stands in the 22nd line with an index of backwards.Center province, together with Manisa Cotton Textile Factory, and 0.308470 among 81 cities of the country. Turgutlu, Soma and Salihli, takes place other industrial facilities manufacturing According to another comparative study in the 2nd developmental level group of such products as furfural, terracotta, ce- based on the data of 1996, conducted by provinces, whereas Akhisar, Alaşehir, ramic and plumbing items, various food State Planning Organization in 2003, Ahmetli, Gölmarmara, Saruhanlı, Kula, items, plastics and chemicals, metal parts Manisa dropped down three places and Kırkağaç, Demirci, and Sarıgöl are placed (valves, telescopc cylinders, steel doors, stands in the 25th line. It is placed below within the 3rd group. Selendi is within steel mats, automotive springs, connect- the cities of the Aegean region, namely the 5th group. ing elements, and the like), agricultural İzmir, Denizli, Muğla and Aydın. We no- machinery, packaging, electrical equip- tice in this listing that all of the cities of B.Industry ment and engines, forklifts, aluminum the region, like Manisa, went backwards Many radical changes happened in and steel cast items, electronic equip- during 1996-2003. The graphics show the agriculture-based economic structure ment, white goods, automotive parts, tex- that in the Aegean region only Denizli of Manisa. Although agriculture plays a tile, leather, wood sheets and mine ores recorded a higher socio-economic develop- key role in the economy, industry devel- exist in Manisa. mental status level in this period. oped a trend of diversification, bringing Records of all of the Aegean region in positive developments with regards C.Agriculture and Animal Breeding cities dropped in socio-economic develop- to the employment potential and added 39% of the city land is suitable for mental status level and moved backwards value creation. agriculture. 523,802 hectares of the city in the following order; Manisa 3 lines, In the 1960s, industry mainly based land are used for agriculture. 261,068 Aydın 9 lines, Kütahya 9 lines, Uşak on cotton gins and carpet weaving sector hectares of land are unused and 10,568 7 lines, Afyon 1 line and Muğla 1 line. later on developed through the textile and hectares are plowing land. İzmir, placed after İstanbul and Ankara, garment industry sectors. Manisa occupies the 7th place among protected its place in the third line which Manisa Organized Industrial Zone, 10 cities with its undercover (greenhouse)

101 agricultural production. Forestry According to the data of 2000;, Within the city boundaries, there are 211,721 tons of fertilizers are used in the 208,441 hectares of productive forest city. Amounts utilized are shown in the land and 288,688 hectares of unproduc- below table according to their kinds. tive forest land. Forestry products and Total agricultural product marketed their financial contribution is shown in

MANİSA ‘09 MANİSA is composed of 57% fruits, 23.9% field the table below. plants and 19.1% vegetables. Grape-like fruits have the highest share in fruits D.Tourism with 75.27%. In this category, grapes Manisa is situated between Spil have a production figure of 1,121,116 Mountain and Gediz River in West- tons, which is equivalent to a value of ern Anatolia at an important locality 179,962,661 million TL and 99.5% of transportation in the Aegean region. share. Stone fruits come next with a share The history of this agriculturally, com- of 21.88%. In this category, olives have a mercially and industrially developed re- production figure of 134,978 tons, which gion dates back to 3000 B.C. Traces of is equivalent to a value of 40,761,600 Hittite, Phyrigian, Lydian, Macedonian, million TL and 76% share. Roman, Byzantine, Sanjak and Ottoman When we review the distribution of civilizations exist in Manisa. Manisa has field plants, industrial plants occupy the interesting touristic attractivity with its first line with a share of 88.50% In this cultural and natural resources. category, tobacco has a production figure Archeological Museum, Sardes (Sal- of 49,045 tons which is equivalent to a ihli), Algai (Center province), and Phili- value of 84,050,178 million TL and delphia (Alaşehir) are important cultural 63% share. Cotton comes next with a and touristic spaces of the city. Sidas share of 37% and has a production figure – Demirli/İçikler Village Tumulus and of 155,570 tons, which is equivalent to a Akhisar are also among important loca- value of 48,679,157 million TL. tions. Among the vegetables, vegetables with edible fruits occupy the first line. In this E.General Evaluation of the category, tomato has a production figure Economic Indicators of Manisa City of 544,724 tons, which is equivalent to Based on current prices, year 2000 a value of 42,281,016 million TL and Gross National Domestic Product of 83.50% share. Melons come next with milk with 7.5%. Based on current prices Manisa is 2,598,540 billion TL. Based a production figure of 121,224 tons, of 2006, total agricultural production on current prices of the same year, the equivalent to a value of 12,654,088 mil- value in Manisa reached 3,319,007,700 Gross National Domestic Product per lion TL. million TL. 2,575,474,080 million TL capita is 2,062 million TL. Animal feed plants are grown on a land is the contribution of plants; 5,14,810 Per capita gross national domestic of 11,081 hectares of land in Manisa in million TL of live stock breeding; and product for certain years are indicated in order to utilize them in the animal breed- 738,518,880 million TL of animal prod- the table below on a city basis. ing sector of the city. In 2000, 18,926 ucts. In the year 2000, Public Investment tons of hasıl (???), 24,845 tons of green Figures show that nearly 23% of the Expenditures were 6,863 billion TL and grass and 10,293 tons of dry grass was animal product production values of the were realized as 10,626 billion TL in produced. Aegean region is realized by the Manisa 2001. Per capita Public Investment Ex- Manisa owns a live stock of cattle val- city. The city generates 17% of the live- penditures in Manisa was 5 million TL ued at 20,388,811 million TL and with stock breeding value and 18% of plant in 2000 and this figure places Manisa in 39% share, followed by poultry, valued at production value of the region. Total the 73rd place in the country listing. Sta- 18,251,183 TL and with 35% share. value of the animal products production tistical information related to the public Within the marketed value of the of the city is above the respective aver- investments in Manisa, which recorded Manisa city animal products, red meat ages of the region and the country. In the important forward moves in economy, are occupies the first line with a share of country wide listing of total agricultural shown in the list below. In 2000, general 46%, white meat the second line with a production value, Manisa occupied the budget revenues were 176,980 billion TL share of 31%, eggs follow with 14% and 5th line. and were realized as 260,414 billion TL

102 in 2001. Manisa occupies the 27th place on current 2001 prices) are 679,832 bil- in the country listing with year 2000 per lion TL. Per capita bank deposit amount capita general budget revenue of 140 mil- is 539.5 million TL. Total bank loans are lion TL. 328,365 billion TL and per capita bank When we look at the Aegean cities’ loans is 260.6 million TL. budget revenue contributions, İzmir is Gross National Domestic Product on the most important source of revenue a city basis is defined as the monetary val- transfer. When we compare the shares ue of all the final commodities and serv- which cities received from the public ex- ices produced in the city within a year. penditures, it becomes evident that these In 2000 (based on 2001 current prices) cities received more than what they paid per capita Gross National Domestic Prod- back in taxes. Relevant ratios in 2000 uct of Manisa was 2,067,355 thousand cities. Manisa is one of those 19 selected were 53% for Afyon, 66% for Uşak, 74% Turkish Liras. Overall country GNDP per cities. for Kütahya, 73% for Aydın and 89% for capita was 1,760,850 Turkish Liras. So, Denizli. Muğla, on the other hand, real- the figure for Manisa is above the average ized a resource transfer 21% above the country figure by 17%, placing Manisa in F.Finance: Public Investment Allo- public expenditures it received. What the 10th position among 81 cities (based cations, General Budget Revenues, Tax Manisa received and contributed back in on 1987 current prices). This positive Accrual and Collection taxes is almost equivalent (94%). Such difference is attributed to the potential Public investment expenditures real- contributory status made Manisa an at- the city has in manufacturing industry ized in Manisa during the years 1995- tractive city which receives the most im- and in agriculture. One of the important 2001 nearly totalled 31 thousand billion migration after the city of İzmir. points to be derived from this table is that TL by current prices and 110 thousand As at 2000, the number of incentive Manisa was not heavily impaired by the billion TL by 2001 current prices. Public certificates extended for the investments 1999 crisis the country experienced and Investment Expenditures showed a con- in the city was 68 and the total amount of down-sized only by -3.8%. The reason for tinuous increase during the years 1995- investments was 67,841 billion TL, cre- this happening is the fact that in Manisa 1998 by 2001 fixed prices. A decrease by ating a new employment opportunity for most operations target exportation. In 64% in Public Investment Expenditures 2,529 persons. In 2001, the number of the following year, Manisa again caught was especially noticed in 1999. An in- incentive certificates dropped down to 38; a rate of growth (8.8) above the country creasing trend was witnessed in the year investment amount rose up to 100,567 average. When we review relevant values 2000 but this increase could not be con- billion TL and employment opportunity in dollars, we notice that the USD 3,804 tinued in 2001. In Turkey general, when was created for 2,016 persons. Thus, we level reached in 1998 is not caught up cities are listed on the basis of public may summarize that incentive certified in- with again even by the year 2001. investment expenditures they received vestments decreased by 4%, employment between the years 1990-2001, Manisa opportunities by 20% and the number of is positioned in the 20th line with an F. Price Movements in Manisa City. incentive certificates by 44%. As at 2005, Price changes happening within a investment total of 455,647 billion TL while 547 companies received a benefit of city are followed by way of price indices by 2001 prices, behind İzmir, Muğla incentive certificates, the total number of (wholesale and consumer prices). These and Balıkesir, which were included in investments with incentive certificates is indices are computed by State Statistics the study. General Budget Revenues of 379 as of the end of 2006. Institute and are published every month Manisa city during the years 1995-2001 Total bank deposits in 2000 (based for country general and for 19 selected (by 2001 prices) are 1,926,065 billion

103 TL. During the same period, Manisa while decreases were recorded in other 3 companies in agriculture and city received 6.3% of the revenues of the cities of the region, including Manisa. forestry, Aegean Region Total General Budget. In Manisa, this decrease was 4%. Re- and 3 companies in mining and Manisa is placed in the 14th posi- sulting drop in the employment figures mine kiln operation.

MANİSA ‘09 MANİSA tion among the country listing of cities was much higher (20%). At the same per General Budget Revenues (by 2001 period, investment total with incentive J. Finance – Bank Statistics prices) and occupies the 3rd among 10 certificates increased by 21% and em- Manisa City Total Bank Deposits cities included in the study. ployment by 46% throughout Turkey. and Bank Loans So, it is evident that Manisa recorded a In the year 2000 bank deposits performance above the average for Tur- Foreign Trade listing for Turkey (by 2001 prices), In Manisa, the following items and key. As of the end of 2006, the number İstanbul, Ankara, İzmir, Kocaeli occu- commodities are imported: sheet iron, of investments with incentive certifi- pied the top four places and Manisa was spare parts, washing machine spare cates is 379 and their distribution by positioned in the 35th line. The cities parts, printing ink, aluminum lids, sectors is shown in the table below. covered by the study are listed in the fol- sheet aluminum, electronic tin, oiling When we review this table, we notice lowing order according to their per cap- and greasing products, TV tubes, chemi- that 82% of the total investment was ita total bank deposits: İzmir, Aydın, cal materials, fabrics, yarns and linings, made in the manufacturing industry. Manisa, Muğla, Denizli, Balıkesir, decoration paper, raw sunflower seed Most of this money (35,399 billion TL) Çanakkale, Afyon and Kütahya. In oil, music sets, lamb and cow leather, was spent for metal goods manufacturing Manisa, per capita bank loans is much concentrates for beverages, investment sector. As would be expected, the sector lower than the average values both for machinery and accessories, and paints which provided the highest employment the Aegean region and Turkey. and varnishes. opportunities is again the same – metal In the year 2000 bank loans listing In 2001, USD 23, 287 thousand goods manufacturing sector. Services for Turkey (by 2001 prices), Manisa worth of exports were realized in Man- sector, follows the metal goods manufac- was positioned in the 28th line. While isa. The following items were exported: turing sector with the amount of money the per capita bank deposits is 540 mil- various audio and video tapes and cas- invested and the number of employment lon TL, per capita bank loans is 260 settes, combis and their spare parts opportunities created. million TL in Manisa. We may, thus, and accessories, coats, accumulators, In Manisa city, 55% of investments state that Manisa exhibits abstinance in automotive spare parts, water heaters, with incentive certificates are green field using bank loans. kitchen robots, mini washing machines, projects (totally new projects). Ratio of As of end 2006, a total of 95 bank ventilators, pickles, olives, non-alcohol- extension investments is 43.3%. offices (branches) operate in the city. ic beverages, glass, sunflower seed oil, Total deposits and total loans of these banks are shown in the table below. grapes, some dried fruits, fruits, and 1.Internal Trade some food items. When we study the According to the data gprovided by imports and exports of the city, we see the State Statistics Institute (DİE), in K.Employment Statistics and that imports are ten times more than 2000, the following number of compa- Social Security the exports. This variance is due to the nies were established to operate in per- Social Security is an entire system imported raw materials and instruments taining sectors: established in such a manner to meet, used at the production facilities of some 65 companies in wholesale and retail today and in the future, the social and companies located at the Manisa Organ- merchandizing, economic needs of all individuals and ized Industrial Zone. 21 companies in construction, thus secure their future. The table be- Foreign Trade (Export/Import) 18 companies in transportation, low shows the number of people in Data as of the year 2000 pertaining to warehousing and communication, Manisa receiving retirement salary from the Manisa city are shown in the table 11 companies in real-estate renting, and the number of people insured by below. Same data as of end year 2006 9 companies in financial the three Social Security Corporations are shown in the table below. entrepreneurship, (SSK, Emekli Sandığı, Bağkur) of our In the Aegean region, investment to- 7 companies in education, country. tal with incentive certificates increased 6 companies in hotel and restaurant Manisa occupies the 10th place in by 6% in 2001 with respect to the services, the country listing (2001) per number former year. However, such increases 4 companies in health and other of total active population covered by so- were seen at Muğla and Uşak cities, services, cial insurance. It follows İzmir among

104 the cities covered by the study. It occu- 1960. Manisa Organized Industrial pies the 15th position per the number of Zone, established in the 70s, changed people receiving retirement salary. the economic fate of Manisa. This zone Looking at the number of buildings, grew very rapidly and today employs residential buildings and municipalities 20,000 persons, has an export volume within the city municipality bounda- of over 5 billion US dollars and is one of ries of Manisa, we notice that during the largest industrial production facili- the period 1984-2000, the number of ties in the country. Manisa Organized buildings increased by 48.9%, residen- Industrial Zone, with its waste treat- tial buildings by 94.9% and number of ment facilities, energy generation power municipalities by 64.7%. station, natural gas utilization, proxim- ity to the seaport, railroad connections, and excellent management systems, is L.Construction Statistics During 1984-2000, total number of highly favored by foreign capital compa- buildings in Turkey increased by 78% nies. It is the first and only organized and for Manisa, this figure is 48.2%. industrial zone in the country with the Residential buildings constitute the three international excellence awards it highest share in these increase ratios. received with its performance in quality As of the year 2000, the ratio of work- and environment management and in place buildings was 10.3% for Turkey ing, electronics, white goods, terracotta work safety and health. Manisa is on its and 9.9% for Manisa. As of the same industry and food processing industries. way to become even more attractive for period, the ratio of buildings utilized for İzmir port is also intensively used for investors with other on-going organized educational and cultural purposes is 3.8 the exportation of the raw materials and industrial zone establishment projects, per thousand for Turkey and 3.3 per processed products of Manisa to the ex- like the ones in Akhisar, Turgutlu and thousand in Manisa. In the year 2000, ternal markets. Salihli, and those in the planning phase when compared to the figures of 1984, for Kula and Soma areas. Through the the ratio of the number of buildings uti- CONCLUSION realization of these zones, the manufac- lized for health purposes increased by Manisa, since the archaic times, turing industry will be more evenly dis- 185.7% in Turkey and by 204.5% in had an agricultural structure based tributed over the city and employment Manisa. on grapes, olives and grains. Indus- opportunities will increase. trial plants, like tobacco and cotton, When completed, the Akhisar-Gördes were added to the city agriculture and Dam, which is now under construction, INTER-CITY PRODUCT AND the economic fate of the city began to will be used for the irrigation of 14,423 SERVICE FLOW change. These two plants opened the As mentioned above, Manisa is an hectares of land, and will increase the way to money and market-oriented important transit point situated on the production capacity, production varie- economic developments, as well as de- roads connecting İzmir and the other ties and value of this land. Therefore, velopments in modern agriculture and cities in its hinterland to two major cit- agronomy-based industry and agricul- agriculture-based exports. Later on, ies, İstanbul and Ankara, as well as to tural product exports will increase rap- with the addition of fruits to the city the other cities at the north and south idly. agronomy, Manisa became one of the of the Aegean region. Therefore, Manisa Owing to its good infrastructure, important agronomy centers of Turkey is in close and intense commercial and ease of transportation, cheap land, and with the variety, quantity and value of industrial connection mainly with the available electrical energy supply, Man- its agricultural production. neighboring or nearby cities of İzmir, isa was selected to be the “Most Ideal Industrialization (in its contempo- Balıkesir, Uşak, and Afyon. When we Global City for Financial Investments” rary meaning) initiatives started in the consider the agriculture-based economic in a project sponsored by the Financial city in the 20th century gained impetus structure of the city, it becomes evident Times magazine reviewing 200 cities. with the Demirköprü Dam and Hydro- that Manisa has close and developed Manisa received further four separate electric Power Generation Station and commercial ties established with many awards in the contest organized by FDI Soma Thermic Electrical Power Genera- other cities of the country. These com- magazine under the title “The Euro- tion Station, which were constructed and mercial relations encompass agriculture, pean Cities and Regions of the Future, put into service during the years 1950- animal breeding, machinery manufactur- 2006-2007”.

105 AEGEAN FOUNDATION FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT MANİSA ‘09 MANİSA STUDIES FOR THE CITY OF MANİSA

AEGEAN REGION DEVELOPMENT PROJECT 2000 – 2005 Manisa Meeting for Strategic Goals 30 June/1 July 2001 46 participants Manisa Meeting for Setting Priorities 13 April 2003 35 participants Regional Dialogue Conference - Afyonkarahisar 4/6 July 2003 84 participants from member cities Agriculture and Stockbreeding Sector Meeting – Aydın 2/3 April 2005 57 participants from member cities Tourism Sector Meeting – Marmaris 16/17 April 2005 54 participants from member cities Geothermal Sector Meeting – Kuşadası 14/15 May 2005 29 participants from member cities Mining Sector Meeting – Kuşadası 14/15 May 2005 30 participants from member cities

AEGEAN OPINION LEADERS 2006 European Union Briefing Seminar 28/29 June May 2006 80 participants received certificates

AEGEAN OPINION LEADERS 2008 SME ‘s and Logistics EU Conformity Seminar 19 March 2008 132 participants received certificates Logistics Round-Table Meeting 21 November 2008 35 participants

AEGEAN OPINION LEADERSWithin the context of the programs EGEV prepared for its member cities, seminars were conducted on the subject of the European Union for which we stand as a member candi- date. These meetings launched under the title “Aegean Opinion Leaders EU Training Program” were realized with the support of Philip Morris/Sabancı and the colaboration of ESİAD. Within this framework, a two-day meeting was held on 28-29 June 2006 with the participation of 80 persons. On the first day of the two-day meeting, Prof. Dr.Haluk GÜNUĞUR lectured on “On the way to In- tegration with the European Union”, “Exten- sion of the European Union”, “Institutional Structure of the European Union”, “Europe- an Constitution”, “Relations between Turkey and the European Union”. During the training held on the second

106 PROFILES OF MANİSA PARTICIPATORS

PIE CHART BY SECTOR

PIE CHART BY AGE 13 2 10

9 9 1 1 Public 11 Education Age 20’ s Local Authority 6 Age 30’ s Non-Governmental Society Age 40’ s Private Sector Age 50’ s Media Age 60’ s and up

97 84

day, the issues on which the lecturers enlighte- the Aegean, the new ideas and suggestions put ons, customer service level and quality, supply ned the participants were as follows: Prof. Dr. forth during the seminars, and the request for chain management and logistic structuring in Canan BALKIR: Trade Policy of the EU, Com- research on new solutions for the problems of Turkey and strategies. She supported her lec- mon Customs Tariffs, Protection Precautions, the region’s cities have motivated us into sus- ture with examples. Applications by Sector; Prof. Dr. İge PIRNAR: taining these social responsibility projects in an Hüseyin İŞTEERMİŞ, participating from EU’s Tourism Policies, The Rules Turkey expanded fashion. MOSBAR Logistics as representative of the Must Follow; Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yaşar UYSAL: During the one-day seminar held on 19 sector, introduced the MOSBAR Logistic Vil- EU’s Agriculture Policies, The Possible Effects March 2008 in collaboration with ESİAD at lage they established within Manisa Organized of Full Membership on Turkish Agriculture; Manisa, Prof. Dr. Canan Balkır conducted an Industrial Zone and explained how they estab- Assist. Prof. Dr. Esin TAYLAN: EU’s Policy inter-active presentation and answered the qu- lished this village and their objectives, accompa- on the Law of Competition, Rules for Customs estions of the students. Prof. Dr. Canan BAL- nied by photographs. Within the second section Union and Competition, The Aim, Structure, KIR delivered her lecture on “The Short His- of his presentation, İŞTEERMİŞ, introduced Addressees and Applications of the Law concer- tory of Turkey & EU Relations”, The Process their other project; the organization of BALO ning the Preservation of Competition, Exempti- of Becoming a EU Member, Negotiations, Fac- (Western Anatolian Logistics Organization). on, Determining the Governing Status; Assist. tors Differentiating Turkey from other Mem- The seminar ended with a question and answer Prof. Dr. Berna KIRKULAK: EU Policies on ber Candidate Countries, Impacts of Customs session mutually conducted by Prof. Dr. TI- Small and Medium Scale Establishments and Union, Basic Anxieties and Discussions During NAR and İŞTEERMİŞ. Competition, Input Costs, Credits, The China the Ascension Process, EU and Turkish Public On 21 November 2008 a round-table mee- Factor, Protection from the Currency Risk, Be- Opinion Approaches to Membership Process. ting was organized with the participation of 35 nefiting from EU Funds, E-Trade and Compe- In the afternoon session Prof. Dr. Mustafa Ya- responsible persons of the logistic sector and the tition Strategies. şar TINAR, academician and lecturer at 9th Governor of Manisa Mr. Celalettin GÜVENÇ, September University Faculty of Economic and Assistant Governors Mr. Turan EREN, Mr. Administrative Sciences explained the subjects Kadri CANAN and Manisa Parliamentarian AEGEAN OPINION LEADERS 2008 EU Small and Medium Sized Establishments Mr. Şahin MENGÜ. At this special meeting The“Aegean Opinion Leaders EU Tra- Policy, Policies which impact Small and Medi- whereby the top managers of the leading logis- ining Program”, started by Philip Morris/Sa- um Sized Establishments, financial supports. tics companies of the Aegean Region and the bancı as a social responsibility project within the The subject of “logistics” was addressed for officials of the government offices relevant to framework of the activities prepared by EGEV the first time in 2008. Prof. Dr. Güldem Cerit, the sector came together, the issues of the prob- and held in its member cities, received enormo- academician and lecturer at 9th September Uni- lems and the solutions of the İzmir port, train us interest in cities which are EGEV members versity, Marine Operations and Management connections and customs were discussed. It was and this has brought along new shared projects. College, lectured on global logistics structuring requested that the results of the meeting, which The strong support provided by the local foci, and the position of the countries, basic concepts provided the chance for dialogue in the sector, with which we are in contact in every city of and definitions in logistics, operational functi- be followed up.

107 Following the battle of Malazgirt,

MUĞLA ‘09 a branch of Turks headed for the coasts of Muğla...

MuğlaKing Tombs in Caunos - Dalyan 108 Marmaris, Köyceğiz, Dalaman, and Fethiye provinces are located in the Mediterranean Region and the remaining larger part is within the Aegean Region. The coast protrudes and indents and has a length of 1,124 km.s.

Caunos HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHIC STRUCTURE uğla is one of the oldest cities of Caria. Old records mention its name as “Mobolia”. In 3400 B.C., a tribe under the leadership of a man named “Car” settled in the area. Around 1000 B.C., the Dorians took the regionM under their domination. The old city joined Pergamon in 228 B.C. and became a Roman State in 133 B.C. Following the battle of Malazgirt, a branch of Turks headed for the coasts of Muğla. Menteşe Bey first seized Aydın and then seized Muğla in 1284 and the city was named “Menteşe” thereafter. Muğla was taken under the Ottoman sovereignty in 1451. Upon the Decla- ration of the Republic, Muğla gained city status in 1923. City land of Muğla extends over two geographic regions. Marmaris, Köyceğiz, Dalaman, and Fethiye provinces are located in the Mediterranean Re- gion and the remaining larger part is within the Aegean Region. The coast protrudes and indents and has a length of 1,124 km.s. Important Bays: Mandalya (Güllük), Kemre (Gökova), Marmaris, Fethiye Important Peninsulas: , Datça Main Rivers: Akçay, Çine Stream, Eşen Stream, Namnam and Dalaman Streams Main Lakes: Bafa, Köyceğiz Surface Area: 13,247 square kilometers Neighboring Cities: Aydın, Antalya, Burdur, Denizli Mediterranean climate reigns over Muğla city. Summers are hot and dry; winters are warm and rainy. Properties of land climate are seen in the high internal sections far from the coast. Measured tem- peratures vary between 41.20C (maximum) and -12.60C (minimum). Average annual temperature is 14.9oC and average annual rainfall is 1,196.4 kg.

Ölüdeniz-Fethiye 109 MUĞLA ‘09

the following rates and above Climate and Vegetation 65% and 62% for the Aegean Muğla city, with a surface Region). Population of Muğla the city average of 23.97%; area of 13,338 square kilom- increases at an annual average Marmaris-62.90%, Bodrum- eters, is geographically situated rate of 24.26% and popula- 54.3%, Datça-25.88%. both in the Aegean and in the tion density is 54 (number of When we consider the popu- Mediterranean Regions. The people per square kilometer). lation density at the provinces, sea, the elevation and also the Urbanization rate of Muğla is the most crowded provinces are direction of elevated surfaces lower than the rates for Turkey Bodrum (149 persons) and Ort- have an important impact on and for the Aegean Region. The aca (121 persons), and the least the climate. While the Aegean same is valid for the population crowded provinces are Köyceğiz climate reigns over the west density. However the popula- (18 persons) and Datça (29 of the Dalaman Stream, land tion increase rate is above both persons). If we assume that climate becomes prominent the regional (16.42%) and the population increase will re- over the inner and mountain- the country (18.35%) rates. main the same (i.e. yearly total ous parts to the east, where Population increase is realized 24.26%, city total 32.79% and generally the properties of the as 32.73% in the city and as village total 19.31%), we may Mediterranean climate are ex- 19.31% in the villages. project that the total popula- hibited. Muğla has an altitude According to the 1990 Cen- tion of Muğla will get close to of 646 meters above sea level. sus Report, total population is 900,000 in 2010 and will ex- In Muğla, especially around the 562,809. 198,080 people live ceed 1,000,000 in 2020. Fethiye region one can and may in the city and 354,729 live in swim throughout all the months the rural areas. Urbanization b. Education of the year. rate is 35%. This ratio is only As of the academic year of Due to these climatic con- three points less than the rate 2006-2007, there is a total of ditions, Muğla city has a very (38%) reported by the 2000 489 schools, including private diverse and rich vegetation. Census Report which indicates schools, providing education on Coniferous forests, lemurs and that urbanization in Muğla pre-school, elementary school thornbushes exist extensively. still continues despite at a slow and intermediary school levels. speed. A total of 128,683 students at- SOCIAL STRUCTURE According to the 1990 Cen- tend these schools. There are 7,036 teachers on duty and the a.Population sus Report, Muğla receives a According to the year 2000 net immigration of 33%. This literacy rate is around 98%. Census Report, Muğla has a is the highest rate of immigra- population of 717,384. The tion, after İzmir, in the Aegean The distribution of these Region. number of people living in the schools per levels is as follows: city is 274,963 and 442,421 1990 and 2000 popula- Pre-school education: people live in the rural areas. tion indices of Muğla city show 9 public + 3 private; Muğla has an urbanization rate that population increased most Elementary school education: of 38% (this rate for Turkey is in the following provinces at 389 public + 9 private;

110 General high school education: 17 public dents in special training classes. There are + 4 private; 244 school housing quarters in the city. Ad- Science high school education: 1, ditionally the “Teachers’ Home”s established Anatolian high school education: 14, in eight provinces have a total of 437 rooms Anatolian teacher training education: 1, and 1,131 beds. Anatolian fine arts high school education: 1, In support of the National Education Cam- Vocational and technical high school paign, 392 vocational and 208 social and cul- education: 41. tural courses were conducted during the period between 08.09.2005-08.09.2006 and certifi- In the academic year 2006-2007, 13,047 cates were distributed to 10,193 and 6,237 at- students in 19 elementary schools and 4,347 tendants respectively. students in general high schools in Fethiye, There are 21 corporations in the city con- and Ortaca received bilateral education. ducting widespread educational activities in- 28,891 students received intermediary educa- cluding 12 public education centers, six vo- tion in a total of 75 high schools; 2,074 teach- cational training centers and three vocational ers were on duty at these schools. 235 students technical training centers. 689 attendants re- received pre-school education in the class- ceived literacy training in 53 separate courses; rooms incorporated in eight private elementary 10,193 attendants received vocational skills schools and 29 teachers were on duty. A total and crafts training in 392 courses, 6,237 at- of 346 teachers lectured at these schools. tendants received training in social and cul- There are three training and application tural topics and 133,9448 attendants received schools and one Work Training Center in education in social and cultural applications. the city. In these schools 19 teachers educate 8,095 “apprentice”, 6,157 “qualified work- 65 students and 11 teachers educate 63 stu- man”, 4,417 “foreman”, 1,341 “foreman in- structor” certificates were extended to the suc- cessful attendants of the courses conducted by six vocational training centers and three voca- tional technical training centers existing in our city. Courses are continued. Additionally, various courses were conduct- ed in the branches of “Hotel Management and Tourism” for 728 attendants for a period of six semesters. At the present, there is a total of 807 aca- demics on duty in the city, comprising 52 Pro- fessors, 35 Associate Professors, 197 Assistant Professors, 170 Lecturers, 118 Instructors, 202 Research Assistants and 33 Specialists. 562 administrative personnel serve at educa- tional facilities.

111 MUĞLA ‘09

Total number of students for the academic to have a capacity of 700,000 tons. We find year 2006-2007 is 21,319. 15,500,000 tons visible+possible emery re- Percentage of schooling in pre-school age is serves nearby Milas and 1,875,000 tons of pos- 10.6%; this figure is above the rates both for sible reserves around Yatağan. Turkey and for the Aegean Region. The fig- 7,000,000 tons of black coal is extracted ure for schooling in elementary-school age is yearly and the coal of some certain kilns is used 100.9% and is again above the rates both for as fuel in some of the thermic electrical power Unfortunately Muğla Turkey and for the Aegean Region. generation stations. Percentage of schooling at intermediary has very unfavora- school age is 47.0% (general high schools) and ble conditions as this figure is above the corresponding rates for Turkey (36.9%) and for the Aegean Re- far as its potable gion (39.7%). As in the Aegean Region, also water supply is con- in Muğla, schooling rates at the general high- schools for the female students is higher in cerned. comparison to that of the male students.

4. Health Health service indicators for Muğla point to a good performance with achievementrates above the country indicators. Baby mortality rate in Muğla is 15.52 per thousand (35.3 per thousand in Turkey) and the birth rate is 12.67 per thousand (20.5 per thousand in Turkey), whereas death rate is 3.9 per thousand (6.4 per thousand in Turkey).

NATURAL RESOURCES The most important mines of Muğla are chromium, emery, marble, bauxite and black coal. There are 129 chromium ore beds in the city. Some of these beds are exploited and the visible plus possible reserves are computed

112 the service area of the General Secretariat of PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE City Private Administration, have sufficient po- A.Transportation table water resources. Only two villages (0.05%) Roads experience potable water shortage. Project works City and State roads reach a total of 913 are on-going at 5 villages (1.26%) for potable km.s; 899 km.s of these roads are asphalt coated water supply. and 13 km.s are gravel roads. The total of vil- This ratio is far below the average ratios for lage roads is 4,127 km.s; of these roads 2,432 the Aegean Region and for Turkey. km.s are asphalt coated (59%) and 1,361 km.s are gravel roads (29%). 297 km.s are leveled roads (7%) and 35.km.s are plain soil roads. ECONOMIC STRUCTURE Within the framework of KÖY-DES Project A. Socio-Economic Developmental (Project for Supporting the Infrastructure of Status of Muğla City and its Provinces Villages), 560 km.s of village roads were grav- According to the data of the “Study on the el coated, 36. km.s of inner village roads were Socio-Economic Developmental Status Listing” coated with concrete parquets and furthermore, conducted in 1996 by the State Planning Or- 13 bridges, each with 180 meters opening, and ganization, Manisa stands in the 11th line with 12 culverts, each with 23 meters opening were an index of 0.625896 among 76 cities of the constructed in 2006. There are 13,929 private country.Table 13 below lists the socio-economic cars registered in Muğla. The ratio of private developmental status indices of the provinces cars per person is 947 per 10,000 persons. The of Muğla among the country total of 858 prov- ratio of motor vehicles per person is 1,904 per inces. 10,000 persons. Muğla occupies the 3rd place among the cit- B.Industy ies of the country with the number of motor ve- The economic structure of the city is based hicles it owns. Muğla has a standard above the on multiple sectors, such as tourism, agronomy- regional and country figures with its ownership based industry and commerce. of private cars and motor vehicles. In Muğla, industry is based on agriculture and 80% of the industrial facilities are state- B. Communication owned public corporations. Manufacturing in- Domestic and international automatic tel- dustry is still at the phase of development. There ephone communication facility is available in all are around 1,500 small-sized industrial work residential units of Muğla. places in the city. Small Scale Industrial Facil- ity Compounds constitute the basis of the city C. Potable Water industry and play an important role in provid- Unfortunately Muğla has very unfavorable ing employment opportunities. There are nine conditions as far as its potable water supply is Small Scale Industrial Facility Compounds in concerned. Limestone formation of the land and the city and they are located in Muğla, Ortaca, insufficiency of the streams make it even more Bodrum, Milas, Fethiye, Marmaris Ata, Marma- difficult to reach solutions for the problem. 389 ris, Köyceğiz and Yatağan. Construction works villages (98%), out of the 396 villages within for 14 more such compounds are on-going.

113 MUĞLA ‘09

have been taken to establish a Marble Organ- ized Zone at Yatağan province. Forestry Forests cover an area of 835,454 hec- At Muğla region, 80 factories and 90 open tares. 306,081 hectares are open areas. Thus kilns are in active operation. The marble re- the total area is 1,231,550 hectares. In other serves of the area constitute 20% of the to- words, 68% of the total area is covered by tal marble reserves of the country. As of end forests and 32% is open areas. Muğla Forest August 2007, USD 417,407,586 million Area Management obtained 600,189 cu.m. worth of marble was exported by Turkey and of wood for processing and 145,500 steres of Muğla’s contribution is 30%. wood for burning. Main operated mines are black coal, chro- Forest villagers received 34,177,000 YTL mium, emery, giofrik(?), bauxite, quartzite, worth of payments in 2006. This amount was mica and pumice. The richest black coal beds earned through production and forest mainte- of Turkey are found in the Yatağan province nance activities. In 2006, 2,859 hectares of of Muğla. Pumice is found in Bodrum and forests were subjected to maintenance; 1,872 giofrik is found in the center province and hectares to natural rejuvenescence and 9,555 Yatağan. Uranium is found in the ashes of hectares to artificial rejuvenescence. Yatağan lignites. There are 49 Type C forest recreation ar- eas, three national parks, one nature park and C. Agriculture and Animal Breeding one city forest within the Area Forest Man- The Aegean and the Mediterranean cli- agement boundaries. mate conditions in Muğla make it suitable to Muğla industrial sector contributes 12 plant and grow various types of agricultural billion KW/h electrical energy to the elec- products. trical energy production of the country with its Yatağan (3 x 210MW), Kemerköy Agriculture (3x210MW) and Yeniköy (2x210) thermal Muğla owns an agricultural land of electrical power generation stations. Further- 280,516 hectares; 140,000 hectares of this more, at Üçköprü Mine Operations (of Turk- land are being irrigated. The number of reg- ish Coal Operations Management-TKİ) near istered farmers in the city is 81,054. Olives, Fethiye-Göcek, 49,000 tons of chromium is tomatoes, citrus fruits, almonds, tobacco, cot- produced. At Geli and Yeniköy Black Coal ton, sea food and honey are the important agri- Operations, seven million tons of lignite is cultural products. Recently, while the tobacco produced per year. and cotton fields decreased, olive, citrus fruit, During the recent years, marble produc- pomegranate and animal-feed plant farmlands tion gained impetus in Muğla. Initiatives have increased. Contribution ratios of some of

114 We may list paragliding, pararafting, surfing, diving and instrumental diving within the framework of alternative touristic activities which attract high interest.

the major agricultural products of our city among the economic indices of the city. to the production of Turkey are shown in There are 15 marinas, certified by the the table below. The distribution of agri- Ministry of Tourism, and their total ca- cultural land according to the plants pro- pacity is 4,137. Within the city bounda- duced is as follows: field plants-106,643 ries, in 2006, Muğla had 6 marinas and hectares, vegetable production-22,896 44 beaches with “Blue Flag”s. (Blue Flag hectares; fruit production-130,977. 75% Project is coordinated by the Ministry of of the plants in fruit production farms Culture and Tourism and the Ministry of are olives. In 2006, 536,950 tons of Health along with “Educational and En- field plants, 497,910 tons of vegetables, vironmental Foundation of Turkey” to 168,413 tons of citrus fruits, 178,297 award and identify the cleanest beaches tons of olives and 52,311 tons of various and marinas of the country.) other fruits were produced. Our city is an We may list paragliding, pararafting, important center for undercover agricul- surfing, diving and instrumental diving tural production. In 2006, 349,020 tons within the framework of alternative tour- of such products were produced over a istic activities which attract high inter- land of 22,994 decares. 298,726 tons of est. this production was tomatoes. In our city, there is a total of 154 ar- In our city, there are 158 agricultural eas under protection. 13 of them are met- development cooperatives; 18 irrigation ropolitan, 80 are archeological and 61 cooperatives; three supreme unions, and are natural protection areas. Muğla City 23 seafood cooperatives. Council for Protecting the Cultural and Apiculture is well developed in our Natural Assets has been in service with city. In 2006, 377 tons of beeswax and 16 employees since 2004. 11.072 tons of honey were produced. In 2006, 595,866 persons visited the The city owns 121,635 cattle, museums and the archeological sites in 196,400 sheep and goats, and 1,290,000 the city. A total of 2,837,353 YTL was poultry. In 2006, 257,080 tons of milk, collected as revenue. 3,562 tons of red meat and nearly 108 Initiatives have been taken to estab- million eggs were produced. lish a skiing resort at Seki area of Fethiye In 2006, agricultural production province. Upon publication in the Of- contributed 1,886,793,660 YTL to the ficial Gazzette dated 06.01.2005 and Muğla economy. numbered 25692, the area was declared as “Fethiye-Seki, Eren Mountain Winter Sports and Tourism Center”. D.Tourism Our city is one of the most important areas of the developing tourism of our THE MISSION, VISION AND country. Muğla has an unprecedented OBJECTIVES OF MUĞLA CITY potential for tourism with its miraculous •Muğla has the longest coast line coast line of 1,124 kilometers, its for- (1,124 km) in our country. It is a high ests covering 68% of its land, historical potential touristic area with its natural remnants, its climate, its customs and and cultural resources and is described traditions, reflecting striking properties as “Heaven on Earth”. All actions to be of our culture. Muğla, by itself, contrib- taken and activities to be initiated in or- utes one fourth of the total yearly tourism der to both utilize and protect for the next revenues. Tourism occupies the first line generations; all natural, historical and

115 MUĞLA ‘09

cultural values and assets of the city (or the city. 80 companies and 90 outdoor mines are common legacy of the world), within a balance operative in Muğla city. Muğla region enclos- are the priorities of the mission of the city. es 20% of the marble reserves. Of the USD •It is our mission to protect, with utmost 417,407,586 million worth exports carried care, some 4,000 registered buildings, the out in Turkey between the months of Janu- beauty of the natural scenery, the seas, the ary and August 2007, 30% belongs to Muğla lakes, the rivers and the forests, 195 archeo- alone. The Muğla Marble, which is known logical sites and antique cities, and to pass especially as the Muğla White, has become a them onto the next generations. frequently demanded stone in the world mar- •Our city hosts three million foreign tour- kets. ists per year earning two million US dollars as •For the purpose of actively utilizing the tourism revenues and an additional of USD unused lands which are suitable for agricul- 1,500,000,000 worth of revenues from agri- ture and of increasing employment opportu- culture, seafood, and animal products. nities and producers’ income by speeding the •It is an objective for Muğla that all sec- production of olives and olive oil, 272.000 tors, including tourism, continue with their olive seedlings were distributed by the City financial contributions without cessation. Private Administration in 2006. Muğla city’s •It is our objective to develop tourism agricultural production has reached record in diverse alternative venues such as eco- values in 2006. A significant portion of the tourism, cultural tourism, sports and health fresh vegetables, citrus fruits, and seafood is tourism and distribute them throughout the exported, thereby providing our country with 12 months of the year. Installation of new in- an inflow of foreign currency. Tomatoes make dustrial facilities based on agronomy and for- up 80% (83.774 tons) of the total exports. est products is an objective to be evaluated by Other significant export products are citrus the private sector. For the purpose of further fruits and other undercover products. “Project diversifying tourism opportunities and intro- towards Improving Fruit and Olive Produc- ducing the inner sections of the city to tour- tion” is also applied in the city. ism, “Alternative Tourism” activities, such as With its favorable climatic structure, our Plateau Tourism, Cave Tourism, Mountain city is possesses an ecology that is suitable for Tourism, Ski Tourism, Golf Tourism, Con- the production of all kinds of products grown ference Tourism, and rafting Tourism, are en- in our country. Despite the yearly differences couraged by the Governorship and supported in agricultural production, olives, tomatoes, by the Special Provincial Administration. citrus fruits, cotton, tobacco, honey, and sea- •In the recent years, successful steps have food are the important agricultural products. been taken in marble production in Muğla Recently, while the tobacco and cotton fields

116 decreased, fields of olives, citrus fruits, a living out of apiculture. Our city occu- Hand Over” model, has been completed and corn for silage have increased. In pies the 1st place in the country in rela- and opened to service. 10 million tons 2006, a significant shift to pomegranate tion to apiculture. 805 of our country’s of loading and unloading per year can be production, in fields previously reserved honey production and exportation is re- realized at this port, which is one of the for cotton and citrus fruit production, has alized in Muğla city. Although apicul- most significant loading and unloading been observed. Increasing the efficiency ture should be developing day by day in ports of the Aegean Region. The harbor and quality in animal products provides Muğla with the motivation provided by has been designed in such a way that its the decrease in production costs and the the EU-supported “Apiculture Develop- capacity can be increased in the future. protection of animal health. ment Project,” the evaluations from the •It is an objective for our city, which To ensure that the producers get or- last two years indicate a decrease in hon- is a tourism center, to improve yacht ganized, that the existing organizations ey production and some negativities that tourism by way of increasing the number gain efficiency, and that farmers’ incomes are experienced, due to global climate of “yacht pull-over facilities” at places, are increased by way of developing mar- change and environmental pollution. It such as Marmaris/Bozburun, Dalaman, keting systems is within our objectives. is within our objectives to eliminate the Datça, /Akyaka, Milas (Ören and •There are 600 thousand beehives noted negativities. Güllük), where yacht tourism is intense, in our city, in which forest areas and •Güllük Loading and Unloading Har- so as to keep up the level of competition the practice of apiculture are dense, and bor, which is a modern loading and un- with the countries which are located in 6000 families in the city in general make loading port built by the “Build-Execute- the Mediterranean basin.

117 AEGEAN FOUNDATION FOR

MUĞLA ‘09 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT STUDIES FOR THE CITY OF MUĞLA

AEGEAN REGION DEVELOPMENT PROJECT 2000 – 2005 Muğla Meeting for Strategic Goals 12/13 May 2001 45 participants Muğla Meeting for Setting Priorities 28 March 2003 41 participants Regional Dialogue Conference - Afyonkarahisar 4/6 July 2003 84 participants from member cities Agriculture and Stockbreeding Sector Meeting – Aydın 2/3 April 2005 57 participants from member cities Tourism Sector Meeting – Marmaris 16/17 April 2005 54 participants from member cities Geothermal Sector Meeting – Kuşadası 14/15 May 2005 29 participants from member cities Mining Sector Meeting – Kuşadası 14/15 May 2005 30 participants from member cities

AEGEAN OPINION LEADERS 2006 European Union Briefing Seminar 14/16 March 2006 125 participants received certificates

AEGEAN OPINION LEADERS 2008 SME’s /Innovation EU Conformity Seminar 26 February 2008 117 participants received certificates Competition and Innovation Round-Table Meeting 19 December 2008 29 participants

AEGEAN OPINION LEADERSWithin the 2006 context of the programs EGEV prepared for its member cities, seminars were conducted on the subject of the European Union for which we stand as a member candidate. These me- etings launched under the title “Aegean Opinion Leaders EU Training Program” were realized with the support of Philip Morris / Sabancı and the colaboration of ESİAD. Within this framework, a two- day meeting was held on 15-16 March 2006 at Muğla with the participation of 125 persons. On the first day of the two- day meeting, Prof. Dr. Haluk GÜNUĞUR lectured on “On the way to Integration with the EU”, “Extension of the EU”, “Instutional Structure of the EU”, “Eu-

118 PROFILES OF MUĞLA PARTICIPATORS

PIE CHART BY SECTOR

3 PIE CHART BY AGE 30 22

1 Public 2 Education 16 Local Authority Age 20’ s Non-Government Age 30’ s Private Sector Age 40’ s 4 Age 50’ s Media Age 60’ s and up 1 15 58 56

ropean Constitution”, “Relations between with which we are in contact in every city re, Dr. Fatma Tunç KÖPRÜLÜ talked on Turkey and the EU”. of the Aegean, the new ideas and sugges- the topics of standards and standardizati- During the training held on the second tions put forth during the seminars, and on, Turkish Standards Institute and na- day, the issues on which the lecturers en- the request for research on new solutions tional standardization, international and lightened the participants were as follows: for the problems of the region’s cities have regional standardization and certification Prof. Dr. Canan BALKIR: Trade Policy of motivated us into sustaining these social activities. The seminar ended with the the EU, Common Customs Tariffs, Pro- responsibility projects in an expanded fas- presentation by Selçuk Karaata of Sabancı tection Precautions, Prof. Dr. İge PIR- hion. During the one-day seminar held on University National Innovation Venture NAR: EU’s Tourism Policies, The Rules 26 February 2008 in collaboration with on the definition of innovation, varieties, Turkey Must Follow; Assoc. Prof. Dr. ESİAD at Muğla, Prof. Dr. Canan BAL- national and certified innovation system Yaşar UYSAL: EU’s Agriculture Policies, KIR, Head of the EU Studies at the 9th definitions and the importance of system The Possible Effects of Full Membership September University Institute of Social approach. Examples of success, support on Turkish Agriculture; Assist. Prof. Dr. Sciences, made a presentation. Prof. Dr. extended for innovation by TÜBİTAK, Esin TAYLAN: EU’s Policy on the Law Canan BALKIR delivered her lecture on TTGV, EU 7th Framework Program and of Competition, Rules for Customs Uni- “The Short History of Turkey & EU Re- messages for SME’s on and Competition, The Aim, Structure, lations”, The Process of Becoming a EU On 19 December 2008, a dialogue Addressees and Applications of the Law Member, Negotiations, Factors Differenti- platform was established with the partici- concerning the Preservation of Competiti- ating Turkey from other member candida- pation of 29 responsible persons on Inno- on. Assist. Prof. Dr. Berna KIRKULAK: te countries, Impacts of Customs Union, vation and Competitive Power. Following EU Policies on Small and Medium Scale Basic Discussions During the Ascension the presentation of Mr. Selçuk KARAATA Establishments and Competition, Process, EU and Turkish Public Opinion lecturer at Sabancı University, representa- Approaches to Membership Process. tives of the sector, and representatives of AEGEAN OPINION LEADERS 2008 In the afternoon session Prof. Dr. government offices shared their opinions The “Aegean Opinion Leaders EU Tra- Mustafa Yaşar TINAR, academician and and experiences on the subject of compe- ining Program”, started by Philip Morris/ lecturer at 9th September University Fa- tition and explained the problems. The Sabancı as a social responsibility project culty of Economic and Administrative Sci- insufficiency of financial resources and within the framework of the activities pre- ences explained the subjects EU’s SME’s knowledge for innovation was underlined. pared by EGEV and held in its member Policy, Policies which impact Small and It was stated that patent applications were cities, received enormous interest in cities Medium Size Establishments, financial completed following a long lasting process. which are EGEV members and this has supports. Transition periods allowed for It was pointed out that this platform was brought along new shared projects. The the new members and the EU integration first of its kind in Muğla and that it is a strong support provided by the local foci, process of Turkey. Following this lectu- must that it be continued.

119 In Uşak and its environs, first settlements UŞAK ‘09 were seen as of 4000 B.C. These settlements became widespread especially during the Bronze Age.

UşakBlaundos Ulubey / Uşak 120 In 2000 B.C., Uşak constituted the western border of the Hittites, who established the first political union in Anatolia, and the Phyrigians. Despite this fact, rather than these two cultures, Uşak was influenced by the Ionian culture.

Usak Center n Uşak and its environs, first settlements were seen as of 4000 B.C. These settlements became widespread especially during the Bronze Age. In 2000 B.C., Uşak constituted the west- ern border of the Hittites, who established the first political unionI in Anatolia, and the Phyrigians. Despite this fact, rather than these two cultures, Uşak was influenced by the Ionian culture. In 7th century B.C., the Lydian King Gyges captured the Lydian Empire and Uşak with most of its land remaining within the Lydian territory, and the city was taken under total sovereignty of the Lydians. The domina- tion of the Lydians, the richest kingdom of the period which first print- ed and used money, continued until the year 546 B.C. During this period, the “Kings’ Road,” starting at Ephesus, was constructed and following the route of Gediz (Hermos) River, this road reached Güre Village, and continued further on passing by Uşak-Keromon-Agora cit- ies within the boundaries of Uşak. In 546 B.C., a war betwen Croseus, the last king of Lydia, and Kyros, the Persian King, ended up with a total defeat for the Lydians and the region was taken under the domination of the Persians. Per- sian sovereignty over the region continued until 334 B.C. At this date, Anatolia was overtaken by the Macedonian King, Alexander the Great and after his death the region was handed to Antigon, one of his gener- als, as his share. Later on, it was taken under the sovereignty of the Romans in 189 B.C. by Roman Council Montius, following a short period when the city was under the domination of the Kingdom of Pergamon. When the Roman Empire was divided into two parts, Uşak remained within the boundaries of Eastern Rome and remained so un- til the 12th century. After 1071, the region was exchanged from time to time between the rule of Seljuks and the Romans. Uşak was taken by the Seljuks in 1176, at the end of the Miryakefalon (Kumdanlı) war which was fought between Kılıçarslan II, the Sultan of the Seljuks, and Manuel Komnenos, the Byzantine Emperor. Byzantine, benefiting from the rivalry feuds between the broth- ers for the throne, got back the region between Kütahya and Uşak. Byzantine rule continued until 1233. As of this date, Uşak and its Esme Kilims

121 environs were totally taken under Turk- a county of the Hüdavendigar Village northeast towards the southwest and the ish domination. During the reign of the of Kütahya Sanjak. With the arrange- waves look subdued. Anatolian Seljuks, this area had become ments dated 20 April 1924, Uşak again In general, the city land looks like

UŞAK ‘09 the border city of the State. When Sultan remained as a county of Kütahya City. wavy plateaus. Northern and eastern sec- Alaaddin Keykubat was at the throne, Within the new administrative struc- tions are mountainous whereas southern the area received intensive Turkic set- ture of the Republic of Turkey, Banaz, and western sections are covered with tlements. Thereafter, we find Uşak and Sivaslı, Karahallı and Ulubey districts plains and rugged areas. 57.5% of the its environs under the sovereignty of the were placed under Uşak Province. By city land is constituted by plateaus; 37% Sanjak of Germiyanoğulları. The records Law No. 6129, dated 9 July 1953, Uşak by mountains and 5.5% by plains. Mu- of history indicate that within the first half of the 18th century, the Germiyan Tribe, then settled around Malatya, was relocated to Kütahya-Uşak region possibly in 1241, during the reign of Gıyaseddin Keyhüsrev II, following or some short while after the alleviation of Baba İshak mutiny. In 1391, Sultan Yıldırım Bayezid brought the Germiyanoğlu domination to an end; thus the area was included in the Ottoman land. At the period of interregnum, the Sanjaks resurged and gained the city status and the districts Uşak was passed onto the Ottoman State attached were graded up to province sta- by the will of Yakup Bey II, the last ruler tus. of Germiyanoğulları Sanjak. In the 19th century, Uşak lived through a relatively calm political period GEOGRAPHICUşak city is located STRUCTURE at the inner and became a lively commercial city. Es- western Anatolia section of the Aegean pecially the carpets and rugs wowen in Region, at the western edge of the inner the city reached as far as England and western Anatolia treshold separating the France. In 1869, the construction of Aegean Region from the Central Ana- Alaşehir-Afyon railroad was completed. tolian Region and is situated between This facilitated the transportation be- 38o13’-38o56’ eastern meridians and tween İzmir city and Uşak, and the com- 28o48’-29o57’ northern parallels. The mercial life in the city became even more neighbors of Uşak are Kütahya at the active. In the second half of the 19th north, Afyon at the east, Denizli at the century, Vital Cuinet, in his book titled south and Manisa at the west. Uşak has “La Turquie d’Asie,” states that most of a surface area of 5,341 square kilometers rat Mountain has a rich vegetation, hot the houses were built of bricks not treat- and with this, it is placed in the 64th and cold water springs and a natural ed with heat and in 1890 stronger and line, just like its licence plate identifica- beauty. Its peak, Kartaltepe, is 2,309 m. more graceful houses made of wood were tion number (which is also 64), among high. The peak of the Murat Mountain preferred. During the War of Independ- the cities of the country. The surface is within the city boundaries of Kütahya ence, Uşak was occupied on 29 August area of Uşak constitutes 0.7% of surface and the remaining hilly parts within the 1920 and was relieved on 1 September area of the country. borders of Uşak reach an average eleva- 1922 of this occupation period, lasting Murat Mountain, Bukaz Mountain tion of 1,500 m. two years and two days. and Ahır Mountain make up the natural Bulkaz Mountain is situated at the During the years of the National borders of the city at the north, north- east and southeaset of Sivaslı province. Struggle, Uşak was harmed to a great east and east respectively. The western Its peak reaches a height of 1,930 m. extent both financially and morally. part of the city land opens to the Aegean and the mountain has a body mostly Despite this fact, Uşak, with its initia- Region through the Gediz Valley. The made up of limestone. Roughly running tives, launched the first industrial break- city lands are cut through by many val- at the north-south direction, Bulkaz through of the Turkish Republic. Under leys and display a scenery of wavy pla- Mountain forms the natural border lines the Ottoman State structure, Uşak was teaus. These plateaus get lower from the of Uşak and Afyon cities. The mountain

122 has rich water resources but is not so rich Yazıtepe Underground Water, Küçük- in vegetation. ler Dam, Banaz Kozviran, Eşme İsalar Elma Mountain is located at the Pond, Banaz Ahat Pond. north of the Center province. Its peak is 1,805 m. and there are wide plateaus and DEMOGRAPHIC pastures on this mountain. The other important elevated points PROPERTIES, SOCIAL AND in the city are Ahır Mountain (1,915 CULTURAL STRUCTURE m.), Tahtalı Hill (1,644 m.) and Ko- 1.Climate and Vegetation catepe (1,298 m.). The city has a climate which dis- The most important plains of the city plays transion properties between the are Uşak and Banaz plains. These plains, Mediterranean and land climates. The which cover only a small part (5.5%) of temperatures are lower than those of the surface area, are, in general, covered the Aegean Region but higher than the with silt (alluvium). Central Anatolian Region. With respect to the Aegean, winters are colder. Rain- Distribution of Land in Uşak fall slides over to spring. Average annual City City Agronomy temperature is 12.3oC. While January is Management the coldest month with 2.0 oC, August Uşak plain has a size of 5,500 hec- is the warmest with 23.3 oC. Tempera- POPULATION AND ITS tares and is at the edge of the city. This ture decreases steadily beginning from STRUCTURE plain has a height of 890 m. and extends August until January. Thereon, it stead- In the “1924 Turkish Commercial over east-west direction. It is covered ily increases until July and shows a very Yearbook”, the population of Uşak city up with a thick sheet of alluvium and minor variance during the months of July center is stated to be 15,000. The total has quite fertile soils. There are slightly and August. When we review the temper- population of the villages and counties high, dark colored volcanic hills on this ature distribution according to the sea- of Uşak city (around (150 villages and plain. Banaz plain has a surface area of sons, summer is the hottest season with Karahallı, Ulubey and Banaz counties) 6,500 hectares and has developed at the 22.1 oC. Fall follows summer with 13.2 is stated as 79,000. Accordingly, during side of Banaz stream, which is one of the oC and spring follows fall with 10.7 oC. the first year of the Republic, 85,000 per- branches of Büyük Menderes (Menderes Winter is the coldest season with 3.0 oC. sons were living in Uşak. In the “1926 the Major) River. It extends at northeast- In 2002, the highest temperature of 37.6 Turkish Republic State Yearbook” the southwest direction and is very fertile. oC was recorded in August and the lowest population of the city is given as 91,298 Streams within Uşak city boundaries temperature of -10.7 oC in January. Ic- persons. are of small scale. No artificial ponds ing was seen 39 times within the year. First census of the Republic was re- (dams) are constructed on them with the According to the records of Uşak alized on 29 October 1927. According purpose of generating electric power; they Meteorology Station, total annual aver- to this census, Uşak had a population cannot be utilized for irrigation purpos- age rainfall is 534.4 mm. December is of 88,463. The number of males was es, either. The citizens, however, by their the most rainy month with 84.7 mm, 40,965 and the number of females was own means and using motor-pumps, ir- followed by January-77.4mm. and Feb- 47,678. According to the results of the rigate their small fields. ruary-67.2mm. August is the most arid same census, center city had a population month with 9.0mm. The next dry month of 16,887. The ratio of the urbanization also fol- Rivers of Uşak City is July with 14.9mm. In Uşak, winds blow mostly from the west. The next lows a similar trend, below the country Natural and Artificial Lakes average. It gets closer to the country av- of Uşak City dominant winds blow from the north As mentioned above there are no and the east. In general, wind blows in erage during 1975-1980 and we notice large dams in the city; however, there are east-west and north directions. Southern that during 1980-1985 the fast urbani- ponds used for irrigation purposes. Most winds are not too effective. Western winds zation observed over the country did not important of these ponds are: blow stronger from December to May and happen in Uşak where urbanization con- Göğem Pond, Eşme - Takmak weaker from May to December. tinued in an orderly manner. The average Pond, Eşme Üçpınar Pond, Center Steppe plants and meadows are found urbanization rate for a period of 45 years Karaağaç, Eşme Karaahmetli Pond, on the top of the plateaus, which look like is 33 per thousand and the population Center-Mesudiye-Altıntaş Pond, Eşme- wavy land and which constitute 57.7% of increase rate for the rural areas is two Güneyköy, Eşme Ahmetler, Banaz the Uşak territory. per thousand. The average city popula-

123 tion increase rate for the country comers within a period of 45 ceive education at 37 General and is 41, and 7 per thousand for the years continued at the high level Vocational High Schools. Stu- rural areas. To summarize, in of 45.88 per thousand. Uşak re- dents from Uşak, with the scores

UŞAK ‘09 Uşak, population increases at a ceives immigration. Immigration they recorded in 2005-2006 aca- lower speed than in the country. out of the city is observed as well demic year university admission During the last 25 years, but at a lesser ratio. Based on the examinations, occupied the third other than the center city, pop- present population increase rate, place from the top in the country ulation increase is observed at we may project that in 2010 among the students taking these Sivaslı province. During the Uşak will have a population of examinations. This is a vital in- 73 years since 1927, the city 350,000 and 380,000 in 2020. dicator of the level of education population increased at a ratio attained in Uşak. Rates such as of 28.68 per thousand. Popula- 3. Education literacy and the number of stu- tion increase at the provinces is After Uşak gained city status dents per classroom are above the very low, in fact, sometimes it in 1953, education and training general averages. decreases and therefore, the share activities increased. In 1962, the Except in a few schools in the of the center province within the city had 208 elementary schools. center city, education is carried general population has continu- This figure rose to 264 in 1967 out in a singular system. Class- ously increased. In 1965, 37% of and to 315 in 1980. In 1962, room requirement is minimal. the population lived in the center 31% of the villages of the city did Schooling rate at pre-school lev- province and this ratio increased not have elementary schools, but el: 34.22% to 56% in 2000. when we come to 1980, we no- Schooling rate at elementary Overall population density of tice that no village remains with- school level: 98.83% the city is below the averages both out an elementary school. The Schooling level at interme- for the Aegean Region (100%) number of elementary schools in- diary school level of 83.31% is and for Turkey (88%). The most creased continuously until 1994 above the average for Turkey. densely inhabited province is the and reached 368. Thereafter, due The maximum number of stu- center province and the least one to migrations from the villages dents per classroom is 35.1 at the is Ulubey. to the center city, the number center city. This figure is 26.7% Uşak has a total population of students decreased and some at Banaz, 22.9% at Eşme-center, of 322,313; consisting of males of the schools, therefore, were 19 at Karahallı-center, 25.4 at - 49.58% and females -50.42%. closed down. In villages where Sivaslı-center, and 24.2% at 56.5% (which is below the aver- the number of students was few, Ulubey-center. In Uşak, an av- age ratio-65%- for Turkey) of these students were transported erage of 28.1 students receive this population live in the city to nearby schools. education per classroom at the center; population density is 60 In Uşak, 3,180 children re- elementary school level. At inter- persons and population increase ceive pre-school education in mediary education level no prob- rate is 10.42 per thousand. some 147 classrooms. In 1997, lem exists related to the number When we analyze the city elementary education duration of available classrooms. The population on a gender basis, we was increased to eight years and, maximum number of students observe that the female popula- therefore, elementary and middle per classroom is 28.3 at Sivaslı- tion is slightly higher than the schools were combined. There center and the minimum number male population both in the city are also three area boarding el- is 10.5 at Ulubey. At Uşak, the center and in the rural area. At ementary schools at the city; two average number of students per the period when Uşak gained a of them are at the center prov- classroom is 24.4% at intermedi- city status, only 4% of its popu- ince and one is at Eşme. There ary school level education. The lation consisted of people incom- are three elementary schools with city has a total of 28 Vocational ing from other areas. In 2000, housing quarters provided for the Education and Training corpora- this ratio increased four times students in center province, Ba- tions. Three of them deliver mul- and reached the level of 16%. In naz and Eşme. Thus, a total of tiple programs. 52.2% of 13,570 1955, the number of newcomers 42,599 students receive educa- students receiving intermediary was 6,619; this figure reached tion at a total of 178 elementary school education attend these vo- 52,178 in 2000. The increase schools. At the intermediary edu- cational education and training rate in the population of new- cation level, 13,570 students re- corporations.

124 Higher Education September State Hospital. In all these buildings. Its construction date is not As of the 1993-1994 academic year, medical establishments 140 specialists, exactly known. It was repaired twice, in the following faculties and colleges con- 189 general practitioners, 80 dentists, 1862 and in 1922. It has two domes. It tinue their educational activities under 514 nurses, and 512 midwives serve the took its name after the design of a twist the roof of Uşak Kocatepe University: community. The city does not experience placed at its minaret. Uşak Training Faculty, Uşak Engineer- problems in the health-service sector, ex- Forest, Rest and Recreation Areas ing Faculty, Uşak Health College (4 cept for the unavailability of specialists Akse Pine Grove: It is located at the years) and Uşak, Banaz, Eşme, Karahallı in the hospitals of the provinces and doc- northeast of Uşak at a distance of three kil- vocational colleges. In 1998-1999, vo- tors, nurses and midwives in some of the ometers to the city center. There is a daily cational schools were opened at Sivaslı. health centers in the rural areas. Some of opened facility, picnic units, fountain and In 2002-2001, Faculty of Science and the health sector statistics are as follows: administration building in the grove. Letters, and in 2002-2003, Faculty Number of patients per medical doctor: Atatürk Park: This park, located at of Economic and Administrative Sci- 979 Uşak, extends over an area of 85.000 ences started their academic activity. Number of population per hospital bed: square meters. There is an amusement Uşak University was established by Law 324 park and promenade areas in the park. No.5467, published in the Official Ga- Number of population per dentist: 4,028 Construction of a museum and cultural zette No.26111, dated 17.03.2006, and Number of population per nurse: 918 compound on an area of 5,000 square all existing educational units were taken meters is now being planned. under the university administration. Çokozlar Picnic Area: This area is lo- In our city, there are four faculties CULTURAL STRUCTURE cated at the north of Uşak and belongs to and seven vocational colleges attended by Historical Assets the Municipality. At the present, it has a 7,623 students. Five professors and 141 1. Clandras Bridge surface area of 10.000 square meters. It academics serve at the university. This bridge was built over the Banaz can be extended up to 70.000 square me- stream at the Karahallı province. The ters, which may be developed as a sports 2. Health Services length of the vault is 24 m, the depth is area. In Uşak, the first hospital was opened 17 m, and the width is 1.75 m. Origi- Evrenli Park: It is located at a distance in 1906. This hospital was burned down nally it was built as an aquaduct and used of one kilometer to the Sivaslı province by the Greeks and a new hospital with as a bridge later on. center, connected to it with an asphalt 45 beds was constructed in its place later 2. Çanlı Bridge (Bridge with a Bell ) coated road. on. Managed by the City Private Admin- It was built by a person named “Si- The park is situated at the skirts istration, this hospital was later trans- pahsalar Secuuttin” in 1225 and has an of the mountain and has partially its ferred to the management of the Minis- epitaph. This vaulted bridge is stil being own natural trees, and in some parts of try of Health. The number of beds in this used by the villagers. the park, pine tree groves were created hospital were continuously increased to 3. Çataltepe Bridge through plantation. It is arranged as a 245 in 1967, to 325 in 1980, to 500 in This structure belongs to the Otto- picnic area. 2001, finally reaching 547 in 2006. man era and has three sections. It is 3.5 Evrendede Recreation Area: An as- The Social Insurance Corporation m. wide and 45 m. long. It was construct- phalt coated road branching away from hospital opened in 1968 was transferred ed over the Gediz River at the border of the Uşak-Ankara road passes through to the Ministy of Health in 2005 and has Ulucak Village of Eşme province. pine forests and reaches the area. The a capacity of 236 beds. In addition to the 4. İnal Bridge Ministry of Forestry has facilities in the 20 bed-capacity private hospital in the This is a one section bridge remain- area. There is a guard house and an open center city, the city owns state hospitals ing from the Ottoman times and is at swimming pool. The infrastructure of with 66 beds in Banaz, 51 beds in Eşme, İnay village of Ulubey province. this recreation area is completed and en- 26 beds in Karahallı and 20 beds in 5. Ulu Mosque vironmental arrangement is done. Sivaslı provinces. Furthermore, there are This mosque was constructed during Hamamboğazı Picnic Area: This place two private out-patient medical centers, the Ottoman era. The date of its con- is on the Uşak-Ankara road at about one 53 health centers, and 93 health homes struction is unknown. However, it may kilometer of distance to the Hamamboğazı in the city. possibly have been built in 1415-1416. spas. It is arranged as a picnic area. A total of 996 hospital beds are It reflects the architectural properties of It is an area open- available in six state hospitals and one Germiyanoğulları. The mosque has one Ulubey Pine Grove: ing up to the canyon, 500 meters before private hospital. Patient traffic is not large and six small domes. the city entrance to Ulubey. It was estab- highly intense in other hospitals except 6. Burma Mosque lished on a land of 80.000 square meters in the Uşak State Hospital and Uşak 1 It is one of the 14th century Ottoman

125 UŞAK ‘09

in 1969 by the Municipality. Its ownership be- Clanudda (Çırpıcılar Village): These ruins are longs to the Municipality. No other arrangement found nearby the Çırpıcılar Village at the north of than a 100 square meter cafeteria is made in the Ulubey province. Remains of a theater were found area. There are stairs which start from the pine on the slope of the hill used as farming land by the grove and go down to the base of the valley. villagers. Some ruins found about 100 m. away, at the South of the theater, are thought to belong Sites of Ruins to a church. This city was built by the Antique City: Kremon Agora:History records this city as Roman Emperor (27 B.C.-14 A.C.) in 20 B.C. It one of the important cities located on the “Kings’ is located at the Selçikler county of Sivaslı Prov- Road”. Based on the information supplied in the ince at a distance of 2 kilometers to Sivaslı. book of W. M. Ramsay titled “The Historical Ge- Antique City: This antique city found ography of Anatolia”, its location is estimated to nearby the Sülümenli village of Ulubey Province be nearby İslamköy (village) of Banaz. was established on a peninsula surrounded by deep Pepouza Antique City: It is found in the valleys in the Hellenistic age. Blaundus was a bor- Karahallı Province, Karayakuplu Village Alakaya der city during the Roman Period and its symbol region. It is within a natural and archeological was “Double Horses”. protection area. Güre (Bagis) Tumulus Area: These tumuli be- long to the Lydyan and Persian times and are Inns (Caravansarails) found on the side of the Gediz River to the north Paşa Inn:It is an impressive building con- of Güre Village. The treasure of Croesus was un- structed by Tiritoğlu Mehmet Paşa. Its ownership earthed from these tumuli. It is estimated that the was passed onto Dülgeroğulları. The building was city of Bagis was located also nearby. The tumuli renovated with the contribution of the Ministry of are under protection and registered as archeologi- Tourism and is still in service as a private hotel. cal protection area. Hacı Hedik Inn:It is a two-storey building made of stone, situated on an area of 2-3 thousand Mesotimolos (Düzköy): It is estimated that this antique city was located nearby Düzköy, close to square meters. It is located at the carpet market the Aydınlık Village of Eşme Province. It displays area of the city. There are 30 rooms at the upper important natural and archeological data. Single floor and around 30 varios shops and coffee shops room tombs made of stone were found at the slopes on the first floor. of the valley. This city, located at the Civil Architecture Samples Akmonia Antique City: Covered Bazaar: The famous traveller Evliya Ahat Village of Banaz Province, is one of the im- Çelebi, talking about the inns and baths of Uşak portant antique cities within Uşak.Although there 300 years ago, stated that “Uşak, just like a defect, is no exact information, it is estimated that it was a shortcoming, is unembarrased by not having a established in 9th century B.C. covered bazaar...” These words must have hurt the Alaudda (Hacımköy): It is nearby Hacimköy people of Uşak and at the first opportunity, two (village) 17 km. away from Selçikler. It is thought famous and rich men of the city, Hacı Gedikoğlu to have been under the rule of Sebaste during the and Hacı Mustafa Efendi, started to construct a Roman period. The necropolis of the city is ruined. beautiful covered bazaar in order to relieve Uşak This place is a registered area to be protected. of this shame.

126 The construction of this building was initiated following the opening of Atatürk and Etnoghra- three years after the Paşa Inn and its architectural phy Museum on 1 September 1978. In 1996, the properties are much more beautiful than those of museum was rearranged after the deposit of the the Paşa Inn. treasures of Croesus. There are many items on exhibition, made of stone, terracotta, glass, gold, Historical Uşak Houses silver and bronze, remaining from the Calcolithic We may still find these houses in the Aybey, Age to Byzantine era, including golden coins and Işık, and Karaağaç districts of the city. These jewelry as well as the treasures of Croesus. houses are accepted to be among the most beauti- Some of these are statues and small statues ful samples of Ottoman architecture. They are also belonging to the Roman period, medallions, door important for reflecting the culture of the region. type grave compounds, plates and pots made of These houses are taken under protection by the terracotta, perfume bottles and tear bottles made Ministry of Tourism. of glass belonging to old Bronze, Greek, Roman and Byzantinian ages. Mausoleums Atatürk and Etnography Museum: This mu- Hacım Sultan Mausoleum: An asphalt road seum is located at the address of Uşak, Merkez branching from Uşak-Sivaslı road at its 5th km. Bozkurt Mah. Hisarkapı Uluyolu No:77, and was will take you to the mausoleum after a 18-km. constructed as a residential building in the 1890s. drive. The village cemetery and a pine grove of During the years of the National Freedom War, 5,000 square meters surround the mausoleum. it was used as a military base. On 1-2 September The dates of birth and death are unknown. True 1922, Trikopis, the Greek Commander, surren- name is Recep. dered at this base. The building was expropriated Hacı Kemal Mausoleum:It is a beautiful, domed, by our Ministry in 1978 and was converted into We may still find stone and brick building. Two holy bodies are bur- a museum. these houses in ied within. They are Sheikh Hacı Kemal Efendi Garments reflecting the lifestyle of the citizens and his wife Cemile Hatun. Hacı Kemal Mauso- of Uşak, famous Uşak carpets and Eşme rugs, et- the Aybey, Işık, leum was built by the people of Uşak much later nographic equipment and utensils, as well as pri- and Karaağaç in time. Formerly, it was a single storey wooden vate properties of our Great Leader Atatürk, are building surrounded by wooden railings. exhibited at the museum. districts of the city. These hous- Monuments Treasures of Croesus Atatürk and Freedom Monument: This monu- Lydia is the name given to the area of antique es are accepted ment was designed by the sculptor Professor Dr. ages, situated in the west of Anatolia surrounded Tankut ÖKTEM and is 30 meters long and 17 by Karai at the south, Musia at the north, Phyri- to be among the meters high. It is composed of three main groups gia at the east and Ionia and Aiolia at the west. most beautiful of figures placed on a base. According to the western historian Heredotus, Göğem Victory Monument: This is the point at the Marmnads, the last dynasty of Lydian Em- samples of Ot- which the Greek commander Trikokopis submit- pire, ruled by three dynasties, were at the throne ted his sword to Halit AKMANSU, the command- for 141 years. This dynasty secured the position toman architec- er of the 5th Caucasian Division, on the day when of Lydia as politically and economically the most ture. Uşak was freed from Greek occupation. The monu- important country of the area. They took over the ment is on a predominant hill over a wide plain empire from the second dynasty, the Heragligs, where trees are planted. There are pine groves at through various plots in the palace. This dynasty the south of this monument. started its rule over the country by King Gyges and was followed by King Ardys, King Sadyettes, King Museums Alyettes and ended with King Croesus. The pow- Archeological Museum:The responsibility for erful Lydian Empire, started with King Gyges in establishing museums in our city was undertaken the first quarter of the 7th Century B.C., invented by the Management of National Education until money, realizing one of the most important inven- 1970. The building, first arranged to serve as tions of human history. Atatürk and Etnography Museum, was used as Above mentioned treasures of King Croesus Archeology and Administration Center building were found and unearthed by illegal excavations

127 carried on during 1965-1966 and at the side of the İzmir-Ankara road. kilometers to the Aksay village of Ul- 1967 at the Lydian tumuli nearby Uşak-Afyon railroad also passes by ubey province. The temperature of its the Güre village of Uşak situated on this spa. It is surrounded with pine waters is 38oC. The spa is known for UŞAK ‘09 the Uşak-İzmir road, 25 km.s to the forests at the south and at the east. curing pains, aches and stroke vic- west of the city. They were sold to There are three different types of tims. It has a flow volume of 4lt/h. foreigners. While this treasure was waters at the spa named “gazoz”, 4. Emirfakı Spa on display at the U.S. Metropolitan “sarıkız” and “karakız”. “Gazoz” con- The spa is located nearby the Museum of Art in New York, the tains sulphur, iron and other health- Emirfakı Village of the center prov- Ministry of Culture of the Turkish ful mines. “Sarıkız” is sulphurous ince. It has a flow volume of 6lt/h, Republic launched a series of legal in- and warm; “Karakız” is luke warm. with a temperature of 36oC. It is itiatives and, as a result, the treasures Total volume of flow is 150 lt/h and known to heal broken and displaced of Croesus were returned to our coun- the temperature is 65oC. Physical, bones and pain. try in 1993. These valuable items are chemical and bacteriological analyses 5. Akbulak Spa exhibited in the Uşak Museum. of the water were realized and it was Located at Akbulak Village of found that this spa is healthwise very the center province, it has a flow vol- beneficial. According to the analyses NATURAL RESOURCES ume of 1.8lt/h and its temperature is done by the Medical Ecology and Hy- 37.5oC. Mines dro Climatology Research and Appli- Gold mine at Kışladağ is one of 6. Hasköy Spa the most important underground cation Center of the İstanbul Univer- Located within the boundaries of resources of the city. This mine has sity, waters of this spa, in a bathing the Hasköy Municipality of Ulubey a total capacity of 210 million tons format cure, is good for the movement Province, the spa has a flow volume of ore and exploitation is started by system (skeleton), chronic degenera- of 0.5lt/h at a temperature of 30oC. Tüprag company, belonging to the tive rheumatism and neurological ill- nesses requiring rehabilitation. It has Canadian El Doradi Gold group. A PHYSICAL production of 240 tons of gold is ex- one indoor and one outdoor swim- pected.The reserves of other mines ming pool, bungalow type apart hotel INFRASTRUCTURE are as summarized below. rooms and social facilities. A.Transportation Black coal ore beds and mercury 1. Roads 2. Örencik Spa The total length of the network ore beds are found around the prov- It is situated within the bounda- of city roads is 460 km.s. 292 kilom- ince of Banaz. Intermittent produc- ries of Örencik village 35 km. away eters of these roads are city roads and tion is carrried on at these kilns. from the city center and is at a dis- 168 kilometers are state roads. Uşak Marble is another underground tance of 2 km.s to the Ankara-İzmir is situated on the road between An- resource of the city. Most important road. kara and İzmir. 80% of project works marble ore beds are found in Sivaslı, The temperature of its waters is to improve this road into a two-lane Ulubey and Banaz provinces and most 38oC. An apart hotel with 52 rooms, (divided) road is completed and the of them are exploited. Manganese, as- two Ottoman baths, three-storey busi- construction is on-going. best, nickel, talcum, uranium, and ness center, outdoor swimming pool, emery-diaspolit are the other resourc- and parking and recreation areas were 2. Railroads es of the city. Belkaya potable spring constructed through the initiatives of Afyon-Uşak railroad passes waters are rented by the City Private the City Private Administration. through the center city and the length Administration. If this spring could Above mentioned analyses were of railroads within the city bounda- be marketed successfully, it would also done for this spa and it was es- ries is 159 kilometers. This line has constitute an economic value with its tablished that its waters improve been in service since 1897 and is now capacity. Uşak also has rich thermal movement and circulatory systems taken within the framework of the sources. The spas at the region cure ailments, as well as rheumatoid prob- speed train project. lems in bathing cure format. When many health problems. 3. Airways spa waters are used in a drinking cure Uşak airport has a landing field Thermal Areas format, then the water treats ailments with a length of 2,650 meters. The of the stomach, liver and intestines. airport was opened on 20 June 1988; 1. Hamamboğazı Spa It is also named Banaz Bath and 3. Aksaz Spa however, flights were initiated in is seven kilometers away from the This spa is located in the Aksaz 2001. The airport was opened to the center of Banaz province and located stream situated at a distance of three flights of private airline companies

128 between Uşak and İstanbul, following the concen- gas utilization in industry started as of 2003 and trated efforts of the Governorship, Municipality in residences, as of 2005. Natural gas reached and Uşak Chamber of Commerce. There are two- 15,000 residences; the length of the pipeline is way flights during four days of the week. 130 km.s and 2,350 residences utilize natural Transportation issues of the city, including gas. Yearly natural gas consumption reached 200 those of the rural areas, are all solved. million cubic meters.

The distance between Uşak city and D. Biological and Industrial Waste its provinces are as follows: Center province / Banaz44 km Treatment System Waste water treatment systems established at Center province / Eşme57 km Uşak Organized Industrial Zone and Integrated Center province / Karahallı100 km Industrial Zone have, to a major extent, stopped Center province / Sivaslı63 km environmental pollution caused by industry. Ad- Center province / Ulubey35 km ditionally, Uşak Municipality biological waste According to the motor vehicle statistics of treatment system project works are on-going. the Turkish Statistics Institute (TÜİK), there are 29,929 registered private cars in Uşak. The E. Organized Industrial Zones number of private cars per 10,000 persons in The process of establishing organized indus- the city is 928. The number of motor vehicles trial zones was initiated (and is still continued) (72,316) per 100,000 persons is 22,436. Private through the financial and project assistance ex- and motor vehicle ownership figures for Uşak are tended by the Ministry of Industry in order to lower than the averages of the Aegean Region and secure a planned development throughout the Turkey. country and to prepare and present to the inves- tors contemporary land parcels with all relevant B. Communication infrastructure requirements already fulfilled, in Domestic and international automatic tel- order to prevent spending scarce personal capi- ephone communication facility is available in all tal accumulation for infrastructure expenditures. residential units of Uşak. Relevant figures (for Two of such zones are located in the center prov- 2006) are as follows: ince of our city. Switchboard capacity:108,694 lines These are Uşak Organized Industrial Zone Number of subscribers:92,147 and Uşak Leather (integrated) Industrial Zone. Number of villages with telephone: 243 Project works are on-going to establish another Number of villages w/o telephone: 0 zone at Karahallı province. ADSL port capacity: 2,936 Connected subscribers:1,639 Uşak Organized Industial Zone The initiative to establish this zone was tak- C. Energy en by the decree of the Cabinet of Ministers on Total electrical power consumption of Uşak 24.20.1976, which was published in the Official city is 659,483,472 KW/h and per capita con- Gazette dated 30.01.1977 and numbered 15835. sumption is 1,046 KW/h. The Council of Entrepreneurs was formed for this Electrical energy consumed: purpose by the participation of two members of 659,483,472 KW/h each of the City Private Administration, Uşak Energy loss: 42,262,041 KW/h Municipality, and Uşak Chamber of Industry and Rate of loss: 6.42% Commerce. Number of transformers:1,734 Uşak Organized Industrial Zone was estab- Number of private transformer customers: lished at an area located betweeen the 14th and 808 the 18th kilometers of the road between Uşak and Number of subscribers: 158,174 İzmir. Infrastructure civil works were contracted In the energy consumption of the city, indus- out on 09.10.1987 and were completed in a short trial facilities occupy the first place, followed by period of three years. The first industrial facility residences and thirdly by commercial workplaces. (Hitit Seramik) started its production at the zone Supply of natural gas for the residential and in the year 1990. All pending project works were industrial consumption of the city is one of the completed once the natural gas connection was important topics in the city economy. Natural secured and the waste treatment system was put

129 UŞAK ‘09

into operation. Related descriptive figures for the 3. Karahallı Organized Industrial Zone zone are given below: Steps similar to the establishment of the Total surface area: 6,810,000 sq.m. foregoing zones were taken and infrastructure in- Total number of industrial parcels: 382 vestment project has been included in the 2005 Number of facilities still under construction:53 Investment Plan. Total surface area of Karahallı Number of parcels already allocated:371 Organized Zone is 100 hectares. Natural gas avail- Number of allocated parcels for investments ability and special electrical power generation sta- with incentive certificates: 23 tions which produce cheap energy have further General economic Number of such facilities under construction:4 improved the advantageous position of our city. Number of such facilities which started There are 1,415 workplaces in the 12 small scale structure of Uşak city production:9 industrial compounds. is based on agricul- Integrated Organized Industrial Zone F. Small Scale Industrial Compounds ture and industry. The coordinated initiative to establish this These compounds were established in order integrated zone was taken by the Council of En- to provide contemporary, up-to-date workplaces The surface area trepreneurs formed for this purpose. This council receptive to the latest technological developments. was created with the participation of two members The small scale merchants and the artisans, sup- of land which can of each, of the City Private Administration, Uşak ported by the loans extended by the Ministy of In- be irrigated is very Municipality, and Uşak Chamber of Industry and dustry, invested their own resourses to create these Commerce on 19.01.1988. The site selected for compounds. The number of small scale industrial small and therefore the zone was situated between the 8th and the 10th compounds and the number of collective work agriculture did not kilometers of the road between Uşak and Denizli. places are displayed in the table below. There are The zone was established in 1989; infrastructure 1,355 workplaces in 11 small scale industrial com- develop in the city civil works were started in 1995 and completed in pounds throughout the city. Construction of such and the investors in 2001. Waste water treatment system was finished a compound for Sivasli, containing 80 workplaces, in 2005. This zone was converted into an inte- is in process. Considering the above mentioned two Uşak focused on in- grated organized zone status in order to facilitate industrial zones and 11 compounds, we can state dustry. industrialization at the region. Related descriptive that Uşak is an industrial city. 25,000 persons figures for the zone are given below: are employed by 400 production facilities, 10,000 Total surface area:2,642,000 sq.m. carpet and rug weaving, and 8,500 cotton weav- Total number of industrial parcels:329 ing looms.There are five factories in Banaz, three Total number of allocated industrial parcels:329 factories in Sivaslı, three factories and 2,000 rug Total surface area of land to be added for weaving looms at Eşme and 3,100 cotton weaving extension purposes:1,500,000 sq.m. looms at Karahallı. All of the other facilities are Number of allocated parcels for investments located in the center city. with incentive certificates:186 Number of such facilities under construction:51 At these facilities, the following items are manufactured: Number of such facilities which Yarn production: 2,500 tons/month started production:77 Blanket production: 650,000

130 pieces/month 11% decrease (on USD basis), per capita processing, some other raw materials, Cotton textile production: GNDP dropped back to USD 2,045 and fleece, wool, thread and textiles thereof. 7,000,000 m/month was realized as USD 2,047 in 2000. Un- Nearly USD 50,000,000 is paid for Ceramic production: 24,000,000 square fortunately, in 2001, due to the high de- imports. meters/year valuation in the Turkish Lira, per capita 7. Internal Trade GNDP of Uşak dropped by 29.8% (with respect to the previous year) to the level B. Agriculture, Industry and ECONOMIC STRUCTURE of USD 1,436. When listed by per capi- Service Sector A.Basic Economic ta income level, Uşak occupied the 33rd 1. Agriculture and Animal Breeding Indicators line, whereas in 2001 it went down to the The city has an agricultural land of 50th line. Among the cities of the Region, 1. Socio-Economic Developmental Sta- 242,114 hectares. This comprises 45.33% Uşak was positioned in the 7th line both tus of Uşak City and its Provinces of the total land of 534,100 hectares the According to the data of the “Study on in 1987 and 2001. city owns. The General Management of the Socio-Economic Developmental Status 4. Price Movements (Price Indices) in State Water Works (DSİ), in collaboration Listing” conducted in 2003 by the State Uşak City with the General Management of Village Planning Organization, Uşak stands in Changes happening in the prices in Services, has constructed many artificial the 30th line with an index of 0.16867 one city are followed through (wholesale ponds under the coordination of the Gen- among 81 cities of the country. It occu- and retail) price indices. These indices are eral Management for Agricultural Produc- pies the 6th place among the cities of the computed by the State Statistics Institute tion and Development throughout the Region. Table below lists the socio-eco- and are published on a monthly basis for country. A protocol has been signed and nomic developmental status indices of the the country and for the selected 19 cities. put in action, between the related corpora- six provinces of Uşak, among the country As Uşak is not included among these 19 tions, in order to allow the utilization of total of 872 provinces and among them- cities, changes in prices (inflation) on city such ponds for the production of seafood selves. When we review the developmental basis cannot be followed. and for sportive activities. Applications are status of the provinces of Uşak, we clearly 5. Finance received from the interested parties who see that the most developled province is Total general budget revenue of Uşak would like to rent these artificial ponds in the center province and the least one is for the period 1995-2001 (based on cur- order to produce seafood. Karahallı province. rent prices of 2001) was 383 trillion 686 3. Uşak and Gross National Domestic billion TL. In other words, Uşak received INDUSTRY 1.2% of the general budget revenues of the Uşak is an area where first industri- Product Although Uşak is situated in a devel- Aegean Region. These figures place Uşak alization initiatives were realized in the oped region, the city itself is not so well in the 46th line among the cities of the country. In the 19th century, the Otto- developed. Year 2001 Gross National Do- country and in the bottom line among the man Bank (Osmanlı Bankası) started its mestic Product was 563,630 billion TL. cities of the Region. operations with its first two branches, one In 2001, per capita Gross National Do- General budget reveues of Uşak was in Uşak and the other in Alaşehir. Carpet mestic Product was USD 1,436. 34,696 billion TL in 2000 and was real- and rug weawing shaped the structure of Gross National Domestic Product is ized as 55,235 billion TL in 2001. Re- the industry. Some of the inputs for carpet defined as the monetary value of the to- spective per capita figures were 108 mil- weaving were produced by the use of tradi- tal end-products and services produced in lion TL in 2000 and 62 million TL in the city in one year. In 1987, GNDP of 2001. Uşak was 289 billion TL and this figure 6. Foreign Trade positioned the city in the 53rd line in the Share of Uşak within the total foreign country (based on current prices) and on trade of Turkey shows variances from one the last line among the cities of the Aegean year to the other. Recently, however, a Region. In 2001, the share of Uşak in the drop is observed in this share. Uşak does overall Turkey GNDP and the regional not sufficiently evaluate its export poten- GNDP further dropped, bringing Uşak tial. Acording to the data supplied by Uşak down into the 58th line and similarly the Customs Management, main items of ex- position of the city among other cities re- port are weawing products (highest share), mained at the bottom. Per capita GNDP synthetic fibers, special weaving prod- dropped down to the lowest, USD 1,191 ucts, animal oil, and the like. The most in 1987, however, increased continuously important items of import, in order, are thereafter reaching the highest value of unprocessed leather, stout leather, boilers USD 2,304 in 1998. In 1999, with an and machinery, pigments used in leather

131 UŞAK ‘09

tional methods; however, when the production wool yarn, and 20% of ceramics. The land of figures increased, such inputs could not meet Uşak is not appropriate for agriculture or ani- the demand. This situation brought in indus- mal breeding. Therefore, Uşak, making use of trialization and the production of machine its historical advantages and the advantageous weaved carpets. Some entrepreneurs of the position as far as transportation is considered, city started the construction of a yarn factory. developed an industry based economy. Present First yarn manufacturing factory was opened industry is of a small scale. 70% of the exist- in 1905 by Bıçakçızade Brothers and Mehmet ing enterprises employ only five to ten workers. Zeki Company. Others followed. By the year Until 1998, job availability was more than the 1913, there were 13 yarn manufacturing fa- needs in the city, but due to the economic crisis cilities in the country and three of them were going on for the last five years, capacity utiliza- established in Uşak. For this time period, if we tion decreased to 30% throughout the city. consider the very few industrial enterprises in General economic structure of Uşak city is our country, we can understand the spirit of based on agriculture and industry. The surface entrepreneurship put forward by the business- area of land which can be irrigated is very small men of Uşak. and therefore agriculture did not develop in the In 1923, Chambers of Industry and Trade city and the investors in Uşak focused on in- were established. This initiative brought the dustry. scattered merchants and industrialists togeth- The leading (locomotive) industrial sectors er. in Uşak are textile, leather and ceramic sectors. In 1926, first sugar manufacturing facil- The basic potentials of the city economy exist ity of Turkey was opened in Uşak. It was also in these sectors. the first private company establishment in the In the textile sector, main manufacturing country realized by a joint partnership of many groups are cotton weaving, chemical finishing, investors. After a period following its opening, dye printing, cotton yarn, carpets, rugs, plush, problems were experienced with respect to oper- machine weaved carpets, rugs, and blankets. ational capital availability. The factory, there- Uşak supplies 91% of bandage rolls, 90% of fore, was expropriated by the State upon the plush (fabric) blankets, and 65% of wool yarn order of Atatürk. Uşak, leading the industriali- produced in Turkey. zation process in the country, continued with In the other imporant sector, the ceramic its mission in time. Basic areas of industrial sector, the city realized 22% of ceramic manu- production in the city are textiles, leather and facturing in the country. ceramics. At the present, Uşak supplies 60% of The leather sector continuously developed the leather used in garments, 91% of bandage until 1998. The number of tanneries reached rolls, 90% of plush (fabric) blankets, 65% of up to 300. The capacity of sheep and goat

132 leather processing facilities reached the 3. Canyons at Ulubey province are at- level of 50 million pieces per year. The tractive for nature walking and horse rid- general economic crises and the secession ing. of exports from Laleli (İstanbul) to Rus- 4. Jereed sports activities may further caused a shut-down in many of these be developed. facilities. The number of active tanneries 5. Recreation and picnic areas located dropped from 200 to 100; leather garment close to the residential areas may be de- manufacturing ateliers dropped from 60 veloped on an urban level. Similar areas to 25 and the leather processing capacity may also to be created and developed for from 35 million pieces per year to 10 mil- the provinces and their sub units. lion pieces. The leather prepared for gar- 6. Projects encompassing the histori- ment manufacturing in Uşak is sent to cal texture, to be prepared in collaboration İzmir where they are used in the making of with the city, will be functional in the de- coats, overcoats, skirts, trousers, and the velopment of tourism in the city. like. Most of these products are exported. 7. The “Monumental Tree” found at Positive developments are recorded recent- the Bahadır Village of Banaz Province is ly in Uşak in the area of leather garment an attractive and worth-visiting natural manufacturing. viduals. This is a game played between asset of the city tourism. teams. The referee starts the game; one 8. Cultural assets, such as “Uşak Hous- player comes forward, throws his jereed es,” will be restorated and renovated to be TOURISMUşak is rich in natural, historial, cul- at a distance of at least 10 meters away utilized as guest houses in their present tural and folkloric assets. Many traces of from the team and turns back his horse locations. Lydian civilization are widespread in the and speeds up back to his place. Now this player has become the rival. Anoth- city. Archaic cities, dating back to the Hel- 2. Local Administrations lenistic and Roman times, are located at er player from the opponent team comes In Uşak, City Private Administration, Sebaste (Selçikler), Blaundos (Sülümenli) foward and chases the first player, wants 24 Municipalities and 244 Village Head- and Güre where we find the treasures of to hit his rival throwing his jereed from man undertake the administration of the Croesus. Furthermore, there are many a minimum of ten meters of height. This city. civil architectural samples such as inns, player, after throwing his jeered, goes back baths, and bridges. to his original place. The player who hits City Private Administration Uşak gained city status by Law dated Some of the findings belonging to the his opponent with jereed or who catches 9 July 1953, numbered 6129 and pub- Roman period, unearthed at the Triyona- the jereed in the air or who does not throw lished in the Official Gazette, dated 15 Polis ruins located within the bordes of his jereed but forgives his opponent gains July 1053 and numbered 8458. As of this Ahad country of Banaz province, are ex- points. Those who throw the jereed from a date, Uşak Private City Administration hibited in the Afyon and Uşak museums. distance of less than 10 meters or hit the was established to function as a local ad- At the south and southwestern parts horse with a jereed or go amongst the rival ministration unit. of the city, we find canyons which formed team, or move outside the area where the due to the geological properties of the city. game is played get penalties. This game requires agility, mastery in The canyon formed by Kazancı and Banaz Municipalities streams is 75 km.s long. A passage way horseback riding and intelligence. In this A total of 24 municipality organiztions opens from the Blaundos antique city to game, the horse and the rider complete exist in Uşak. One of them is established this canyon. Thermal resourses found at each other in a manner not observed in any at the center city, five at the center prov- the region create an important potential other sports realized on horseback. inces and 18 at the counties. for health tourism. Aksaz, Emirfakılı, Ak- bulak and Hasköy spas are the important Touristic Resources to be Improved University Uşak University is an independent uni- thermal resources of the area. and Developed 1. Effective and regular transportation versity. It has four faculties, seven colleges Sportive Tourism Activities must be provided for access to the cultural and 7,623 students. Decisions have been In April each year, games of jereed are and historical centers. Environmental ap- taken to establish Faculty of Fine Arts and organized in the city. This is a traditional prearance of these sites must be rearranged some institutes. With the establishment of sports activity coming down from our an- and improved. this university, the educational sector has cestors, and it is continued today in order 2. Murat Mountain at the north is an become an area which needs close atten- to pass it onto the next generations and area suitable for recreation and trekking tion and further developmental and im- develop healthy, disciplined young indi- activities. Facilities can be established. provement initiatives.

133 AEGEAN FOUNDATION FOR

UŞAK ‘09 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT STUDIES FOR THE CITY OF UŞAK

AEGEAN REGION DEVELOPMENT PROJECT 2000 – 2005 Uşak Meeting for Strategic Goals 21/22 April 2001 34 participants Uşak Meeting for Setting Priorities 4 May 2003 31 participants Regional Dialogue Conference - Afyonkarahisar 4/6 July 2003 84 participants from member cities Agriculture and Stockbreeding Sector Meeting – Aydın 2/3 April 2005 57 participants from member cities Tourism Sector Meeting – Marmaris 16/17 April 2005 54 participants from member cities Geothermal Sector Meeting – Kuşadası 14/15 May 2005 29 participants from member cities Mining Sector Meeting – Kuşadası 14/15 May 2005 30 participants from member cities

AEGEAN OPINION LEADERS 2006 European Union Briefing Seminar 5/6 April 2006 219 participants received certificates

AEGEAN OPINION LEADERS 2008 Agriculture and Stockbreeding EU Conformity Seminar 27 May 2008 156 participants received certificates Agriculture and Stockbreeding Round-Table Meeting 28 November 2008 30 participants

AEGEANWithin the OPINION context of the LEADERS programs EGEV 2006 prepared for its member cities, seminars were conducted on the subject of the European Uni- on for which we stand as a member candidate. These meetings launched under the title “Ae- gean Opinion Leaders EU Training Program” were realized with the support of Philip Morris/ Sabancı and the colaboration of ESİAD. Within this framework, a two-day meeting was held on 5-6 April 2006 with the partici- pation of 219 persons. On the first day of the two-day meeting, Prof. Dr.Haluk GÜNUĞUR lectured on “On the way to Integration with the European Union”, “Extension of the European Union”, “Corporate Structure of the European Union”, “European Constitution”, “Relations between Turkey and the European Union”. During the training held on the second day, the issues on which the lecturers enlightened the participants were as follows: Prof. Dr. Canan BALKIR: Trade Policy of the EU, Common 134 PROFILES OF UŞAK PARTICIPATORS

PIE CHART BY SECTOR

32 34

Public University Local Authority Livestock 8 Private Sector PIE CHART BY AGE 6 Media

49 5 23 27 30 Age 20’ s Age 30’ s Age 40’ s Age 50’ s Age 60’ s and up 32

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Customs Tariffs, Protection Precautions, ining Program”, started by Philip Morris/ on, Common EU Agriculture Policy and Applications by Sector; Prof. Dr. İge PIR- Sabancı as a social responsibility project its development throughout the years. NAR: EU’s Tourism Policies, The Rules within the framework of the activities pre- Tamer SEVER, member of the Board of Turkey Must Follow; Assoc. Prof. Dr. pared by EGEV and held in its member Directors of the Association of Ecological Yaşar UYSAL: EU’s Agriculture Policies, cities, received enormous interest in cities Agriculture Organization made a presen- The Possible Effects of Full Membership which are EGEV members and this has tation and Sümer TÖMEK BAYINDIR on Turkish Agriculture; Assist. Prof. Dr. brought along new shared projects. of TE-TA Agriculture and Arif GÜRDAL Esin TAYLAN: EU’s Policy on the Law The strong support provided by the shared their sectoral experiences with the of Competition, Rules for Customs Uni- local foci, with which we are in contact in participants. on and Competition, The Aim, Structure, every city of the Aegean, the new ideas and On 28 November 2008, a round-table Addressees and Applications of the Law suggestions put forth during the seminars, meeting was organized with the partici- concerning the Preservation of Compe- and the request for research on new soluti- pation of 30 responsible representatives tition, Exemption, Determining the Go- ons for the problems of the region’s cities from the city Agriculture and Stockbre- verning Status; Assist. Prof. Dr. Berna have motivated us into sustaining these eding sector and Assistant Governor Mr. KIRKULAK: EU Policies on Small and social responsibility projects in an expan- Şevket AKSOY. Medium Scale Establishments and Com- ded fashion. As common opinion, it was stated that petition, Input Costs, Credits, The Chi- During the half-day seminar held on training of farmers and their organization na Factor, Protection from the Currency 27 May 2008 in collaboration with ESİ- must be given importance, division of land Risk, Benefiting from EU Funds, E-Trade AD at Uşak, Prof. Dr. UYSAL, explained must be prevented, farming workers must and Competition Strategies. the importance of agriculture and stock- be rejuvenated, measures must be taken to breeding in the economies of the count- provide backward immigration of young AEGEAN OPINION ries and displayed a status comparison farmers to their villages. It was also requ- of the sector with Turkey and EU. Prof. ested that similar meetings be organized LEADERSThe “Aegean 2008 Opinion Leaders EU Tra- Dr. UYSAL, as a preliminary informati- again before too long.

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