DOCSLIB.ORG

The Grasses of Chiquitanía, Santa Cruz, Bolivia Timothy J

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Grasses of Chiquitanía, Santa Cruz, Bolivia Timothy J Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1989 The grasses of Chiquitanía, Santa Cruz, Bolivia Timothy J. Killeen Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Killeen, Timothy J., "The grasses of Chiquitanía, Santa Cruz, Bolivia " (1989). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 9060. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/9060 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photo­ graph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are re­ produced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. These are also available as one exposure on a standard 35mm slide or as a 17" x 23" black and white photographic print for an additional charge. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Infornnation Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 0003540 The grasses of Chiquitanfa, Santa Cruz, Bolivia Killeen, Timothy J., Ph.D. Iowa State University, 1989 UMI 300N.ZeebRd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 The grasses of Chiquitania, Santa Cruz, Bolivia by Timothy J. Killeen A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department: Botany Major: Taxonomy Approved: Signature was redacted for privacy. In Charge of Major Work Signature was redacted for privacy. For the Major Department Signature was redacted for privacy. For the Graduate College Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1989 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 KEY TO GENERA 8 ENUMERATION OF GENERA AND SPECIES 23 LITERATURE CITED 142 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 144 1 INTRODUCTION Chiquitania is a region in eastern lowland Bolivia which includes the Provinces of Nuflo de Chavez, Velasco, and Chiquitos in the Department of Santa Cruz. Recognized as a disinct cultural and geographic region, it also has a unique natural history when compared to other parts of eastern Bolivia. Situated on the extreme western edge of the Brazilian (Precambrian) Shield it is characterized by a variable topography (altitude 300-1200 m) that supports a high diversity of forest, savanna, and savanna wetland communities. Chiquitania is bordered on the south by the Serrania de Santiago and the Serrania de Chiquitos (18°10'S), to the west by the alluvial plains of central Santa Cruz (62°40'W), to the East by the Brazilian border, and to the north by the Department of the Beni. Although it was Colonized over 250 years ago by Jesuit missionaries, the vegetation of the region remains largely unaltered as the local inhabitants have utilized the native savanna for cattle production while exploiting the forest for timber, rubber, or wildlife. Shifting agriculture, while common, does not currently pose a threat to the existing forest vegetation. However, the recent introduction of exotic forage grasses adapted to forest soils threatens to disrupt traditional patterns of agriculture. Due to increased productivity and better nutritional quality, these grasses allow for higher stocking rates and the easier management of cattle. Consequently, forest destruction for pasture establishment is occurring at accelerated levels. It is hoped that a better understanding of the native grasses will promote range management techniques which improve the productivity of savanna vegetation, while at the same time helping to preserve some natural communities. This checklist is the partial result of three years of work in the region studying the autecology of the native grasses. Analytic results of the autecological investigations, as well as general descriptions of the vegetation will be reported in future publications. Climate The region has a typical savanna climate or "Aw" in the Koppen classification. The regional airport at Concepcion (16°03'S; 62°10'W; altitude 500 m), has meteorological data spanning 35 years (Guaman ands Valverde 1982). Mean annual precipitation is about 1200 mm with a marked dry season of 5 months during 2 the austral winter. Annual fluctuations vary greatly, ranging from 700 mm to 1500 mm. Mean daily temperature varies only slightly throughout the year, reaching a maximum in November (26°C) and a minimum for the month of June (21°C). Nonetheless, strong cold fronts sweep through the region during the dry season, causing the temperature to drop to 10°C for short periods; while maximum temperatures of about 33°C are common in November at the beginning of the rainy season. Vegetation The vegetation in Chiquitania is similar to that described for the adjacent regions of central Brazil and although Bolivians have developed their own vernacular terms for describing the vegetation in Chiquitania, I use the standard terminology developed by Brazilian ecologists (Eiten 1972, 1978, Ratter et al. 1988). Cerrado refers to a complex of intergrading communities which range from low forest to open grassland which are characterized by the presence of tortuous, woody species with thick stems and coriaceous leaves. Cerrado is the most common savanna vegetation in Chiquitania and is usually restricted to dissected plains or the upper slopes of low hills (500-700 m). Easily recognized due its distinctive physiognomy, these well drained savanna communities are western disjuncts separated from the cerrado province of central Brazil by the more abundant, seasonal forest vegetation. The Bolivians refer to this vegetation as "pampa arbolada" or "arboiada". Floristically and structurally distinct from cerrado is a xerophytic savanna complex known as camoo rupestre. This treeless savanna occurs as islands restricted to ridge tops 800 to 1200 meters above sea level (Eiten 1978). There are a number of campo rupestre localities in eastern Santa Cruz, of which the western escarpment of the Serrania de Caparuch (i.e., Parque Nacional "Prof. Noel Kempff Mercado") is probably the most extensive. The Serrania de San Lorenzo, situated near the town of San Javier, is only 40 km from the western edge of the Brazilian Shield (16°15'S; 62°40'W; altitude 900 m) and is one of the most western campo rupestre localities in South American. This site has yielded two new grass species (and several unique intraspecific forms); undoubtedly, more taxa will be described as the flora of this serrania is documented. The locals refer to this vegetation type as "campo" or "pampa", distinguishing it from cerrado (pampa arbolada) by the lack of woody vegetation. 3 Similarly, the wetland communities common to central Brazil occur throughout Chiquitania. Valley side camoos are treeless savannas which occur along erosional surfaces, wherever there is a fluctuating, perched, water table, which seeps out on gently sloping valley sides (Eiten 1978; Goldsmith 1974). The overflow of rivers on alluvial plains leads to the formation of a pantanal complex of seasonally humid or seasonally inundated savannas (Cole 1986; Eiten 1978). Scattered across these open grasslands are raised earth platforms built up by the action of termites which support cerrado species or low forest. At the base of valley side campos and scattered across the pantanal complexes one finds savanna marsh, a savanna wetland community which retains saturated soils throughout the year. Beck (1984) reports on similar extensive savanna wetlands in the Department of Beni. The residents of Chiquitania generally refer to all savanna wetlands as "curiches". Ruiz (1982) conducted a preliminary inventory of the seasonal forest communities near Concepciôn in the Province of Nuflo de Chavez. The forest types described in his study are semi-deciduous and the density of the understory is inversely correlated with the development of the canopy. High forest was classified as having canopy trees 20-25 meters tall one end of a continuum of forest or forest scrub communities eventually intergrades with cerrado. In contrast, gallery forest is an evergreen community with trees 25-40 m tall, which occupies a narrow strip 50 to 100 m wide on valley floors. Locally, the various gradations of forest are recognized and referred to as "monte alto", "monte bajo", and "monte humedo". In addition, granitic outcrops, locally known as "lajas", exist as islands within cerrado, campo rupestre, savanna wetlands, and seasonal forest. These range in size from small outcrops scattered across the landscape to large domes (inselbergs) which can attain a height of 200 meters and diameter of 400 meters or more. Floristic Relationships of the Grasses of Chiquitania This is the first relatively complete inventory of native grasses from a region in the center of the South American continent.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Phylogeny of the Hubbardochloinae Including Tetrachaete (Poaceae: Chloridoideae: Cynodonteae)
    Peterson, P.M., K. Romaschenko, and Y. Herrera Arrieta. 2020. A phylogeny of the Hubbardochloinae including Tetrachaete (Poaceae: Chloridoideae: Cynodonteae). Phytoneuron 2020-81: 1–13. Published 18 November 2020. ISSN 2153 733 A PHYLOGENY OF THE HUBBARDOCHLOINAE INCLUDING TETRACHAETE (CYNODONTEAE: CHLORIDOIDEAE: POACEAE) PAUL M. PETERSON AND KONSTANTIN ROMASCHENKO Department of Botany National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Washington, D.C. 20013-7012 [email protected]; [email protected] YOLANDA HERRERA ARRIETA Instituto Politécnico Nacional CIIDIR Unidad Durango-COFAA Durango, C.P. 34220, México [email protected] ABSTRACT The phylogeny of subtribe Hubbardochloinae is revisited, here with the inclusion of the monotypic genus Tetrachaete, based on a molecular DNA analysis using ndhA intron, rpl32-trnL, rps16 intron, rps16- trnK, and ITS markers. Tetrachaete elionuroides is aligned within the Hubbardochloinae and is sister to Dignathia. The biogeography of the Hubbardochloinae is discussed, its origin likely in Africa or temperate Asia. In a previous molecular DNA phylogeny (Peterson et al. 2016), the subtribe Hubbardochloinae Auquier [Bewsia Gooss., Dignathia Stapf, Gymnopogon P. Beauv., Hubbardochloa Auquier, Leptocarydion Hochst. ex Stapf, Leptothrium Kunth, and Lophacme Stapf] was found in a clade with moderate support (BS = 75, PP = 1.00) sister to the Farragininae P.M. Peterson et al. In the present study, Tetrachaete elionuroides Chiov. is included in a phylogenetic analysis (using ndhA intron, rpl32- trnL, rps16 intron, rps16-trnK, and ITS DNA markers) in order to test its relationships within the Cynodonteae with heavy sampling of species in the supersubtribe Gouiniodinae P.M. Peterson & Romasch. Chiovenda (1903) described Tetrachaete Chiov. with a with single species, T.
    [Show full text]
  • Esquema Fitogeográfico De La República Argentina 1
    U1'IIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE LA CIUDAD EVA PERÓN FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS NATURALES REVISTA DEL MUSEO DE LA CIUDAD EVA PERON Tomo Yln (:'-iUL\"A ,sERIE) Botánica ="9 33 ESQUEMA FITOGEOGRÁFICO DE LA REPúBLICA ARGENTINA 1 La fitogeografía es la ciencia que es:udia la distribución geográfica de las plantas, sea considerando sus formas biológicas y los tipos de vegetación que constituyen, sea teniendo en cuenta su identidad taxo- nómica, su organización en floras y las relaciones de estas. Por exten- sión suelen incluirse en la fitogeografía el estudio de las relaciones e11tre las plantas y el ambiente (Fitoecología) y el estudio estático Y- dinámico de las comunidad es vegetales (Fitosociologí a) . Uno de los primeros pasos que deben darse al estudiar la vegetación de un país es dividir éste en territorios fitogeográficos de categorías gradualmente subordinadas, categorías que reciben diferentes deno- minaciones según los diversos autores y cuyos límites varían también de acuerdo al criterio que se hilya seguido para trazarlos. Cuanto me- jor conocida es una región, más ullifor.mes y estables son los conceptos sobre su fitogeografía. Los territorios fitogeográficos no son, en efecto, divisiones más o menos caprichosas, hechas a gusto de cada autor para subdividir la vegetación de un país, sino que se trata de territorios re.:¡}es cuyos límites, netos o difusos, están determinados por causas climáticas, edáficas y geológicas. Cuanto mejQr conocidas son la cli- matología y paleoclimatología, la edafología y la historia geológica de una región, más exactamente podrán ser delimitados sus territorios fitogeográficos. En la República Argentina se han reali:¡;ado numerosos intentos en tal sentido que contienen indudables aciertos y también, según mi I Un resumen de este trabajo ha sido publicado baj:> el titulo: Territorios Fit-· geográficos de la República Argentina, en Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina de Bc- ti:ni:a, 4 :21-63, 1951.
    [Show full text]
  • 24. Tribe PANICEAE 黍族 Shu Zu Chen Shouliang (陈守良); Sylvia M
    POACEAE 499 hairs, midvein scabrous, apex obtuse, clearly demarcated from mm wide, glabrous, margins spiny-scabrous or loosely ciliate awn; awn 1–1.5 cm; lemma 0.5–1 mm. Anthers ca. 0.3 mm. near base; ligule ca. 0.5 mm. Inflorescence up to 20 cm; spike- Caryopsis terete, narrowly ellipsoid, 1–1.8 mm. lets usually densely arranged, ascending or horizontally spread- ing; rachis scabrous. Spikelets 1.5–2.5 mm (excluding awns); Stream banks, roadsides, other weedy places, on sandy soil. Guangdong, Hainan, Shandong, Taiwan, Yunnan [Bhutan, Cambodia, basal callus 0.1–0.2 mm, obtuse; glumes narrowly lanceolate, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sri back scaberulous-hirtellous in rather indistinct close rows (most Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; Africa (probably introduced), Australia obvious toward lemma base), midvein pectinate-ciliolate, apex (Queensland)]. abruptly acute, clearly demarcated from awn; awn 0.5–1.5 cm. Anthers ca. 0.3 mm. Caryopsis terete, narrowly ellipsoid, ca. 3. Perotis hordeiformis Nees in Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beech- 1.5 mm. Fl. and fr. summer and autumn. 2n = 40. ey Voy. 248. 1838. Sandy places, along seashores. Guangdong, Hebei, Jiangsu, 麦穗茅根 mai sui mao gen Yunnan [India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nepal, Myanmar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand]. Perotis chinensis Gandoger. This species is very close to Perotis indica and is sometimes in- Annual or short-lived perennial. Culms loosely tufted, cluded within it. No single character by itself is reliable for separating erect or decumbent at base, 25–40 cm tall. Leaf sheaths gla- the two, but the combination of characters given in the key will usually brous; leaf blades lanceolate to narrowly ovate, 2–4 cm, 4–7 suffice.
    [Show full text]
  • Elementos De La Morfofonología Del Chiquitano Migueleño1
    LIAMES, Campinas, SP, v. 20, 1-21, e020015, 2020 Elementos de la morfofonología del chiquitano migueleño1 Andrey Nikulin Pesquisador colaborador, Universidade de Brasília, Brasil https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2237-564X Abstract: In this paper, I describe several morphophonological processes and a morphophonological constraint attested in the variety of Chiquitano (Macro-Jê) spoken in San Miguel de Velasco (Santa Cruz, Bolivia), based on original fieldwork data obtained from five native speakers. I present a detailed description of the long- distance nasalization of continuant consonants and high vowels; the affrication of |t k| in certain environments; the progressive palatalization of |p β̞ m t k x|; the minimality constraints which apply to nominal and adpositional stems; five types of vowel harmony which affect specific affixes or clitics; the process of raising of |o| to /u/ preceding a syllable which contains an /a/; the process of lowering of |i| to /ɛ/ before /s ts/; the morphophonological elision of high vowels. Some of these processes are shared by other varieties of Chiquitano, whereas others lack any known equivalent in dialects other than Migueleño. Keywords: Morphophonology; Chiquitano; Phonological processes; Palatalization; Macro-Jê. Resumen: Este artículo describe algunos de los procesos morfofonológicos y una restricción morfofonológica atestiguados en la variedad del idioma chiquitano (macro-ye) hablada en San Miguel de Velasco (Santa Cruz, Bolivia), con base en datos recogidos en campo con cinco hablantes nativos. Se describen
    [Show full text]
  • Camba Y Paico: La Integración De Los Indígenas Del Oriente Boliviano
    CAMBA Y PAICO: LA INTEGRACIÓN DE LOS INDÍGENAS DEL ORIENTE BOLIVIANO JÜRGEN RIESTER "Camba" es, ante todo, el término general con que los bolivia- nos del Altiplano designan a todos los habitantes de la llanura, n¡n establecer distinción entre blancos, mestizos o indios. Sin embargo, los habitantes de Santa Cruz de la Sierra (capital del departamento de Santa Cruz, situado en la llanura) se autodemoninan "cruze- fios", reservando el término "camba" tanto para los indios y mesti- zos que viven en Santa Cruz de la Sierra y sus alredederos, como para toda la población rural del extenso departamento, sea que se trate de blancos, mestizos o indios. La situación es diferente en la región habitada por los indios chiquitanos, situada en las provincias Ñuflo de Chávez, Velasco y Chiquitos que integran el departamento antes mencionado. La po- blación chiquitana oscila entre 35.000 y 38000 habitantes, mientras que el total de blancos, de la clase alta, se eleva solamente a 2.500 personus. Para estos últimos, el término "camba" carece de matiz negativo y, en muchos casos, lo emplean incluso como sinónimo de "gente buena". En la población camba pueden distinguirse dos clases que, si bien a otros efectos no guardan vinculación entre sí, represer'nn una unidad ante las autoridades y los indígenas. Esta distinción se basa en la posición económica y en la pureza del linaje, es decir, la antigüedad como integrante de la clase alta blanca. Si un "blanco" de la clase alta contrae matrimonio con una in- dígena, su propia posición social no varía, aunque los demás reprue- ben dicha unión ("pura vergüenza para la sociedad alta y buena").
    [Show full text]
  • Wetlands, Biodiversity and the Ramsar Convention
    Wetlands, Biodiversity and the Ramsar Convention Wetlands, Biodiversity and the Ramsar Convention: the role of the Convention on Wetlands in the Conservation and Wise Use of Biodiversity edited by A. J. Hails Ramsar Convention Bureau Ministry of Environment and Forest, India 1996 [1997] Published by the Ramsar Convention Bureau, Gland, Switzerland, with the support of: • the General Directorate of Natural Resources and Environment, Ministry of the Walloon Region, Belgium • the Royal Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Denmark • the National Forest and Nature Agency, Ministry of the Environment and Energy, Denmark • the Ministry of Environment and Forests, India • the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Sweden Copyright © Ramsar Convention Bureau, 1997. Reproduction of this publication for educational and other non-commercial purposes is authorised without prior perinission from the copyright holder, providing that full acknowledgement is given. Reproduction for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without the prior written permission of the copyright holder. The views of the authors expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect those of the Ramsar Convention Bureau or of the Ministry of the Environment of India. Note: the designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Ranasar Convention Bureau concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Citation: Halls, A.J. (ed.), 1997. Wetlands, Biodiversity and the Ramsar Convention: The Role of the Convention on Wetlands in the Conservation and Wise Use of Biodiversity.
    [Show full text]
  • New Insights on Bidens Herzogii (Coreopsideae, Asteraceae), an Endemic Species from the Cerrado Biogeographic Province in Bolivia
    Ecología en Bolivia 52(1): 21-32. Mayo 2017. ISSN 1605-2528. New insights on Bidens herzogii (Coreopsideae, Asteraceae), an endemic species from the Cerrado biogeographic province in Bolivia Novedades en el conocimiento de Bidens herzogii (Coreopsideae, Asteraceae), una especie endémica de la provincia biogeográfica del Cerrado en Bolivia Arturo Castro-Castro1, Georgina Vargas-Amado2, José J. Castañeda-Nava3, Mollie Harker1, Fernando Santacruz-Ruvalcaba3 & Aarón Rodríguez2,* 1 Cátedras CONACYT – Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional, Unidad Durango (CIIDIR-Durango), Instituto Politécnico Nacional. 2 Herbario Luz María Villarreal de Puga (IBUG), Instituto de Botánica, Departamento de Botánica y Zoología, Universidad de Guadalajara. Apartado postal 1-139, Zapopan 45101, Jalisco, México. *Author for correspondence: [email protected] 3 Laboratorio de Cultivo de Tejidos, Departamento de Producción Agrícola, Universidad de Guadalajara. Apartado postal 1-139, Zapopan 45101, Jalisco, México. Abstract The morphological limits among some Coreopsideae genera in the Asteraceae family are complex. An example is Bidens herzogii, a taxon first described as a member of the genus Cosmos, but recently transferred to Bidens. The species is endemic to Eastern Bolivia and it grows on the Cerrado biogeographic province. Recently collected specimens, analysis of herbarium specimens, and revisions of literature lead us to propose new data on morphological description and a chromosome counts for the species, a tetraploid, where x = 12, 2n = 48. Lastly, we provide data on geographic distribution and niche modeling of B. herzogii to predict areas of endemism in Eastern Bolivia. This area is already known for this pattern of endemism, and the evidence generated can be used to direct conservation efforts.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    Document of The World Bank FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Public Disclosure Authorized Report No: PAD1365-BO INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT AND INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION PROJECT APPRAISAL DOCUMENT ON A PROPOSED LOAN IN THE AMOUNT OF US$200 MILLION Public Disclosure Authorized AND A PROPOSED CREDIT IN THE AMOUNT OF US$30 MILLION TO THE PLURINATIONAL STATE OF BOLIVIA FOR A SANTA CRUZ ROAD CORRIDOR CONNECTOR PROJECT (SAN IGNACIO – SAN JOSE) Public Disclosure Authorized December 13, 2016 Transport and ICT Global Practice Public Disclosure Authorized Latin America and the Caribbean Region This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (Exchange Rate Effective June 1, 2016) Currency Unit = Bolivian bolivianos (BOB) BOB 6.91 = US$1.00 US$1.00 = SDR 1.40 FISCAL YEAR January 1 – December 31 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AADT Annual Average Daily Traffic AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ABC Bolivian Road Agency (Administradora Boliviana de Carreteras) AC Asphalt Concrete AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome CReCE Contracts for Rehabilitation and Achievement of Standards (Contratos de Rehabilitación y Cumplimiento de Estándares) CUT Treasury Single Account (Cuenta Única Tesoro) DBMOT Design-Build-Maintain-Operate-Transfer DST Double Surface Treatment EMP Environment Management Plan EIA Environmental Impact
    [Show full text]
  • Becoming Chiquitano: Crafting Identities in the Broader Paraguayan River Basin
    Becoming Chiquitano: Crafting Identities in the Broader Paraguayan River Basin Justin B. Blanton A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2018 Approved by: Cynthia Radding John Chasteen Kathryn Burns Kathleen DuVal Brandon Bayne 1 Abstract __________________________________________________________________ Justin B. Blanton: Becoming Chiquitano: Crafting Identities in the Broader Paraguayan River Basin (Under the direction of Cynthia Radding) This project poses two basic conceptual problems: How do ethnic and communal identities emerge and how are their meanings expressed by diverse groups of historical actors? To address these problems, my research focuses on indigenous communities who inhabited Catholic missions in the colonial Spanish province of Chiquitos located in portions of present- day southeastern Bolivia and southwestern Brazil. It provides a deeper understanding of the ways in which these native peoples bestowed meaning upon the public dimensions of their reconstituted communities and transformed, articulated, maintained, and defended ethnic, linguistic and communal identities. My full temporal scope extends from the late sixteenth century through the Jesuit mission regime (1691-1767) and into the early nineteenth century, but I place special emphasis on post-Jesuit historical processes. By focusing on these understudied years, I reveal how native resistance to late eighteenth and early nineteenth century imperial developments impacted the evolution of identities that began to emerge a century earlier. During this period of mission secularization, indigenous peoples continually mediated administrative and sociocultural changes to construct and articulate ethnolinguistic and communal identities.
    [Show full text]
  • Stalmans Banhine.Qxd
    Plant communities, wetlands and landscapes of the Parque Nacional de Banhine, Moçambique M. STALMANS and M. WISHART Stalmans, M. and M. Wishart. 2005. Plant communities, wetlands and landscapes of the Parque Nacional de Banhine, Moçambique. Koedoe 48(2): 43–58. Pretoria. ISSN 0075- 6458. The Parque Nacional de Banhine (Banhine National Park) was proclaimed during 1972. It covers 600 000 ha in Moçambique to the east of the Limpopo River. Until recently, this park, originally and popularly known as the ‘Serengeti of Moçambique’, was char- acterised by neglect and illegal hunting that caused the demise of most of its large wildlife. New initiatives aimed at rehabilitating the park have been launched within the scope of the Greater Limpopo Transfrontier Park. A vegetation map was required as input to its management plan. The major objectives of the study were firstly to under- stand the environmental determinants of the vegetation, secondly to identify and describe individual plant communities in terms of species composition and structure and thirdly to delineate landscapes in terms of their plant community and wetland make-up, environmental determinants and distribution. A combination of fieldwork and analysis of LANDSAT satellite imagery was used. A total of 115 sample plots were surveyed. Another 222 sample points were briefly assessed from the air to establish the extent of the different landscapes. The ordination results clearly indicate the overriding impor- tance of moisture availability in determining vegetation composition in the Parque Nacional de Banhine. Eleven distinct plant communities were recognised. They are described in terms of their structure, composition and distribution. These plant commu- nities have strong affinities to a number of communities found in the Limpopo Nation- al Park to the west.
    [Show full text]
  • Dispersal Modes and Fruiting Periods in Hyperseasonal and Seasonal Savannas, Central Brazil
    Revista Brasil. Bot., V.32, n.1, p.155-163, jan.-mar. 2009 Dispersal modes and fruiting periods in hyperseasonal and seasonal savannas, central Brazil IGOR AURÉLIO SILVA1, MARCUS VINÍCIUS CIANCIARUSO1 and MARCO ANTÔNIO BATALHA1 (received: February 28, 2008; accepted: January 20, 2009) ABSTRACT – (Dispersal modes and fruiting periods in hyperseasonal and seasonal savannas, central Brazil). Seasonal savannas are characterized by an intense drought that influences their functioning. Hyperseasonal savannas experience additionally a waterlogging during the rainy season. In South America, the largest savanna environment is the Brazilian cerrado. To assess whether a particular dispersal mode or fruiting period is associated to the waterlogging, we examined dispersal and phenological groups in hyperseasonal and seasonal cerrado plant species. We compared the proportion of species and individuals in these groups with G-tests for independence in contingency tables. We did not find differences in the proportion of species; however, based on the proportion of individuals, the main dispersal strategy was anemochory in the hyperseasonal cerrado and zoochory in the seasonal cerrado. Phenological strategies of fruiting in safe periods of the year were differently selected in both cerrados. In the hyperseasonal cerrado, most individuals fruited in non-waterlogged periods, whereas in the seasonal cerrado, most individuals fruited in wetter periods. Thus, waterlogging may drive important modifications in the efficiency of the dispersal and phenological strategies of hyperseasonal savannas plants. Key words - cerrado, dispersal modes, guilds, phenology, waterlogging RESUMO – (Modos de dispersão e períodos de frutificação em savanas hiperestacional e estacional, Brasil central). Savanas estacionais são caracterizadas por uma seca pronunciada que influencia seu funcionamento.
    [Show full text]
  • (Gramineae) in Malesia
    BLUMEA 21 (1973) I—Bo1 —80 A revision of DigitariaHaller (Gramineae) in Malesia. Notes on Malesian grasses VI J.F. Veldkamp Rijksherbarium, Leiden '...a material stronger than armor: Crabgrass' Parker & The is (B. J. Hart, King a Fink, 1964) Contents Summary 1 General introduction 2 Part 1. General observations Nomenclature A. 4 B. Taxonomic position 6 C. Morphology 7 D. Infra-generic taxonomy 12 E. Infra-specific taxonomy and genetics 17 F. Cultivated species 19 G. References 19 Part II. Descriptive part of data A. Presentation 22 B. Guide to the key and descriptions 22 c. Key 23 D. Descriptions 27 E. dubiae vel excludendae Species 71 Index 74 Summary Inthis revision is of the Malesian paper a given species ofthe Crabgrasses, or Digitaria Haller ( Gramineae). The research was done at the Rijksherbarium, Leyden, while many other Herbaria were shortly visited; some field work was done in Indonesia, Australia, and Papua-New Guinea. the in The foundation for study this large and cosmopolitan genus must be Henrard’s monumental work of the which therefore cited ‘Monograph genus Digitaria’ (1950), is extensively and discussed. in in the the Henrard based his division sections, 32 subgenus Digitaria, with anemphasis on amount of and the various of but such subdivision spikelets per grouplet types hairs, a appears difficult to maintain. As in only part of the species of Digitaria occurs Malesia, not representing all sections, a new infra-generic can be As far as the sections Malesia system not given. present in are concerned, it appeared that the Biformes, Horizontales, and Parviglumaehad to be united with the section Digitaria, the Remotae and Subeffusae had to into be merged one, the Remotae, while the Atrofuscae had to be included, at least partly, in the Clavipilae, here renamed is Filiformes.
    [Show full text]