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PENDAHULUAN.Pdf (665Kb) PENDAHULUAN PENGANTARMUKAAN PERIPHERAL KOMPUTER ADALAH PENGHUBUNG ANTAR KOMPUTER BAIK DENGAN KOMPUTER ATAU DENGAN PERANGKAT LAIN. INTERFACE KOMPUTER ATAU LEBIH DI KENAL INTERFACING. INTERFACING TIDAK LAIN ADALAH SEPERANGKAT YANG DIIMPLEMENTASIKAN DARI RANGKAIAN ELEKTRONIKA. 3/21/2016 UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA - DIA RAGASARI, S.KOM 1 3/21/2016 UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA - DIA RAGASARI, S.KOM 2 3/21/2016 UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA - DIA RAGASARI, S.KOM 3 1.1 INTERFACING LAYER Pada dasarnya sistem mikroprosesor, tidak terlepas dari sebuah interfacing yang merupakan bagian dari rangkaian elektronika. Secara hirarki struktur interfacing terdapat beberapa layer, diantarnya a. electrical (physical) : Fungsi dari layer electrical merupakan layer yang mendasar dari suatu interfacing. Layer ini adalah layar fisik, karena intrefacing dalam penggunaan umum berkaitan dengan setiap alat yang penggunaannya adalah elektronika. b. Signal : Layer signal merupakan layer yang digunakan untuk menyampaikan dari dari satu titik ke titik yang lainnya. Layer signal adalah teknik pengembangan pada elektrical interfacing, bus interfacing, dan data transfer. c. Logic : Layer logic adalah pengalamatan dari rangkaian aplikasi, bus interfacinf, dan data transfer. layer logic merupakan suatu bentuk argumentasi tanpa memandang arti khusus dari istilah argumentasi lain. d. Protocol : Merupakan satu set peraturan dan prosedur untuk bertukar-tukar data. Protocol interfacing adalah ilmu yang merupakan standar dan implementasi dari suatu komunikasi. e. Code : Layer code merupakan representasi simbolik dari data atau intruksi dalam bentuk kode atau intruksi. f. Algorithmic : Merupakan suatu yang berhubungan dengan penggunaan algorithma untuk mendapatkan suatu hasil dalam interfacing 3/21/2016 UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA - DIA RAGASARI, S.KOM 4 1.2 RANGKAIAN DASAR INTERFACE Dalam melaksanakan pekerjaan, sistem digital menerima informasi, beroperasi, dan menyediakan informasi sebagai suatu keluaran Sebagai contoh, integrated circuit ( IC) chip yang menghubungkan suatu keluaran data mikroprosesor pada suatu pencetak atau tayangan disebut suatu interface keluaran. Memperhatikan interface didalam suatu hirarki, dapat juga penghubung antara subsistem didalam suatu sistem digital, maka dapat dilihat pada VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) Gambar 1.1 VLSI Interface 3/21/2016 UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA - DIA RAGASARI, S.KOM 5 1.2.1 Karakteristik MOSFET Sistem Digital Secara Internal Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) merupakan pokok yang membangun blok pada rangkaian VLSI, dimana unit dasar dari kepadatan tinggi CMOS dan NMOS teknologi yang digunakan untuk membangun mikroprosesor masa kini dan alat penghubung alat. Jika tegangan gate-to-source (Vp), melebihi tegangan tertentu dikenal sebagai tegangan ambang Vth maka tombol tertutup Jika tegangan ambang Vth adalah lebih besar dibanding nol, MOSFET disebut suatu gaya peningkatan MOSFET Sebaliknya suatu MOSFET dengan suatu tegangan ambang kurang dari nol dimasukkan suatu gaya penghabisan MOSFET Note : Pahami tegangan ambang pada dioda 3/21/2016 UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA - DIA RAGASARI, S.KOM 6 MOSFET bertindak sebagai suatu tombol menghubungkan sumber saluran. Tombol adalah tertutup atau terbuka tergantung pada tegangan antara sumber dan gerbang. Lambang untuk MOSFET dan nama tiga terminal sbb: 3/21/2016 UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA - DIA RAGASARI, S.KOM 7 A. Rangkaian MOSFET Transistor efek-medan semikonduktor logam-oksida (MOSFET) adalah salah satu jenis transistor efek medan. MOSFET mencakup kanal dari bahan semikonduktor tipe-N dan tipe-P, dan disebut NMOSFET atau PMOSFET atau juga biasa nMOS, pMOS. Ini adalah transistor yang paling umum pada sirkuit digital maupun analog, namun transistor sambungan dwikutub pada satu waktu lebih umum. Gambar : Simbol MOSFET 3/21/2016 UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA - DIA RAGASARI, S.KOM 8 Suatu pembalikkan digital adalah suatu yang menyangkut hal-hal paling mendasar tentang rangkaian pada sebuah alat VLSI . Dalam format paling sederhana terdiri dari dari suatu gaya peningkatan MOSFET dan “Pull-Up" resistor 3/21/2016 UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA - DIA RAGASARI, S.KOM 9 B. Rangkaian NOR/NAND Rangkaian logika lainnya dapat dibuat dengan rangkaian pembalik dasar yaitu rangkaian logika MOS NOR dan rangkain MOS NAND. Rangkaian NOR, jika masukan A maupun B atau kedua-duanya adalah pada suatu logika 1, keluaran T mengarah ke ground, logika 0. Jika A dan B adalah pada suatu logika 0, T memperbaiki posisi ke VDD maka logika 1. 3/21/2016 UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA - DIA RAGASARI, S.KOM 10 Dengan cara yang sama, keluaran rangkaian NAND mengarah ke logika 0 atau ground jika masukan A dan B secara serempak pada suatu logika 1 tingkatan. 3/21/2016 UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA - DIA RAGASARI, S.KOM 11 C. PASS TRANSISTOR Rangkaian MOSFET dimanfaatkan untuk digunakan sebagai transistor pass. Di dalam aplikasi MOSFETS tombol dihubungkan secara urut untuk menyebarkan isyarat. Dibawah ini pass transistor yang digunakan untuk pergeseran data biner. Dalam elektronika pass transistor logic (PTL) adalah mendeskripsikan logic family yang digunakan dalam mendesai IC. PTL dapat mengurangi jumlah transistor yang digunakan dalam untuk membuat gerbang logika yang berbeda dengan cara mengurangi redudansi dari transistor. Dalam computer engineering, sebuah logic family dapat menunjukkan salah satu dari satu atau dua konsep terkait. Sebuah logic family dari monolithic device IC digital adalah sekelompok gerbang logika elektronik dibangun menggunakan salah satu dari beberapa desain yang berbeda, biasanya dengan tingkat logika yang kompatibel dan karakteristik power supply dalam sebuah family. 3/21/2016 UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA - DIA RAGASARI, S.KOM 12 The list of packaged building-block logic families can be divided into categories : •Resistor–transistor logic (RTL) • Direct-coupled transistor logic (DCTL) • Resistor–capacitor–transistor logic (RCTL) •Diode–transistor logic (DTL) • Complemented transistor diode logic (CTDL) • High-threshold logic (HTL) •Emitter-coupled logic (ECL) • Positive emitter-coupled logic (PECL) • Low-voltage positive emitter-coupled logic (LVPECL) •Gunning transceiver logic (GTL) •Transistor–transistor logic (TTL) •P-type metal–oxide–semiconductor logic (PMOS) •N-type metal–oxide–semiconductor logic (NMOS) • Depletion-load NMOS logic • High-density nMOS (HMOS) •Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor logic (CMOS) •Bipolar complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor logic (BiCMOS) •Integrated injection logic (I2L) 3/21/2016 UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA - DIA RAGASARI, S.KOM 13 D. CMOS STRUKTUR Rangkaian CMOS menjadi padat dan beroperasi pada kecepatan yang lebih tinggi, rangkaian ini telah muncul sebagai pembatasan menuju keberhasilan dengan kepadatan yang lebih tinggi. Suatu versi yang penigkatan CMOS, dengan teknologi yang terbukti sebagai sarana untuk menuju keberhasilan mikroprosesor dengan kompleksitas tinggi dan dalam menghubungkan chip. Didalam suatu CMOS pembalik, NMOS dan PMOS transistor dihubungkan secara urut antara Power dan Ground sedemikian sehingga, kecuali switch manakala transistor sedang mengubah status, yang hanya satu transistor yang memberi waktu. 3/21/2016 UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA - DIA RAGASARI, S.KOM 14 1.3 SIFAT LISTRIK PADA INTERFACE A. Transmission Line Considerations Transmisi adalah proses penyaluran energy listrik dari satu tempat ke tempat lainnya. Besaran tegangannya adalah: - Tegangan Ultra Tinggi (UHV) - Tegangan Ekstra Tinggi (EHV) - Tegangan Tinggi (HV) - Tegnagan Menengah (MHV) - Tegangan Rendah (LV) Kategori transmisi berdasarkan arus listrik : - AC (Alternating Current) : arus bolak balik - DC (Direct Current): arus searah Berdasarkan - Saluran Udara Tegangan Ekstra Tinggi (SUTET) 200kV-500kV - Saluran Udara Tegangan Tinggi (SUTT) 30kV-150kV - Saluran Kabel Tegangan Tinggi (SKTT) 30kV-150kV 3/21/2016 UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA - DIA RAGASARI, S.KOM 15 B. Karakteristik Efek Impedansi Pada Signal Propagasi Impedansi listrik, atau lebih sering disebut impedansi, menjelaskan ukuran penolakan terhadap arus bolak balik sinusoid. Impedansi listrik memperluas konsep resistansi listrik ke sirkuit AC, menjelaskan tidak hanya amplitudo relatif dari tegangan dan arus, tetapi juga fase relatif. Impedansi adalah kuantitas kompleks yang dinotasikan dengan\tilde{Z} dan istilah impedansi kompleks mungkin dapat dipertukarkan. Bentuk kutub secara praktis menunjukkan baik karakteristik magnitudo dan fase, Propagasi adalah transmisi atau penyebaran sinyal dari suatu tempat ke tempat lain. Media perambatan atau biasa juga disebut saluran transmisi gelombang dapat berupa fisik yaitu sepasang kawat konduktor, kabel koaksial dan berupa non fisik yaitu gelombang radio atau sinar laser. Pada Gambar merupakan gambaran singkat tentang propagasi gelombang (J, Herman, 1986: 1.4) - See more at: http://erwin- heldy.blogspot.co.id/2010/08/propagasi-gelombang-propagasi-adalah.html#sthash.ImJitcpl.dpuf 3/21/2016 UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA - DIA RAGASARI, S.KOM 16 Propagasi terdiri dari 3 metode yaitu: - Propagasi Gelombang Ground (Ground Wave Propagation) Karakteristiknya: - Frekuensinya dibawah 2MHz - Muka gelombang yang melambat dikarenakan arus EM - Di induksikan ke bumi (miring ke bawah) - Mengalami difraksi dan penyebaran dari atmosfir - Propagasi Gelombang Udara (Sky Wave Propagation) Aplikasi ini biasanya digunakan untuk aplikasi radio amatir. Karakteristiknya: - Frekuensinya 2 - 30 MHz - Transmisi sinyal dibiaskan oleh ionosfir dipantulkan ke bumi - Pantulan mengakibatkab sinyal diambil ribuan kilometer dari transmisi - Line of Sight Karakteristiknya:
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