Thirty-second Generation Earl Walter of Huntingdon birth date unknown. He married twice. First, Gundred (Latin: Gundrada), He married Judith of 1070. They had the sister of Gerbod the Fleming, Earl of Chester. Second, to a following children: sister of Richard Gouet.

1. Judith (Alice) of Huntingdon31 . Earl William de Warrene and Gundred had the following 2. Matilda of Northumberland was born 1074. children:

Walter died May 31, 1076 in St. Giles Hill. His body was 1. Reynald31 de Warrene. interred Crowland. 2. Editha de Warrene. 3. Earl William de Warrene was born 1071.

Gundred died May 27, 1085 in Castle Acre, Norfolk. Her body was interred Lewes Priory, Chapter House.

William was loyal to William II, and it was probably in early 1088 that he was created Earl of . He died June 24, 1088 in Pevensey, Sussex shortly afterwards of wounds he received while helping suppress the rebellion of 1088. His body was interred Lewes Priory, Chapter House.

Hugh "The Great" of Vermandois de Crepi (King Henry I of France33 _) was born 1053. Called Magnus or the Great, he was a younger son of Henry I of France and Anne of Kiev and younger brother of Philip I. He was in his own right Count of Vermandois, but an ineffectual leader and soldier, great only in his boasting. Indeed, Steven Earl William de Warrene (Rodulf II33, Rodulf I34_) Runciman is certain that his nickname Magnus (greater or was born in Bellecombe, France 1055. He was one of the elder), applied to him by William of Tyre, is a copyist's error, Norman nobles who fought at the Battle of Hastings and and should be Minus (younger), referring to Hugh as became great landowners in England. younger brother of the King of France.

He was a son of Rodulf II de Warenne and Emma and a He married Adelaide de Vermandois (Count grandnephew of duchess Gunnor, wife of duke Richard I of Herbert IV33_) the daughter of Herbert IV of Vermandois and Normandy. The de Warenne surname derives from the Adele of Valois. They had nine children: hamlet named Varenne located on the river Varenne, which flows through the territory William acquired in Upper 1. Count Raoul I of Vermandois Normandy in the region today called Bellencombre. 2. Henry, senior of Chaumont-en-Vexin, (d. 1130).

As a young man, William played a prominent role in 3. Simon, Bishop of Noyon protecting the Norman realm of the future William the 4. Elizabeth de Vermandois. She married 1) Robert de Conqueror's from a major invasion by the King of France in Beaumont, 1st Earl of Leicester; 2) William de February 1054 at the Battle of Mortemer. After this battle Warenne, 2nd Earl of Surrey Roger de Mortemer forfeited most of his lands, and the 5. Matilde de Vermandois, married Raoul I of Beaugency duke gave them to William. 6. Constance de Vermandois, married Godefroy de la Ferte-Gaucher William was one of the nobles who advised duke William 7. Agnes de Vermandois, married Margrave Boniface del when the decision to invade England was being considered. Vasto. Mother of Adelaide del Vasto. He is said to have fought at Hastings, and afterwards 8. Beatrix de Vermandois, married Hugh III of Gournay- received the Rape of Lewes in Sussex, and subsequently en-Bray lands in twelve other shires. He built castles at Lewes 9. Emma de Vermandois (Sussex), Reigate (Surrey), Castle Acre (Norfolk) and Conisbrough in Yorkshire. By the time of the Domesday Adelaide died 1044. survey he was one of the wealthiest landholders in England with holdings in 12 counties. In early 1096 Hugh and Philip began discussing the after news of the Council of Clermont reached He fought against rebels at the Isle of Ely in 1071 where he them in Paris. Although Philip could not participate, as he showed a special desire to hunt down Hereward the Wake had been excommunicated, Hugh was said to have been who had murdered his brother the year before. influenced to join the Crusade after an eclipse of the moon on February 11, 1096.

1

That summer Hugh's army left France for Italy, where they Count Stephen was one of the leaders of the First Crusade, would cross the Adriatic Sea into territory of the Byzantine often writing enthusiastic letters to Adela about the Empire, unlike the other Crusader armies who were crusade's progress. He returned home in 1098 during the travelling by land. On the way, many of the soldiers led by lengthy siege of Antioch, without fulfilling his crusading vow fellow Crusader Emicho joined Hugh's army after Emicho to forge a way to Jerusalem. He was pressured by Adela was defeated by the Hungarians, whose land he had been into making a second pilgrimage, and joined the minor pillaging. Hugh crossed the Adriatic from Bari in Southern crusade of 1101 in the company of others who had also Italy, but many of his ships were destroyed in a storm off the returned home prematurely. In 1102, Stephen was killed in Byzantine port of Dyrrhachium. the Battle of Ramla at the age of fifty-seven.

Hugh and most of his army was rescued and escorted to Henry de Ferrieres (Engenulf33 de Ferriers, Henry34_) Constantinople, where they arrived in November of 1096. was a Norman soldier from a noble family who took part in Prior to his arrival, Hugh sent an arrogant, insulting letter to the conquest of England and is believed to have fought at Eastern Roman Emperor Alexius I Comnenus, according to the Battle of Hastings of 1066 and, in consequence, was the Emperor's biography by his daughter (the Alexiad), rewarded with much land in the subdued nation. demanding that Alexius meet with him. Henry became a major land holder and was granted 210 Alexius was already wary of the armies about to arrive, after manors throughout England and , but notably in the unruly mob led by Peter the Hermit had passed through Derbyshire and Leicestershire, by King William for his earlier in the year. Alexius kept Hugh in custody in a conspicuous bravery and support at Hastings. monastery until Hugh swore an oath of vassalage to him. He first served William I as castellan of Stafford, and in After the Crusaders had successfully made their way across about 1066 or 1067 he was granted the lands in Berkshire Seljuk territory and, in 1098, captured Antioch, Hugh was and Wiltshire of Goderic, former sheriff of Berkshire, and, by sent back to Constantinople to appeal for reinforcements the end of 1068 he also held the lands of Bondi the Staller from Alexius. Alexius was uninterested, however, and Hugh, in present day Buckinghamshire, Berkshire, instead of returning to Antioch to help plan the siege of Northamptonshire, and Essex. He is thought to have been Jerusalem, went back to France. There he was scorned for appointed the first Anglo-Norman High Sheriff of Berkshire. not having fulfilled his vow as a Crusader to complete a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, and Pope Paschal II threatened to Following this in 1070 was the Wapentake of Appletree, excommunicate him. He joined the minor Crusade of 1101, which covered a large part of south Derbyshire, granted to but was wounded in battle with the Turks in September, and Henry on the promotion of Hugh d'Avranches to become died of his wounds in October in Tarsus. Earl of Chester. At the centre of this was Tutbury Castle where he rebuilt and founded the priory in 1080. Stephen of Blois (Theobald III33, Ermengarde of Auvergne34_) born ca 1045. Count of Blois and Count of His major landholdings, however, were those of the Anglo- Chartres, was the son of Theobald III, count of Blois, and Saxon Siward Barn, following a revolt in 1071, including Garsinde du . more land in Berkshire and Essex and also Gloucestershire, Warwickshire, Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire. He married Adela of Normandy, a daughter of around 1080 in Chartres. He was a key administrator in Derbyshire and Staffordshire, and among the most powerful Anglo-Norman magnates. In Stephen and Adela's children were: 1086 he was a legatus ('commissioner’) on the West Midland circuit of the Domesday survey. 1. Guillaume (William) (d.1150), Count of Chartres married Agnes of Sulli (d. aft 1104) and had issue. He married Berta. Henry de Ferrieres and Berta had the 2. Theobald II, Count of Champagne following children: 3. Odo, died young. 4. Stephen, King of England 1. William31 de Ferrieres. 5. Lucia-Mahaut, married Richard d'Avranches, 2nd Earl 2. Maud de Ferrieres. of Chester. Both drowned on 25 November 1120. 3. Earl Robert de Ferrers was born 1083. 6. Agnes, married Hugh III of Le Puiset 7. Eléonore (d. 1147) married Raoul I of Vermandois (d. The date of Henry de Ferrers' death is uncertain, but it 1152) and had issue; they were divorced in 1142. would seem to be between 1093 and 1100. He was buried 8. Alix (d. 1145) married Renaud III of Joigni (d. 1134) in Tutbury Priory. and had issue

9. Lithuise (d. 1118) married Milo de Brai, Viscount of Andre de Vitre (Ruivallon33, Martin I34_) married Troyes (divorced 1115) Agnes of Mortain (Earl Robert32 de Mortain, 10. Henry, Bishop of Herlouin33 de Conteville, Count John34 de Bourg, Matilda of 11. Humbert, died young. Saxony35 , Duke Herman36 Billung, Billung of

Stubeckeshorn37 , Count Athelbert of Sachsen38_). He had an illegitimate daughter Emma, who was the mother of William of York, archbishop of York.

2 Andre de Vitre and Agnes of Mortain had the following Baron William de Percy and Emma de Port had the children: following children:

1. Robert I31 de Vitre. 1. Walter31 de Percy. 2. Hawise de Vitre was born 1086. 2. William de Percy. 3. Richard de Percy. Count Lambert II of Brabant (Count Lambert I 4. Baron Alan de Percy was born 1069. "The Bearded" of33, Count Regnier III of Hainaut34 , Count Regnier II of Hainaut35, Count Regnier I "Long-Neck" of William de Percy died 1096. His body was interred Mt. Joy, Hainaut36, Count Giselbert of Darnau37, Count Giselbert of Jerusalem. Massgau38, Count Gainfroi39, Duke Mainier of Austria40_) was born ca 991. Gilbert de Gant (Count Baldwin "The Peaceable" of

33 34 Lambert assumed the title of count of Leuven after the Flanders , Princess Adelaide _). He married Alice de death of his nephew Otto. Lambert was the son of Lambert I Montfort. of Leuven, who was killed at the Battle of Florennes in 1015. Gilbert de Gant and Alice de Montfort had the following child: Lambert scorned both temporal and spiritual authorities and in 1051 took up arms against Holy Roman Emperor Henry 1. Emma31 de Gant. III by whom he was defeated.

During his reign Brussels began its growth. Lambert Robert I de Brusse (William33 De Brusse, Robert34, ordered the construction of the church of Saint-Michel and Rognvald35 , Brusse36, Earl Sigurd II "The Corpulent"37, Earl arranged for the remains of Saint Gudule to be transferred Hlodve "The Viking"38, Thorfin I "Skull-Cleaver"39, Earl Turf there in a splendid procession. The church, thereafter Einar I40, Hildir41_). known as Saints-Michel-et-Gudule, developed to become St. Michael and Gudula Cathedral. Lambert also He married Emma Ramsey. They had the following constructed a fortress on the Coudenberg hill and built the child: first town wall. 1. Robert II31 de Brusse was born 1078. He married Oda of Lorraine (Duke Gozelo I of Lorraine33, Count Godfrey of Verdum34_). Robert died 1094.

Count Labert II of Brabant and Oda of Lorraine had the Earl Robert of Shrewsbury de Belleme also following child: spelled Belleme or Belesme, was an Anglo-Norman nobleman, and one of the most prominent figures in the 1. Henry II of31 Brabant. competition for the succession to England and Normandy between the sons of William the Conqueror. He also known Count Lambert died September 21, 1062. as Robert II de Montgommery, seigneur of Bellême.

Count Eberhard of Brandenburg (Count He was the eldest son of Roger of Montgomery, 1st Earl of Otto33_). Brandenburg later became the kingdom of Prussia Shrewsbury and Mabel of Bellême. - the name Brandenburg derives from its capital of Branibor. Robert's first notable act, as a young man, was to take part Count Eberhard of Branddenburg had the following child: in the 1077 revolt of the young against William the Conqueror, an act he shared with many other 1. Adela of31 Thuringa. Norman nobles of his generation. The rebellion was put down, and the participants pardoned. William did require Baron William de Percy (Henry28, Joscelyn29 de that ducal garrisons be placed in the important baronial Louvain, Godfrey "The Bearded" of Louvaine30 Barbutus, castles, which would make future rebellion much more Henry II of31 Brabant, Count Labert II of32, Count Lambert I difficult. "The Bearded" of33, Count Regnier III of Hainaut34 , Count Regnier II of Hainaut35, Count Regnier I "Long-Neck" of Robert's mother Mabel was killed in 1082, whereupon Hainaut36, Count Giselbert of Darnau37, Count Giselbert of Robert inherited her property which stretched across the Massgau38, Count Gainfroi39, Duke Mainier of Austria40_). hilly border region between Normandy and Maine. It is due First Baron Percy. to this early inheritance that Robert has come be known as of Bellême rather than of Montgomery. He married Emma de Port. William the Conqueror died in 1087, and Robert's first act on hearing the news was to expel the ducal garrisons from his castles. Robert Curthose was the new , but he was unable to keep order, and Robert of Bellême had a free hand to make war against his less

3 powerful neighbors. Henry's rule, he submitted and was allowed to retain his Norman fiefs. But after various conspiracies and plans to The next year in the Rebellion of 1088, free Curthose, Robert was seized and imprisoned in 1112. rebelled in an attempt to place Curthose on the English He spent the rest of his life in prison; the exact date of his throne in place of William Rufus. At Curthose's request death is not known. Robert went to England, where he joined in the rebels' defense of . The rebels were permitted to Robert married Agnes of Ponthieu, by whom he had one leave after the surrender of the castle and failure of the child, William III of Ponthieu, who via his mother inherited rebellion. the county of Ponthieu.

Robert returned to Normandy. Odo had preceded him, had Duke Eudes I "The Red" of Burgundy obtained the confidence of the duke, and convinced 32 33 Curthose that Robert was a danger to the security of the Borel (Henry of Burgundy , Helie de Semur-en- Brionnais, Damas I34_) was born 1058. duchy. Thus Robert was arrested and imprisoned upon his disembarkation. (The duke's younger brother Henry, who Duke of Burgundy between 1079 and 1103. Eudes was the was on the same ship, was also arrested.) second son of Henry of Burgundy and grandson of Robert I. He became the duke following the abdication of his older Robert's father Earl Roger came over from England, and, brother, Hugh I, who retired to become a Benedictine monk. taking over his son's castles, defied Curthose. The duke captured several of the castles, but he soon tired of the Eudes married Sibylle de Bourgogne (Count matter and released Robert. William I of Burgundy32, Count Renaud I of Burgundy33_)

who was born 1065., daughter of William I, Count of Once released, Robert returned to his wars and Burgundy. depredations against his neighbors in southern Normandy.

He did help Curthose in putting down a revolt by the citizens Duke Eudes I "The Red" of Burgundy Borel and Sibylle de of Rouen, but his motive seems to have been in large part Bourgogne had the following children: to seize as many wealthy townspeople and their goods as possible. Curthose in turn subsequently helped Robert is 31 some of his fights against his neighbors. 1. Florine Borel. 2. Hugh II of Burgundy Borel. In 1094 one of Robert's most important castles, Domfront, 3. Henry Borel. d 1131 was taken over by the duke's brother Henry (later Henry I of 4. Helie (Ela) Borel was born 1080. England), who never relinquished it and was to be an An interesting incident is reported of this robber baron by an enemy of Robert for the rest of his life. eyewitness, , biographer of .

While Saint Anselm was progressing through Eudes's Later that year (1094) Robert's father earl Roger died. territory on his way to Rome in 1097, the bandit, expecting Robert's younger brother Hugh of Montgomery, 2nd Earl of great treasure in the archbishop's retinue, prepared to Shrewsbury inherited the English lands and titles, while ambush and loot it. Coming upon the prelate's train, the Robert inherited his father's Norman properties, which duke asked for the archbishop, whom they had not found. included good part of central and southern Normandy, in Anselm promptly came forward and took the duke by part adjacent to the Bellême territories he had already surprise, saying "My lord duke, suffer me to embrace thee." inherited from his mother. The flabbergasted duke immediately allowed the bishop to

embrace him and offered himself as Anselm's humble In 1098 Robert's younger brother Hugh died, and Robert servant. inherited the English properties that had been their father's, including the Rape of Arundel and the Earldom of He was a participant in the ill-fated Crusade of 1101. Duke Shrewsbury. died March 23, 1103 in Tarsus. Sibylle died March 23,

1102. Robert was one of the great magnates who joined Robert

Curthose's 1101 invasion of England, along with his brothers Roger the Poitevin and Arnulf of Montgomery and Sheriff Edward de Salisbury (Girold33 Dapifer_) his nephew William of Mortain. This invasion, which aimed was born 1086. He served as the standard-bearer for King to depose Henry I, ended in the Treaty of Alton. The treaty Henry I at the battle of Bremule, 1119. He was called called for amnesty for the participants but allowed traitors to Edward the Chamberlain. be punished. Henry had a series of charges drawn up against Robert in 1102, and when Robert refused to answer Edward de Salisbury had the following children: for them, gathered his forces and besieged and captured 31 Robert's English castles. Robert lost his English lands and 1. Sheriff Walter FitzEdward de Salisbury. titles (as did his brothers), was banished from England, and 2. Maud de Salisbury returned to Normandy.

He was one of Curthose's commanders at the Battle of Tinchebrai and by flight from the field avoided being captured as Curthose was. With Normandy now under

4 Patrick de Chaworth (Patrick Sr.33_) was born Aimery was murdered at La Cheze, Bourgogne, France.

1086. He married Maud de Hesdin. Earl Ranulf le Meschin was a late 11th- and early Patrick de Chaworth and Maud de Hesdin had the following 12th-century Norman magnate based in northern and child: central England. Originating in Bessin in Normandy, Ranulf made his career in England thanks to his kinship with Hugh d'Avranches, the earl of Chester, the patronage of kings 1. Maud31 de Chaworth. William II Rufus and Henry I Beauclerc, and his marriage to

Lucy, heiress of the Bolingbroke-Spalding estates in 33 King Donnchadh (King Murchadh , King Dermod Lincolnshire. Macmael Nam Bo34_) was born 1050. King of Leinster and Dublin Ireland. Ranulf was the son of Ranulf de Briquessart, viscount of the Bessin, and likely for this reason the former Ranulf was King Donnchadh had the following child: styled le Meschin, "the younger".His mother was Matilda, daughter of Richard, viscount of the Avranchin. We know 1. King Dermot31 Macmurrough was born 1100 from an entry in the Durham Liber Vitae, c. 1098 x 1120, that he had an older brother named Richard (who died in He was slain in battle against Domnall ua Briain. youth), and a younger brother named William. He had a sister called Agnes, who later married Robert de King Mouirchertach O'Toole (Gilla Comgaill33, Grandmesnil (died 1136). Donncuan34_). He married Cacht ingen Loigsig Ranulf fought in Normandy on behalf of Henry I, and served 33 34 O'Morda (King Loigsen , King Amargen _). the English king as a kind of semi-independent governor in the far north-west, and Westmorland, before King Mouirchertach O'Toole and Cacht ingen Loigsig attaining the palatine county of Chester on the Anglo-Welsh O'Morda had the following child: marches in 1120. He held this position for the remainder of his life, and passed the title on to his son. 1. Mor ingen Muirchertaig31 O'Toole. A charter issued in 1124 by David I, King of the Scots, to Hugh V "The Fair" de Lusignan (High IV "The Robert I de Brus granting the latter the lordship of Brown"33, Hugh III "Le Blane"34, Hugh II35, Count Hugh I36 la Annandale recorded that Ranulf was remembered as Melusine_) called the Fair or the Pious, was the fifth Lord holding lordship of and Cumberland, holding with of Lusignan and Lord of Couhé. He succeeded his father, the same semi-regal rights by which Robert was to hold Hugh IV, sometime around 1026. Annandale. A source from 1212 attests that the jurors of Cumberland remembered Ranulf as quondam dominus He married Almodis (990 or c. 1020 – murdered Cumberland ("sometime Lord of Cumberland"). Ranulf possessed the power and in some respects the dignity of a October 16, 1071), daughter of Bernard I, Count of La semi-independent earl in the region, though he lacked the Marche, through which future counts would claim La formal status of being called such. A contemporary Marche. Almodis bore Hugh two sons and one daughter: illustration of this authority is one charter in the records of

1. Hugh VI "The Devil"31 de Lusignan. Wetheral Priory, which recorded Ranulf addressing his own sheriff, "Richer" (probably Richard de Boivill). 2. Jordan de Lusignan

3. Mélisende de Lusignan (b. bef. 1055), married before Ivo Taillebois, when he married Ranulf's future wife Lucy, 1074 to Simon I "l'Archevêque", Vidame de Parthenay. had acquired her Lincolnshire lands; sometime after 1086 He then repudiated her on the basis of consanguinity and he acquired authority in Westmorland and Kendal. Adjacent she married Pons of Toulouse. When Duke William VIII of lands in Lancashire and Westmorland, previously controlled Aquitaine, Hugh's suzerain, was at war with William IV of by Earl , were probably carved up in the Toulouse, Almodis persuaded Hugh to join her son's side. by the king, between Roger the Poitevin and Ivo, a The duke besieged Lusignan and when Hugh tried to sortie territorial division at least partially responsible for the later for provisions, he was slain at the gate. He was succeeded boundaries between the two counties. Norman lordship in by his eldest son, also named Hugh. the heartland of Cumberland dates to around 1092, the year King William Rufus seized the region from its previous ruler,

33 Dolfin. There is inconclusive evidence that this happened Aimery IV (Vicount Geoffrey II de Thouars, Vicount around the same time as William II's expedition to Carlisle, 34 35 Savery III , Vicount Herbert I _) was born 1020. A and that settlers from Ivo's Lincolnshire lands came into companion of William the Conqueror at the Battle of Cumberland as a result. Hastings in 1066. When Ranulf acquired Ivo's authority, or an extended He married Aurengarde de Mauleon. They had version of it, is not clear. Between 1094 and 1098 Lucy was the following child: married to Roger fitz Gerold de Roumare, so it is possible that this marriage was the king's way of transferring 1. Hildegarde31 de Thouars. authority in the region to Roger fitz Gerold. The "traditional view", and that held by the historian William Kapelle, was

5 that Ranulf's authority in the region did not come about until Ranulf died in January 1129, and was buried in Chester 1106 or after, as a reward for Ranulf's participation in the Abbey. He was survived by his wife and countess, Lucy, Battle of Tinchebrai. Another historian, Richard Sharpe, has and succeeded by his son Ranulf de Gernon. recently attacked this view and argued that it probably came in or soon after 1098. Sharpe believed that Lucy was the Ralph "The Timid" of de Sudeley main mechanism by which this authority changed hands (Count Dreux (Walter) of Mantes33, Count Walter II "The here, and pointed out that Ranulf had been married to Lucy White"34 de Valois, Count Walter I35 d'Amiens_) (also known years before Tinchebrai, and that, moreover, Ranulf can be as Ralf of Mantes) was the Earl of Hereford from 1052until found months before Tinchebrai taking evidence from his death in 1057. He was the son of Drogo of Mantes, county jurors at York (which may have been responsible for Count of the Vexin, and Goda, daughter of King Ethelred parts of this partially-shired region at this point). the Unready of England and Emma of Normandy. Thus, he

was a nephew of the English Saxon King Edward the Firm dates for Ranulf's authority in the region do however Confessor, who placed him in command of the Earldom of come only from 1106 and after, well into the reign of Henry Herefordshire. I. It was in 1106 that Ranulf founded a Benedictine monastic house at Wetheral, Wetheral Priory. The record of the jurors 33 of Cumberland dating to 1212 claimed that Ranulf created He married Gytha (Osgood Clapa_). They had the two baronies in the region, Burgh-by-Sands for Robert de following child: Trevers, Ranulf's brother-in-law, and Liddel for Turgis Brandos. He appears to have attempted to give Gilsland to 1. Lord Harold de Ewias31 de Sudeley. his brother William, though its lord, "Gille", held out; later the lordship of Allerdale (also called Egremont or Copeland) He placed in positions of authority beneath him in was given to William. Kirklinton may have been given to Hereford and these men immediately began constructing Richard de Boivill, Ranulf's sheriff. castles, a new architectural feature in the English landscape. Marriage to the a great heiress came only with royal patronage, which in turn came only through having royal When Godwin returned from exile in 1052, there was almost respect and trust. Ranulf was however not recorded often at war between the English Saxons and the Normans, but it the court of Henry I, and did not form part of the king's was prevented and many Normans had to flee the country. closest group of administrative advisers. He was however intervened on Ralph's behalf, for he one of the king's military companions, and served under loved him dearly. Godwin made peace with his underling Henry as an officer of the royal household when the latter Ralph, but died on September 14, 1053. In that year, Ralph was on campaign; Ranulf was in fact one of his three became Earl in his own right and held the counties of commanders at the Battle of Tinchebrai, where he led the Gloucestershire and Oxfordshire as well. vanguard of Henry's army, and was often in Normandy when the king's interests were threatened there. He is found In 1055, , King of Gwynedd (and later serving as a royal justice in both 1106 and 1116. Later in his all Wales), invaded Ralph's lands in Hereford along with the career, 1123-4, he commanded the king's garrison at exiled Earl Ælfgār. Arming all his men as Norman knights, Évreux during the war with William Clito, and in March 1124 they sallied forth from his seat at Hereford Castle and were he assisted in the capture of Waleran, Count of Meulan. soundly defeated on October 24, 1055. Gruffydd ap Llywelyn took Hereford and destroyed the new castle. Ralph The death of Richard, count-palatine of Chester in the White was disgraced and he died two years later on December 21, Ship Disaster of 1120 near Barfleur, paved the way for 1057, never having recovered from the shock of loss or the Ranulf's elevation to comital rank. Merely four days before ignominy of his defeat: he was ever after called the Timid, the disaster, Ranulf and his cousin Richard had witnessed a less for actual cowardice as for his trust in armored cavalry charter together at Cerisy. Henry recognized Ranulf as over the traditional Anglo-Saxon war form. Richard's successor to the county of Chester. Ranulf's accession may have involved him giving up many of his Robert de Veteriponte birth date unknown, had the other lands, including much of his wife's Lincolnshire lands following child: and his land in , though direct evidence for this beyond convenient timing is lacking. Richard Sharpe 1. William Sr.31 Veteri-Ponti. suggested that Ranulf may have had to sell much land in order to pay the king for the palatine-county of Chester, though it could not have covered the whole fee, as Ranulf's Robert de Beauchamp birth date unknown, had son Ranulf de Gernon, when he succeeded his father to the following child: Chester in 1129, owed the king £1000 "from his father's debt for the land of Earl Hugh". 1. Beatrice31 de Beauchamp.

Ranulf and Lucy had the following children: Jordanus de Bulli birth date unknown, had the following child: 1. Ranulf de Gernon 31 2. Alice le Meschin. 1. Richard31 de Bulli was born 1116.

6 William I de Busli married Hawise D'Espec a Danish fleet with which he returned and defeated his They had the following child: enemies, killing Madog and his brother Rhiryd. In 1091 Rhys' authority was again challenged this time from within his kingdom by the son of Maredudd ab Owain, Gruffydd. 1. William II31 de Busli. Gruffydd and his supporters met Rhys on the borders of

Dyfed and Ystrad Tywi where Rhys was the victor and Baldwin Fitzgilbert de Clare married Gruffydd was slain. Adelaine de Rolos (Richard33_) who was born in Lincoln, England 1092. They had the following child: Rhys was able to withstand the increasing Norman pressure following the end of William's reign in 1087 until 1093, when he was killed at Brecon by the Normans led by Bernard de 1. Rohese31 Fitz Gilbert. Neufmarche.

33 Walter of Windsor FitzOther (Dominus Other, Nest of Wales (Rhys33 ap Tewdwr_) birth date 34 Gherardo Gherardini_) Keeper of the Forest. He married unknown. She married King Henry I Beauclerc. (See Gwladys ferch Ryall. They had the following children: King Henry I Beauclerc for the children resulting from this marriage.) 31 1. Gerald de Windsor. 2. William of Windsor. Count Pons of Toulouse was born 990. Count of Toulouse from 1037. He was the eldest son and successor King Rhys ap Tewdwr Mawr (Tewdwr Mawr of William III Taillefer and Emma of Provence. He thus "The Great"33 ap Cadell, Cadell34 ap Einion, Einion35 ap inherited the title marchio Provincæ. He is known to have Owain, King Owain36 ap Hywel Dha, King Hywel Dda "The owned many allods and he relied on Roman, Salic, and Good ap Cadell37 , King Cadell38, King Rhodri Mawr "The Gothic law. Great"39, King Merfyn Frych "The Freckled"40, King Gwriad41, King Elidyr42, King Sandde43, King Tegid44, King Gwyar45, King Already in 1030, he possessed a lot of power in the Diwg46, King Llywarch Hen47, King Elidyr "The Handsome"48, Albigeois. In 1037, he gave many allodial churches and King Merchiaun49, King Gurgust "The Ragged"50, King castles, including one half of that of Porta Spina, in the Ceneu51, King Coel Hen "The Old"52, Guotepauc53, Tegfan54, Albigeois, Nimois, and Provence as a bridal gift to his wife Teuhvant55, Telpuil56, Erb (Urbanus)57, Gratus58, Iumetel59, Majore. Ritigern60, Oudicant61, Outigern62, Eliud63, Eudaf64_) born before 1065. In 1038, he split the purchase of the Diocese of Albi with the Trencavel family. In 1040, he donated property in Diens to King of , 1078-93. Rhys was one of the more Cluny. In 1047, he first appears as count palatine in a memorable kings of Deheubarth and the last of any charter donating Moissac to Cluny. significance. Pons married first wife, Majore, in 1022. She died in 1044. In 1080, he married Gwladys (Rhiwallon33 ap Cynfyn, They had one son Pons the Younger. King Cynfyn of Powys34 ap Gwerystan_). They had the following children: In 1045, he married, Almodis de la Marche (Count Bernard33_) born 1010, former wife of Hugh V of Lusignan, 1. Princess31 Nest. but he too repudiated her in 1053. 2. Lord Gruffydd. 3. Margaret. Count Pons of Toulouse and Almodis de la Marche had the following children: He had a good claim to the throne being fifth in descent from Hywel Dda but he needed to prove himself against 1. Count Raymond IV of Toulouse31 . Caradog ap Gruffydd. Caradog mustered his forces in 1081 2. Count William IV of Toulouse was born 1040. and pressed Rhys back to the coast, until Rhys was forced to seek refuge in the church of St. David's in Dyfed. Rhys His eldest sons by Almodis, William IV and Raymond IV, combined forces with the exiled Gruffydd ap Cynan of originally just count of Saint-Gilles, succeeded him in turn. Gwynedd and the two defeated and killed Caradog at the His son Hugh became abbot of Saint-Gilles. He had one battle of Mynydd Carn. daughter, Almodis, who married the count of Melgueil.

Rhys was no firmly in control of Deheubarth. Later in 1081, Pons died in Toulouse and was buried in Saint-Sernin, William the Conqueror led an expedition into southern probably late in 1060 or early in 1061. Almodis died Wales. Ostensibly to visit the shrine of St. David, William October 16, 1071. used it to free Norman prisoners isolated in various remote castles. Rhys was able to rule in relative calm and prosperity for a few years, but by 1088 conflict returned to the kingdom. In that year he was attacked by Madog ap Bleddyn and his brothers with such ferocity that he was forced to seek refuge in Ireland. He soon raised the help of

7 Henries met again, but the subject of this meeting eludes us. The final meeting took place in May 1056. It concerned disputes over Lorraine. The debate over the duchy became so heated that the king of France challenged his German counterpart to single combat. The emperor, however, was not so much a warrior and he fled in the night. But Henry did not get Lorraine.

Henry I was betrothed to Matilda, the daughter of the Emperor Conrad II (1024–39), but she died prematurely in 1034. Henry I then married Matilda, daughter of Liudolf, Margrave of Frisia, but she died in 1044, following a Caesarean section. Casting further afield in search of a third wife, Henry I married Anne of Kiev on May 19, 1051.

King Henry I was born May 4 1008. King of France from 1031 to his death. The royal demesne of France reached its lowest point in terms of size during his reign and for this reason he is often seen as emblematic of the weakness of the early Capetians. This is not entirely agreed upon, however, as other historians regard him as a strong but realistic king, who was forced to conduct a policy mindful of the limitations of the French monarchy.

A member of the House of Capet, Henry was born in Reims, the son of King Robert II (972–1031) and Constance of Arles (986–1034). He was crowned King of France at the Anne of Kiev (Prince Yaroslav I "The Wise" of Kiev33, Cathedral in Reims on May 14, 1027, in the Capetian Saint Vladimir "The Great" of Kiev34, Prince Svyatoslav I tradition, while his father still lived. He had little influence Suitislaus of Kiev35, Prince Igor I of Kiev36, Prince Rurik of and power until he became sole ruler on his father's death. Kiev37_) was born 1024, daughter of Yaroslav I of Kiev and

his wife Ingegerd Olofsdotter of Sweden. The reign of Henry I, like those of his predecessors, was marked by territorial struggles. Initially, he joined his brother 1. Philip I (May 23, 1052 – July 30, 1108) Robert, with the support of their mother, in a revolt against 2. Emma (1054–?) his father (1025). His mother, however, supported Robert as 3. Robert (c. 1055–c. 1060) heir to the old king, on whose death Henry was left to deal 4. Hugh the Great (1057–1102) with his rebel sibling. In 1032, he placated his brother by giving him the duchy of Burgundy which his father had given him in 1016.

In an early strategic move, Henry came to the rescue of his very young nephew-in-law, the newly appointed Duke William of Normandy (who would go on to become William the Conqueror), to suppress a revolt by William's vassals. In 1047, Henry secured the dukedom for William in their decisive victory over the vassals at the Battle of Val-ès- Dunes near Caen.

A few years later, when William, who was cousin to King Edward the Confessor of England (1042–66), married Matilda, the daughter of the count of Flanders, Henry feared William's potential power. In 1054, and again in 1057, Henry went to war to try to conquer Normandy from William, but on both occasions he was defeated. Despite his efforts, Henry King Henry I died on August 4, 1060 in Vitry-en-Brie, I's twenty-nine-year reign saw feudal power in France reach France, and was interred in Saint Denis Basilica. He was its pinnacle. succeeded by his son, , who was 7 at the

time of his death; for six years Henry I's Queen, Anne of Henry had three meetings with Henry III, Holy Roman Kiev, ruled as regent. Anne died 1075 in France. Emperor—all at Ivois. In early 1043, he met him to discuss the marriage of the emperor with Agnes of Poitou, the daughter of Henry's vassal. In October 1048, the two

8 daughter of Richard II of Normandy.

In 1057, he succeeded his father and reigned over a territory larger than that of the Franche-Comté itself.

He married Etinette de Longwy. They had the following children:

1. Renaud II, William's successor, died on First Crusade 2. Stephen I, successor to Renaud II, Stephen died on the Crusade of 1101 3. Raymond, married (1090) Urraca, the reigning queen of Castile 4. Guy of Vienne, elected pope, in 1119 at the Abbey of Cluny. as Calixtus II 5. Sybilla (or Maud), married (1080) Eudes I of Burgundy 6. Gisela, married (1090) Humbert II of Savoy and then Renier I of Montferrat Count Amadeus II of Savoy de Maurienne 7. Adelaide 33 (Count Oddone of Savoy , Humbert I "Whitehands" of 8. Eudes 34 35 Savoy , Count Berthold of Maurienne , Count Amadeus of 9. Hugh III, Archbishop of Besançon 36 Ringelheim _) born ca. 1046. Count of Savoy from 1060 to 10. Clementia married Robert II, Count of Flanders and 1080, ruling jointly with Peter until 1078. He was the son of was Regent, during his absence Otto of Savoy (Oddone in Italian). 11. Stephanie married Lambert, Prince de Royans (d.1119) 12. Ermentrude, married (1065) Thierry I of Montbéliard Documents about his life are rather scarce. His effective rule after Peter's death was only nominal, as the reins In 1087, he died in Besançon and was buried there in the remained in his mother Adelaide's hands. The two visited cathedral of St John. Etinette died 1088. Rome in 1073.

Duke Pedro of Cantabria was the duke of 33 He married Jeanne of Geneva (Count Gerald I , Cantabria. While various writers have attempted to name 34 Count Ayman of Geneva _). They had the following his parentage, (for example, making him son or brother of children: King Erwig), early sources say nothing more specific than the chronicle of 'Pseudo-Alfonso': that he was "ex semine 1. Humbert II of Savoy Leuvigildi et Reccaredi progenitus" (descended from the 2. Adelaide (d. 1090) bloodline of Liuvigild and Reccared I). He was the father of 3. Ausilia, married Umberto di Beaujeu King Alfonso I and of Fruela, father of Kings Aurelius and 4. Constance, married Otto II of Montferrat Bermudo I.

Count Amadeus died January 26, 1080. According to the Moslem chroniclers, in the year 714, Musa ibn Nusair sacked Amaya, capital of Cantabria, for the second time. Peter, the provincial dux, led his people into refuge in the mountains and then joined with Pelayo of Asturias against the invaders. After the Battle of Covadonga, in which Pelayo defeated an invading force, it seems likely that Peter sent his son to the court of Pelayo at Cangas de Onís. It had been a Visigothic practice to send noble children to the royal court; this was thus a tacit admission of Pelayo's regality.

According to the Crónica Albeldense, the territories of the two leaders were united by marriage between Peter's son Alfonso and Pelayo's daughter Ermesinda. They had the following children:

1. King Alfonso I "The Catholic" of Asturias31 . 2. Fruela of Cantabria.

Alfonso later succeeded to the Asturian throne and was the Count William I of Burgundy (Count Renaud I of first to use the title of king. While Iberian Muslim scholars Burgundy33_). Called the Great (le Grand or Tête Hardie, would call his descendants the Beni Alfons (Arabic: Beni Iḍfunš)) after his son, some modern authors) ن شإذف ب ن the Rash") he was Count of Burgundy and Mâcon from" 1057 to 1087. He was a son of Renaud I and Adelaide, refer to the family as the Pérez for Peter.

9 At some point Pelagius is said to have rebelled, but for what reasons is unknown and such rebellions by local authorities against their superiors formed a common theme in Visigothic Spain. An army was sent against him under the command of Alkama and the Christian bishop of Seville, Oppa. That Alkama was the general and that there was a bishop of Seville named Oppa among his ranks is generally accepted. A battle was fought near Covadonga (in monte Asevua or in monte Libana) and Alkama was killed and Oppa captured. Moorish chronicles of the event describe Pelagius and his small force as "thirty wild donkeys." The battle is usually dated to 718 or 719, between the governorships of al-Hurr and as-Sham, though some have dated it as late as 722 and the Chronica Albeldensia mis- dates it to the 740s.

After royal election by the local magnates in the Visigothic King Pelayo of Asturias (Duke Favila of manner, Pelagius made his capital at Cangas de Onís. His Cantabria33, King Chinaswind of the Visigoths34_) founder of kingdom was centred on the eastern Asturias. He married the Kingdom of Asturias, ruling from 718 until his death. He his daughter Ermesinda to his eastern neighbor, Peter of is credited with beginning the Reconquista, the Christian Cantabria. Pelagius reigned for eighteen or nineteen years reconquest of the Iberian peninsula from the Moors, insofar until his death in 737, when he was succeeded by his son as he established an independent Christian state in Fafila. opposition to Moorish hegemony, but there is no strong evidence that he either intended to resuscitate the old King Pelayo of Asturias had the following children: Visigothic kingdom or was motivated by any religious desire. 1. Hermesinda of Austrias31 . 2. King Fafila of Asturias. The chief sources for Pelagius' life and career are two Latin chronicles produced in the kingdom he founded in the late ninth century. The earlier is the Chronica Albeldensia, written at Albelda towards 881, and preserved in the Codex Vigilanus with a continuation to 976. The later is the Chronicle of Alfonso III, which was revised in the early tenth century and preserved in two textual traditions, called the Rotense and the Ad Sebastianum, which diverge in several key passages. The only likely earlier sources from which these chroniclers could derive information are regnal lists.

Pelagius was a Visigoth nobleman, the son of Fafila. The Chronica Albeldensia states that this Fafila was a dux of Galicia who was killed by Wittiza. The Chronicle of Alfonso III calls Pelagius a grandson of Chindasuinth and says that his father was blinded in Córdoba, again at the instigation of Wittiza. Wittiza is also said to have exiled Pelagius from Toledo upon assuming the crown in 702. All of this, however is a late tradition.

According to the late tradition, Munuza, the Berber governor King Alfonso VI Ferdinandez (Ferdinand I "The of Iegione (either Gijón or León), became attracted to Great" of Castile Sanchez33 , King Sancho III "El Mayor"34 Pelagius' sister and sent word to Tariq ibn Ziyad, who Garces, King Garcia II "The Tremulous"35 Sanchez, King ordered him to capture Pelagius and send him to Córdoba. Sancho II Garces36 Abarca, King Garcia I37 Sanchez, King That Munuza's seat was at Gijón or León is sufficient to Sancho I Garces38 _) was born June 1040. Nicknamed the demonstrate that the Arabs had established their rule in the Brave or the Valiant, he was King of León from 1065 to Asturias and that Pelagius was not therefore the leader of a 1109 and King of Castile from 1072 following the death of local resistance to Arab conquest. Rather, Pelagius may his brother Sancho II. In 1077 he proclaimed himself have come to terms with the Arab elite whereby he was "Emperor of all Spain". permitted to govern locally in the manner of the previous Visigoths, as is known to have occurred between Arab As the second and favorite son of King Ferdinand I of León rulers and Visigothic noblemen elswhere, as in the case of and Princess Sancha of León, Alfonso was allotted León, Theudimer. while Castile was given to his eldest brother Sancho, and Galicia to his youngest brother García. Sancho was assassinated in 1072. García was dethroned and imprisoned for life the following year.

10 When every allowance is made, Alfonso VI stands out as a divorce Alfonso married his mistress Zaida, baptized as strong man fighting as a king whose interest was law and Isabel. order, and who was the leader of the nation in the reconquest. He impressed himself on the Arabs as a very His final wife was Beatrice. She, as widow of Alfonso, is fierce and astute enemy, but as a keeper of his word. A said to have returned home to France. It has been story of Muslim origin, which is probably no more historical suggested that she was niece of first wife Agnes, daughter than the oath of Santa Gadea, tells of how he allowed of William IX of Aquitaine, and that she, and not Agnes, was himself to be tricked by Ibn Ammar, the favourite of Al the later wife of Elias I of Maine. She had no children by Mutamid, the King of Seville. They played chess for an Alfonso. extremely beautiful table and set of men, belonging to Ibn Ammar. Table and men were to go to the king if he won. If Alfonso was defeated on October 23, 1086, at the battle of Ibn Ammar gained he was to name the stake. The latter did Sagrajas, at the hands of Yusuf ibn Tashfin, and Abbad III win and demanded that the Christian king should spare al-Mu'tamid, and was severely wounded in the leg. Alfonso Seville. Alfonso kept his word. died June 29, 1109. His daughter succeeded him who reigned until 1129 as Urraca. Whatever truth may lie behind the romantic tales of Christian and Muslim, we know that Alfonso represented, in a remarkable way, the two great influences then shaping the character and civilization of Hispania.

He was very open to Arabic influence. He protected the Muslims among his subjects and struck coins with inscriptions in Arabic letters. He also admitted to his court and to his bed the refugee Muslim princess Zaida of Seville.

His first wife was Agnes of Aquitaine, daughter of William VIII of Aquitaine and his second wife Mateoda. His first marriage took place in in 1069 and scholarly opinion is divided whether Agnes died or became divorced in the late due to consanguinity. reported that in 1109 she remarried Elias I of Maine, but this is dismissed by some scholars as the result of confusion. By her, Alfonso had no children. Duke Boleslaus III "Wrymouth" of Poland His second wife, who he married in 1081, was (Duke Wladyslaw I (Herman) of Poland33, Duke Casimir I Constance of Burgundy (Duke Robert I of "The Restorer" of Poland34, King Mieszko II Lambert of Burgundy32, King Robert II "The Pious" of France33, King Poland35, King Boleslaus I "The Brave" of Poland36, Duke Hugh Capet34, Count Hugh "The Great" of Neustria Capet35, Mieszko (Burislaf) I of Poland37, Duke Ziemonislaw of King Robert I of France36, Adelaide of Tours37_) born 1046. Poland38_) was born 1084. Duke of Poland from 1102 until his death. He was the eldest and only child of Duke King Alfonso VI Ferdinandez and Constance of Burgundy Władysław I Herman by his first wife Judith, daughter of had the following children: Vratislaus II of Bohemia.

1. Elvira31 Ferdinandez. The birth of Boleslaw change completely the political 2. Countess Urraca of Castile was born 1081. situation in Poland. Mieszko, the former heir, was now an obstacle to Boleslaw, and this was likely the real cause of Constance died 1093. the mysterious and unexpected death of the prince in 1089. Later in that year, Władysław's illegitimate son Zbigniew In 1093, he married Bertha. There are alternative theories was sent to Saxony, were was confined in Quedlinburg as to her origin. Based on political considerations, she has Abbey, in order to make him a monk and in consequence, been suggested to have been daughter of William I, Count deprived of his rights to succession. With these facts, of Burgundy, but an alternative reconstruction derives her Władysław eliminate two potential pretenders to the Polish from Italy, making her daughter of Amadeus II of Savoy. throne and protect the heritage of the minor Boleslaw and She had no children and died in 1097. undermine the growing opposition against him. The Duke fell under the influence of the Palatine Sieciech, which may Following her death, Alfonso married an Isabel, by whom he be tried his own exaltation to the throne. Also, he was the had two daughters, Elvira, (who married Roger II of Sicily) first guardian of Boleslaw. His power began to wave around and, Sancha, (wife of Rodrigo González de Lara). Later 1100 and after thanks to the intrigues of the Duchess sources say she was daughter of a "king Luis" of France, Judith-Sophia, Sieciech was stripped to all his lands and but this is chronologically impossible. It has been banished from the country; nevertheless, he managed to speculated that she was of Burgundian origin, but others return some later. make her identical to mistress Zaida. Reilly suggested that there were two successive queens named Isabel. First, the French (Burgundian) Isabel, following whose death or

11 In 1090 Sieciech, with an small army, was able to briefly join decided to deposed their father. Zbigniew sent a defiant the Gdańsk Pomerania to Poland. But shortly after, some opposition to Masovia. He began the siege of the capital major Pomeranian lands rebelled against the Polish Płock, while Boleslaw went to the South. The intention of domination; in order to get rid of resistance, after their the two brothers, was the environment and capture of defeat, all the rebel towns were burned. A few months later, Władysław. The Duke predicted the maneuvers of his sons there was a rebellion of the local elite, which led to the and send his forces to Masovia. The conflict have occurred restoration of the independence from Poland. in Plock. Władysław was defeated and forced to exile Sieciech from the country for good. The Palatine left Poland The young Prince Boleslaw grew at a time when there is a around 1100/1101 and settled in German soil. However, he massive repression against Sieciech's political issues. The returned to Poland after several years, but he didn't play direct consequences were the kidnapping of both Sieciech any political role again. It may have been blinded. and Boleslaw by the Hungarians and the return of Zbigniew Władysław I Herman died on 4 June 1102. from Saxony (1093). When Władysław's failed attempts to rescue his son, he considered his first-born son as The division of the Polish state, which took place after the legitimate. Shortly after, he made an Act granting the right death of Władysław, was similar to that made three years of legitimacy and recognition of Zbigniew as his lawful heir, ago. It seemed that finally was ended the disputes between in order to save the dynasty. Zbigniew under it obtained the the brothers, but really, this peace was only a prelude to right of succession to the throne. In the meanwhile Sieciech further and deep conflicts for the supreme power. Two and Boleslaw could escaped from captivity, and made a trip separate states with self-governments were created: to Silesia and Kuyavia with the purpose of reunited with the Zbigniew on Greater Poland (who included Masovia and Duke and made the anullment of the Act of legitimacy. Kuyavia) as a High Duke, and Boleslaw on Lesser Poland Zbigniew rebelled but was defeated in the Battle of Gopłem with Silesian area of Sandomierz as a Junior Duke. (1096), were he was imprisoned, but as a result of the intervention of the Bishops was released in May 1097 and Both principalities carry out a separate internal and external his legitimation was declared null and void. state policies. In the foreign policy, in order to search suitable allies, sometimes were one against the other. After his return from captivity, Sieciech allied with his former Pomerania became in a frecuent and bitter issue of anger enemy, the Duchess Judith-Sophia, and both planned to between both princes. Zbigniew was firmly opposed to an take the control over Poland as guardians of the young and invasion and tried to keep the good relations with the unexperted Boleslaw. When Duke Władysław discover the northern neighbor. With one of the first expedition organized intentions of his favorite and his own wife, he decided to by Boleslaw against Pomerania, he managed to return give the guardianship of the Prince to his older half-brother home some of his knights, which caused the anger of the Zbigniew. Shortly after, both brothers strongly requested to Junior Duke. This situation has not lasted long, because in Władysław their own lands with separated governments. the next months was showed that almost all the Poland The Duke agreed to a divisionary treaty from his lands knights were in favor of Boleslaw and fight with him several between his sons. Boleslaw received the Lesser Poland, times in Pomerania (also on Prussia). Nevertless, the Silesia, the Lubusz Land and Western part of the Greater retaliatory Pomeranian military actions were directed Poland, who was in the frontier with Pomerania. Zbigniew against Zbigniew, who forged his closer links with the received the rest of the Greater Poland (included Gniezno), Czechs, through which relations he have tried to pressure Kuyavia, the Łęczyca Land, the Sieradzka Land and Boleslaw and the waiver from the Pomeranian. In the Masovia (who included Płock). Nevertless, Masovia and meanwhile, the Junior Duke reafirm his authority with pacts Płock remained under the control of Duke Władysław, and with Russia and Hungary. As a part of the peace with the also retained important castles in the Boleslawis lands, like Russian Kiev, Boleslaw married with Princess Zbyslava, Wrocław, Kraków and Sandomierz. daughter of the Grand Duke Sviatopolk II (1102). They had three children: The division of the country was a great opportunity to Sieciech to consolidate his power. He knew that the 1. Władysław II Wygnaniec (b. 1105 - d. Altenburg, 30 distribution of the country into districts, may weaken their May 1159). positions, and exposed these plan to the Duke. Some 2. A son (b. ca. 1108 - d. aft. 1109). historians are ambiguous towards the attitude of Duke 3. A daughter (b. ca. 1111 - d. aft. 1124), married in 1124 Władysław, who accepted the proposal of Sieciech. When to Vsevolod Davidovich, Prince of Murom. Boleslaw and Zbigniew hear the news, both decided to made the opposition coalition. They decided to remove from Zbigniew declined the invitation to his brother's wedding, as his position the old guardian of Boleslaw, Wojsław Powała he felt that the alliance of Boleslaw with Kiev was cleary (one of Sieciech's relatives), and organized an expedition against him. Shortly after, the Junior Duchy was invaded by against the Palatine. In 1099, the decisive battle was on the Duke Borivoj II of Bohemia (who allegedly had a claim over borders of the Pilica River: the forces of Boleslaw and the Polish throne). The answer of Boleslaw were later Zbigniew won over the troops of Duke and Sieciech. expeditions to Pomerania in the years 1104-1105. These Władysław was forced to accept the permanent removal of expeditions provide valuable, and effectively finished the Sieciech as his adviser. alliance of the Pomeranian with Zbigniew. His cooperation with the Hungarian King, which helped to reafirm Boleslaw's The Boleslaw and Zbigniew's forces have been further authority, ended with a joint expedition to the Czech directed towards Sieciechów, where the Palatine was Republic in 1105, supported by several circles in Poland. hidden. Unexpectedly, with a few soldiers, Duke Władysław came to help his favorite. In this situation, the Princes

12 In 1106 Boleslaw finally managed to drag the Czech Duke to a period of nearly 200 years of Poland's feudal Borivoj II on his lands. In the same year, Boleslaw entered fragmentation. into an alliance with King Coloman of Hungary. But during the negotiations, Zbigniew appeared and forced a pact in Count William V Guillaume (Count Ermengaud with none of the brothers will be in war or conclude any IV33 D'Urgel, Count Ermengaud III34, Count Ermengaud II alliance without the consent of the other. This strongly "the Peregrine"35 , Count Ermengaud I36_). Count William V unfavorable situation to Boleslaw led to a fratricidal struggle Guillaume had the following child: for the supreme power. With the help of Kiev Russians and Hungary, Boleslaw marched against Zbigniew. The 1. Count Bertrand31 de Forcalquier. combined forces seized without much problem Kalisz, Gniezno, Spycimierz and Łęczyca, taking half of the Senior Duchy. Thanks to the intervention of the Bishop of Krakow, Arnaud de La Flotte birth date unknown, had the Baldwin, was made a settlement in Łęczyca, in which following child: Zbigniew officially recognized Boleslaw as a High Duke over all Poland (dominium) and retained only Masovia as a fief. 1. Jascaranni31 de La Flotte.

In 1107 Boleslaw together with King Coloman of Hungary Count Theobald II of Blois (Count Odo II made an expedition against Bohemia in order to made (Eudes) of Blois33, Count Odo I of Blois34, Count Theoblad I Svatopluk the new ruler the country. The interference in the of Blois35, Count Gello of Blois36_) born 1019, was the eldest Bohemian succession crisis was to safe the interests of son and heir of Odo I, Count of Blois, and Bertha of Poland from his south-western neighbor. Expedition was a Burgundy. He became Count of Blois, Châteaudun, full success. On 14 May 1107 Svatopluk was entronized in Chartres and Reims after the death of his father in 996. He the Ducal throne in Prague. left no heirs; on his death, he was succeeded by his younger brother, Odo II, Count of Blois. The disputes between Boleslaw and his brother began again. The reason for the war was that Zbigniew and He married Garsende von Maine (Heribert33_). burning one of Boleslaw's castles. By the other hand, Count Theobald II of Blois and Garsende von Maine had the Zbigniew's pretext was the failure of his brother in the following children: conquest of Pomerania. In the winter of 1107/1108 the joined forces of Boleslaw and his Russian-Hungarian allies 1. Count Odo (Eudes) III of Blois31 . want to have a final battle with Zbigniew. They attacked Masovia and forced to the rebel Prince to capitulated, which 2. Count Hugo (Hugh) I of Blois. was banished from the country and his lands confiscated. 3. Baron Philipp of Chalon. Henceforth Boleslaw became the only and absolute ruler in 4. Count Stephen II Henry of Blois was born 1045. Poland. Count Theobald II died 1043 in Tours. Boleslaw devoted most of his life to the Pomeranian affairs. He had two clearly political objectives. The first was to birth date unknown. She strengthen the border of the Noteć River, and the second married King William I "The Conqueror" 1053. (See King was the subordination of Pomerania under the Poland rule William I "The Conqueror" for the children resulting from this but without incorporation of these lands outside Gdańsk marriage.) Pomerania. By 1113 Boleslaw strengthened his border lands between Pomerania and Poland. It proceeded along a Count Baldwin II of Hainault (Count Baldwin line from the Obra River and Warta, until the Noteć along "The Peaceable" of Flanders33, Princess Adelaide34_) born in with the renewal of the Vistula River. The other border- 1056 was count of Hainaut from 1071 to his death. He was crossing points were Santok, Wieleń, Nakło, Czarnków, the younger son of Baldwin VI, Count of Flanders and Ujście, and Wyszogród over the Vistula. Richilde, Countess of Mons and Hainaut.

In 1135, Boleslaw finally gave his belated oath of allegiance Baldwin became Count after the death of his older brother, to the new Emperor Lothair II (Lothar von Supplinburg), and Arnulf III, Count of Flanders. The family claim to the title paid twelve years past due tribute. The emperor granted Count of Flanders was lost by his brother's death, passing Boleslaw parts of Western Pomerania and Rügen as fiefs, instead to their uncle Robert the Fri. however the emperor was not in control of these areas and

Bolesław also failed to subdue them. He married Ida of Leuven (a daughter of Count Henry Before his death on October 28, 1138, Boleslaw Wrymouth II of Leuven and sister of Godfrey I of Leuven, Duke of published his testament dividing his lands among four of his Lower Lotharingia) in 1084. Their children were: sons. The "Senioral Principle" established in the testament stated that at all times the eldest member of the dynasty 1. Baldwin III, Count of Hainaut was to have supreme power over the rest and was also to 2. Louis, living 1096 control an indivisible "senioral part": a vast strip of land 3. Simon, a canon in Liege running north-south down the middle of Poland, with 4. Henry, living 1096 Kraków its chief city. The Senior's prerogatives also 5. Willem, died after 1117 included control over Pomerania, a fief of the Holy Roman 6. Arnould; m. Beatrix von Ath (b. c. 1075–before 1136), Empire. The "senioral principle" was soon broken, leading

13 daughter of Walter von Ath and Ade de Roucy transferred to Godfrey of Louvain. 7. Ide, (c. 1085–after 1101); 1m: Guy de Chievres; 2m: c. 1100 Thomas I de Coucy Henry later escaped and tried to retake Limburg and Lower 8. Richilde, (c. 1095–after 1118); m. c. 1115 (div. 1118) Lorrain. He failed and made peace with the new emperor Amaury IV de Montfort and duke. He continued nevertheless to employ the ducal 9. Aelidis, (before 1098–1153); m. Nicolas II de Rumigny. title as "Duke of Limburg," the first of a long line. He also readily joined revolts against Henry V, fighting at the side of Baldwin joined the First Crusade in the company of Godfrey Lothair, Duke of Saxony, at the victories of Andernach in of Bouillon (rather than with Robert II of Flanders, whose 1114 and Welphesholt on 11 February 1115. family was still at odds with his own), after selling some of his property to the Bishopric of Liège. In 1098 he was sent He married Adela of Pottenstein (Count Boso of back to Constantinople with Hugh of Vermandois after the Pottenstein33, Hartwig II of Pottenstein34, Count Ariba III35, siege of Antioch, to seek assistance from Byzantine Count Aribo II36, Count Ottakar I37, Count Arebo I38, Marquess emperor Alexius I. However, Baldwin disappeared during a Ernst II39, Marquess Ernst I40_) born 1061, daughter of Boso raid by the Seljuk Turks in Anatolia, and was presumably of Podenstein (also Botenstein or Pottenstein) and Judith of killed in 1098. Schweinfurt, daughter of Otto III, Duke of Swabia.

Count Albert III of Namur birth date unknown. Count Henry I of Limburg and Adela of Pottenstein had the Namur was not often an independent state, rather under the following child: dominion of other entities like the counties of Hainaut and 31 Flanders or the Duchy of Burgundy. 1. Count Valeran III of Limburg .

and three daughters. Count Albert III of Namur had the following child: Henry died 1119. Adela died 1107. 1. Ida of Namur31 .

Gerard I of Guelders (Gerard III of Wassenberg33, Count Henry I of Limburg (Count Valeran II of Gerard II of Wassenberg34, Gerard I of Wessenberg35_) was Limburg33, Count Valeran I of Arlon34, Count Conrad of Count of Guelders (c. 1096 - c. 1129). He married twice, Arlon35_) was born 1060. Count of Limburg and Arlon from once to Clémence of Aquitaine. He also married 1082 to his death and duke of Lower Lorraine between (Count Otto II of 1101 to 1106. He was the son of Waleran I of Limburg and Ermengarde of Zutphen 33 34 Jutta, daughter of Frederick, Duke of Lower Lorraine. Zutphen , Godschalk _).

He opposed Egilbert, Archbishop of Trier, and took back Gerard I of Guelders and Ermengarde of Zutphen had the some property which the former Countess Adela had given following child: to the church. Egilbert summoned him to return them, but 31 he refused and was excommunicated. Egilbert took up arms 1. Jutta of Guelders . and seriously defeated him. Gerard died 1131. Ermengarde died 1134. As advocate of the abbey of Sint-Truiden, a title he had inherited from his father, he intervened in the internal affairs Count Adalbert of Staffenberg (Count of the abbey. The abbot Herman, named by Poppo, Bishop Hermann of Staffenberg33_) birth date unknown. Count of Metz, and supported by Godfrey of Bouillon and Henry, Adalbert of Saffenberg had the following child: fell out with the Emperor Henry IV and the abbey was transferred to the authority of Arnold, Count of Loon. Arnold 1. Count Adolph of Staffenberg31 . forced Henry and Godfrey to withdraw from the monastery. Adalbert died 1110. After many local nobles left on the First Crusade, among them Godfrey, Henry's power in the region of Belgia was Frederick von Büren (Frederick33 _) birth date greatly increased and he abused it, especially against the unknown, married Hildegarde of Swabia (Duke monasteries. The emperor intervened and took Limburg in Otto II of Swabia33_). July 1101. Henry was now forced to make submission and he was granted the duchy of Lower Lorraine, which Godfrey Frederick van Buren and Hildegarde of Swabia had the had abandoned on Crusade. following children:

As duke, he fell into competition with Godfrey I of Louvain. 1. Baron Otto31 . He demonstrated little in the way of loyalty the emperor 2. Pfalzgraf Ludwig of Swabia. either. He joined Henry V against his father the emperor, but then turned back to the emperor's side. This was 3. Walter. unfortunate for the duke, for the emperor died in 1106 and 4. Conrad. the partisans of Henry V attacked those of his father. The 5. Adelheid. fields of Belgia were devastated, Limburg was taken, and 6. Duke Frederick I of Swabia was born 1050. Henry was imprisoned in Hildesheim. The duchy was Frederick died 1094.

14 Henry's son and namesake who had been elected German king in 1098 refused to recognize the authority of his father as emperor. During the conflict which subsequently followed, Henry IV was taken prisoner by his son in 1105. Escaping in the next year, Henry IV solicited aid from various sources, including England, Denmark, and France. He died at Liege while gathering an army.

Kaiser Heinrich IV (King Kaiser Heinrich III33, Kaiser Konrad II34, Emperor Frederick35 II_) was born in Goslar,

Germany November 11, 1050. King of Germany from 1056 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1084 until his forced He married Bertha of Savoy born September 21, abdication in 1105. He was the third emperor of the Salian 1051. Bertha of Savoy was a daughter of Otto of Savoy dynasty and one of the most powerful and important figures (also called Eudes and Odo) and Adelaide of Susa. Her of the . His reign was marked by the Investiture maternal grandparents were Ulric Manfred II of and Controversy with the Papacy and several civil wars with Bertha of the Obertenghi. pretenders to his throne in Italy and Germany. As children, during the lifetime of Emperor Henry III, Bertha Henry was the youngest son of the Emperor Henry III, by and Henry IV were betrothed on 25 December 1055 in his third wife Agnes de Poitou, and was probably born at the Zürich. The wedding took place on 13 July 1066 in Trebur. royal villa at Goslar. While Bertha was apparently in love with Henry from the outset, Henry initially viewed his wife with aversion. During his minority his mother, Agnes of Poitou, ruled in his Although she was apparently a pretty young woman, the name. After Henry came to age in 1065 he crushed a Saxon chronicler Bruno, an avowed opponent of Henry IV, rebellion in Saxony. About that time began the struggle reported on the Emperor's continual unfaithfulness: "He had between the pope and the emperor for temporal power in two or three Kebsweiber (concubines) at the same time, in the Empire. Despite the papal decree that lay investiture addition [to his wife], yet he was not content. If he heard that would be punished by excommunication, Henry appointed someone had a young and pretty daughter or wife, he prelates in various parts of Italy in 1075. On being instructed that she be supplied to him by force. (...) His reprimanded by Pope Gregory VII, Henry convoked a beautiful and noble wife Bertha (...) was in such a manner German council at Worms in 1076 to depose the pope. hated by him that he never saw her after the wedding any This act resulted in the excommunication of Henry and the more than necessary, since he had not celebrated the release of his subjects from allegiance to him. Thereupon, wedding out of free will.” the nobles formed a coalition, threatening not to recognize Henry unless he could secure absolution b February of In 1069, Henry began procedures for a divorce, supplying 1077. By dressing as a penitent and standing barefoot in what was for the time an unusually honest reason for the the snow for three days outside the castle of Canossa, divorce: "The king explained publicly (before the princes), where Pope Gregory VII was staying, Henry was able to that his relationship with his wife was not good; for a long obtain readmission to the communion of the Church. time he had deceived others, but now he did not want to do so any longer. He could not accuse her of anything that The German nobles, however, elected Rudolh of Swabia to justified a divorce, but he was not capable of carrying out replace Henry, causing civil war. In 1080 the pope conjugal relations with her any longer. He asked them for recognized the kingship of Rudolph and re-excommunicated the sake of God to remove him from the bonds of a Henry. After the death of Rudolph in that same year, Henry marriage closed under bad signs ... so that the way to a continued the war in Italy, capturing Rome in 1082. Two luckier marriage might be opened. And nobody knowing any years later he declared Pope Gregory VII deposed and had objection to raise, and his wife being an obstacle to a the German bishop Guibert elected antipope under the title second marriage ceremony, he then swore that she was as of Clement III. After being successively crowned Holy he received her, unstained and her virginity intact." Roman Emperor by Guibert and being driven from Rome by Robert Guiscard, Henry returned to Germany and there The German episcopacy dared not submit to the King's participated in a long series of civil wars, in which his sons demands, and called on Pope Alexander II for assistance. eventually turned against him. In 1104, following the He sent Petrus Damiani as his Legate to the Synod in renewal of Henry's excommunication by Pope Paschal II, Frankfurt, and rejected the divorce. Henry then apparently

15 submitted to his fate, his first daughter by Bertha being born him to drop out, nevertheless convincing his barons to go in the year after the divorce attempt. east. Thereafter, he took little part in imperial affairs, preferring not to intervene between Henry IV and his son Bertha also accompanied her husband on his dangerous Henry, or against Lothair of Supplinburg, duke of Saxony. journey to Canossa, carrying her three-year-old son Conrad. She remained with her husband between 25-28 Duke Thierry II died January 23, 1115. January 1077 in freezing cold weather before the walls of the castle, in order to reach the solution to Henry's dispute Seigneur Roger de Beaumont was born c. with the Pope. Together with Henry, Bertha later also 1015. Son of Humphrey de Vielles (himself a great-nephew journeyed to Rome, and on 31 March 1084 was crowned of the Duchess Gunnora of Normandy) and his wife Albreda Empress. de la Haye Auberie, Roger de Beaumont, Lord of Beaumont-le-Roger and Pont-Audemer, Viscount of Kaiser Henrich IV and Bertha of Savoy had the following Hiesmes, was thus a second cousin once removed of the children: Conqueror.

1. Adelheid (1070-4 June 1079) Roger was nicknamed Barbatus or La Barbe because he 2. Henry (1071-2 August 1071) wore a moustache and beard while the Normans usually 3. Agnes of Germany (1072/73-24 September 1143) were clean shaven. This peculiarity is recognized in the 4. Conrad (12 February 1074-27 July 1101), later Roman- thirty-second panel of the Bayeux Tapestry where he is German King and King of Italy depicted sitting at a feast with Duke William on his left hand, Odo, brother of William and Bishop of Bayeux, in the center. On 27 December 1087, Bertha died in Mainz. Heinrich died August 7, 1106 in Liege, Belgium, at 55 years of age. His Planché tells us that "he was the noblest, the wealthiest, body was interred Speyer Cathedral, Speyer, Germany. and the most valiant seigneur of Normandy, and the greatest and most trusted friend of the Danish family." There is an explanation for this - as an older cousin who Duke Thierry II de Lorraine (Duke Gerard33, had never rebelled against the young Duke, he was part of Count Gerard of Metz34 _) called the Valiant, was the duke the kinship group of noblemen that William relied upon in of Lorraine from 1070 to his death. He was the son and governing Normandy and fighting off frequent rebellion and successor of Gerhard and Hedwige de Namur. He is invasions. The historian Frank McLynn notes that William sometimes numbered Theodoric I if the dukes of the House relied on relatives descended via his mother (namely his of Ardennes, who ruled in Upper Lorraine from 959 to 1033, half-brothers and brothers-in-law) and on relatives are ignored in favor of the dukes of Lower Lorraine as descended from the Duchess Gunnora's sisters, since his predecessors of the later dukes of Lorraine. own paternal kin had proved unreliable.

In fact, Sophia, the daughter of Duke Frederick II of the Wace, the 12th century historian, says that "at the time of House of Ardennes, who had inherited the counties of Bar the invasion of England, Roger was summoned to the great and Montbéliard, had a husband named Louis, who council at Lillebonne, on account of his wisdom; but that he contested the succession. In order to receive the support of did not join in the expedition as he was too far advanced in his brother, he gave him the county of Vaudémont and years." Although Roger could not fight, he did not hesitate in convened an assembly of nobles, who elected him duke contributing his share of the cost, for he provided at his own over Louis. Soon Louis was dead, but his son, Theodoric II expense sixty vessels for the conveyance of the troops of Bar, claimed the succession anyway. However, Emperor across the channel. Furthermore, his eldest son and heir Henry IV confirmed Theodoric the Valiant in the duchy. fought bravely at Hastings as noted in several contemporary Probably for this reason, Theodoric remained faithful to the records. As a result, Roger's elder sons were awarded rich emperors throughout his rule. He fought the Saxons while lands in England, and both eventually were made English they were at war with the Emperor between 1070 and 1078 earls by the sons of the Conqueror. and he opposed the popes Gregory VII and Urban II when they were in conflict with the Emperor. He married circa 1048 or earlier Adeline de Meulan (Count Waleran33, Robert II34, Count Robert I35_) (ca. 1014- His first wife was Hedwig von Formbach (Count 1020 - 1081), daughter of Waleran III, Count de Meulan and Frederich33_) born 1050, daughter of Frederick, count of Oda de Conteville, and sister and heiress of a childless Formbach, they married around 1075. They had the Count of Meulan. Meulan eventually passed to their elder following children: son who became Count of Meulan in 1081. Their surviving

children were: 1. Simon, his successor in Lorraine 2. Gertrude (d. 1144), married Floris II of Holland 1. Robert de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Leicester, Count of

Hedwig died 1100. Meulan (b ca 1049 - 1118) who succeeded his father in the major part of his lands, and who fought in his first His second wife was Gertrude (1080-1117), daughter of battle at Hastings. 2. Henry de Beaumont, 1st , Robert I of Flanders and Gertrude of Saxony. overshadowed by his elder brother, but who In 1095, he planned to take up the Cross (i.e., go on established a more enduring line of Beaumont earls at Crusade, specifically the First), but his ill health provoked Warwick Castle.

16 3. William de Beaumont (not mentioned in most sources). Count Hugh de Claremont birth date unknown. 4. Alberee de Beaumont, Abbess of Eton. Count Hugh de Claremont had the following child:

Roger died in 1094. 1. Alice31 de Claremont.

Count Geoffrey du Perche birth date unknown, Robert Bigod (Robert33 Bigod I, Thuurstain34 de Goz, married Beatrice de Montdidier (Count Ansfred35, Ansfred "The Dane"36 , Hrollager37, Count 33 Hilduin _). Count Geoffrey du Perche and Beatrice de Rogenwald38_) birth date unknown. Robert Bigod had the Montdidier had the following children: following child:

31 1. Margaret du Perche. 1. Roger31 de Bigod. 2. Count Rotrou "The Great" du Perche. Robert of Belvior de Toeny birth date unknown, Richard FitzGilbert de Clare (Count Gilbert of had the following child: Brionne33 , Godfrey of Brionne and Eu34_) was born in Brionne, Normandy 1035. He was the son of Gilbert 1. Alice31 de Toeny. "Crispin", Count of Brionne. Richard was the founder of the English noble family, the de Clares. 32 33 Maldred (Maldred , Crinan the Thane_) birth date Known as "de Bienfaite", "de Clare", and "de ", he unknown. He eceived Winlanton from the Bishop of accompanied his reputed kinsman William, Duke of Durham in 1084. Normandy into England. He served at the Battle of Hastings, and assisted William in subduing the Anglo- Maldred had the following child: Saxons. 1. Uchtred fitz31 Maldred.

He was rewarded with 176 lordships and large grants of land in England, including the right to build the castles of Baldricus Teutonicus (Wigelius33 De Courci, Lord Clare and of Tonbridge. took the name Charles34 Courci_) birth date unknown. Baldricus Earl of Clare from one of his lordships in Suffolk, where Teutonicus had the following child: parts of the wall of Clare Castle still stand. 1. Gilbert31 He served as Joint Chief in William's absence, and played a major part in suppressing the revolt of 1075. Earl (Roger I "The

On William's death, Richard and other great Norman Great"33, Hugh34_) He married Mabel Talvas (Lord barons, including Odo of Bayeux, Robert, Count of Mortain , William II33, Senor William I34 de Belleme, Yves I35 de Creil_) William fitzOsbern and Geoffrey of Coutances, led a 1048. They had the following child: rebellion against the rule of William Rufus in order to place Robert Curthose on the throne. However, most Normans in 1. Sibyl31 de Montgomery. England remained loyal. William Rufus and his army successfully attacked the rebel strongholds at Tonbridge, Roger died July 27, 1094. Pevensey and Rochester. Baron Amaury II de Montfort (Baron William of He married Rohese Giffard 1054, (ca. 1034-aft. Hainaut33, Amaury I34 _) birth date unknown. Baron Amaury 1113), daughter of Sir Walter Giffard, Lord of Longueville, II de Montfort had the following child: and Agnes Flaitel. They had the following children: 1. Simon de Montfort31 L.Amaury. 1. Walter de Clare, Lord of Nether Gwent (1058-1138) 2. Ronais Fitz Gilbert (1060-?) Count Richard of Evreux (Archbishop Robert of 3. Richard Fitz Richard de Clare, Abbot of Ely (1062- Rouen33_) birth date unknown. Count Richard of Evreux had 1107) the following child: 4. Roger Fitz Richard de Clare (1064-1131) 5. Gilbert Fitz Richard (1065-115) 1. Agnes31 Evereux. 6. Robert Fitz Richard, Lord of Little Dunmow, Baron of Baynard (1064-1136) William I de Garland birth date unknown, had the 7. Rohese de Clare (1067-1121) following child: 8. Adelize de Clare (1069-1138) 1. Count Anselm31 de Garland. Richard died in St. Neot's Priory, a Benedictine monastery in what is now the town of St Neots in the English county of Cambridgeshire within the district of Huntingdonshire, in 1090.

17 Count Guy le Rouge de Montlhery (Lord Guy and stratagem." His wife Isabella remarried in 1118 to I33 deMontlhery, Lord Thibault34 de Montlhery, Baron William de Warenne, 2nd Earl of Surrey. Bouchard II35, Baron Bouchard I36, Alberic37 _) birth date unknown. Earl Ralph II de Guader (Ralph "The Staller"33 _) (otherwise Radulf Waders or Ralph Wader) was the Earl of He married Elize de Corbiel (Count Bouchard II of East Anglia (Norfolk and Suffolk) and Lord of Gaël and Corbiel33 , Count William of Corbiel34, Count Mauger of Montfort (Seigneur de Gaël et Montfort). Corbiel35_). They had the following child: He was born before 1042, most probably about 1040 in Hereford, as not later than 1060 he attested, in company 1. Daughter31 le Rouge with other Bretons, a notification at Angers as son of Ralph the Staller. He inherited the great Breton barony of Gaël, Count Robert of Meulan de Beaumont which comprised more than forty parishes. In England, (Roger33 de Bello-Mont, Seigneur Humphrey34 de Vielles, whether by inheritance or by grant from the Crown, he held Turof of Pontaudemar35 , Torf the Rich36, Bernard "The large estates in Norfolk, as well as property in Suffolk, Dane"37_) was born 1046. 1st Earl of Leicester and Count of Essex, Hertford, and possibly other counties. In some of Meulan. He was the eldest son of Roger de Beaumont and these estates he certainly succeeded his father, but it is not Adeline of Meulan, daughter of Waleran III, Count de known whether he obtained the Earldom immediately on his Meulan, and an older brother of Henry de Beaumont, 1st father’s death. Earl of War. He married, in or before 1075, Emma of Hereford He accompanied William the Conqueror to England in 1066, (William33 Fitz Osbern, Osbern34 de Crepon, Herfast35_), where his service earned him more than 91 lordships and daughter of William FitzOsbern, 1st Earl of Hereford and manors. When his mother died in 1081, Robert inherited the Alice or Adelise (or Adelissa), daughter of Roger I of Tosny. title of Count of Meulan in Normandy, also the title of His daughter with Emma, Amice, married Robert de Viscount Ivry and Lord of Norton. He did homage to Philip I Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Leicester. of France for these estates and sat as French Peer in the

Parliament held at Poissy. Earl Ralph II de Guader and Emma of Hereford had the

following child: At the Battle of Hastings Robert was appointed leader of the infantry on the right wing of the army. 1. Amice de Montfort31 de Waer.

In 1096 he married (Isabel) Elizabeth de In 1075 the king's refusal to sanction this marriage caused a Vermandois, daughter of Hugh Magnus and a scion of revolt in his absence by Ralph, his new brother-in-law the French royal family. Their children were: Roger de Breteuil, 2nd Earl of Hereford and Waltheof, 1st Earl of Northumberland. The revolt was plagued by disaster. 1. Emma de Beaumont (born 1102) Waltheof lost heart and confessed the conspiracy to 2. Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Leicester (born , who urged Earl Roger to return to his allegiance, 1104) and finally excommunicated him and his adherents - 3. Waleran IV de Beaumont, Count of Meulan (born 1104) Waltheof was later executed by William. Ralph encountered 4. Hugh de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Bedford (born c. 1106) a much superior force under the warrior bishops Odo of 5. Adeline de Beaumont Bayeux and Geoffrey de Montbray (the latter ordered that 6. Aubree de Beaumont, married Hugh II of Château- all rebels should have their right foot cut off!) near neuf-Thimerais. Cambridge and retreated hurriedly to Norwich, hotly 7. Maud de Beaumont, married William Lovel. (b. c. 1102) pursued by the royal army. Leaving his wife to defend 8. Isabel de Beaumont, a mistress of King Henry I of Norwich Castle, he sailed for Denmark in search of help, England. and eventually returned to England with a fleet of 200 ships under Cnut and Hakon, which failed to do anything Robert and his brother Henry were members of the Royal effective. hunting party in the , when William Rufus received his mysterious death wound, 2 August 1100. He Meanwhile the Countess held out in Norwich until she then pledged allegiance to William Rufus' brother, Henry I of obtained terms for herself and her followers, who were England, who created him Earl of Leicester in 1107. deprived of their lands, but were allowed forty days to leave the realm. Thereupon the Countess retired to her estate in On the death of William Rufus, William, Count of Evreux Brittany, where she was rejoined by her husband. Ralph and Ralph de Conches made an incursion into Robert's was deprived of all his lands and of his Earldom. Norman estates, on the pretence that they had suffered injury through some advice that Robert had given to the For the rest of his life he remained a great baron of Brittany, King; their raid was very successful for they collected a vast with no interests in England. In 1076, having plotted against booty. Duke Hoel of Brittany, he was besieged at Dol, and the Conqueror came to Hoel's aid; but Ralph finally made his Robert died June 1118. According to Henry of Huntingdon, peace. Robert died of shame after "a certain earl carried off the lady he had espoused, either by some intrigue or by force

18 In 1089 he attested the judgment in a dispute between the Count Geoffrey III of Gatinais birth date monks of Redon, Ille-et-Vilaine and the chaplains of the Duke of Brittany. He also attested a charter of Alan IV, Duke unknown. He married Beatrix of Macon. She was of Brittany, in favor of St.Georges at Rennes (1084-1096). the daughter of Comte Gerard I de Macon and Hieress The Conqueror being dead, Ralph appears in Normandy Maurette de Salins. c.1093 as a witness in the record of a suit between the Count Geoffrey III of Gatinais and Beatrix of Macon had the abbots of Lonlay and St.Florent. There is, however, no following child: record of religious benefactions by him in Brittany.

31 In 1096, accompanied by his wife and under Robert 1. Geoffrey of Gastinois Ferole

Curthose, he went on Crusade. He was one of the Breton Beatrix died 1230. leaders who took part in the siege of Nicaea, after which he joined Bohemund I of Antioch’s division of the army. Fulk III "the Black" of (Geoffrey I Both Ralph and his wife Emma died on the road to Grisegonelle of Anjou33, Fulk II "The Good" of Anjou34, Fulk I Palestine in the course of the Crusade. "The Red" of Anjou35, Ingelgerius36_) was born 970. Called Nerra (that is, le Noir, "the Black") after his death he was Count of Anjou from 21 July 987 to his death. He was the Ivo de Grantmesnil (Hugh I33, Robert34_) birth date son of Geoffrey Greymantle and Adelaide of Vermandois. unknown, married Daughter of Gilbert (Gilbert33 De Gant, Raoul34 de Gant, Count Adalbert of Gand35 _). Ivo de Fulk was the founder of Angevin power. He was only fifteen Grandmesnil (d. 1101 or 1102), son of Hugh de years of age when he succeeded his father. He had a Grandmesnil, was a Norman magnate in England and a violent but also pious temperament, partial to acts of participant in the First Crusade, in 1096. extreme cruelty as well as penitence. In probably his most notorious act, he had his first wife (and cousin) Elisabeth of Ivo participated in the first crusade in 1096, following Robert Vendôme burned to death at the stake in her wedding Curthose, Duke of Normandy. Having been among the dress, after discovering her in adultery with a goatherd in nobles who rebelled against William Rufus in 1088, December 999. He made four pilgrimages to the Holy Land participation in the crusade was a good way to avoid the in 1002, 1008, and 1038. In 1007, he built the great abbey English king's wrath. However, Ivo became a figure of some at Beaulieu-lès-Loches. derision when, during the Siege of Antioch he and some his compatriots (including his brother) panicked, let themselves He fought against the claims of the counts of Rennes, over the city walls by rope and fled back home. defeating and killing Conan I of Rennes at the Battle of Conquereuil on 27 June 992. He then extended his power After the death of his father in 1098, he inherited the town over the Counties of Maine and Touraine. and castle of Leicester and additional estates, assuming the title of Sheriff of Leicester. All of his enterprises came up against the no less violent ambition of Odo II of Blois, against whom he made an He was among the barons supporting the claims of Robert alliance with the Capetians. On 6 July 1016, he defeated Curthose against his brother Henry I in 1100. Odo at the Battle of Pontlevoy. In 1025, after capturing and burning the city of Saumur, Fulk reportedly cried, "Saint In 1102, after the attempt to put Curthose on the English Florentius, let yourself be burned. I will build you a better throne had failed, Ivo was severely fined by King Henry I for home in Angers." However, when the transportation of the waging private war against his neighbors. He sought the saint's relics to Angers proved difficult, Fulk declared that help of Robert de Beaumont, who agreed to help Ivo return Florentius was a rustic lout unfit for the city, and sent the to the king's favor, and took mortgage of Ivo's lands for relics back to Saumur. fifteen years in return for a large sum which Ivo would use to go back to the Holy Land. In addition, he agreed to Fulk also commissioned many buildings. Throughout his eventually marry the infant daughter of his brother Henry de reign, while fighting against the Bretons and Blesevins, Beaumont, 1st Earl of Warwick to Ivo's young son, and to protecting his territory from Vendôme to Angers and from return the mortgaged lands to the son. there to Montrichard, he had more than a hundred castles, donjons, and abbeys constructed, including those at Ivo de Grantmesnil and Daughter of Gilbert had the Château-Gontier, Loches (a stone keep), and Montbazon. following child: He built the donjon at Langeais (990), one of the first stone castles. These numerous pious foundations, however, 1. Hugh II31 de Grantmesnil. followed many acts of violence against the church.

Ivo de Grandmesnil and his wife died on the pilgrimage in By his first wife Elisabeth, he had one daughter: 1101 or 1102, but Robert de Beaumont retained control of his estates even after the end of the fifteen years, 1. Adelaide. dispossessing Ivo's sons. Deathbed attempts to induce him to return them were unavailing. Two years later Henry I By his second wife (1001), Hildegard of Sundgau, he had made plans to return the lands to the sons, who were two children: probably serving in the king's household, but both died in the wreck of the White Ship in 1120.

19 1. Count Geoffrey of Anjou31 . He married Adelais of dead by 1018. They had two sons and a daughter. Vermandois. 2. Ermengard d'Anjou was born 1018 His third wife was Agnes of Burgundy de

Macon daughter of Otto-William, Duke of Burgundy. Her Fulk died June 21, 1040 in Metz while returning from his last second husband was Geoffrey II of Anjou. They had two pilgrimage. He is buried in the chapel of his monastery at sons and a daughter also: Beaulieu.

1. Peter William, later duke as William VII William III "The Great" of Aquitaine born 969, 2. Guy Geoffrey, later duke as William VIII called the Great (le Grand), was Duke of Aquitaine and 3. Agnes (or Ala), married Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor Count of Poitou (as William II or III) from 990 until his death. (1043) He was the son and successor of William IV by his wife Emma, daughter of Theobald I of Blois. He seems to have His reign ended in peace and he died on the last (or second taken after his formidable mother, who ruled Aquitaine as to last) day of January 1030 at Maillezais, which he founded regent until 1004. He was a friend to Bishop Fulbert of and where he is buried. Agnes died November 10, 1068. Chartres, who found in him another Maecenas, and founded a cathedral school at Poitiers. He himself was very well Duke Robert I of Burgundy (King Robert II "The educated, a collector of books, and turned the prosperous Pious" of France33, King Hugh Capet34, Count Hugh "The court of Aquitaine into the learning centre of Southern Great" of Neustria Capet35, King Robert I of France36, France. Adelaide of Tours37_) was born 1011. Duke of Burgundy between 1032 to his death, Robert was son of King Robert Though a cultivated prince, he was a failure in the field. He II of France and brother of Henry I. called in the aid of his suzerain Robert II of France in subduing his vassal, Boso of La Marche. Together, they yet In 1025, with the death of his eldest brother Hugh Magnus, failed. Eventually, Boso was chased from the duchy. He had he and Henry rebelled against their father and defeated to contain the Vikings who yearly threatened his coast, but him, forcing him back to Paris. In 1031, after the death of in 1006, he was defeated by Viking invaders. He lost the his father the king, Robert participated in a rebellion against Loudunais and Mirebalais to Fulk Nerra, count of Anjou. He his brother, in which he was supported by his mother, had to give up Confolens, Ruffec, and Chabanais to Queen Constance d'Arles. Peace was only achieved when compensate William II of Angoulême, but Fulbert negotiated Robert was given Burgundy (1032). a treaty (1020) outlining the reciprocal obligations of vassal and suzerain. He married his first wife, Helie of Semur, about 1033, she was the daughter of Damas I de Semur-en-Brionnais and However, his court was a centre of artistic endeavour and Aremburge de Bourgogne. Robert repudiated her in 1055. he its surest patron. His piety and culture brought peace to his vast feudum and he tried to stem the tide of feudal Robert and Helie had five children: warfare then destroying the unity of many European nations by supporting the current Peace and Truce of God 1. Hugh31 . movements initiated by Pope and Church. He founded 2. Robert of Burgundy. Maillezais Abbey (1010) and Bourgueil Abbey. He rebuilt the cathedral and many other religious structures in Poitiers 3. Simon of Burgundy. after a fire. He travelled widely in Europe, annually visiting 4. Henry of Burgundy was born 1035. Rome or Spain as a pilgrim. Everywhere he was greeted 5. Constance of Burgundy was born 1046. with royal pomp. His court was of an international flavor, receiving ambassadors from the Emperor Henry II, Alfonso He married Ermengard d'Anjou 1048. Ermengard was V of León, Canute the Great, and even his suzerain, Robert born 1018. She was the daughter of Fulk III "the Black" of of France. Anjou.

In 1024–1025, an embassy from Italy, sent by Ulric Manfred Duke Robert I of Burgundy and Ermengard d'Anjou had the II of Turin, came to France seeking a king of their own, the following child: Henry II having died. The Italians asked for Robert's son Hugh Magnus, co-king of France, but Robert refused to 1. Hildegard of Burgundy was born 1050. allow his son to go and the Italians turned to William, whose character and court impressed many. He set out for Italy to Throughout his reign, he was little more than a robber baron consider the proposal, but the Italian political situation who had no control over his own vassals, whose estates he convinced him to renounce the crown for him and his heirs. often plundered, especially those of the Church. He seized Most of his surviving six letters deal with the Italian the income of the diocese of Autun and the wine of the proposal. canons of Dijon. He burgled the abbey of St-Germain at Auxerre. In 1055, he repudiated his wife, Helie of Semur, He was married three times. His first wife was Adalemode and assassinated her brother Joceran and murdered her of Limoges, widow of Adalbert I of La Marche. They had father, his father-in-law, Lord Dalmace I of Semur, with his one son. His second wife was Sancha of Gascony (or own hands. In that same year, the bishop of Langres, Brisa/Prisca), daughter of Duke William II Sánchez of Harduoin, refused to dedicate the church of Sennecy so as Gascony and sister of Duke Sancho VI William. She was not "to be exposed to the violence of the duke."

20

His first son, Hugh, died in battle at a young age and his Secondly he married Poppa of Envermeu, by whom he had second son, Henry, also predeceased him. He was two sons. succeeded by Henry's eldest son, his grandson, Hugh I. Judith died 1017. Richard died August 28, 1026. Robert died March 21, 1076 in Fleury-sur-Ouche. Ermengard died March 18, 1076 in Fleury-sur-Ouche. Fulbert Tanner birth date unknown. Fulbert of Falaise (fl. 11th century) was the father of Herleva, mother of the illegitimate William the Conqueror, the 11th-century Duke of Normandy and King of England. The evidence is not beyond dispute, but Fulbert has traditionally been held to be a tanner, which was a common occupation in Falaise, and in King William's later life he was often taunted by enemies who pretended he stank of the tannery. After the birth of William, Fulbert was given a subordinate office at the Norman court, along with his two sons, Osbert and Walter.

He married Duxia. Fulbert Tanner and Duxia had the following children:

1. Beatrice31 . 2. Officer Herleva (Arlette) was born 1012.

Baldwin IV "The Bearded" of Flanders (Count Arnolph II of Flanders33, Count Baldwin III of Flanders34, Count Arnolph I "The Great" of Flanders35, Count Baldwin II "The Bald" of Flanders36_) was born 980. Known as the Bearded, he was Count of Flanders from 988 until his Duke Richard II "The Good" of Normandy death. He was the son of Arnulf II of Flanders. His mother was Rozala of Lombardy. (Duke Richard I "The Fearless" of Normandy33, Duke William

I "Longsword" of Normandy34, Duke Rolf "The Ganger" In contrast to his predecessors Baldwin turned his attention Ragnvaldsson35, Ragnald I "The Wise" of More to the east and north, leaving the southern part of his Eysteinsson36, Eystein37 Glumra, Earl Ivar38 , Halfdan "The territory in the hands of his vassals the counts of Guînes, Old"39, Sveide "The Viking"40_) was born 23 August 963, in Hesdin, and St. Pol. Normandy, France.

Called the Good, he was the son and heir of Richard I the To the north of the county Baldwin was given Zeeland as a Fearless and Gunnora. He succeeded his father as Duke of fief by the Holy Roman Emperor Henry II, while on the right Normandy in 996. Richard held his own against a peasant bank of the Scheldt river he received Valenciennes (1013) insurrection, and helped Robert II of France against the and parts of the Cambresis and Hainaut. duchy of Burgundy. He also repelled an English attack on the Cotentin Peninsula that was led by Ethelred II of In the French territories of the count of Flanders, the England. He pursued a reform of the Norman monasteries. supremacy of the Baldwini remained unchallenged. They organized a great deal of colonization of marshland along Richard attempted to improve relations with England the coastline of Flanders and enlarged the harbor and city through his sister's marriage to King Ethelred, but she was of Brugge. strongly disliked by the English. However, this connection Baldwin first married Ogive of Luxembourg, by whom he later gave his grandson, William the Conqueror, part of his had a son and heir Baldwin V. Ogive died 1030. claim to the throne of England.

He later married Eleanor of Normandy daughter of Richard He married firstly (996) Judith (982-1017), daughter of II of Normandy, by whom he had at least one daughter Conan I of Brittany, by whom he had the following issue: Judith who married Welf I, Duke of Bavaria.

1. Duke Richard III of Normandy31 . Baldwin died May 30, 1035. 2. William (Nicholas). 3. Alice. Alice died 1037. She married Count Renaud of Mormaer Crinan (Grimus) (Mormaer Duncan of Burgundy. Athol33_) born 975, was the lay abbot of the diocese of 4. Eleanor of Normandy. Eleanor died 1071. She Dunkeld, and perhaps the Mormaer of Atholl. Crínán was married Count Baldwin IV of Flanders. progenitor of the House of Dunkeld, the dynasty who would 5. Archbishop Mauger of Rouen. rule Scotland until the late 13th century. 6. Duke Robert I "The Devil" of Normandy was born 1008.

21 Crinán was married to Bethoc, daughter of King Malcolm II Giles Hill. His body was interred Crowland. He of Scotland. married Judith of Normandy 1070.

Heiress Bethoc (Beatrix) (King Malcolm II33 Siward was encouraged to settle disputes between his deputies Carl the Hold of York and Eadulf the Earl of Mackenneth , King Kenneth II34 MacMalcolm, King Malcolm35 Bamburgh, but was ultimately unsuccessful. The dispute MacDonald, King Donald II36 , King Constantine I37, King had started in 1016 when Uchtred the Bold was murdered Kenneth38 MacAlpin , King Alpin39 , King IV "The by Carl's father Thurbrand the Hold during the meeting with Poisonous"40, King Aed Find "The Fair"41, King Eochaid III42, King Canute I. Eadulf had been Earl (only of Bernicia) since King Eochaid II "Crooked-Nose"43, King Domangart II44, King the death of his brother Ealdred, Earl of Bernicia, Uchtred's Domnall Brecc "The Speckled or Pock-Marked"45, King oldest son, sometime after 1019. Ealdred had ended up Eochaid Buide "The Yellow Hiared"46, King Aedan47, King killing Thurband the Hold to avenge his father and in turn Gabhran48, King Domangart49, King Fergus Mor "The Carl the Hold killed Ealdred. Great"50, Erc51, Eochaid52, King Eochaid53, King Corbred

(Cairbre)54, King Conaire55, Moglama56_), In 1041 Eadulf III of Bernicia, the Earl of the North-East,

was killed. The assailant was probably Siward, who became As Malcolm II had no son, the strongest hereditary claim to Earl of . Siward continued to rule all of the Scottish throne descended through Bethóc, and Northumbria (including Bernicia) from 1041 until his death in Crinán's eldest son Donnchad I (reigned 1034-1040), 1055. His marriage produced two sons, the older Osbearne, became King of Scots. Some sources indicate that Malcolm who died in battle in 1054, and the younger Waltheof, who II designated Duncan as his successor under the rules of eventually became Earl of Northumbria. tanistry because there were other possible claimants to the throne. Siward served as a general to King Harthacanute (second

son of King Canute) and Edward the Confessor, and gained Mormaer Crinan (Grimus) and Heiress Bethoc (Beatrix) had great renown for his skills as a soldier. In 1053, Edward the the following children: Confessor agreed to assist the now adult Malcolm in taking

the throne of Scotland, and designated Siward as leader of 1. Lord Maldred of Scotland31 . the English army (over 10,000 strong. 2. daughter. 3. daughter. In 1054 Siward led the English invasion of Scotland. He 4. King Duncan I "The Gracious" of Scotland was born defeated Macbeth's forces when the two armies clashed on 1001. July 27 (some historians suggest that Siward's army disguised their attack by concealing themselves behind tree Crinán was killed in battle in 1045 at Dunkeld. branches and wood "used as camouflage" from nearby Birnam forest). The Annals of Ulster reported that the Battle Earl Ealred (Siward) of Northumberland of Dunsinane left 3000 Scots and 1500 English dead. Thus, Sigurd Björnsson, also known as Siward the Dane (died the incursion was met with limited success, even though it 1055), was an English nobleman in the eleventh century, succeeded in capturing the fortress of Dunsinane. and the earl of Northumbria. Siward died in York in early 1055, never seeing the final Siward was allegedly a descendant of the Danish royal defeat of Macbeth. Siward himself deeply regretted 'dying family, whose ancestors may have arrived in England a few like a cow' and not having been killed in battle. He is generations earlier as part of the Norse colonization of reputed to have risen from his death-bed and donned his Britain. Some historians suggest that Siward arrived in armor to meet his end more fittingly. Siward is reputedly England with King Canute I and that Canute invested the buried at St Olave's Church, York, which he is said to have title and position of Earl of York onto him in 1031. founded.

In 1033 Siward married into the Northumbrian princely house, that of Bamburgh (after winning their admiration as a warrior) by taking Aelfled of Bernicia (Lord EAldred of Bernicia32, Uchtred "The Bold"33, Earl Walthe of Northumberland34_), granddaughter of Uchtred, former Earl of Northumbria, as his wife and thus strengthening his own position in that domain. Some sources say that through this marriage, Siward was then distantly related to Duncan; another version is that Siward's own sister became wife of king Duncan. This relation to the Scottish royal family would later affect the landscape of Scottish politics.

Earl Ealred (Siward) of Northumberland and AEfflaed of Bernicia had the following children:

1. Aelflaed (Sybil) of Northumbria31 . 2. Walter of Huntingdon. Walter died May 31, 1076 in St.

22 renewed Danish siege of and won repeated victories over Canute. However, on 18 October Canute decisively defeated him at the Battle of Ashingdon in Essex. After the battle the two kings negotiated a peace in which Edmund kept Wessex while Canute held the lands north of the River Thames. In addition, they agreed that if one of them should perish, territories belonging to the deceased would be ceded to the living.

On 30 November 1016, King Edmund II died in Oxford or London and his territories were ceded to Canute who then became king of England. The cause of Edmund's death has never been clear, with many accounts listing natural causes, while others suggest that he was assassinated. Edmund was buried at Glastonbury Abbey in Somerset. His burial site is now lost. During the Dissolution of the Monasteries any remains of a monument or crypt were destroyed and the location of his body is unknown. King Edmund II "Ironside" (King AEthelred II 33 34 "The Unready" , King Edgar "The Peaceful" , King Edmund Margrave Ludolphe of Saxony (Margrave I "The Magnificent"35, King Edward "The Elder" of England36, Brunon II of Saxony33, Count Brunon I of Brunswick34, Henry King Alfred "The Great"37, King AEthelwulf38, King Egbert39, I "The Quarelsome" of Bavaria35, King Henry I "The Under-King Ealhmund of Kent40, Eafa41, Eoppa42, Ingeld43, Fowler"36, Duke Otto of Saxony37, Count Liudolf of Cenred44, Ceolwold45, Cuthwulf (Cutha)46, Cuthwine47, King Saxony38_) birth date unknown. 48 49 50 51 52 Ceawlin , King Cynric , King Cerdic , Elesa , Elsa , Gewis53, Wig54, Freawine55, Frithugar56, Brond57, Baeldaeg58, He married Gertrude (Arnold of Gand33_). They had the Woden59, Frithuwald60, Frealaf61, Frithuwulf62, Finn63_) was born 989. Surnamed "Ironside" for his efforts to fend off following child: the Danish invasion led by King Canute, he was King of 31 England from 23 April to 30 November 1016. 1. Agatha

Edmund was the second son of King Æthelred II (also Ludolphe died 1038. known as Ethelred the Unready) and his first wife, Ælfgifu of Northumbria. He had three brothers, the elder being William of Hiesmes birth date unknown, married Æthelstan, and the younger two being and Ecgbert. Lefieltna (Lesceline) d'Harcourt (Seigneur His mother was dead by 996, after which his father Turketil33 de Turqueville_). William of Hiesmes and Lefieltna remarried, this time to Emma of Normandy. (Lesceline) d'Harcourt had the following children:

Æthelstan died in 1014, leaving Edmund as heir. A power- 1. Pons31 FitzWilliams. struggle began between Edmund and his father, and in 2. Bishop Hugh of Lisieux. 1015 King Æthelred had two of Edmund's allies, Sigeferth Count William. and , executed. 3. 4. Count Robert.

Edmund then took Sigeferth's widow, Ealdgyth, from Lefieltna died January 26, 1057. Her body was interred St. Malmesbury Abbey where she had been imprisoned and Pierre-sur-Dives Abbey. married her in defiance of his father. During this time,

Canute the Great attacked England with his forces. 33 34 Ralph II de Toni (Ralph I de Toeni, Hugh de King Edmund II "Ironside" and Ealdgyth had the following Calvalcamp_) born 970, married Judith (Alice) of child: Huntingdon (Judith of Normandy30, Count Lambert II of Lens31 von Boulogne_). 1. Edward "The Outlaw" Atheling31 was born 1016. Ralph II de Toni and Judith (ALice) of Huntingdon had the In 1016 Edmund staged a rebellion in conjunction with Earl following child: Uhtred of Northumbria, but after Uhtred deserted him and submitted to Canute, Edmund was reconciled with his 1. Roger31 de Toni was born 990. father. Maldred (Crinan the33 Thane_) birth date unknown. Æthelred II, who had earlier been stricken ill, died on 23 Lord of Allendale, Regent of Strathclyde. Maldred is the April 1016. Edmund succeeded to the throne and mounted younger son of Crinan the Thane; his illigitimate line still a last-ditch effort to revive the defence of England. While exists in the family of Dunbar. He was Lord of Carlisle and the Danes laid siege to London, Edmund headed for Allendale. Wessex, where he gathered an army. When the Danes pursued him he fought them to a standstill. He then raised a

23 He married Ældgyth and had the following children: (Urbanus)57, Gratus58, Iumetel59, Ritigern60, Oudicant61, 62 63 64 Outigern , Eliud , Eudaf _) was born in Dublin, Ireland 1055. King of Gwynedd 1081-1137. 1. Maldred31 .

2. Earl Syward. Gruffydd was born in Dublin and reared near Swords, Maldred died 1045 in battle. County Dublin in Ireland. He was the son of a Welsh Prince, Cynan ap Iago, who was a claimant to the Kingship of Gwynedd but was probably never king of Gwynedd, though (Uchtred "The Bold"33, Lord Ealdred of Bernicia his father, Gruffydd's grandfather, Iago ab Idwal ap Meurig 34 Earl Walthe of Northumberland _). Ealdred was Earl of had ruled Gwynedd from 1023 to 1039. When Gruffydd first Bernicia from 1020/25 until his murder in 1038. He was the appeared on the scene in Wales the Welsh annals several son of Uhtred, Earl of Northumbria, who was murdered by times refer to him as "grandson of Iago" rather than the Thurbrand the Hold in 1016 with the connivance of Canute. more usual "son of Cynan", indicating that his father was Ealdred's mother was Ecgfrida, daughter of Aldhun, bishop little known in Wales. Cynan ap Iago seems to have died of Durham. while Gruffydd was still young, since the History describes his mother telling him who his father was. Ealdred succeeded his uncle Eadwulf Cudel as Earl of Bernicia in 1020/25, and some time probably in the mid Gruffydd's mother, Ragnaillt, was the daughter of Olaf of 1020s he killed Thurbrand in revenge for his father's death. Dublin, son of King Sigtrygg Silkbeard and a member of the In 1038 Ealdred was murdered by Thurbrand's son, Carl. Hiberno-Norse dynasty. Through his mother, who appears He was succeeded as Earl of Bernicia by his brother, in the list of the fair women of Ireland in the Book of another Eadwulf, who was murdered by King Harthacanute Leinster, Gruffydd claimed relationships with many of the in 1041. leading septs in Ireland, including those of the Ua Briain.

Lord Ealdred of Bernicia had the following children: Gruffydd made his first attempt to take over the rule of Gwynedd in 1075, following the death of Bleddyn ap 1. Æfflaed of Bernicia31 . Cynfyn. Trahaearn ap Caradog had seized control of 2. Ealdgyth. Gwynedd but had not yet firmly established himself. 3. Aethelthryth. Gruffydd landed on Anglesey with an Irish force, and with 4. Elfleda of Northumbria. the assistance of troops provided by the Norman Robert of Rhuddlan first defeated and killed Cynwrig ap Rhiwallon, an

Lord Ralph de Mortimer (Lord Roger33, Raoul34 de ally of Trahaearn who held Llŷn, then defeated Trahaearn Warenne, Gautier35 de St. Martin_) birth date unknown. himself in the battle of Gwaed Erw in Meirionnydd and gained control of Gwynedd. Lord Ralph de Mortimer had the following child: Gruffydd then led his forces eastwards to reclaim territories 1. Hugh31 Mortimer. taken over by the Normans, and despite the assistance previously given by Robert of Rhuddlan attacked and destroyed Rhuddlan castle. However tension between Vicomte Ranulph de Brayeux (Ranulph I33, Gruffydd's Danish-Irish bodyguard and the local Welsh led Anschitil of Bessin34 _) birth date unknown. He married to a rebellion in Llŷn and Trahaearn took the opportunity to Maud d'Avranches (Vicomte Richard33, Vicomte counter attack, defeating Gruffydd at the battle of Bron yr Turstain34 de Goz, Onfray35 D'Exmes, Osmet36 de Goz, Erw above Clynnog Fawr the same year. Ansfrid37, Hrolf38 Turstan, Hrollager of Maer39 , Count Ragenwald of Maer40_). They had the following child: Gruffydd fled to Ireland but in 1081 returned and made an alliance with Rhys ap Tewdwr prince of Deheubarth. Rhys 1. William31 le Meschin. had been attacked by Caradog ap Gruffydd of Gwent and Morgannwg, and had been forced to flee to the St David's Ranulph died 1089. Cathedral. Gruffydd this time embarked from Waterford with a force composed of Danes and Irish and landed near St Yolande of Guelders birth date unknown. David's, presumably by prior arrangement with Rhys. He She married Count Baldwin III of Hainault 1107. (See was joined here by a force of his supporters from Gwynedd, Count Baldwin III of Hainault for the children resulting from and he and Rhys marched north to seek Trahaearn ap this marriage.) Caradog and Caradog ap Gruffydd who had themselves made an alliance and been joined by Meilyr ap Rhiwallon of King Gruffydd ap Cynan (Cynan33 ap Iago, King Powys. The armies of the two confederacies met at the Battle of Mynydd Carn, with Gruffydd and Rhys victorious Iago ab Idwal ab Meurig34 , Idwal35, Meurig36, King Idwal Foel and Trahaearn, Caradog and Meilyr all being killed. "The Bald" ab Anarawd37, King Anarawd ap Rhodri38, King Gruffydd was thus able to seize power in Gwynedd for the Rhodri Mawr "The Great"39, King Merfyn Frych "The second time. Freckled"40, King Gwriad41, King Elidyr42, King Sandde43, King

Tegid44, King Gwyar45, King Diwg46, King Llywarch Hen47, He was soon faced with a new enemy, as the Normans King Elidyr "The Handsome"48, King Merchiaun49, King were now encroaching on Gwynedd. Gruffydd had not been Gurgust "The Ragged"50, King Ceneu51, King Coel Hen "The king very long when he was enticed to a meeting with Hugh Old"52, Guotepauc53, Tegfan54, Teuhvant55, Telpuil56, Erb Earl of Chester and Hugh Earl of Shrewsbury at Rug, near

24 Corwen. At the meeting Gruffydd was seized and taken known as , who attacked the Norman prisoner. According to his biographer this was by the forces near the eastern end of the Menai Straits. Earl Hugh treachery of one of his own men, Meirion Goch. Gruffydd of Shrewsbury was killed by an arrow said to have been was imprisoned in Earl Hugh's castle at Chester for many shot by Magnus himself. The Normans were obliged to years while Earl Hugh and Robert of Rhuddlan went on to evacuate Anglesey, and the following year Gruffydd take possession of Gwynedd, building castles at Bangor, returned from Ireland to take possession again, having Caernarfon and Aberlleiniog. apparently come to an agreement with Earl Hugh of Chester. Gruffydd reappeared on the scene years later, having escaped from captivity. According to his biography he was With the death of Hugh of Chester in 1101 Gruffydd was in fetters in the market-place at Chester when Cynwrig the able to consolidate his position in Gwynedd, as much by Tall on a visit to the city saw his opportunity when the diplomacy as by force. He met King who burgesses were at dinner. He picked Gruffydd up, fetters granted him the rule of Llŷn, Eifionydd, Ardudwy and and all, and carried him out of the city on his shoulders. Arllechwedd, considerably extending his kingdom. By 1114 There is debate among historians as to the year of he had gained enough power to induce King Henry to Gruffydd's escape. Ordericus Vitalis mentions a "Grifridus" invade Gwynedd in a three-pronged attack, one detachment attacking the Normans in 1088. The History in one place led by King Alexander I of Scotland. Faced by states that Gruffydd was imprisoned for twelve years, in overwhelming force, Gruffydd was obliged to pay homage to another that he was imprisoned for sixteen years. Since he Henry and to pay a heavy fine, but lost no territory. By about was captured in 1081, that would date his release to 1093 1118 Gruffydd's advancing years meant that most of the or 1097. J.E. Lloyd favours 1093, considering that Gruffydd fighting which pushed Gwynedd's borders eastward and was involved at the beginning of the Welsh uprising in 1094. southwards was done by his three sons by his wife K.L. Maund on the other hand favors 1097, pointing out that Angharad, daughter of Owain ab Edwin: Cadwallon, Owain there is no reference to Gruffydd in the contemporary Gwynedd and later Cadwaladr. The cantrefs of Rhos and annals until 1098. D. Simon Evans inclines to the view that Rhufoniog were annexed in 1118, Meirionnydd captured Ordericus Vitalis' date of 1088 could be correct, suggesting from Powys in 1123 and Dyffryn Clwyd in 1124. Another that an argument based on the silence of the annals is invasion by the king of England in 1121 was a military unsafe. failure. The king had to come to terms with Gruffydd and made no further attempt to invade Gwynedd during Gruffydd again took refuge in Ireland but returned to Gruffydd's reign. The death of Cadwallon in a battle against Gwynedd to lead the assaults on Norman castles such as the forces of Powys near Llangollen in 1132 checked further Aber Lleiniog. The Welsh revolt had begun in 1094 and by expansion for the time being. late 1095 had spread to many parts of Wales. This induced William II of England (William Rufus) to intervene, invading Owain and Cadwaladr in alliance with Gruffydd ap Rhys of northern Wales in 1095. However his army was unable to Deheubarth gained a crushing victory over the Normans at the Welsh to battle and returned to Chester without having Crug Mawr near Cardigan in 1136 and took possession of achieved very much. King Willam mounted a second Ceredigion. invasion in 1097, but again without much success. The History only mentions one invasion by Rufus, which could Gruffydd died in his bed, old and blind, in 1137 and was indicate that Gruffydd did not feature in the resistance to the mourned by the annalist of Brut y Tywysogion as the head first invasion. At this time Cadwgan ap Bleddyn of Powys and king and defender and pacifier of all Wales. He was led the Welsh resistance. buried by the high altar in Bangor Cathedral which he had been involved in rebuilding. He also made bequests to Gruffydd married in 1095 Angharad (Lord Owain33 ap many other churches, including one to Christ Church Edwin_). King Gruffydd ap Cynan and Angharad had the Cathedral, Dublin where he had worshipped as a boy. He following children: was succeeded as king of Gwynedd by his son Owain Gwynedd. His daughter, Gwenllian, who married Gruffydd ap Rhys of Deheubarth, son of his old ally Rhys ap Tewdwr, 1. Cadwallader31 . is also notable for her resistance to English rule. 2. Susanna. 3. Gwenlian. Angharad died 1162. 4. Gwladys. 5. King Owain Gwynedd ap Gruffydd was born 1100. Lord Llywarch ap Trahaern (King Trehaern33 ap Caradoc_) birth date unknown. Lord Llywarch ap Trahaern had the following child: In the summer of 1098 Earl Hugh of Chester joined with Earl Hugh of Shrewsbury in another attempt to recover his 1. Gwladys31 . losses in Gwynedd. Gruffydd and his ally Cadwgan ap

Bleddyn retreated to Anglesey, but then were forced to flee to Ireland in a skiff when a fleet he had hired from the Danish settlement in Ireland accepted a better offer from the Normans and changed sides.

The situation was changed by the arrival of a Norwegian fleet under the command of King Magnus III of Norway, also

25 King Maredudd ap Bleddyn (King Bleddyn33 ap annexing more territory in 1124. Cadwallon was killed in a Cynfyn, King Cynfyn of Powys34 ap Gwerystan_) King of battle with the men of Powys near Llangollen in 1132 which Powys 1116-32. put a halt to further encroachment for the time being. Maredudd did not take part in this battle and died the same Maredudd was the son of Bleddyn ap Cynfyn who was king year, remembered by the annalist of Brut y Tywysogion as of both Powys and Gwynedd. When Bleddyn was killed in the beauty and safety of all Powys and her defender. He 1075, Powys was divided between his three of his sons, was succeeded by his son, Madog ap Maredudd. Iorwerth, Cadwgan and Maredudd. Sheriff William de Braose birth date unknown. Maredudd initially appears to have been the least powerful Third Lord of Bramber (born 1112 in Brecon) (d. ca. 1192) and the least mentioned in the chronicles. The three was the eldest son of Philip de Braose, Second Lord of brothers held their lands as vassals of Robert of Bellême, Bramber. 3rd Earl of Shrewsbury. In 1102 the Earl was summoned to answer charges at the court of King Henry I of England and William was born into a second generation English Norman responded by rising in rebellion against the king. All three dynasty holding Lordships and land in Sussex at Bramber, brothers initially supported Robert and took up arms on his also at in Devon and Radnor and Builth in the Welsh behalf, pillaging Staffordshire. The king deputed William Marches of Wales. He maintained his Sussex lands and Pantulf to detach Iorwerth, who was considered to be the titles and extended St Mary's, Shoreham and contributed to most powerful of the three brothers, from his alliance with a priory at Sele, West Sussex. His mother was Aenor Fitz Robert and his own brothers by the promise of large gifts of Judhel of Totnes. land. William succeeded in this, and Iorwerth, after leading a large Welsh force to help the king defeat and banish Earl He also inherited one half of the honor of in Robert, then captured his brother Maredudd and handed Devon, paying a fee of 1000 marks for the privilege. him over to the king. William married Bertha de Pitres (Earl Miles of Maredudd escaped from captivity in 1107 but did not gain Gloucester33_), also known as Bertha de Hereford, daughter any real power. In 1113 he was apparently acting as of Miles of , Earl of Hereford. Through this penteulu or captain of the guard to his nephew, Owain ap marriage, William acquired lordships of Brecon and Cadwgan who had taken over as prince of Powys. In this Abergavenny in 1166 because Bertha's four brothers all capacity in 1113 Maredudd was able to capture Madog ap died young without heirs. Rhiryd, who had killed two of his brothers, Iorwerth and Cadwgan in 1111. Maredudd sent him to Owain, who took Sheriff William de Braose and Bertha de Pitres had the vengeance for the killing of his father by blinding Madog. following child:

In 1114 when King Henry I of England invaded Wales, 1. Lord William31 de Braose. Maredudd quickly made his peace with him, while Owain 2. Maud allied himself with Gruffydd ap Cynan of Gwynedd to 3. Sibilla oppose the invasion. It was not until Owain was killed in

1116 that Maredudd began to strengthen his position and William's younger brother Phillip accompanied King Henry II became ruler of Powys. In 1116 he is recorded as sending to Ireland, receiving in 1172 the honor of Limerick. 400 men to help Hywel ab Ithel, who ruled Rhos and

Rhufoniog under the protection of Powys, against his In 1174, William became sheriff of Hereford. He died in neighbours, the sons of Owain ab Edwin of Dyffryn Clwyd. about 1192 and was succeeded as Lord of Bramber by his Hywel won a victory at the battle of Maes Maen Cymro, son, William. near Ruthin, but received wounds of which he died six weeks later. This enabled the sons of Gruffydd ap Cynan to annex these lands for Gwynedd, with Maredudd unable to Roger de Lacy (Walter33, ?34_) was a Norman prevent them. nobleman, a Marcher Lord on the Welsh border.

Maredudd married Hunydd (Lord Efnydd33 ap Gwerny_). He was son of Walter de Lacy (d. 1085) who was a retainer of William fitzOsbern Roger was a castle builder, particularly King Maredudd ap Bleddyn and Hunydd had the following at . children:

From Walter de Lacy he inherited Castle Frome, 1. King Madog ap Maredudd31 . . Herefordshire The Domesday Survey (1086) shows Roger 2. Lord Gruffydd holding also Almeley Castle, and Eardisley Castle. He had

an insecure lordship at Ewias Lacy now known as Longtown In 1121 Maredudd carried out raids on Cheshire which Castle on the modern day Welsh border in Longtown, provoked King Henry into invading Powys. Maredudd Herefordshire; Stanton Lacy was probably also his after retreated into Snowdonia and asked Gruffydd ap Cynan for Walter. His main stronghold was Weobley. He held directly assistance. However Gruffydd was in no mood to defy the from the King. king on Maredudd's behalf, and Maredudd had to purchase peace at a cost of a fine of 10,000 head of cattle. Gwynedd He took part in the rebellion of 1088 against William Rufus, continued to put pressure on Powys, with the sons of with the other local lords Osbern fitzRichard of Richard's Gruffydd ap Cynan, Cadwallon and Owain Gwynedd

26 Castle, Ralf of Mortemer, and Bernard of Neufmarche. He request to help to King Lothar III, the current King of the was later implicated in the conspiracy of 1095 against Western Franks, but although documents of Borrell's refer William, and was exiled. to royal orders that must have come from this embassy, actual military assistance was beyond Lothar's power. What Roger de Lacy had the following child: appears to have been a similar plea to Hugh Capet resulted in a letter from Hugh to Borrell promising aid if the count 1. Gilbert31 de Lacy. preferred "to obey us rather than the Ishmaelites", but in the event Hugh could not persuade his nobles to support a Weobley passed to his brother Hugh de Lacy who died southern expedition. No answer to Hugh's letter is known before 1115 when the de Lacy lands passed to Pain Fitz from Borrell, and the connection between the March and John. Roger's son Gilbert de Lacy spent much effort France was effectively broken. Catalan historians now recovering the Weobley, Longtown and Ludlow holdings. consider this the point at which their nation became a sovereign power, and the millennium of their independence Count Borrell II of Barcelona (Count Sunyer of was celebrated in 987 with conferences and numerous publications, but in fact the Catalan counties other than Barcelona33, Count Guifre (Wilfred) "The Hairy"34, Count Borrell's appear to have retained links with the Frankish Sunifred I of Urgell35, Count Bello of Carcassonne36_) birth date unknown. Count of Barcelona, Girona, and Ausona crown for a little longer. from 945 and Count of Urgell from 948. From 988 onwards, Borrell's sons Ramon Borrell and

Borrell is first seen acting as count during the reign of his Ermengol appear as rulers in a divided territory, with Ramon father Marquis Sunyer in 945 at the consecration of the Borrell inheriting the core triad of Barcelona, Girona and nunnery church of Sant Pere de les Puelles in Barcelona, Osona and Ermengol taking over in Urgell. Borrell continued and succeeded Sunyer along with his brother Miró I in 947, to issue documents and tour his domains, however, and while in 948 he inherited Urgell from his uncle Sunifred II. when he was taken ill in 993 in Castellciutat near la Seu Miró died in 966, leaving Borrell sole ruler of more than half d'Urgell, the will that he made provided for him outliving his of Old Catalonia, a status which led outsiders and flatterers executors. It was not to be, however, and his death followed to refer to him as 'dux Gothiae', "Duke of Gothia". His own soon afterwards. documents almost all refer to him merely as 'comes et marchio', "Count and Marquis". Henry of Burgundy (Duke Robert I of Burgundy32, King Robert II "The Pious" of France33, King Hugh Capet34, 35 In 967 he married Ledgarda, daughter of Raymond III of Count Hugh "The Great" of Neustria Capet , King Robert I 36 37 Toulouse, with whom he had two sons and two daughters: of France , Adelaide of Tours _) was born 1035. Ramon Borrell, Ermengol, Ermengarda and Richilda. After his wife's death circa 986 he married Eimeruda of Auvergne He was duke of Burgundy between 1076 and 1079. Hugh in 987. was son of Henry of Burgundy and grandson of duke Robert I. He inherited Burgundy from his grandfather, following the Borrell's military career seems to have been premature death of Henry, but abdicated shortly afterwards undistinguished—he is recorded fighting only two battles to his brother Eudes. He briefly fought the Moors in the and seems to have lost both, and it was under his rule that Iberian Peninsula with Sancho of Aragón. Hugh retired to a Barcelona was sacked in 985 by the Muslim leader al- monastery, took vows as a monk and later became abbot of Mansur, as discussed below. On the other hand, he was a the Benedictine Abbey of Cluny. far greater success as a diplomat. Before the attacks of the 980s, and discounting a single raid by the Caliph al-Hakam He married Sybil of Nevers in 1056, who died in 1078, but II soon after his succession in 961, he maintained cordial had no known descendants. relations with the Muslim rulers of Córdoba and also sent emissaries to the kings of the Franks. In 970, furthermore, Henry of Burgundy and Sibylle of Barcelona had the he himself voyaged to Rome to meet with Pope John XIII following children: and Emperor Otto I. 31 1. Duke Hugh I of Burgundy . Borrell was also a patron of learning and culture. In 967, 2. Bishop Robert. Borrell visited the monastery of Aurillac and the Abbot 3. Renaud of Burgundy. asked the count to take Gerbert of Aurillac with him so that 4. Helie of Burgundy. the lad could study mathematics in Spain. In the following 5. Beatrix of Burgundy. 6. Duke Eudes I "The Red" of Burgundy Borel was years, Gerbert studied under the direction of Bishop Ato of Vich, some 60 km north of Barcelona, and probably also at born 1058. the nearby Monastery of Santa Maria de Ripoll. He was also 7. Count Henry of Burgundy was born 1066. taken on the 970 embassy to Rome, during which the Pope Henry died August 29, 1093 in Cluny. Sibylle died 1074. persuaded Otto to employ Gerbert as a tutor for his young son, the future emperor Otto II. Agnes of Poitou (William VI (Guido) of Aquitaine31, William III "The Great" of Aquitaine32_) was born 1052. In 985 however the Hispanic March was attacked by the Agnes died 1078. She married King Alfonso VI Muslim general al-Mansur. Al-Mansur managed to take Ferdinandez. (See King Alfonso VI Ferdinandez for the Barcelona which was pillaged and sacked. Many citizens children resulting from this marriage.) Agnes was divorced were taken prisoner by the Muslim forces. Borrell sent a from an unknown person 1077.

27 Alsace37, Count Eberhard III of Lower Alsace38, Count 39 Senor Ramiro Sanchez (Senor Sancho33 Garces, Eberhard II of Lower Alsace , Count Eberhard I of Lower 40 41 42 Ramon34 Sanchez, King Garcia III Najera35_) was born in the Alsace , Count Alberic of Lower Alsace , Count Ethico II _) town of Monzón, Spain in 1070. was born ca. 1045. Count of Montbéliard, Count of Bar and lord of Mousson (as Theodoric II) and Count of Verdun. He His father was Sancho Garcés, an illegitimate son of king was the son of Louis de Scarpone, Count of Montbéliard, García Sánchez III of Navarre. His mother was Constance, and Sophie, Countess of Bar and Lady of Mousson. whose parentage has been subject to recent speculation - associated with the lords of Marañon in traditional sources, After his father's death, he claimed the estate of the Duchy she has lately been suggested to have been daughter of of Lorraine, which his father had already claimed. The claim queen Estefanía, King García's wife, and hence step-sister was dismissed by Emperor Henry IV, confirming the duchy of her husband. to Theodoric the Valiant. In retaliation, he ravaged the diocese of Metz, but he was defeated by Adalbéron III, With the fall of his uncle, king Sancho IV of Navarre, the bishop of Metz, and the Duke of Lorraine Theodoric the kingdom was divided between Castile and Aragon, and the Valiant. Reconciled with the Church, he founded an abbey royal family parceled out between the two. Ramiro was thus in 1074 in Haguenau and rebuilt the church at Montbéliard raised at the Aragonese court, and was lord of Monzón, in in 1080. He did not participate at the Council of Clermont in which we was succeeded by his eldest son. 1095, or the Crusades, but rather sent his son Louis in the Crusades. In 1100, the Bishop of Verdun gave the county to Ramiro was married to Cristina Rodríguez in 1098, Thierry for life, but the relationship between the spiritual and daughter of Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, El Cid. temporal powers wee turbulent.

Senor Ramiro Sanchez and Christina de Vivar had the He married Ermentrude of Burgundy (Count following children: William I of Burgundy32, Count Renaud I of Burgundy33_) (1055-1105), daughter of William I, Count of Burgundy, and 1. Alfonso31 Sanchez. Stephanie, in 1065 and had the following issue: 2. Elvira Sanchez. 3. King Garcia IV "The Restorer" Ramirez was born 1. Theodoric II (1081-1163), Count of Montbéliard 1110. 2. Louis, who became a crusader, returned in 1102 and was assassinated in 1103. Ramiro died 1116. 3. Frederick I († 1160), Count of Ferrette and Altkirch. 4. Reginald I (1090-1150), Count of Bar and lord of Gilbert de l'Aigle married Julienne du Mousson. 5. Stephen (†1162), bishop of Metz. Perche. Gilbert de l'Aigle and Julienne du Perche had 6. William, who died before 1105. the following child: 7. Hugh, cited in 1105, probably religious, because it does

not enjoyed sharing his father's possessions. 1. Marguerite31 de l'Aigle. 8. Gunthilde (†1331), abbess of Biblisheim.

9. Agnes, married in 1104 (†1136) Renaud I de Clermont married Dau. of Count Baudouin II. They had the following child: Count Thierry died 1105.

1. Hugh31 de Creil. Count Gerard of Lorraine was born 1057.

He married Edith of Egisheim (Count Gerard II of (Count Hildouin Count Hildouin III de Rameru Egisheim33, Count Hugo IV34 Van Egisheim, Count Hugues 33 34 II , Count Hilpuis D'Arcis-Sur-Aube_) birth date unknown. III35 Von Egisheim, Count Eberhard IV36 , Count Hugues I of Count of Montdidier - a town in northern France which dates Lower Alsace37, Count Eberhard III of Lower Alsace38, Count from the Merovingian period, perhaps deriving its name Eberhard II of Lower Alsace39, Count Eberhard I of Lower from the imprisonment of Lombard king Didier there in the Alsace40, Count Alberic of Lower Alsace41, Count Ethico 8th Century. It is on a hill on the Don River. Hildouin was II42_). also Count of Roucy in right of his wife. Count Gerard of Lorraine and Edith of Egisheim had the Alix de Roucy (Archbishop Ebles I33 de Rheims, Count following child: Geselbert34 de Rourcy_) was born 1014. Count Hildouin III de Rameru and Alix de Roucy had the following child: 1. Gisele31 de Baudemont

1. Marguerita of Montdidier31 de Rourcy. Count Gerard died 1108. Edith died 1118.

Hildouin died 1062. Alix died 1062.

Count Thierry II de Bar-le-Duc (Count Louis of Bar and Montbeliard33 , Louis of Mousson34, Gerard of Lower Alsace35, Count Eberhard IV36, Count Hugues I of Lower

28 expert imperator in the field, and through his many campaigns he devoted himself to the preservation of his empire.

John II Komnenos married Princess Piroska of Hungary Emperor John II Comnenus (Emperor Alexius (renamed Eirene), a daughter of King Ladislaus I of I33, Son34_) birth date unknown. Emperor of Byzantine (1118- Hungary in 1104; the marriage was intended as 43). compensation for the loss of some territories to King

Coloman of Hungary. She played little part in government, John II Komnenos or Comnenus (Greek: Ίωάννης Β΄ devoting herself to piety and their large brood of children. Κομνηνός, Iōannēs II Komnēnos) (September 13, 1087 – Eirene died on August 13, 1134 and was later venerated as April 8, 1143) was Byzantine emperor from 1118 to 1143. Saint Eirene. John II and Eirene had 8 children: Also known as Kaloïōannēs ("John the Beautiful"), he was the eldest son of emperor Alexios I Komnenos and Irene 1. Alexios Komnenos, co-emperor from 1122 to 1142 Doukaina. The second emperor of the Komnenian 2. Maria Komnene (twin to Alexios), who married John restoration of the Byzantine Empire, John was a pious and Roger Dalassenos dedicated emperor who was determined to undo the 3. Andronikos Komnenos (died 1142) damage his empire had suffered at the battle of Manzikert, 4. Anna Komnene, who married Stephanos half a century earlier. Kontostephanos

5. Isaac Komnenos (died 1154) In the course of his twenty-five year reign, John made 6. Theodora Komnene, who married Manuel Anemas alliances with the Holy Roman Empire in the west, 7. Eudokia Komnene, who married Theodoros Vatazes decisively defeated the Pechenegs in the Balkans, and 8. Manuel I Komnenos (died 1180) personally led numerous campaigns against the Turks in

Asia Minor. John's campaigns fundamentally changed the He succeeded his father in 1118, but had already been balance of power in the east, forcing the Turks onto the proclaimed co-emperor by Alexios I on September 1, 1092. defensive and restoring to the Byzantines many towns, Niketas Choniates alone tells of the actions by which John II fortresses and cities right across the peninsula. In the secured his own succession. Alexios I had favoured John to southeast, John extended Byzantine control from the succeed him over his wife Irene's favorite, the kaisar Maeander in the west all the way to Cilicia and Tarsus in the (Caesar) Nikephoros Brynennios, who was married to their east. In an effort to demonstrate the Byzantine emperor's daughter Anna Komnene. Alexios resorted to dissimulation role as the leader of the Christian world, John marched into in order to avert Irene's criticism of his choice and her the Holy Land at the head of the combined forces of demands that Nikephoros should succeed. As Alexios lay Byzantium and the Crusader states; yet despite the great on his deathbed in the monastery of the Mangana on 15 vigor with which he pressed the campaign, John's hopes August 1118, John, consorting with relatives whom he could were disappointed by the treachery of his Crusader allies, trust, among whom was his brother, the sebastokratōr Isaac who deliberately failed to fight against the Muslim enemy at Komnenos, stole into the monastery and removed the the crucial moment. Also under John, the empire's imperial signet ring from his dying father. Then, taking up population recovered to about 10 million people. arms, he rode to the Great Palace, gathering the support of

the citizenry who acclaimed him emperor. Irene was taken John was famed for his piety and his remarkably mild and by surprise and was unable either to persuade her son to just reign. He is an exceptional example of a moral ruler, at desist, or to induce Nikephoros to act against him. Although a time when cruelty was the norm. He never condemned the palace guard at first refused to admit John without proof anyone to death or mutilation. Charity was dispensed of his father's wishes, the mob surrounding the new lavishly. For this reason, he has been called the Byzantine emperor simply forced entry. Marcus Aurelius. By the personal purity and piety of his character he effected a notable improvement in the Alexios died the following night. John refused to join the manners of his age. Gifted with great self control and funeral procession, in spite of his mother's urging, because personal courage, John was an excellent strategist and an his hold on power was so tenuous. However, in the space of

29 a few days, his position was secure. In 1119, John II Monastery of Dömös till 1126, when Duke Álmos tried to uncovered a conspiracy to overthrow him which implicated organize a conspiracy against King Stephen II, King his mother and sister, who were duly relegated to Coloman's son and heir, but he failed and had to escape to monasteries. To safeguard his own succession, John the Byzantine Empire. Following his father's escape, Béla crowned his own young son Alexios co-emperor in 1122. was taken secretly to the Monastery of Pécsvárad by his father's partisans. These political intrigues probably contributed to John's style of rule, which was to appoint men from outside the imperial In 1128, after the death of Duke Álmos, King Stephen was family to help him govern the empire. John's closest adviser informed that his blind cousin was still living in Hungary, and was his closest friend, John Axuch, a Turk who had been he invited Béla to his court. Upon the king's request, Béla given as a gift to John's father. Alexios had thought him a married Jelena, a daughter of Serbian Duke Uroš I of good companion for John, and so he had been brought up Raška, and the king granted the couple estates near Tolna. alongside John, who immediately appointed him as Grand Domestic upon his accession. The Grand Domestic was the On 1 March 1131, the childless king died, and on 28 April, commander in chief of the Byzantine armies. This was an Béla was crowned in Székesfehérvár, although King extraordinary move, and a departure from the nepotism that Stephen II had designated his sister's son, Saul his had characterized the reign of his father Alexios. The successor in 1126, but Saul had died before his uncle, or imperial family harbored some degree of resentment at this Béla's partisans managed to defeat him. decision, which was reinforced by the fact that they were required to make obeisance to John Axouch whenever they Bela II was married to the daughter of the Serbian sultan in met him. Yet the emperor had complete confidence in his 1129 Helena of Raška (after 1109 – after 1146), daughter of appointees, many of whom had been chosen on merit duke Uroš I of Raška and his wife, Anna, and maintained rather than their relation to him by blood. John's excellent relations with the Balkan states. unwillingness to allow his family to interfere too much in his government was to remain constant for the rest of his reign. Bella and Helena had the following children:

John planned a new expedition to the East, including a 1. Elisabeth (c. 1129 – before 1155), wife of duke Mieszko pilgrimage to Jerusalem on which he planned to take his III of Poland army with him. King Fulk of Jerusalem, fearing an invasion, 2. King Géza II of Hungary (c. 1130 – 3 May 1162) begged the emperor to only bring an army of 10,000 men 3. King Ladislaus II of Hungary (1131 – 14 January 1163) with him. This resulted in John II deciding not to go. 4. King Stephen IV of Hungary (c. 1133 – 11 April 1165) However, on Mount Taurus in Cilicia, on April 8, 1143, he 5. Sophia (c. 1136 – ?), nun at Admont was accidentally infected by a poisoned arrow while out hunting. The poison set in, and shortly afterwards he died. As Béla was blind, his wife played a decisive role in John's final action as emperor was to choose his youngest governing his kingdom. Shortly after ascending the throne, son Manuel Komnenos to be his successor. John cited two Queen Helena ordered the massacre of the people she main reasons for choosing Manuel over his older surviving considered responsible for her husband's blinding at an son Isaac Komnenos: these were Isaac's irascibility, and the assembly in Arad. She emplaced her brother, Beloš, as the courage that Manuel had shown on campaign at count palatine, giving him supreme command over the Neocaesareia. Another theory alleges that the reason for Hungarian Army and a commendable place in the this choice was the AIMA prophecy which foretold that Hungarian Royal Court. John's successor should be one whose name began with an "M". John's eldest son, the co-emperor Alexios, had died in Béla's entire reign was overshadowed by a conflict with the summer of 1142. Boris, a son of King Coloman of doubtful legitimacy, in which Boris was supported by Poland and Rus'. In 1132, King Bela II "The Blind" (Duke Almos of King Boleslaus III of Poland led a campaign with Rus' and Hungary33, King Geza I of Hungary34, King Bela I of Polish troops on Boris' behalf. When Béla were informed Hungary35, Prince Vazul of Hungary36, Michael of Hungary37, that the Polish and Rus' armies entered to Hungary, he Prince Taksony of Hungary38_) was born ca. 1110. Still as a assembled a meeting of the barons where all the child, Béla was blinded by his uncle, King Coloman who participants were killed who did not want to declare Boris wanted to ensure the succession of his own son, the future bastard. King Boleslaus and Boris were defeated near the King Stephen II. During his childhood, Béla lived in different Sajó River on 22 July, but Boris was to prove a persistent monasteries of the kingdom till the childless King Stephen II claimant for a number of years to come. invited him to his court. Following King Stephen's death, Béla ascended the throne, but during his reign he had Béla died 13 February 1141 from the effects of an continuously struggle with King Coloman's alleged son, overindulgence of alcohol. Boris who tried to acquire the crown with the military assistance of the neighboring countries. Prince Mstislav II (Harald) of Kiev (Grand Duke Vladimir II of Kiev Monomakh33, Prince Vsevolod I of Béla was the only son of Duke Álmos, the younger brother Kiev34_). Mstislav I Vladimirovich the Great (Russian: of King Coloman of Hungary. His mother was Predslava of Мстислав Владимирович Великий) (June 1, 1076, Turiv – Kiev. Duke Álmos led several rebellions against his brother, April 14, 1132, Kiev) was the Velikiy Kniaz (Grand Prince) of but finally, he and Béla were blinded in 1115. Father and Kiev (1125-1132), the eldest son of Vladimir II Monomakh son were living together in the Premonstratensian by Gytha of Wessex. He figures prominently in the Norse

30 Sagas under the name Harald, taken to allude to his he inherited from his father, and should be seen in light of grandfather, Harold II of England. the power struggle between the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor), most likely by becoming his vassal. In 1101 he As his father's future successor, Mstislav reigned in was endowed with the title of Count of Holland by the Novgorod the Great from 1088-93 and (after a brief stint at bishop of Utrecht, after acquiring Rhineland (Leiden and Rostov) from 1095-1117. Thereafter he was Monomakh's surroundings) ('comes de Hollant', up until that time the co-ruler in Belgorod-on-the-Dnieper, and inherited the counts' dominion had been officially referred to as Frisia). Kievan throne after his death. He built numerous churches in Novgorod, of which St. Nicholas Cathedral (1113) and the Around 1108, Floris II married Gertrude, the daughter of cathedral of St Anthony Cloister (1117) survive to the Thierry II, the Duke of Lorraine. Gertrude changed her present day. Later, he would also erect important churches name to Petronila (which is derived from Peter), in in Kiev, notably his family sepulcher at Berestovo and the recognition of her loyalty to the Holy See. Petronila and church of Our Lady at Podil. Floris II had four children, three boys and one girl: Dirk, Floris, Simon and Hedwig, respectively. Dirk became his Mstislav's life was spent in constant warfare with Cumans successor, Dirk VI of Holland, while Floris became known (1093, 1107, 1111, 1129), Estonians (1111, 1113, 1116, as Floris the Black and contested his brother's power. 1130), Lithuanians (1131), and the princedom of Polotsk (1127, 1129). In 1096, he defeated his uncle Oleg of Count Floris died 1121. Chernigov on the Koloksha River, thereby laying foundation for the centuries of enmity between his and Oleg's Count Gilbert of Luxemburg (Son of descendants. Mstislav was the last ruler of united Rus, and Luxemburg33, Count Sigefrid of Luxemburg34, Wigeric of upon his death, as the chronicler put it, "the land of Rus was Luxemburg35_) birth date unknown. torn apart. Gilbert had the following child: In 1095, Mstislav wed Princess Christine of Sweden, daughter of King Inge I of Sweden. They had many children. 1. Count Conrad I of Luxemburg31 . Christine died on January 18, 1122; later that year Mstislav married again, to Liubava Dmitrievna, the daughter of Gilbert died 1059. Dmitry Zavidich, a nobleman of Novgorod. Their children were: Earl Robert de Mortain (Herlouin33 de Conteville,

Count John34 de Bourg, Matilda of Saxony35 , Duke Herman36 1. Vladimir II Mstislavich (1132-1171) Billung, Billung of Stubeckeshorn37 , Count Athelbert of 2. Euphrosyne of Kiev, (c. 1130 – c. 1193) married King Sachsen38_) was born 1031. Robert, Count of Mortain was Géza II of Hungary in 1146. the half-brother of William I of England.

Prince Mstislav died April 14, 1132. Ljubava died 1167. Robert was the son of Herluin de Conteville and Herleva of Falaise (who was also William's mother) and was full brother to the infamous Odo of Bayeux. The exact year of Robert's birth is unknown, although it is generally regarded that Odo was the elder of the two, and that Robert was probably not more than a year or so younger than his sibling.

His name first appears in or about the year 1049 when he was made Count of Mortain in the Cotentin, in place of one William Warlenc, who had been banished by Duke William on suspicion of treason. The suspicion being that this William Warlenc was a grandson of Duke Richard I and therefore a potential rival to William the Bastard.

Five years later Robert was to be found supporting William against the French King Henri I's invasion of Normandy, although he does not appear to have taken part in the famous victory of the battle of Mortemer. He was however present at the council of Lillebonne in 1066, held to discuss the Duke's planned conquest of England when Robert Count Floris II "The Fat" of Holland (Count 33 34 agreed to contribute 120 ships to the invasion fleet. Robert Dirk V of Holland , Count Floris I of Holland , Count Dirk III was thus one of the undoubted Companions of the of Holland35, Count Arnulf of Holland36, Hildegard of 37 38 Conqueror, who fought at William's side at the battle of Flanders , Alix de Vermandois_) birth date unknown. The Hastings where he commanded a company of knights from first from the native dynasty of Holland to be called Count of the Cotentin, although he seems to have played no heroic Holland. role at the battle.

He was the son of his predecessor Dirk V and Othilde.

Floris II ended the conflict with the Bishop of Utrecht (which

31 Robert's contribution to the success of the invasion was kingship of Ireland had been split between his three sons: however regarded as fairly significant by William who Tadc, Muirchertach and Diarmait. Tadc died soon after, and awarded him a large share of the consequent spoil. He was Muirchertach banished Diarmait from Munster, claiming its granted the rape of Pevensey in Sussex and a total of 549 kingship for himself. manors scattered across the country; 54 in Sussex, 75 in Devon, 49 in Dorset, 29 in Buckinghamshire, 13 in Between 1086 and 1101, Muirchertach consolidated and Hertfordshire, 10 in Suffolk, 99 in Northamptonshire, 196 in strengthened his position as province-king of Munster. He Yorkshire, and 24 in other counties. However the greatest went on forays into Mide and Leinster in 1089 and took the concentration of his landed wealth was in Cornwall (where kingship of Leinster and fought for the Viking town of Dublin. he held a further 248 manors at the time of the compilation In 1093, he accepted the submission of Domnall mac Flainn of the , together with castles of Launceston Ua Maíl Shechnaill, the Uí Néill king of Tara, and also made and Trematon) although these Cornish estates were not peace with his brother Diarmait at Cashel. granted to him until after 1072 when Brian of Brittany decided to return home. His position of authority in the In 1094, Muirchertach fought the kings of Leth Cuinn and south west has therefore led many to consider him as the Gofraid, king of Dublin. He went with his army to Dublin and Earl of Cornwall, although it appears uncertain as to banished Gofraid, and brought about the killing of Domnall whether he was formally created as such. Ua Maíl Shechnaill. He asserted supremacy over the Uí Néill kingdom of Mide. His one public act after the conquest took place in 1069, when together with his cousin and namesake Robert of Eu, In 1101 he declared himself High King and travelled the he led an army against a force of Danes who had landed at island provinces. It was in this year that he gave the fortress the mouth of the Humber and laid siege to York. As the at on the rock of Cashel as a gift to the Church. Norman forces approached the Danes decided to retreat to the Fens where they fancied they would be safe. The two In 1102, Muirchertach made a marriage alliance with Roberts however surprised the Danes whilst they were Magnus Barefoot, king of Norway, taking part in a campaign being entertained by the disaffected natives and ""pursued by Magnus to assert control over Ulster. In 1114 the king them with great slaughter to their very ships"". became sick to the point where "he became a living skeleton". In response to the king's misfortune, his brother After that there is little mention of Robert (who may well Diarmait took control of the kingship of Munster and have spent much of his time in Normandy) until he appears banished Muirchertach. The following year Muirchertach at the deathbed of William I in 1087 pleading for the release regained his strength and undertook a campaign to regain of his brother Odo who had been imprisoned for revolt control of Munster and successfully captured Diarmait. Only earlier in 1082. It is said that William was reluctant to later did the king regain control of Munster accede to the request, believing that Odo was an incorrigible rogue. As it happens William was right, for as He married Sabh Macarthy (King Tadgh33, Prince soon as the Conqueror was dead, Odo was soon Muircadhach34 , Prince Carthac35, Saerbtreathac36, Prince fermenting a revolt against the Conqueror's successor Donnchadh37, King Ceallachan38_). William Rufus, and promoting the claims of Rufus' brother and rival Robert Curthose. Odo persuaded his brother to King Dermot O'Brien and Sabh Macarthy had the following join in the rebellion which proved a failure. But whilst Odo child: was exiled to Normandy by William Rufus, Robert of Mortain was excused punishment and pardoned, most 1. King Turloch31 O'Brien. probably because his extensive English estates meant that it was worthwhile for the king to gain his support. In 1119 died.

Robert was married to Maud de Montgomery Prince Cuchoru O'Moore Prince Cuchoru 33 34 35 (Roger , Roger I , Hugh De Montgomery_) born 1039 O'Moore had the following child: (Matilda), daughter of Roger de Montgomerie, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury, and by her left a son, William of Mortain, and 1. Cacht31 O'Moore. three daughters; Agnes who married André de Vitry, Denise, married in 1078 to Guy, 3rd Sire de La Val; and Emma of Mortain, the wife of William IV of Toulouse.

Robert died 1095.

King Dermot O'Brien (King Turlock33 , Tiege34, King Brien35 Borom, King Cenneidig (Kennedy)36 _) Muirchertach Ua Briain (c.1050–c.10 March 1119), son of Toirdelbach Ua Briain and great-grandson of Brian Bóruma, was High King of Ireland.

Muirchertach was a son of Toirdelbach Ua Briain, a previous Dál gCais king of Ireland. In 1086 his father died and the province of Munster from which he had claimed

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