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Yr Oesoedd Canol Yng Nghymru

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Yr Oesoedd Canol Yng Nghymru Yr Oesoedd Canol yng Nghymru Mae'r Oesoedd Canol yng Nghymru yn gyfnod sy'n ymestyn o tua 600 hyd at 1485. Ymadawiad y Rhufeiniaid o Brydain sy'n nodi dechreuad yr oesoedd canol yng Nghymru. Rhannwyd tiroedd y Cymry yn deyrnasoedd bach, ac am gannoedd o flynyddoedd bu'r teyrnasoedd hyn yn ymladd yn erbyn goresgynwyr ac yn erbyn ei gilydd er mwyn sefydlu awdurdod dros ardal mor eang â phosibl o Gymru. Y cyntaf i deyrnasu dros ran helaeth o Gymru oedd Rhodri Mawr, a oedd yn wreiddiol yn frenin Teyrnas Gwynedd, ac a ddaeth yn frenin Powys a Cheredigion hefyd. Pan fu farw, rhannwyd ei deyrnas rhwng ei feibion, ond llwyddodd ei ŵyr, Hywel Dda, i ffurfio teyrnas y Deheubarth drwy uno teyrnasoedd llai'r de-orllewin, ac erbyn 942 roedd yn frenin ar y rhan fwyaf o Gymru. Yn draddodiadol, cysylltir ef â ffurfio Cyfraith Hywel drwy alw cyfarfod yn Hendy-gwyn ar Daf. Pan fu farw yn 950 llwyddodd ei feibion i ddal eu gafael ar y Deheubarth, ond adfeddiannwyd Gwynedd gan y frenhinllin draddodiadol. Yn 1066, gydag ymosodiad y Normaniaid ar Loegr ar y gorwel, gwelwyd tywysogion y Deheubarth a Gwynedd yn amlygu eu hunain fel arweinyddion y frwydr hon rhwng diwedd y 11eg ganrif hyd at ddiwedd y 13eg ganrif. Roedd yn wlad lle'r oedd y mwyafrif helaeth o'r bobl yn siarad un iaith yn unig, sef Cymraeg, ac roedd trefn arbennig i bwysigrwydd gwahanol grwpiau o bobl yn y gymdeithas. Roedd crefydd yn bwysig iawn ym mywydau pobl ac roedd rôl allweddol gan yr abatai a'r mynachlogydd ym mywydau bob dydd pobl. Data cyffredinol Roedd lladd Llywelyn ap Gruffydd a’i frawd Dafydd ap Gruffudd yn 1282/3 yn dynodi cyfnod newydd yn hanes Enghraifft o'r canlynol agwedd o hanes Cymru, gyda’r Goncwest Edwardaidd yn nodi mai awdurdod coron Lloegr oedd bellach yn teyrnasu yng Math Hanes Cymru, hanes Nghymru. Bu gweddill y 13eg ganrif hyd at ddiwedd y 15fed ganrif yn un ansefydlog a helbulus yn hanes canoloesol Cymru. Ar ddechrau’r 15fed ganrif amlygodd Owain Glyndŵr ei hun fel ffigwr amlwg ym mrwydr Cymru i Dynodwyr ennill annibyniaeth eto wedi Concwest Edward. Bu nifer o wrthryfeloedd eraill yn ystod y cyfnod hwn o dan arweinyddion eraill a ddangosai’r ymdeimlad cenedlaethol oedd ar gynnydd yng Nghymru wedi’r Goncwest. Yn Ffeiliau perthnasol ar Gomin Wicimedia 1485 enillodd Harri Tudur, oedd â’i wreiddiau yn nheulu’r Tuduriaid, Ynys Môn, Frwydr Maes Bosworth, gan gychwyn ar gyfnod mwy sefydlog yn hanes Prydain. Gyda’r fuddugoliaeth honno cychwynnodd cyfnod y Tuduriaid. Adnoddau Dysgu Rhestr o adnoddau dysgu ar gyfer y Cynnwys pwnc yma HWB Arweinwyr nodedig Yr oesoedd canol cynnar (600-1066) Trosolwg: Oes y Tywysogion (htt Oes y Tywysogion (1066-1282) ps://hwb.gov.wales/search?query Yr Oesoedd Canol Diweddar 1282 - 1485 =Oes%20y%20Tywysogion&strict Cymdeithas a gwaith =true&popupUri=%2FResource%2 Cyfraith Cymru yn yr Oesoedd Canol Ff2b3ae86-7de5-493a-8d99-165b7 Crefydd a Diwylliant c36525e) Oes y Tywysogion: Gorchfygu Cysylltiad ag Ewrop Cymru (https://hwb.gov.wales/sea Cyfeiriadau rch?query=Oes%20y%20Tywysog ion&strict=true&popupUri=%2FRe Arweinwyr nodedig source%2Fb8153ca1-db7a-4df7-a 1df-e6fe66ad3518) Roedd teyrnasoedd Cymru yn cynnwys Gwynedd yn y gogledd, y Deheubarth yn y Gorllewin a Phowys a Brycheiniog yn y dwyrain. Roedd cydbwysedd y pŵer yn aml yn symud yn gyflym rhwng y Teyrnasoedd, gyda Adolygwyd testun yr erthygl hon gan brenhinoedd yn cystadlu am bŵer. Ffurfiwyd cynghreiriau rhwng Teyrnasoedd a chyda'r Saeson, ond roedd pŵer fel arbenigwyr pwnc ac mae'n addas i'w arfer yn cael ei ennill drwy frwydr neu briodas. Tra ymladdai llywodraethwyr Cymru ymysg ei gilydd roeddent hefyd ddefnyddio mewn addysg yn wynebu bygythiadau gan y Daniaid, a ymosododd ar hyd yr arfordir, ac oddi wrth y Saeson, ac yn ddiweddarach y Normaniaid, a ymosododd o'r dwyrain. Yn gynyddol, gweithiodd y Cymry gyda'i gilydd er mwyn amddiffyn eu hunain a'u tir rhag y goresgynwyr. Rheolwyr pwysicaf Cymru yn ystod yr Oesoedd Canol m.547 - Maelgwn Gwynedd, sylfaenydd Teyrnas Gwynedd. c.820–878 - Rhodri Mawr. Llwyddodd i reoli'r rhan fwyaf o Gymru a threchu'r Daniaid ym Mrwydr Llandudno. c.880–948 - Hywel Dda. Mae e'n nodedig yn bennaf am greu cyfraith unffurf gyntaf y wlad, ac am uno Cymru gyfan. 1040–1093 - Rhys ap Tewdwr. Brenin olaf y Deheubarth, a laddwyd ym Mrycheiniog gan y Normaniaid. Baner Teyrnas Gwynedd 1055–1137 - Gruffudd ap Cynan, Brenin Gwynedd a ffigwr allweddol yn y gwrthwynebiad i'r Normaniaid. c.1100 – 1136 - Gwenllian ferch Gruffudd. Yn ymyl Castell Cydweli yn 1136 ymladdwyd Brwydr Maes Gwenllian rhwng byddin Gwenllian a Maurice de Londres. 1100 – 1170 - Owain Gwynedd. Mae'n cael ei ystyried yn un o dywysogion mwyaf llwyddiannus gogledd Cymru ac ef oedd y cyntaf i gael ei enwi'n Dywysog Cymru 1132 – 1197 - Yr Arglwydd Rhys. Tywysog y Deheubarth a'r rheolwr brodorol mwyaf pwerus ar ôl marwolaeth Owain Gwynedd. 1173 – 1240 - Llywelyn Fawr. Brenin Gwynedd a rheolwr Gymru gyfan. Drwy gyfuniad o ryfel a diplomyddiaeth bu'n dominyddu Cymru am 45 mlynedd. 1225 – 1282 - Llywelyn ein Llyw Olaf. Yn ŵyr i Llywelyn Fawr, ef oedd tywysog sofran olaf Cymru cyn concwest Edward I o Loegr. c.1359 – c.1415 - Owain Glyndŵr. Ef oedd y Cymro brodorol olaf i arddel y teitl Tywysog Cymru. Coeden deulu o deuluoedd Brenhinol Cymru Cunedda Gwynedd Einion Yrth Ceredig ap ap Cunedda Cunedda Ceredigion – Gwynedd 453 c.470–500 Cadwallon Usai ap Lawhir ap Ceredig Owain Einion Ceredigion Ddantgwyn Gwynedd 453–490 500–534 Serwyl ap Maelgwn Usai Gwynedd Cuneglas Ceredigion Gwynedd 490–523 534–547 Boddw ap Rhun Hir ap Serwyl Maelgwn Ceredigion Gwynedd 523–560 547–586 Arthfoddw Beli ap ap Boddw Rhun Ceredigion Gwynedd 560–595 586–599 Arthlwys ap Iago ap Beli Arthwfoddw Gwynedd Ceredigion 599–616 595–630 Cloten ap Nowy Cadfan ap Eiludd Dyfed Iago Powys 650–670 Gwynedd Powys 616–625 613–642 Brycheiniog 655–670 Cadafael Caten ap Clydog ap Cadwallon Cadomedd Beli ap Cloten Arthlwys ap Cadfan ap Eiludd Dyfed a Ceredigion Gwynedd Cynfeddw Powys Brycheiniog 630–665 625–634 Gwynedd 655–695 670–690 634–655 Cadwgan Seisyll ap Gwylog ap Cadwaladr ap Caten Clydog Beli Gwynedd Dyfed a Ceredigion Powys 655–682 Brycheiniog 665–700 695–725 690–710 Rhain ap Arthwyr ap Elisedd ap Cadwgan Awst ap Idwal Iwrch Seisyll Gwylog Dyfed Cadwgan Gwynedd Seisyllwg Powys 710–730 Brycheiniog 682–720 700–735 725–755 Brycheiniog 720–735 710–720 Rhodri Dyfnwal ap Caradog ap Brochfael Tewdwr ap Elwystl ap Molwynog Arthwyr Meirion ap Elisedd Rhain Awst ap Idwal Seisyllwg Gwynedd Powys Dyfed Brycheiniog Gwynedd 735–770 754–798 755–773 730–760 735–750 720–754 Meurig ap Cynan Hywel ap Cadell ap Maredudd Dyfnwal Dindaethwy Rhodri Brochfael ap Tewdwr Seisyllwg ap Rhodri Molwynog Powys Dyfed 770–807 Gwynedd Gwynedd 773–808 760–797 798–816 816–825 Rhain ap Owain ap Ethyllt ferch Gwriad ap Maredudd Maredudd Cynan Elidyr Dyfed Dyfed 797–808 808–810 Gwgon ap Merfyn Cyngen ap Triffyn ap Meurig Frych Nest ferch Cadell Rhain Tangwystl Bleddri Seisyllwg Gwynedd Cadell Powys Dyfed 808–872 825–844 808–855 810–814 Rhodri the Great g.820 Hyfaidd ap Angharad Gwynedd Elisedd ap Bleddri ferch Meurig 844–878 Cyngen Dyfed Powys 855– 878 Cadell ap Anarawd ap Merfyn ap Llywarch Rhodri ap Rhodri Rhodri Rhodri ap Hyfaidd Hyfaidd g.854 Gwynedd Powys Dyfed Dyfed Seisyllwg 878–916 878–900 893–904 904–905 878–909 Hywel Dda g.880 Dyfed Llywelyn 905–909 Idwal Foel ap Merfyn Deheubarth Elen ferch Gwynedd Powys 909–950 Llywarch 916–942 900–942 Gwynedd 942–950 Powys 942–950 Iago ap Ieuaf ap Rhodri ap Owain ap Edwin ap Meurig ap Idwal Idwal Hywel Hywel Hywel Idwal Gwynedd Gwynedd Deheubarth Deheubarth Deheubarth 950–979 950–969 950–953 950–987 950–954 Maredudd Hywel ap Cadwallon ab Owain Einion ab Idwal ap Ieuaf ab Ieuaf Deheubarth Owain Meurig Gwynedd Gwynedd 987–999 m.984 979–985 985–986 Gwynedd 986–999 Llywelyn Iago ab Cynan ap Aeddan ap Edwin ab Cadell ab ap Seisyll R Idwal ap Angharad Hywel Blegywryd Einion Einion Cynfyn ap Gwynedd Meurig ferch Gwynedd Gwynedd Deheubarth Deheubarth Gwerstan 1018–1023 D Gwynedd Maredudd 999–1005 1005–1018 1005–1018 1005–1018 Deheubarth 1 1023–1039 1018–1023 Gruffydd ap Bleddyn ap Llywelyn Trahaearn Hywel ab Cynfyn Cynan ab Rhiwallon Gwynedd ap Caradog Owain ab Edwin Tewdwr ap Gwynedd Iago ap Cynfyn 1039–1063 R Gwynedd Edwin Deheubarth Cadell 1063–1075 1014–1063 1020–1069 Powys D 1075–1081 1033–1044 Powys 1039–1063 1 1063–1075 Deheubarth 1055–1063 Gruffudd ap Maredudd Rhys ab Rhys ap Iorwerth ap Maredudd Cynan ab Owain Gwladys Angharad Owain Tewdwr Bleddyn ap Bleddyn a g.1055 ab Edwin ferch ferch Owain Deheubarth Deheubarth Powys Powys Gwynedd Deheubarth Rhiwallon 1072–1078 1078–1093 1075–1103 1116–1132 1 1081–1137 1063–1072 Cadwaladr ap Gwenllian Gruffydd Nest ferch Susanna Madog ap Gruffydd ap Gruffydd ferch ap Rhys Rhys ferch Maredudd Maredudd 1096–1172 1085–1136 Gruffydd Gruffydd Deheubarth Powys 1097–1136 1116–1137 1132–1160 1 Owain Maredudd Anarawd Rhys ap Cadell ap Gwynedd ap ap Gruffydd Gwenllian Gruffydd g.1100 Gruffydd Gruffydd g.1132 ferch Deheubarth Gwynedd Deheubarth Deheubarth Deheubarth Madog 1143–1153 1137–1170 1153–1155 1137–1143 1155–1197 Hywel ab Dafydd ab Maelgwn Owain Owain Rhodri ab Gruffydd ab Owain Cynan ab Rhys Gryg Angharad Gwynedd Gwynedd Owain Gwenllian ap Rhys II Gwynedd Owain Deheubarth ferch Owa g.1120 Gwynedd Gwynedd ferch Rhys Deheubarth Gwynedd Gwynedd 1216–1234 Gwynedd Gwynedd 1170–1195 1135–1195 1197–1201 1170–1173 1170 m.
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