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Und Kyōgen-Theater Monographien Herausgegeben vom Deutschen Institut für Japanstudien Band 48, 2011 Barbara Geilhorn Weibliche Spielräume Frauen im japanischen Nō- und Kyōgen-Theater Monographien aus dem Deutschen Institut für Japanstudien Band 48 2011 Monographien Band 48 Herausgegeben vom Deutschen Institut für Japanstudien der Stiftung Deutsche Geisteswissenschaftliche Institute im Ausland Direktor: Prof. Dr. Florian Coulmas Anschrift: Jōchi Kioizaka Bldg. 2F 7-1, Kioichō Chiyoda-ku Tōkyō 102-0094, Japan Tel.: (03) 3222-5077 Fax: (03) 3222-5420 E-Mail: [email protected] Homepage: http://www.dijtokyo.org Umschlagillustration: Nomura Shirō in Matsukaze am 23.02.2010 im Rahmen von Uzawa Hisa no kai auf der Bühne der Kita-Schule. Photo: Hafuka Shigeru. Courtesy Uzawa Hisa. Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. ISBN 978-3-86205-036-9 © IUDICIUM Verlag GmbH München 2011 Alle Rechte vorbehalten Druck: Kessler Druck + Medien, Bobingen Printed in Germany ISBN 978-3-86205-036-9 www.iudicium.de DANKSAGUNG Bei der vorliegenden Studie handelt es sich um eine leicht überarbeitete Version meiner Dissertation, die im Sommer 2008 am Fachbereich II der Universität Trier angenommen wurde. Meiner Doktormutter Frau Prof. Dr. Stanca Scholz-Cionca möchte ich an dieser Stelle meinen Dank aus- sprechen. Sie weckte mein Interesse für das Nō- und Kyōgen-Theater und unterstützte mein Vorhaben im Rahmen des von der VolkswagenStiftung geförderten Forschungsprojekts Zwischen Selbstbildern und Selbstwahrneh- mung: Identitätswandel im japanischen Nō-Theater im Zeitalter der Internationa- lisierung (eine Kooperation der Japanologie der Universität Trier und des Instituts für Theaterwissenschaften Mainz). Frau Prof. Dr. Mae gilt mein herzlicher Dank für die Übernahme des Zweitgutachtens, das mir wert- volle Denkanstöße für die Überarbeitung der Dissertation gegeben hat. Zahlreiche Ideen verdankt die vorliegende Studie dem interdiszip- linären Gedankenaustausch und den regen Diskussionen innerhalb des DFG-Graduiertenkollegs Identität und Differenz – Geschlechterkonstruktion und Interkulturalität (18.–21. Jahrhundert) an der Universität Trier. Neben allen am Graduiertenkolleg beteiligten Stipendiat/-innen und Professor/- innen gilt mein ganz besonderer Dank Frau Prof. Dr. Hilaria Gössmann, deren sowohl fachliche als auch persönliche Unterstützung zum Ab- schluss der Dissertation beigetragen hat. Der Deutschen Forschungsge- meinschaft möchte ich meinen Dank für die intellektuelle Anregung innerhalb des Graduiertenkollegs sowie die mit dem Stipendium verbun- dene materielle Förderung aussprechen. Sie ebnete den Weg für die zur Recherche notwendigen Japanaufenthalte. Ebenso danke ich der Volks- wagenStiftung für die Impulse aus dem oben genannten Forschungspro- jekt, welche in die vorliegende Untersuchung eingegangen sind. Der Abschluss der Studie wurde durch ein Doktoranden-Stipendium am Deutschen Institut für Japanstudien entscheidend vorangetrieben. Ich danke Herrn Prof. Dr. Florian Coulmas für die Möglichkeit, neben der großzügigen finanziellen Unterstützung von den idealen Arbeitsbedin- gungen vor Ort in Japan und mehr noch am Institut profitieren zu können. Darüber hinaus gebührt ihm mein Dank für die freundliche Aufnahme in die Monographien aus dem Deutschen Institut für Japanstudien. Für ihre Hilfe im Verlauf des Publikationsprozesses sowie für das sorgfältige Lek- torat danke ich Frau Elisabeth Schaidhammer vom Iudicium Verlag. In Japan haben mir zahlreiche Nō-Forscherinnen und Nō-Forscher gerade in der Anfangsphase meiner Recherchen wichtige Hilfe geleistet. 5 Danksagung Neben Hinweisen auf schwer zugängliches Material und der Diskussion zentraler Problempunkte des Themas gaben sie Tipps bei der Auswahl späterer Interviewpartnerinnen. Die erste Kontaktaufnahme wäre ohne ihre Vermittlung nicht möglich gewesen. Persönlich danken möchte ich insbesondere Frau Prof. Dr. Miyake Akiko (Staatliche Universität Yokoha- ma), Herrn Prof. Dr. Takemoto Mikio (Leiter des Tsubouchi Theatermuse- ums der Waseda-Universität, Tōkyō), Frau Prof. Dr. Yamanaka Reiko (stellvertretende Leiterin des Nō-Forschungsinstituts der Hōsei-Universi- tät, Tōkyō) sowie Frau Rebecca Teele (Nō-Forscherin und professionelle Nō-Spielerin der Kongō-Schule, Kyōto). Daneben leistete Dr. Oda Sachiko (Meijigakuin-Universität Tōkyō) wertvolle Hilfe bei der Recherche der aktuellen Zahlen professioneller Nō-Spielerinnen der Hōshō-Schule. Die folgenden Nō-Spielerinnen und Nō-Spieler gewährten mir bereit- willig Einblick in ihre Lebens- und Arbeitssituation: Adachi Reiko (Kan- ze-Schule, Tōkyō), Monique Arnaud (Kongō-Schule, Mailand), Hatano Ryōko (Kongō-Schule, Okazaki), Hattanda Tomoko (Nō-Flöte der Issō- Schule, Tōkyō), Jinbo Michiyo (Schultertommel der Kanze-Schule, Tōkyō), Kageyama Michiko (Hōshō-Schule, Tōkyō), Kashiwayama Sato- ko (Hōshō-Schule, Tōkyō), Miyake Tōkurō (Kyōgen-Spielerin der Izumi- Schule, Tōkyō), Ōshima Kinu’e (Kita-Schule, Fukuyama), Sekine Tomota- ka (Kanze-Schule, Dozent der Akademie der Künste Tōkyō), Senda Rihō (Konparu-Schule, Tōkyō), Tomiyama Noriko (Konparu-Schule, Tōkyō), Tsumura Reijirō (Kanze-Schule, Tōkyō), Uchida Yoshiko (Hōshō-Schule, Tōkyō), Yamamura Yōko (Kanze-Schule, Tōkyō), Yamashina Yaji (Kanze- Schule, Tōkyō). Darunter gilt mein ganz besonderer Dank Frau Uzawa Hisa (Kanze-Schule, Tōkyō), die sich immer wieder Zeit für meine Fragen nahm, mir mit großem Engagement den Zutritt zu Proben oder schwer zugänglichen Aufführungskontexten eröffnete und sich der Herausfor- derung stellte, mich in den Grundlagen von Nō-Gesang und -Tanz zu unterweisen. Darüber hinaus danke ich ihr und ihrem Mann Hafuka Shigeru sowie Tomiyama Noriko, Tsumura Reijirō, Tsumura Satoko (Kanze-Schule, Tōkyō), Uchida Yoshiko, Uzawa Hikaru (Kanze-Schule, Tōkyō), der Nō-Bühne Yokohama und ihrem Assistant Producer Otaki Nobuyuki sowie Izumi Junko (Kyōgen-Spielerin der Izumi-Schule, Tōkyō) und Miyake Tōkurō für die Bereitstellung von Photomaterial, das die vorliegende Monographie erheblich bereichert hat. Nicht zuletzt möchte ich meinen Doktorschwestern Frau Dr. Kristina Iwata-Weickgenannt und Frau Dr. Eike Grossmann meinen herzlichen Dank aussprechen. Ihr praktischer und ideeller Beistand hat mir gehol- fen, schwierige Phasen leichter zu überwinden. Mein Dank gilt ebenso meiner Mutter, die den Weg ihrer Tochter stets verständnisvoll und mit Zuversicht begleitet hat. 6 Inhaltsverzeichnis INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 1. EINLEITUNG . 11 1.1. Fragestellung . 11 1.2. Forschungsstand . 16 1.2.1. Die Themenfelder der japanischen Nō-Forschung . 16 1.2.2. Vorarbeiten zum Thema der Studie . 18 1.3. Vorgehensweise. 21 1.4. Vorstellung der Interviewpartner/-innen . 26 1.5. Aufbau der Arbeit. 33 2. DIE ORGANISATIONSPRINZIPIEN DER NŌ-GEMEINSCHAFT UND IHRE AUS- WIRKUNGEN AUF NŌ-SPIELERINNEN . 37 2.1. Die Sozialstruktur der Nō-Gemeinschaft . 37 2.2. Die Rolle von Nō-Verbänden . 46 2.3. Staatlich geförderte Ausbildungswege: Ein Mittel zur Gleichstellung der Geschlechter im Nō?. 51 3. VORGESCHICHTE: DIE ANFÄNGE VON FRAUEN IM NŌ . 58 3.1. Der Anteil wandernder Tänzerinnen an der Entwicklung des frühen Nō . 58 3.2. Frauen im Nō nach der Blüte des onna-sarugaku . 64 4. FRAUEN IM NŌ DER FRÜHEN MODERNE BIS ZUM BEGINN DER NACH- KRIEGSZEIT (1868–1948): VOM LAIENSPIEL IM PRIVATEN ZASHIKI ZU ÖF- FENTLICHEN AUFTRITTEN PROFESSIONELLER NŌ-SPIELERINNEN . 68 4.1. Aufbruch in die Moderne: Gesellschaft, Theater und Ge- schlecht in der Meiji- (1868–1912) und frühen Taishō-Zeit (1912–1926). 68 4.1.1. Der Faktor „Kultur“ im japanischen Nationsbil- dungsprozess . 68 4.1.2. Weibliche Rollenentwürfe im Wandel . 72 4.1.3. Frauen erobern die Bühnen . 79 4.1.4. Fortschritt oder Rückschritt? Die Darstellung von Geschlecht im Theater . 90 4.2. Das Nō-Theater als moderne Theatergattung: Das Auftre- ten der ersten Nō-Spielerinnen vor dem Hintergrund zeit- genössischer Diskurse über Geschlecht und Nation . 92 7 Inhaltsverzeichnis 4.2.1. Krise und Neubeginn des Nō-Theaters am Anfang der Meiji-Zeit . 92 4.2.2. Amateurinnen widmen sich dem Nō: Vom Zeitver- treib höherer Töchter zum distinguierten Hobby für breitere Bevölkerungsschichten . 98 4.2.3. Nō als körperlich-geistiges Schulungsprogramm im Einklang mit der Ideologie der ryōsai kenbo. 107 4.2.4. Dürfen Frauen auch professionell Nō spielen? – Eine Debatte um Grundsätze. 109 4.2.5. Exkurs: Eine Ausländerin versucht sich im Nō . 120 4.2.6. Der Durchbruch: Tsumura Kimiko – eine Pionierin unter den ersten professionellen Nō-Spielerinnen. 124 5. FRAUEN IM NŌ HEUTE: ZWISCHEN DISKRIMINIERUNG UND EIGENINITIATIVE . 133 5.1. Daten zum Frauenanteil unter den professionellen Nō-Spieler/-innen . 133 5.2. Geschlecht als Kategorie der Nō-Ästhetik . 139 5.3. Für Nō-Spielerinnen tabuisierte Rollen. 145 5.4. Auftrittsgelegenheiten und Geschlechterverteilung auf der Bühne . 152 5.5. Die Spielräume von Nō-Spielerinnen am Beispiel der Staatlichen Nō-Bühne. 163 6. FRAUEN IM KYŌGEN: PROBLEME UND PERSPEKTIVEN EINES PRÄZEDENZFALLES . 169 6.1. Darstellung von Geschlecht im Kyōgen . 169 6.2. Die ambivalente Rolle der Familie in der Karriere der ersten beiden Kyōgen-Spielerinnen der Moderne. 171 6.3. Bühnenaktivitäten innerhalb und außerhalb des Kyōgen . 179 6.4. Strategien der Selbstinszenierung zwischen „Tradition“ und „Emanzipation“ . 184 6.5. Rezeption und Perspektiven von Frauen im Kyōgen . 189 7. CONCLUSIO . 192 ANHANG. 201
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