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Documento Base Del Settore Delle Certificazioni Aeronautiche a Livello Mondiale [40]

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Documento Base Del Settore Delle Certificazioni Aeronautiche a Livello Mondiale [40] UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI PADOVA Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale DII Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Ingegneria Aerospaziale Analisi strutturale di un aereo ultraleggero con prestazioni estreme in decollo ed atterraggio Relatore Laureando Prof. Mirco Zaccariotto Andrea Pallaro Matricola 1156603 Anno Accademico 2018/2019 Abstract Questo elaborato tratta la rimodellazione geometrica e l’analisi strutturale preliminare di alcuni componenti di un aeromobile ultraleggero di fabbricazione americana, lo Zenith CH 701 STOL. Il veicolo, realizzato interamente in metallo, è accompagnato dal suo nome dall’acronimo STOL (Short Take Off and Landing), che lo caratterizza nelle manovre di decollo ed atterraggio, con delle prestazioni estreme rispetto ai concorrenti della stessa categoria di peso e potenza. Dopo aver presentato l’azienda costruttrice (Zenith Aircraft Company Ltd.) e l’aeromobile considerato (Capitolo 1), la tesi si struttura principalmente in tre parti. Nella prima parte si descrivono brevemente i concetti di meccanica del volo (Capitolo 2) e lo stato dell’arte e la tecnologia (Capitolo 3), utili alla comprensione delle successive attività di rimodellazione geometrica e analisi strutturale. In questa prima parte poi è anche presente una panoramica delle certificazioni aeronautiche (Capitolo 4) a livello mondiale, descrivendole dal punto di vista delle tematiche relative alla progettazione strutturale ed alle procedure amministrative, indicando l’iter di certificazione per un prodotto aeronautico in generale e specificando le norme adatte allo Zenith CH 701 STOL. Nella seconda parte, grazie ai concetti e alle indicazioni date nella prima parte, si descrivono le attività di rimodellazione geometrica e verifica strutturale (Capitolo 5). In particolare, la rimodellazione geometrica è stata effettuata tramite un software CAD 3d commerciale, Dassault System SolidWorks ®, rimodellando la semiala, gli impennaggi di coda orizzontale e verticale, il telaio per il supporto del motore (castello motore) e infine il carrello fisso principale (MLG – Main Landing Gear). Quest’attività è stata utile per preparare i modelli geometrici necessari all’attività successiva, la verifica strutturale, effettuata tramite un software commerciale utilizzante il Metodo degli Elementi Finiti, MSC Software Patran – Nastran ®, in conformità all’ Allegato Tecnico V° del DPR 133/2010. La verifica consiste nell’applicazione delle condizioni di carico e vincolo dettate dalla norma di certificazione considerata, calcolando gli spostamenti, le tensioni massime risultanti e verificando il rispetto del coefficiente di sicurezza minimo dettato dalla normativa stessa. A seconda del componente considerato, sono state effettuate anche altre tipologie di analisi oltre a quella già eseguita, come quella modale e del comportamento a fatica, utili alla piena caratterizzazione preliminare dal punto di vista strutturale dei componenti considerati. Come riscontrato nei collaudi e nelle esperienze di volo effettuate sull’aeromobile, i componenti considerati rispettano gli standard di sicurezza imposti dalla normativa e il comportamento a fatica. Nella terza ed ultima parte, è stata eseguito un tentativo di ottimizzazione sul carrello fisso (Capitolo 6), con l’obiettivo di diminuire la massa attuale, esponendo le diverse tipologie di ottimizzazione disponibili in MSC Patran Nastran ed utilizzando quelle adatte al carrello considerato, tenendo degli aspetti costruttivi e geometrici (estetici). Grazie a queste tecniche di ottimizzazione, l’attuale design del carrello consente la definizione di diverse soluzioni che ottimizzano i vincoli strutturali e diminuiscono la massa complessiva. Quest’attività è eseguibile per ogni componente considerato nel Capitolo 5, e il carrello fisso ne costituisce un esempio pratico. Considerando le attività di analisi strutturali svolte, la tesi conclude con degli spunti tecnici per delle applicazioni future, riguardanti ogni componente considerato. Key words: Zenith, CH 701, STOL, certificazioni aeronautiche, verifica strutturale, ottimizzazione i ii Sommario Indice delle figure .................................................................................................................................................................................v Indice delle tabelle.............................................................................................................................................................................. xi Acronimi - Legenda simboli .............................................................................................................................................................. i 1 Introduzione ................................................................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Lo Zenith CH 701 STOL ................................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Il bush flying ....................................................................................................................................................................... 4 1.2.1 La storia ...................................................................................................................................................................... 4 1.2.2 Tipologie di carrello idonei a seconda della superficie ....................................................................... 7 1.3 Altre applicazioni estreme in decollo ed atterraggio ....................................................................................10 1.3.1 Gli elicotteri .............................................................................................................................................................10 1.3.2 Gli aeromobili V/STOL .......................................................................................................................................12 2 La classificazione e la meccanica del volo degli aeromobili ................................................................................13 Abstract ..............................................................................................................................................................................................13 2.1 La classificazione degli aeromobili ........................................................................................................................13 2.2 La classificazione degli aeromobili manned .....................................................................................................14 2.2.1 Gli aerostati .............................................................................................................................................................15 2.2.2 Le aerodine ..............................................................................................................................................................15 2.3 Richiami di meccanica del volo ...............................................................................................................................15 2.3.1 La superficie portante ........................................................................................................................................18 2.3.2 Forze agenti su un aeromobile ......................................................................................................................26 2.4 Prima tipologia di classificazione: modalità di propulsione .....................................................................29 2.5 Seconda tipologia di classificazione: generazione della portanza ..........................................................31 2.5.1 Operazioni di volo ................................................................................................................................................40 2.5.2 Autonomia ...............................................................................................................................................................59 2.5.3 Assetti particolari di volo .................................................................................................................................60 2.5.4 Il decollo e l’atterraggio ....................................................................................................................................61 3 Lo stato dell’arte e la tecnologia degli aerei d’aviazione generale STOL.......................................................77 Abstract ..............................................................................................................................................................................................77 3.1 Introduzione agli aeromobili STOL per l’aviazione generale ...................................................................77 3.2 Lo Zenith CH 701 STOL ...............................................................................................................................................78 3.3 L’aerodinamica degli STOL ........................................................................................................................................79 3.3.1 Impennaggi di coda .............................................................................................................................................86 3.3.2 Kit di conversione ................................................................................................................................................88
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