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Akuntansi Bantengan: Perlawanan Akuntansi Indonesia Melalui Metafora Bantengan Dan Topeng Malang

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Akuntansi Bantengan: Perlawanan Akuntansi Indonesia Melalui Metafora Bantengan Dan Topeng Malang AKUNTANSI BANTENGAN: PERLAWANAN AKUNTANSI INDONESIA MELALUI METAFORA BANTENGAN DAN TOPENG MALANG Amelia Indah Kusdewanti1)* Achdiar Redy Setiawan2) Ari Kamayanti1) Aji Dedi Mulawarman1) 1)Universitas Brawijaya, Jl. MT. Haryono 165, Malang. 2)Universitas Trunojoyo Madura Surel: [email protected] Abstrak: Akuntansi Bantengan: Perlawanan Akuntansi Indonesia melalui Metafora Kesenian Bantengan dan Topengan Malang. Tujuan studi ini meng- usulkan bahwa melakukan perlawanan pada ‘kuasa’ yang sedang berperang merupakan usaha yang melelahkan. Bentuk perlawanan akan lebih bermakna bagi kepentingan rakyat apabila dilakukan oleh dan bagi rakyat. Pendekatan metafora digunakan untuk menelaah perang kuasa. Studi literatur mendalam serta wawancara dengan komunitas budaya, budayawan serta sejarawan meng- konfirmasi bahwa metafora Bantengan dan Topeng Malang tepat untuk meng- gambarkan kondisi ini. Artikel ini menunjukkan bahwa keberadaan Masyarakat Akuntansi Multiparadigma Indonesia (MAMI) adalah bentuk perlawanan Akun- tansi Bantengan yang menjadi motor penggerak pembangunan ilmu akuntansi menuju akuntansi Indonesia yang merdeka. Abstract: Bantengan Accounting: The Counterforce of Indonesian Account- ing through Bantengan and Topengan Malang Art as Methapor. This study proposes that the counterforce of this war should be done by the people and for them. The methapor is used to examine the war. In-depth study of literature and interviews with cultural communities, as well as cultural historians confirm that Bantengan and Topeng Malang appropriate to describe this condition. This arti- cle shows that the presence of Masyarakat Akuntansi Multiparadigma Indonesia (MAMI) as a form of Bantengan Accounting battle is a driving force toward the free- dom of Indonesian Accounting. Kata kunci: Bantengan, Topeng malang, MAMI, Metafora, Perang kuasa “Titenana yen mbesok wes ana sarpo kantaka Handoko Brang saka wetan dalane, sinuwuk ubrug wahana jati. Amedar galeh jaya pamudya kaluhuruneng partiwi. Iku kang dadi titi wanci kawitane Negara pranata utama ing arum. Gelar anggelareng hambudaya daya manunggaleng ratu adil. Ya kang dadi amudyaneng budaya Jawa.” “Ingatlah jika nanti ada barisan Banteng Merah yang sangat be- sar dari arah timur, kondisi ini yang sudah dinanti sejak lama. Yang * Penulis berasal dari berbagai latar hir di Malang, kecuali SMA (di Sura- belakang tetapi tetap memiliki “garis karta) dan Kuliah (di Yogyakarta). darah” Malang. Amelia Indah Kus- Pagak, Lawang, Tumpang dan Turen dewanti adalah keturunan “rakyat” merupakan empat kecamatan di asli Pagak dan dibesarkan di Malang. wilayah Kabupaten Malang. Kombi- Jurnal Akuntansi Multiparadigma Achdiar Redy keturunan Lawang dan nasi penulis yang beragam memberi JAMAL Volume 5 Sumenep. Ari Kamayanti masih me- perspektif luas atas kesenian Topeng Nomor 1 Halaman 1-169 miliki “darah” Tumpang dan Lamon- Malang dang Bantengan yang menjadi Malang, April 2014 gan, namun tidak pernah dibesarkan metafora untuk menelaah realita kua- ISSN 2086-7603 di Malang. Aji Dedi Mulawarman sa akuntansi, tanpa lepas dari nilai e-ISSN 2089-5879 berdarah Turen-Tenggarong sejak la- Malang asli. 149 150 Jurnal Akuntansi Multiparadigma, Volume 5, Nomor 1, April 2014, Hlm. 149-169 sebenarnya akan menjelaskan maksud dari Accountants (IFAC) atas Ikatan Akuntan semua makna yang tersirat dari isi semua Indonesia (IAI) melalui Statement of Mem- budaya Jawa (Nusantara) ber Obligations (SMO) mengatur penentuan yang nantinya akan membawa pada standar hingga pendidikan akuntansi Indo- keagungan Tanah Pertiwi (Indonesia). nesia. Abeysekera (2005) menjelaskan hal Itu yang sebenarnya akan jadi ci- ini sebagai kondisi imperialisme akuntansi, kal bakal untuk memulai negara adil dan sedangkan Merino, Mayper, dan Tolleson makmur. (1989:2) menyebutkan ini sebagai agenda Gelaran budaya itu merupakan simbo- setting menuju serfdom (perbudakan) agar lik dari Manunggaling penguasa dapat tetap menjadi penguasa un- [Kawulo Kalawan Gusti secara vertikal, tuk memenuhi kepentingan neo-liberalis- dan Kawulo Kalawan Panguwoso secara nya. Di Indonesia khususnya, penerapan horizontal]. IFRS merupakan suatu hasil perang kuasa Hal inilah yang disebut dengan Ratu sehingga Indonesia terjebak dalam kolonial- Adil.” isasi melalui keanggotaannya di IOSCO dan G20 (Hamidah 2013). Shonhadji (2013) men- (Eyang Jago Wido- Suryo Haryo dukung temuan ini dari sudut sosio-budaya Handoko menjelaskan tentang “Banteng”, yang dipahami auditor. Implementasi IFRS Putra 2011) di Indonesia menurut Shonhaji (2013) ke- hilangan aspek sosio-budaya yang melekat Syair Eyang Jago Wido1 atau Suryo pada lingkungan di mana auditor bekerja. Haryo Handoko di atas seakan merupakan Dalam hal ini jelas bahwa Indonesia bentuk ramalan kondisi Indonesia yang ter- adalah casualty of war. Perang kuasa akun- jajah dan akan dibebaskan oleh Banteng. tansi sebenarnya telah lama ada sebagaima- Ya. Peramalan memang bukan hal baru di na dijelaskan di buku Accounting Wars oleh negara ang sarat dengan spiritualitas majis. Mark Stevens tahun 1985. Perang kuasa ti- Primbon3, weton, atau ramalan Joyoboyo dak mengindahkan apapun (termasuk dam- mengenai datangnya Ratu Adil Heru Cokro pak perang), kecuali pada tujuan akhir yai- pernah dan bahkan masih digunakan oleh tu siapa pemegang kuasa. Bentuk-bentuk nenek moyang kita. Terlepas dari keyakinan perlawanan yang telah dilakukan oleh para kami bahwa merupakan suatu kesyirikan terdampak terhadap kuasa tidak akan dira- untuk mengimani segala sesuatu di luar sakan karena para kuasa terlalu sibuk de- kekuasaan Tuhan, beberapa kepercayaan ngan kepentingan mereka sendiri. tersebut pernah secara empiris dibuktikan Supaya kita yang terdampak tidak be- kebenarannya, misalnya beberapa keperca- rakhir sebagaimana dua utusan yang mati yaan dalam primbon mengenai pengobatan (maga batanga)3 karena keyakinan ‘buta’, tradisional (Sudardi 2002). Ratu Adil dalam perlu ada sebuah perlawanan yang berbeda ramalan Joyoboyo biasanya disebut dengan dengan perlawanan langsung atas pengua- Milenarisme. Konsep milenarisme seperti sa. Melalui artikel ini kami ingin menyam- Ratu Adil, bila ditelusuri tidak hanya hidup paikan bahwa kita biarkan saja para pe- di masyarakat Jawa, namun dapat ditemui nguasa melakukan aksi-kuasanya. Emang pula pada kepercayaan Islam dengan kon- Gue Pikirin (EGP) IFRS! Masih ada bentuk sep Imam Mahdi, Budha dengan Catur Yoga, perlawanan lain yang dapat dilakukan dan Nasrani dengan Mesiah, dan lainnya. memiliki hasil yang lebih nyata bagi rakyat. Kebenaran pernyataan Eyang Jago Artikel ini bertujuan menawarkan bentuk juga terbukti pada kondisi akuntansi Indo- perlawanan oleh dan bagi rakyat akuntansi nesia saat ini yang jatuh di bawah kuasa Indonesia (sebagai yang terdampak) dengan penentu standar akuntansi internasional. menggunakan metafora kesenian Bantengan Cengkeraman International Federation of dan Topeng Malang; yang merupakan meta- 1. Eyang Jago Wido, menurut informan kami yaitu sehingga primbon berarti buku yang memuat se- Bapak Agus, adalah sesepuh kesenian Bantengan gala ilmu pengetahuan (Sudardi 2002:13). yang merupakan mpu keturunan kerajaan Singo- 3. Seperti dinyatakan melalui refleksi budaya Jawa sari. bait keempat, yaitu cerita Aji Saka yang kemudian 2. Kata Primbon terbentuk dari kata imbu yang memi- diwujudkan dalam bentuk huruf Jawa/Hanacara- liki arti memeram buah agar masak. Kata dasar ini ka. mendapatkan awalan dan akhiran “pari” dan “an”, Kusdewanti, Setiawan, Kamayanti, Mulawarman, Akuntansi Bantengan: Perlawanan...151 fora Perang antara Pemilik Kuasa (Topeng what people understand to be ac- Malang) dan Rakyat (Bantengan). Topeng counting phenomena and account- Malang adalah seni tari yang mengisahkan ing concepts. Such a view is con- perang kuasa para raja, sedangkan Ban- sistent with the idea that metaphor tengan adalah seni tari yang mengisahkan “is an organ of perception”... To un- perlawanan ‘bisu’ rakyat. Artikel ini ditulis derstand how accounting fashions dengan sistematika sebagai berikut: penda- perception in a particular context, huluan, metode, sejarah kesenian Banteng- we need to be sensitive to the infer- an dan Topeng Malang, akuntansi dalam ences (or entailments) of the meta- metafora Topeng Malang untuk menjelas- phors deployed.” kan perang kuasa antara pengembang ilmu Penggunaan metafora mempermudah akuntansi serta penentu standar IFRS, US pembaca untuk memahami penjelasan ten- GAAP dan SAK, dan akuntansi dalam meta- tang realita dan konsep akuntansi secara fora Bantengan. Artikel ini ditutup dengan lebih sederhana, yaitu dalam bentuk “organ catatan sementara. persepsi”. Melalui pendekatan ini, “organ METODE persepsi” sebagaimana dijelaskan Armenic Langkah-langkah riset dalam artikel ini dan Craig (2009), “organ-organ karakter/ akan menggunakan metode yang biasanya nilai” yang muncul pada kesenian Topeng disebut dengan Metafora untuk menelaah Malang dan Bantengan akan diabstraksi. ‘perang’ kuasa akuntansi. Apa itu Metafora? Organ karakter/nilai yang terdapat pada Apakah mungkin metafora dilakukan dalam kesenian Topeng Malangan dan Bantengan riset akuntansi? Ya, pentingnya metode tersebut kemudian digunakan untuk mene- metafora dalam riset akuntansi dapat laah realita yang muncul pada ranah akun- dijelaskan oleh Llwellyn (2003:668-670): tansi, khususnya organ persepsi perang kuasa pembentukan ilmu serta kebijakan “…metaphor provides both a ``way akuntansi. of thinking’’ about organizations Dalam rangka meyakinkan bah- and a ``way of seeing’’… metaphor wa metafora yang digunakan tepat kami theorizes through
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