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Relationship of Faults in Basin Sediments to the Gravity and Magnetic Expression of Their Underlying Fault Systems

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Relationship of Faults in Basin Sediments to the Gravity and Magnetic Expression of Their Underlying Fault Systems Relationship of faults in basin sediments to the gravity and magnetic expression of their underlying fault systems By Christopher A. Baldyga1 Open-File Report 01-502 2001 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards or with the North American Stratigraphic Code. Any use of trade, product or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1U.S. Geological Survey, Tucson, Arizona. This Master’s Thesis was funded by the Southwest Mineral and Environmental Investigations Project, Mineral Resources Program, Geologic Division, U.S. Geological Survey. 2 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under the rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgement of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgement the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained by the author. SIGNED:________________________________ APPROVAL BY THE THESIS DIRECTOR The thesis has been approved on the date shown below: _____________________ ___________________ Mary M. Poulton Date Associate Professor, Geological Engineering _____________________ ___________________ Mark E. Gettings Date Adjunct Professor, Geophysics 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank several people who have helped me in the past three years financially, intellectually and spiritually. My family and friends, thank you for getting me to this point, I could not have done it without you. Mary Poulton and Karl Glass, who served on my thesis committee, thank you for the challenges that come with higher education, your knowledge and support has motivated and elevated me to goals I thought once impossible. Thank you to the USGS and WAIME for funding me through my period here at the University. Special thanks goes to my mentor and thesis advisor, Mark Gettings, your endless patience, kindness and knowledge will remain with me forever. Thank you. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank several people who have helped me in the past three years financially, intellectually and spiritually. My family and friends, thank you for getting me to this point, I could not have done it without you. Mary Poulton and Karl Glass, who served on my thesis committee, thank you for the challenges that come with higher education, your knowledge and support has motivated and elevated me to goals I thought once impossible. Thank you to the USGS and WAIME for funding me through my period here at the University. Special thanks goes to my mentor and thesis advisor, Mark Gettings, your endless patience, kindness and knowledge will remain with me forever. Thank you. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………………6 LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………………..8 ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………….9 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………10 GEOLOGIC SETTING…………………………………………………………..….13 GRAVITY SURVEYS……………………………………………………………....20 THEORY OF GRAVITY METHOD…………………………………………………20 DATA REDUCTION…………………………………………………………………23 Drift Correction……………………………………………………………………23 Latitude Correction………......................................................................................24 Free Air Effect….....................................................................................................25 Bouger Correction………........................................................................................25 DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING..............................................................28 Gravity Meter and Base Station...............................................................................28 Field Procedure........................................................................................................28 Station Elevation and Location Control...................................................................29 Survey Layout..........................................................................................................30 Reduction Programs.................................................................................................33 MAGNETIC SURVEYS……………………………………………………………38 THEORY OF MAGNETIC METHOD……………………………..…………………38 MAGNETIC DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING…………………………43 Instrument and Procedure…………………………………………………………..43 Survey Layout…..…………………………………………………………………..43 DATA REDUCTION…………………………………………………………………46 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS - continued MODELING AND INTERPRETATION…………………………………………...….53 Software…………………………………………………………………………….53 Projection to Straight Line………………………………………………………….54 REX RANCH PROFILE……………………………………………………………...57 NORTHERN COTTONWOOD CANYON PROFILE……………………….………68 SOUTHERN COTTONWOOD CANYON PROFILE……………………….………75 CONCLUSIONS………………………………………………………………..…….81 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………….….85 APPENDIX A: GRAVITY DATA………………………………………….……87 APPENDIX B: TRUCK MAGNETIC DATA………………………….………91 APPENDIX C: AEROMAGNETIC DATA………………………………...…105 6 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Location map of survey area……………………………………....………...11 Figure 2 Aerial photograph of Rex Ranch fault………………………………….……12 Figure 3 Aerial photograph of Cottonwood Canyon fault……………………….……12 Figure 4 Geologic map of survey area……………………………………….………..18 Figure 5 Drift curve for Northern Cottonwood Canyon profile…………….………...23 Figure 6 Location of gravity survey lines………………………………….………….32 Figure 7 Complete Bouguer gravity anomaly data for Rex Ranch profile.…………...35 Figure 8 Complete Bouguer gravity anomaly data for Northern Cottonwood Canyon profile…………………………………………………………….……….…36 Figure 9 Complete Bouguer gravity anomaly data for Southern Cottonwood Canyon profile……………………………………………………..…...……………..37 Figure 10 Location of magnetic survey lines………………………………………......44 Figure 11 Location of aeromagnetic survey lines……………………………..……….45 Figure 12 Rex Ranch magnetic anomaly profile…………………………………........47 Figure 13 Northern Cottonwood Canyon magnetic anomaly profile………………….48 Figure 14 Southern Cottonwood Canyon magnetic anomaly profile……………....….49 Figure 15 Rex Ranch aeromagnetic anomaly profile……………………….……....…50 Figure 16 Northern Cottonwood Canyon aeromagnetic anomaly profile………..……51 Figure 17 Southern Cottonwood Canyon aeromagnetic anomaly profile………..…....52 Figure 18 Location of original lines and projected lines for Rex Ranch profile…...….55 7 LIST OF FIGURES – continued Figure 19 Location of original lines and projected lines for Cottonwood Canyon profiles…………………………...…………………………………….……56 Figure 20 Model of brittle/ductile behavior in sediments…………..…………………59 Figure 21 Magnification of Rex Ranch Model…………………………….…………..60 Figure 22 Offset in peaks due to the profiles crossing the trace of the fault at different locations..........................................................................................................63 Figure 23 Modeled gravity and magnetic profile for Rex Ranch……..…………….…66 Figure 24 Modeled gravity and aeromagnetic profile for Rex Ranch…………..…..…67 Figure 25 Magnification of Northern Cottonwood model……………………………..69 Figure 26 Modeled gravity and magnetic profile for Northern Cottonwood Canyon…73 Figure 27 Modeled gravity and aeromagnetic profile for Northern Cottonwood Canyon……………………………………………………….……………...74 Figure 28 Magnification of Southern Cottonwood Canyon model……………………75 Figure 29 Modeled gravity and magnetic profile for Southern Cottonwood Canyon ...79 Figure 30 Modeled gravity and aeromagnetic profile for Southern Cottonwood Canyon………………………………………..……………………………..80 8 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Rock units and symbols for geologic map of survey area…………………...19 Table 2 Description of modeled rock units……………………………………….…..65 9 ABSTRACT Gravity and magnetic surveys were performed along the western flanks of the Santa Rita Mountain range located in southeastern Arizona to develop an understanding of the relationship between surface fault scarps within the basin fill sediments and their geophysical response of the faults at depth within the bedrock. Data were acquired for three profiles, one of them along the northern terrace of Montosa Canyon, and the other two along the northern and southern terraces of Cottonwood Canyon. A total of 122 gravity stations were established as well as numerous magnetic data collected by a truck- mounted cesium-vapor magnetometer. In addition, aeromagnetic data previously acquired were interpreted to obtain a geologically sound model, which produced a good fit to the data. Gravity anomalies associated with faults exhibiting surface rupture were more pronounced than the respective magnetic anomalies. More credence was given to the gravity data when determining fault structures and it was found in all three profiles that faults at depth projected through alluvium at a steeper dip than the bedrock fault indicating brittle behavior within the overlying sediments. The gravity data also detected a significant horst and graben structure within Cottonwood Canyon. The aeromagnetic data did not provide any insight into the response of the minor faults but rather served to verify
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