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NEPAL’SEthnicitiesEthnicities

Interlaced AND Indivisible Gauri Nath Rimal SOCIAL MOSAIC

End poverty. Together.

Infused Ethnicities NEPAL’S

The material in this publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit uses, without prior written permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. The author would appreciate receiving a copy of any product which uses this publication as a source. This book has received partial funding support from Actionaid Nepal for printing.

Citation: Rimal, G.N., 2007: Infused Ethnicities: Nepal’s Interlaced and Indivisible Social Mosaic, Institute for Social and Environmental Transition-Nepal, Kathmandu.

ISBN: 978-99946-2-577-2

Printed by: Digiscan, June 2007, Kathmandu Nepal

Price: NRs. 600/- Content

Foreword iv

Preface v

Proposal for a Federated Nepal 1

The Context 8

About Maps 9

The Issue of Representation 42

The Larger Picture, the Future 49

Annexes 51-64 Annex 1 52 Annex 2 54 Annex 3 55 Annex 4 56 Annex 5 57 Annex 6 58 Annex 6 (Continued) 59 Annex 7A 60 Annex 7B 61 Annex 8 62 Annex 9 62 Annex 10 63 Annex 11 64

Bibliography 67

Acknowledgement 72 Foreword

Through a process of political and administrative devolution Nepal is moving ahead to create a participatory, inclusive, egalitarian society with good governance and rule of law. Many ethnic groups with various cultural, linguistics and religious background live in the country’s plains, valleys, hills and mountains. This atlas is a compilation of maps depicting Nepal’s infused ethnicity. Presented along with statistics in colored graphics the maps will be a useful reference in the process of the ongoing political restructuring.

Action Aid Nepal is pleased to provide some support in printing of this atlas. We hope that the atlas will help political decision makers and laymen visualize Nepal’s social diversity.

Shibesh Chandra Regmi Country Director Action Aid Nepal

iv Preface

Since the success of the 2006 April Uprising, Nepal has embarked on a restructuring of its state machinery from its former centralised unitary character to a decentralised federal system. The aim is to create a participatory, inclusive, egalitarian and liberal democratic society where good governance, civil liberties and the rule of law prevail.

It envisages that both the central government and local government entities will be responsive to the needs of all citizens and stakeholders and that all communities residing in them will participate in decision-making. A multitude of political parties, individuals and organized groups have suggested highly differing frameworks for a devolved Nepal. The prospect of this new political order has greatly intrigued me. Nepal is diverse not only in its physical aspects, with plains, valleys, hills and mountains but also in its ethnic composition with various cultural, linguistic and religious backgrounds. Nepal’s altitudinal variation is another dimension of this rich mosaic.

To better understand the diversity, mix and interrelationship of the country’s communities, I began to prepare a set of maps for my own study using publications of the Central Bureau of Statistics including Population Census 2001, Caste/Ethnicity, Mother Tongue and Religion (District Level) September 2003, and the Bureau’s other publications, as data sources. In addition, I also refrred to maps published by other scholars.

This book is the result of an in-depth study of these maps and data provided by these publications and their reinterpretations. The maps are presented in coloured graphics and accompanied by statistics. My objective in publishing these maps is to help people with different backgrounds, from political decision-makers to laymen, to visualize Nepal’s ethnical layout and to assist in the country’s ongoing political restructuring. Each map is self- explanatory and tells its own story.

Through these maps, I wish to share my excitement and quest with friends and other Nepalis. I hope that the maps will help readers understand the country’s diversity. The book will be a useful reference in the process of restructuring the state and in taking judicious decisions. I dedicate this book to the country’s new generation.

Gauri Nath Rimal June 2007

INFUSED ETHNICITIES: NEPAL’S INTERLACED AND INDIVISIBLE SOCIAL MOSAIC

In Nepal’s case, a federated structure is being created out of a historically unitary state through the decision of the Interim Parliament.

Proposal for a Federated Nepal

An amendment of the interim constitution ratified on March 13, were created from Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh 2007, declares that Nepal will be turned into a federal state, in respectively. keeping with the aspiration of the April 2006 movement. The process of restructuring Nepal from its present unitary state into Nepal’s case of political devolution is unique in that a federated a federal system is unlike any experience elsewhere in the world. structure is being created out of a historically unitary state through the decision of the Interim Parliament. Unlike Switzerland, former Yugoslavia, or many other countries, Nepal’s case of political devolution is unique. In other countries Many suggestions for a federal Nepal have been made and maps federalism was achieved from historically divided nations and in of proposed reorganized conglomerates are available. Shanker fact federalism has been a factor in unifying many nations. Pokhrel has suggested 15 units while Harka Gurung has proposed Switzerland, for example, consisted of many sub-national states, twenty five. Babu Ram Acharya proposed four and Takashi and came together into the present federated structure. In North Miyahara of the Nepal Development Party has suggested seven America many states united to constitute the present day United units. The Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) has suggested that States of America. Australia and Canada are organized into a Nepal be devolved into nine federal units. Amaresh Kumar Singh federal system within the commonwealth framework. has proposed 12 such units. Pitambar Sharma’s idea is to divide Nepal into six regions and 19 districts. The proposal by Govinda After gaining independence from the British, more than 500 Neupane consists of 11. The map by K. B. Gurung suggests 11 princely states were amalgamated into the present day Indian units. Krishna Khanal suggests 14 units while Kumar Yonjon has Union. The Indian states were constituted along linguistic proposed 11 units. Shree Krishna Yadav has suggested seven divisions but adjustment continues even today. Recently, for units. Some designate them as Pradesh, others as administrative example, the states of Uttarakhand, Jharkhand and Chattisgarh units (Maps 1- 12).

1 INFUSED ETHNICITIES: NEPAL’S INTERLACED AND INDIVISIBLE SOCIAL MOSAIC Various Proposals for a Federated System

Map-1 Proposed by Shankar Pokharel HUMLA

DARCHULA

BAJHANG

MUGU BAITADI BAJURA Khaptad

DADELDHURA JUMLA DOTI KALIKOT ACHHAM DOLPA Karnali KANCHANPUR MUSTANG DAILEKH JAJARKOT KAILALI B RUKUM hawar MANANG SURKHET MYAGDI

BARDIYA SALYAN Annapurna Kathmandu ROLPA BAGLUNG KASKI LAMJUNG T GORKHA A Rapati PYUTHAN B R RASUWA BANKE kaligandakiA GULMI P DANG SYANGJA ARGHAKHANCHI TANAHUN NUWAKOT SINDHUPALCHOK PALPA DHADING DOLAKHA Lumbini NAWALPARASI Narayani Sunkoshi SOLUKHUMBU KAPILBASTU RUPANDEHI TAPLEJUNG CHITWAN KAVRE SANKHUWASABHA MAKAWANPUR RAMECHHAP OKHALDHUNGA Tamor SINDHULI PARSA BHOJPUR KHOTANG TERHATHUM AR BARA H HT NC Koshi PA SARLAHI DHANKUTA

RAUTAHAT ILAM Simrangadh MAHOTTARI UDAYAPUR DHANUSA SIRAHA Birat SUNSARI HUMLA MORANG Map-2 i SAPTARI JHAPA DARCHUhLA Janakpur Proposed by ris R BAJHANG Harka Gurung s BAaITADI Saipal MUGU y BAJURA B Karnali

DADELDHURA Malika JUMLA DOTI KALIKOT ACHHAM DOLPA

KANCHANPUR MUSTANG DAILEKH Mohana JAJARKOT KAILALI giri Bheri RUKUM ula a MANANG Babai Dh SURKHET MYAGDI BARDIYA Kathmandu SALYAN Manaslu ROLPA BAGLUNG KASKI LAMJUNG T GORKHA A SorgadwPYUariTHAN B Ridi R RASUWA BANKE A GULMI AnnapurnaP DANG SYANGJA Trisuli ARGHAKHANCHI TANAHUN NUWAKOT SINDHUPALCHOK PALPA DHADING KTM DOLAKHA Shreenagar BKT Sailun KAPILBASTU NAWALPARASI Rapti KAVRE g SOLUKHUMBU RUPANDEHI TAPLEJUNG CHITWAN LTP SANKHUWASABHA MAKAWANPUR RAMECHHAP Sim OKHALDHUNGA Arun Tam or SINDHULI PARSA SagarmathaKHOTANG ron la TERHATHUM BARA ama BHOJPUR K I PANCHTHAR R

T A A T

H T SARLAHI A A O S DHANKUTA T

H U U A N i A and ILAM M A d R au H Ch UDAYAPUR r D pu SIRAHA Bijay SUNSARI MORANG ankai SAPTARI K JHAPA Source: Map 1 and 2 - GEFONT 2007

2 INFUSED ETHNICITIES: Various Proposals for a Federated System NEPAL’S INTERLACED AND INDIVISIBLE SOCIAL MOSAIC

Map-3 Proposed by Baburam Achaya HUMLA

DARCHULA

BAJHANG

MUGU BAITADI BAJURA Malika Mandal Senja Mandal

DOTI DADELDHURA ACHHAM KALIKOT JUMLA Malika Bhukti Area DOLPA

KANCHANPUR MUSTANG DAILEKH Rajapur Mandal JAJARKOT RUKUM MANANG KAILALI Muktinath Bhukti Area SURKHET Kathmandu Mandal Wadi Mandal MYAGDI BARDIYA SALYAN Kaski Mandal ROLPA BAGLUNG KASKI LAMJUNG T GORKHA A PYUTHAN B R RASUWA BANKE A P GULMI Butwal Mandal DANG SYANGJA ARGHAKHANCHI TANAHUN NUWAKOT SINDHUPALCHOK dal PALPA DHADING ha Man KTM Dolak DOLAKHA Butwal Mandal BKT Pallow Kirat Mandal Pashupati Bhukti Area SOLUKHUMBU KAPILBASTU NAWALPARASI TAPLEJUNG RUPANDEHI CHITWAN LTP SANKHUWASABHA KAVRE Sim MAKAWANPUR RAMECHHAP araw an M OKHALDHUNGA and Area al SINDHULI PARSA KHOTANG TERHATHUM BARA BHOJPUR I PANCHTHAR R

T A A T

H T SARLAHI A A O S DHANKUTA T Baraha Bhukti H U U A N A ILAM M A R

H UDAYAPUR D M SIRAHA orang M SUNSARI anda MORANG l Map-4 Janakpur Mandal SAPTARI JHAPA Proposed by Saptari Mandal Takashi Miyahara Bheri-Karnali

Seti-Mahakali Dolpo-Rapti Attariya

Birendranagar

Gandaki Ghorahi Narayani

Butwal Kathmandu Narayangadh Sagarmatha Koshi-Mechi Bardibas

Itahari Source: Map 3 - GEFONT 2007; Map 4 - Nepal National Development Party

3 INFUSED ETHNICITIES: NEPAL’S INTERLACED AND INDIVISIBLE SOCIAL MOSAIC Various Proposals for a Federated System

Map-5 Proposed by Nepal Communist HUMLA Party (Maoist) DARCHULA

BAJHANG

BAITADI MUGU Seti Mahakali BAJURA Autonomous Region Bheri Karnali DADELDHURA Autonomous Region

KALIKOT JUMLA DOTI ACHHAM DOLPA

KANCHANPUR MUSTANG DAILEKH JAJARKOT KAILALI RUKUM SURKHET Magarat Autonomous Region MANANG Newar Autonomous Region MYAGDI Tamuwan Autonomous Region BARDIYA SALYAN BAGLUNG ROLPA KASKI LAMJUNG GORKHA

T A RASUWA Tharuwan B BANKE PYUTHAN R A Autonomous Region GULMI P SYANGJA Tamang Autonomous Region DANG TANAHUN ARGHAKHANCHI NUWAKOT PALPA SINDHUPALCHOK DHADING DOLAKHA SANKHUWASABHA

KAPILBASTU RASI NAWALPA SOLUKHUMBU RUPANDEHI CHITWAN MAKAWANPUR TAPLEJUNG KAVRE RAMECHHAP Kirat Autonomous Region

PARSA OKHALDHUNGA Madhesi Autonomous Region SINDHULI KHOTANG BHOJPUR TERHATHUM T I AR A TH BARA R H H C A AN A P T T SARLAHI T UDAYAPUR

U A O DHANKUTA A S H R A U ILAM

N M A SIRAHA

D SUNSARI HUMLA MORANG Map-6 SAPTARI JHAPA Proposed by DARCHULA Amresh Kumar Singh BAJHANG MUGU BAITADI BAJURA Doti Region Karnali Region DADELDHURA JUMLA DOTI KALIKOT ACHHAM DOLPA

KANCHANPUR MUSTANG KAILALI DAILEKH JAJARKOT Th Jajarkot Region a MANANG ru RUKUM Newar Region wBAaRDIYA SURKHET SALYAN MYAGDI n R Tamuwan Region BAGLUNG e ROLPA KASKI g LAMJUNG T GORKHA io Magarat A n PYUTHAN B GULMI R RASUWA A BANKE Region P DANG SYANGJA Tamang Region ARGHAKHANCHI TANAHUN PALPA NUWAKOT SINDHUPALCHOK DHADING NAWALPARASI KTM DOLAKHA Awad BKT ha Regio SANKHUWASABHA KAPILBASTU n S SOLUKHUMBU RUPANDEHI im KAVRE TAPLEJUNG runCHITWAN MAKAWANPUR LTP g RAMECHHAP a OKHALDHUNGA dPARSA Kirat Region ha SINDHULI BARA KHOTANG R BHOJPUR TERHATHUM PANCHTHAR e I g T R i A A oH T SARLAHI A T A n S DHANKUTA T O

U U H

N A A SIRAHA UDAYAPUR ILAM A R M H

D SUNSARI Mithila Region MORANG JHAPA Source: Map 5 - Pratyakraman, Chaitra, 2063; Map 6 - GEFONT 2007. SAPTARI

4 INFUSED ETHNICITIES: Various Proposals for a Federated System NEPAL’S INTERLACED AND INDIVISIBLE SOCIAL MOSAIC

Map-7 Proposed by Pitamber Sharma HUMLA DARCHULA i h ris BAJHANG Humla R s aBAITADI MUGU y BAJURA B Khapdata Karnali Region

DADELDHURA JUMLA Jumla DOTI KALIKOT ACHHAM DOLPA

KANCHANPUR Far-Western Region MUSTANG KAILALI F DAILEKH ar-Western JAJARKOT Bheri iri RUKUM lag au MANANG Capital Region Dh T SURKHET SALYAN MYAGDI Kathmandu arai Sorgadwari Manaslu BARDIYA BAGLUNG ROLPA KASKI LAMJUNG T GORKHA WesternA Region PYUTHAN B GULMI R RASUWA BANKE A P Annapurna Ridi DANG SYANGJA Trisuli ARGHAKHANCHI TANAHUN PALPA NUWAKOT SINDHUPALCHOK DHADING NAWALPARASI KTM DOLAKHA BKT WesternTarai SANKHUWASABHA KAPILBASTU Sailung SOLUKHUMBU RUPANDEHI KAVRE TAPLEJUNG CHITWAN MAKAWANPUR LTP RAMECHHAP

OKHALDHUNGA PARSA Sagarmatha Arun SINDHULI BARA KHOTANG BHOJPUR TERHATHUM Mid Tarai PANCHTHAR I

T R A A Eastern Region

H T SARLAHI A T A S DHANKUTA T O

U U H

N A A UDAYAPUR ILAM A R M H MORANG D SIRAHA SUNSARI

SAPTARI East Tarai Map-8 HUMLA JHAPA Proposed by DARCHULA Govinda Neupane BAJHANG MUGU BAITADI BAJURA West Khasan Region

DOTI DADELDHURA ACHHAM KALIKOT JUMLA

DOLPA Mid Khasan Region KANCHANPUR MUSTANG DAILEKH JAJARKOT RUKUM MANANG KAILALI

SURKHET East Khasan Region Newa Region MYAGDI BARDIYA SALYAN Tam u Magarat Region ROLPA BAGLUNG KASKI LAMJUNG T GORKHA A PYUTHAN B R RASUWA BANKE A Kapilvastu Region GULMI P DANG SYANGJA Tam basiling Region ARGHAKHANCHI TANAHUN NUWAKOT SINDHUPALCHOK PALPA DHADING NAWALPARASI KTM DOLAKHA BKT

KAPILBASTU KAVRE SOLUKHUMBU RUPANDEHI TAPLEJUNG CHITWAN LTP SANKHUWASABHA Lumbini Region MAKAWANPUR RAMECHHAP OKHALDHUNGA Kirat Region SINDHULI PARSA KHOTANG TERHATHUM BARA BHOJPUR I PANCHTHAR R

T A A T

H T SARLAHI A A O S DHANKUTA T

H U U A N A ILAM M A R H UDAYAPUR Bijayapur D SIRAHA SUNSARI Region MORANG Mithila Region SAPTARI JHAPA Source: Map 7 - Mulyankan, Saun–Bhadra, 2063; Map 8 - GEFONT 2007.

5 INFUSED ETHNICITIES: NEPAL’S INTERLACED AND INDIVISIBLE SOCIAL MOSAIC Various Proposals for a Federated System

Map-9 Proposed by K. B. Gurung HUMLA

DARCHULA

BAJHANG

BAITADI MUGU Far-Western KhasanBAJURA Western Khasan Automonous Region Automonous Region DOTI DADELDHURA ACHHAM KALIKOT JUMLA

DOLPA

KANCHANPUR MUSTANG DAILEKH JAJARKOT RUKUM MANANG KAILALI T ha SURKHET Newa Automonous Region ru MYAGDI Tamu Automonous h BARDIYA Magarat Automonous at SALYAN Region A RegionROLPA BAGLUNG u KASKI LAMJUNG to T GORKHA m A o PYUTHAN B n R RASUWA BANKE A o P us GULMI R Tambasiling Automonous e DANG SYANGJA gi ARGHAKHANCHI TANAHUN Region on NUWAKOT SINDHUPALCHOK Sherpa self-goverining Ilaka PALPA DHADING NAWALPARASI KTM DOLAKHA Awadhi BKT self-goverining Ilaka Bhojpuri-Tharu self-goverining Ilaka KAPILBASTU KAVRE SOLUKHUMBU RUPANDEHI TAPLEJUNG CHITWAN LTP SANKHUWASABHA MAKAWANPUR RAMECHHAP Limbuwan self-goverining Ilaka Tharu-Bhojpuri OKHALDHUNGA SINDHULI PARSA Bhojpuri-Bajjika KHOTANG Automonous Region self-goverining Ilaka TERHATHUM BARA BHOJPUR Maithili I PANCHTHAR R Khambuwan T self-goverining IlakaA self-goverining Ilaka A T

H T SARLAHI A A O S DHANKUTA T

H U U A N A ILAM M A R

H UDAYAPUR D SIRAHA Rajbanshi self-goverining Ilaka SUNSARI HUMLA Maithili-Tharu MORANG Map-10 JHAPA Automonous Region SAPTARI Proposed by DARCHULA Krishna Khanal BAJHANG MUGU BAITADI BAJURA Area No. 13 (11) Area No. 12 (5)

DOTI DADELDHURA ACHHAM KALIKOT JUMLA

DOLPA

KANCHANPUR MUSTANG DAILEKH Area No. 14 (20) JAJARKOT RUKUM MANANG Area No. 5 (10) KAILALI Area No. 11 (12) Area No. 9 (12) SURKHET Area No. 6 (14) MYAGDI BARDIYA SALYAN ROLPA BAGLUNG KASKI LAMJUNG T GORKHA A PYUTHAN B R RASUWA BANKE A Area No. 8 (13) GULMI P SYANGJA DANG ARGHAKHANCHI TANAHUN NUWAKOT SINDHUPALCHOK PALPA DHADING NAWALPARASI KTM DOLAKHA Area No. 10 (15) BKT KAVRE SOLUK HUMBU KAPILBASTU TAPLEJUNG RUPANDEHI CHITWAN LTP Area No. 4 (12) SANKHUWASABHA MAKAWANPUR RAMECHHAP Area No. 7 (18) OKHALDHUNGA Area No. 1 (18) SINDHULI PARSA KHOTANG TERHATHUM BARA BHOJPUR I PANCHTHAR R

T A A T

H T SARLAHI A A O S DHANKUTA T

H U U A N A ILAM M A R H UDAYAPUR Area No. 2 (19) D SIRAHA SUNSARI MORANG Area No. 3 (26) SAPTARI JHAPA Source: Map 9 and 10 - GEFONT 2007.

6 INFUSED ETHNICITIES: Various Proposals for a Federated System NEPAL’S INTERLACED AND INDIVISIBLE SOCIAL MOSAIC

Map-11 Proposed by Kumar Yonjan HUMLA DARCHULA Jadan Region

BAJHANG MUGU BAITADI BAJURA

DADELDHURA JUMLA DOTI KALIKOT ACHHAM DOLPA Khasan Tamuwan Region KANCHANPUR g Region MUSTANG KAILALI DAILEKH JAJARKOT Th a MANANG ru BARDIYA RUKUM Newar Region wa SURKHET SALYAN MYAGDI n R BAGLUNG e ROLPA KASKI g LAMJUNG T GORKHA io A n PYUTHAN B GULMI R RASUWA A BANKE Magarat RegP ion

DANG SYANGJA Tamang Region ARGHAKHANCHI TANAHUN PALPA NUWAKOT SINDHUPALCHOK DHADING NAWALPARASI KTM DOLAKHA BKT SANKHUWASABHA KAPILBASTU SOLUKHUMBU RUPANDEHI KAVRE TAPLEJUNG Bh CHITWAN MAKAWANPUR LTP ojpuri RAMECHHAP R OKHALDHUNGA eg PARSA Kirat Region io SINDHULI n BARA KHOTANG BHOJPUR TERHATHUM PANCHTHAR I

T R

A A

H T SARLAHI A T A S DHANKUTA T O

U U H

N A A SIRAHA UDAYAPUR ILAM A R M H MORANG D Mithila Region SUNSARI Map-12 HUMLA Kochila Region SAPTARI JHAPA Proposed by DARCHULA ion Mahakali Reg Shreekrishna Yadav BAJHANG MUGU BAITADI BAJURA

DADELDHURA JUMLA DOTI KALIKOT ACHHAM DOLPA Karnali Region KANCHANPUR MUSTANG KAILALI DAILEKH JAJARKOT S id RUKUM ha MANANG rthBARDIYA SURKHET SALYAN MYAGDI a R BAGLUNG e ROLPA KASKI g LAMJUNG i T GORKHA o A n PYUTHAN GandakiB Region GULMI R RASUWA A BANKE P

DANG SYANGJA ARGHAKHANCHI TANAHUN PALPA NUWAKOT SINDHUPALCHOK DHADING NAWALPARASI KTM DOLAKHA BKT Bagmati Region SANKHUWASABHA KAPILBASTU SOLUKHUMBU RUPANDEHI KAVRE TAPLEJUNG CHITWAN MAKAWANPUR LTP RAMECHHAP Sagarmatha Region OKHALDHUNGA PARSA SINDHULI BARA KHOTANG BHOJPUR TERHATHUM PANCHTHAR I

T R

A A

H T SARLAHI A T A S DHANKUTA T O

U U B H i N A d eA UDAYAPUR ILAM h A R a M H Re MORANG D SIRgAHA ion SUNSARI

SAPTARI JHAPA Source: Map 11 and 12 - GEFONT 2007.

7 INFUSED ETHNICITIES: NEPAL’S INTERLACED AND INDIVISIBLE SOCIAL MOSAIC

The Context TABLE 1: Ethnic/Caste Groups

A. Mountain Ethnic 51. Gaine The aim of restructuring Nepal is to institutionalize effective democracy 1. Byansi/Sauka 52. Kami 2. Himali (Bhote) 53. Sarki achieved and practiced at the local level primarily in order to uplift the 3. Sherpa 4. Thakali G. Tarai Upper Caste living conditions of those on the social and economical margins. 5. Walung 54. Badhae 55. Baniya B. Hill Ethnic 56. Barae 6. Baramu/Brahmu 57. Bhediyar/Gaderi The proposed new political and administrative divisions need to consider 7. Bhujel/Gharti 58. Bin/Binda 8. Chepang/Praja 59. Brahman (Tarai) the geography, population, habitation, language use, communication, 9. Chhantel 60. Dhunia 10. Dura 61. Hajam/Thakur history and economics of each region. 11. Gurung 62. Haluwai 12. Hayu 63. Kahar 13. Hyolmo 64. Kalwar 14. Jirel 65. Kamar Nepal’s case is unique. Switzerland, for example, consists of distinct 15. Kusunda 66. Kanu 16. Lepcha/Lepche 67. Kayastha German, French, Italian and Romansh speaking regions. Nepal, on the 17. Limbu 68. Kewat 18. Magar 69. Koiri other hand is a mosaic of diverse social compositions even at the level of a 19. Newar 70. Kumhar 20. Pahari 71. Kurmi hamlet. According to the 2001 National Population Census more than 103 21. Rai 72. Lodha 22. Sunuwar 73. Lohar ethnic/caste groups (Table 1) who speak 93 languages reside in Nepal 23. Tamang 74. Mali 24. Thami 75. Mallah and some caste, ethnic and language groups are still unaccounted for. 25. Yakha 76. Nuniya 77. Nurang C. Inner Tarai Ethnic 78. Rajbhar 26. Bote 79. Rajput In the course of history, Nepalis have moved to different parts of the 27. Danuwar 80. Sonar 28. Darai 81. Sudhi country and have lived amicably with a high degree of interdependence. 29. Kumal 82. Teli 30. Majhi 83. Yadav The Nepali people are not a homogenous whole: they differ in ethnicity, 31. Raji 32. Raute H. Tarai Dalit language, religion and, to a certain extent, in culture and in civilization. 84. Bantar D. Tarai Ethnic 85. Chamar/Harijan/Ram Even the sparsely populated districts of Dolpa, Kalikot, Mugu and Humla 33. Dhimal 86. Chidimar 34. Gangai 87. Dhanuk are inhabited by more than 34 communities each while Jhapa, Morang, 35. Jhangad/Dhangad 88. Dhobi 36. Kisan 89. Dom Sunsari, Banke, Bardiya and Rupandehi districts have more than 80 37. Koche 90. Dusadh/Pasi/Paswan 38. Meche 91. Halkhor communities living together. Diversity is a strength of the strongly 39. Munda 92. Khatwe 40. Kuswadiya 93. Musahar patriotic Nepali people. 41. Rajbansi 94. Tatma 42. Santhal/Satar 43. Tajpuriya I. Others 44. Tharu 95. Bengali Unfortunately, much of the public discussion about what a federated 96. Churaute E. Hill Upper Caste 97. Jaine structure will look like has remained theoretical. The statistical realities as 45. Bahun 98. Marwari 46. Chhetri 99. Muslim they exist in the districts and villages of Nepal have not been fully 47. Sanyasi 100. Sikh 48. Thakuri explored. The maps in this book attempt to bring the situation on the J. Unspecified F. Hill Dalit 101. Ethnicity/Caste ground to light. 49. Badi 102. Adibasi/Janajati 50. Damai/Dholi 103. Dalit

Source: National Foundation for Development of Indigenous Nationalities (NFDIN) 2006 Nepal Atlas of Ethnic and Caste Groups.

8 INFUSED ETHNICITIES: NEPAL’S INTERLACED AND INDIVISIBLE SOCIAL MOSAIC

About Maps

The following maps, compiled on the basis of the CBS National spoken in each district, the percentage of the population who Report of June 2002 and the District Level Report of September speak Nepali in each district and the percentage of people in 2003, show a mosaic of ethnic/caste groups and the populations by each district who speak the dominant mother tongues. speakers of various mother tongues. This data is shown in Tables 2, 3 and 4; other details are included in the annexes. In solving Maps 23 (a) and (b) show the proportion of the dominant equations involving a mix of different physical kinds, the technique caste/ethnic population in each district. similar to dimensional analysis is an accepted tool in which all components are represented in similar units or dimensions. The next map, 24, shows the percentage of hill upper castes in each district. Maps 13 and 14 show the terrain of Nepal and its geographical divisions and Map 15 shows the area of each district. Bhaktapur Map 25 shows the percentage of hill Dalits— Kami, Damai, Sarki, District has the smallest area (119 sq. km.) and Dolpa (7,889 sq. km.), Gaine and Badi—as a single cohort in each district. Hill Dalits the largest. The next three maps (16, 17 and 18) show the population, (population 1,615,577) constitute 7.11% of Nepal’s population. the population density and the major settlements of each district. The They live traditionally in the hills but have settled in the mountain least populated district is Manang (population 9,587) while as well. Their concentration is highest in Kalikot, Dailekh, Kathmandu (population 1,081,845) is the most populated with Achham, Surkhet, Jajarkot, Myagdi, Baglung, Dadeldhura, Doti, density 2,739 persons/ sq.km. Rupandehi has the high density with Bajura, Pyathan, Gulmi and Arghakhachi districts. 521 persons/sq. km. while the districts of Manang and Mustang, with a density of 4 persons/sq. km each, have the lowest. The Chetri Bahun and hill Dalit cohort of 9 caste groups together constitute the khas. The status of this group is shown Map 19 shows the number of caste/ethnic groups in each district. in Map 26. Map 27 shows the percentage of ethnic population Unlike earlier studies, which considered them separately, this of 44 ethnic groups in each district. Map 28 shows the study considers Chhetri Bahun, Thakuri and Sanyasi as one percentage of hill upper castes in each while Map 29 shows cohort. This group ranks as the largest population group in the those districts with caste/ethnic population greater than 50 following seventeen districts: Ilam, Sankhuwasabha, Tehrathum, percent. Map 30 shows the percentage of Tarai Dalits in each Sunsari, Kavrepalanchok, Sidhupalchok, Dhading, Kathmandu, Tarai district, while Map 31 shows status of khas and hill Dang, Banke, Nawalparasi, Tanahu, Baglung, Pyuthan, Gulmi, mountain ethic groups taken together in the twenty Tarai Lamjung, and Gorkha. The next map shows the ranking of each districts. Map 32 shows those districts which have caste/ethnic group in terms of its population in each district. concentrations of Muslim and Chepangs while Map 33 shows those districts where the population of Limbu, Rai, Tamang, Maps 20, 21 and 22 (a) and (b) respectively show regions of Gurung, Magar, Newar, Tharu and Rajbansi groups are major language concentrations, the number of languages concentrated.

9 INFUSED ETHNICITIES: NEPAL’S INTERLACED AND INDIVISIBLE SOCIAL MOSAIC

TABLE 2: Ethnic/Caste Groups and their Populations, 2001

Ethnic/Caste Group Population % Ethnic/Caste group Population %

Total 22,736,934 100.00 52. Santhal/Sattar 42,698 0.19 1. Ch hetri 3,593,496 15.80 53. Jhangar/Dhangar 41,764 0.18 2. Bahun – Hill 2,896,477 12.74 54. Bantar 35,839 0.16 3. Magar 1,622,421 7.14 55. Barae 35,434 0.16 4. Tharu 1,533,879 6.75 56. Kahar 34,531 0.15 5. Tamang 1,282,304 5.64 57. Gangai 31,318 0.14 6. Newar 1,245,232 5.48 58. Lodha 24,738 0.11 7. Muslim 971,056 4.27 59. Rajbhar 24,263 0.11 8. Kami 895,954 3.94 60. Thami 22,999 0.10 9. Yadav 895,423 3.94 61. Dhimal 19,537 0.09 10. Rai 635,151 2.79 62. Bhote 19,261 0.08 11. Gurung 543,571 2.39 63. Bing/Binda 18,720 0.08 12. Damai/Dholi 390,305 1.72 64. Bhediyar/Gaderi 17,729 0.08 13. Limbu 359,379 1.58 65. Nurang 17,522 0.08 14. Thakuri 334,120 1.47 66. Yakha 17,003 0.07 15. Sarki 318,989 1.40 67. Darai 14,859 0.07 16. Teli 304,536 1.34 68. Tajapuriya 13,250 0.06 17. Chamar/Harijan/Ram 269,661 1.19 69. Thakali 12,973 0.06 18. Koiri 251,274 1.11 70. Chidimar 12,296 0.05 19. Kurmi 212,842 0.94 71. Pahari 11,505 0.05 20. Sanyasi 199,127 0.88 72. Mali 11,390 0.05 21. Dhanuk 188,150 0.83 73. Bangali 9,860 0.04 22. Musahar 172,434 0.76 74. Chhantel 9,814 0.04 23. Dusadh/Paswan/Pasi 158,525 0.70 75. Dom 8,931 0.04 24. Sherpa 154,622 0.68 76. Kamar 8,761 0.04 25. Sonar 145,088 0.64 77. Bote 7,969 0.04 26. Kewat 136,953 0.60 78. Brahmu/Baramu 7,383 0.03 27. Brahman – Tarai 134,496 0.59 79. Gaine 5,887 0.03 28. Baniya 126,971 0.56 80. Jirel 5,316 0.02 29. Gharti/Bhujel 117,568 0.52 81. Dura 5,169 0.02 30. Mallah 115,986 0.51 82. Churaute 4,893 0.02 31. Kalwar 115,606 0.51 83. Badi 4,442 0.02 32. Kumal 99,389 0.44 84. Meche 3,763 0.02 33. Hajam/Thakur 98,169 0.43 85. Lepcha 3,660 0.02 34. Kanu 95,826 0.42 86. Halkhor 3,621 0.02 35. Rajbansi 95,812 0.42 87. Punjabi/Sikh 3,054 0.01 36. Sunuwar 95,254 0.42 88. Kisan 2,876 0.01 37. Sudhi 89,846 0.40 89. Raji 2,399 0.01 38. Lohar 82,637 0.36 90. Byansi 2,103 0.01 39. Tatma 76,512 0.34 91. Hayu 1,821 0.01 40. Khatwe 74,972 0.33 92. Koche 1,429 0.01 41. Dhobi 73,413 0.32 93. Dhunia 1,231 0.01 42. Majhi 72,614 0.32 94. Walung 1,148 0.01 43. Nuniya 66,873 0.29 95. Jaine 1,015 0.00 44. Kumhar 54,413 0.24 96. Munda 660 0.00 45. Danuwar 53,229 0.23 97. Raute 658 0.00 46. Chepang/Praja 52,237 0.23 98. Yholmo 579 0.00 47. Haluwai 50,583 0.22 99. Kuswadiya/Patharkatta 552 0.00 48. Rajput 48,454 0.21 100. Kusunda 164 0.00 49. Kayastha 46,071 0.20 101. Unspecified Caste/Ethnic 231,641 1.02 50. Badhae 45,975 0.20 102. Unspecified Dalit 173,401 0.76 51. Marwadi 43,971 0.19 103. Unspecified Adibasi/Janajati 5,259 0.02

CBS Population Census 2001, Caste/Ethnicity, Mother Tongue and Religion (District Level) September 2003

10 INFUSED ETHNICITIES: NEPAL’S INTERLACED AND INDIVISIBLE SOCIAL MOSAIC

TABLE 3: Population by Mother Tongue, 2001

SN Mother Tongue Population % SN Mother Tongue Population %

Nepal 22,736,934 100,00 48 Meche 3,301 0.01 1 NEPAL 11,053,255 48.61 49 Pahari 2,995 0.01 2 Maithili 2,797,582 12.30 50 Lepcha/Lapche 2,826 0.01 3 Bhojpuri 1,712,536 7.53 51 Bote 2,823 0.01 4 Tharu (Dagaura/Rana) 1,331,546 5.86 52 Bahing 2,765 0.01 5 Tamang 1,179,145 5.19 53 Koi/Koyu 2,641 0.01 6 Newar 825,458 3.63 54 Raji 2,413 0.01 7 Magar 770,116 3.39 55 Hayu 1,743 0.01 8 Awadhi 560,744 2.47 56 Byangshi 1,734 0.01 9 Bantawa 371,056 1.63 57 Yamphu/Yamphe 1,722 0.01 10 Gurung 338,925 1.49 58 Ghale 1,649 0.01 11 Limbu 333,633 1.47 59 Khariya 1,575 0.01 12 Bajjika 237,947 1.05 60 Chhiling 1,314 0.01 13 Urdu 174,840 0.77 61 Lohorung 1,207 0.01 14 Rajbansi 129,829 0.57 62 Punjabi 1,165 0.01 15 Sherpa 129,771 0.57 63 Chinese 1,101 0.00 16 Hindi 105,765 0.47 64 English 1,037 0.00 17 Chamling 44.093 0.19 65 Newahang 904 0.00 18 Santhali 40,260 0.18 66 Sanskrit 823 0.00 19 Chepang 36,807 0.16 67 Kaike 794 0.00 20 Danuwar 31,849 0.14 68 Raute 518 0.00 21 Jhangar/Dhangar 28,615 0.13 69 Kisan 489 0.00 22 Sunuwar 26,611 0.12 70 Churauti 408 0.00 23 Bangla 23,602 0.10 71 Baram/Maramu 342 0.00 24 Marwari (Rajasthani) 22,637 0.10 72 Tilung 310 0.00 25 Manjhi 21,841 0.10 73 Jero/Jerung 271 0.00 26 Thami 18,991 0.08 74 Dungmali 221 0.00 27 Kulung 18,686 0.08 75 Oriya 159 0.00 28 Dhimal 17, 308 0.08 76 Lingkhim 97 0.00 29 Angika 15,892 0.07 77 Kusunda 87 0.00 30 Yakkha 14,648 0.06 78 Sindhi 72 0.00 31 Thulung 14,034 0.06 79 Koche 54 0.00 32 Sangpang 10,810 0.05 80 Hariyanwi 33 0.00 33 Bhujel/Khawas 10,733 0.05 81 Magahi 30 0.00 34 Darai 10,210 0.04 82 Sam 23 0.00 35 Khaling 9,288 0.04 83 Kurmali 13 0.00 36 Kumal 6,533 0.03 84 Kagate 10 0.00 37 Thakali 6,441 0.03 85 Dzonkha 9 0.00 38 Chhantyal/Chhantel 5,912 0.03 86 Kuki 9 0.00 39 Nepali Sign Language 5,743 0.03 87 Chhintang 8 0.00 40 Tibetan 5,277 0.02 88 Mizo 8 0.00 41 Dumi 5,271 0.02 89 Nagamese 6 0.00 42 Jirel 4,919 0.02 90 Lhomi 4 0.00 43 Wambule/Umbule 4,471 0.02 91 Assamise 3 0.00 44 Puma 4,310 0.02 92 Sadhani 2 0.00 45 Yholmo 3,986 0.02 93 Unknown Language 168,340 0.74 46 Nachhiring 3,553 0.02 47 Dura 3,397 0.01 Total 22,736,934 100.00

CBS Population Census 2001, Caste/Ethnicity, Mother Tongue and Religion (District Level) September 2003

11 INFUSED ETHNICITIES: NEPAL’S INTERLACED AND INDIVISIBLE SOCIAL MOSAIC

TABLE 4: Population 2001

Area Total Total Per cent Area Total Total Per cent Area Total Total Per cent

Nepal 23,151,423 100.00 Eastern Tarai 3,299,643 14.25 Baglung 268,937 1.16 Eastern Dev. Regn. 5,344,476 23.08 Jhapa* 688,109 2.97 Gulmi 296,654 1.28 Central Dev. Regn. 8,031,629 34,69 Morang 843,220 3.64 Palpa 268,558 1.16 Western Dev.Regn. 4,571,013 19.74 Sunsari 625,633 2.70 Arghakhanchi 208,391 0.90 Mid-western Dev. Regn. 3,012,975 13.01 Saptari 570,282 2.46 Far-western Dev. Regn. 2,191,330 9.47 Siraha* 572,399 2.47 Western Tarai 1,753,265 7.57 Nawalparasi 562,870 2.43 Mountain 1,687,859 7.29 Central Mountain 554,817 2.40 Rupendehi 708,419 3.06 Hill 10,251,111 44.28 Dolakha* 204,229 0.88 Kapilbastu 481,976 2.08 Tarai 11,212,453 48.43 Sindhupalchok* 305,857 1.32 Rasuwa 44,731 0.19 Mid-western Mountain 309,084 1.34 Eastern Mountain 401,587 1.73 Dolpa* 29,545 0.13 Central Mountain 554,817 2.40 Centra Hill 3,542,732 15.30 Jumla* 89,427 0.39 Western Mountain 24,568 0.11 Sindhuli* 279,821 1.21 Kalikot* 105,580 0.46 Mid-western Mountain 309,084 1.34 Ramechhap 212,408 0.92 Mugu* 43,937 0.19 Far-western Mountain 397,084 1.72 Kavrepalanchok 385,672 1.67 Humla 40,595 0.18 Eastern Hill 1,643,246 7.10 Lalitpur 337,785 1.46 Central Hill 3,542,732 15.30 Bhaktapur 225,461 0.97 Mid-western Hill 1,473,022 6.36 Western Hill 2,793,022 12.06 Kathmandu 1,081,845 4.67 Pyuthan 212,484 0.92 Mid-western Hill 1,473,022 6.36 Nuwakot 288,478 1.25 Rolpa 210,004 0.91 Far-western Hill 798,931 3.45 Dhading 338,658 1.46 Rukum 188,438 0.81 Eastern Tarai 3,299,643 14.25 Makwanpur 392,604 1.70 Salyan* 213,500 0.92 Central Tarai 3,934,080 16.99 Surkhet* 288,527 1.25 Western Tarai 1,753,265 7.57 Central Tarai 3,3934,080 16.99 Dailekh 225,201 0.97 Mid-western Tarai 1,230,869 5,32 Dhanusa 671,364 2.90 Jajarkot 134,868 0.58 Far-western Tarai 994,596 4.30 Mahottari 553,481 2.39 Sarlahi 635,701 2.75 Mid-western Tarai 1,230,869 5.32 Eastern Mountain 401,587 1.73 Rautahat 545,132 2.35 Dang 462,380 2.00 Taplejung 134,698 0.58 Bara 559,135 2.42 Banke 385,840 1.67 Sankhuwasabha 159,203 0.69 Parsa 497,219 2.15 Bardiya 382,649 1.65 Solukhumbu 107,686 0.47 Chitwan 472,048 2.04 Far-western Mountain 397,803 1.72 Eastern Hill 1,643,246 7.10 Western Mountain 24,568 0.11 Bajura* 108,781 0.47 Panchthar 202,056 0.87 Manang 9,587 0.04 Bajhang 167,026 0.72 Ilam 282,806 1.22 Mustang 14,981 0.06 Darchula 121,996 0.53 Dhankuta 166,479 0.72 Terhathum 113,111 0.49 Western Hill 2,793,180 12.06 Far-western Hill 798,931 3.45 Bhojpur 203,018 0.88 Gorkha 288,134 1.24 Achham 231,285 1.00 Okhaldhunga 156,702 0.68 Lamjung 177,149 0.77 Doti 207,066 0.89 Khotang 231,385 1.00 Tanahu 315,237 1.36 Dadeldhura 126,162 0.54 Udayapur 287,689 1.24 Syangja 317,320 1.37 Baitadi 234,418 1.01 Kaski 380,527 1.64 Myagdi 114,447 0.49 Far-western Tarai 994,596 4.30 Parbat 157,826 0.68 Kailali 616,697 2.66 Kanchanpur 377,899 1.63

CBS Population Census 2001, June 2003, National Report. *Popualtion Adjusted Districts

12 INFUSED ETHNICITIES: NEPAL’S INTERLACED AND INDIVISIBLE SOCIAL MOSAIC

Map 34 shows the districts where Thakali, Sherpa and Yadav are central and eastern Tarai. They form the largest group in nine concentrated. Two maps, 35 and 36 show concentrations of districts: Saptari (26.77%), Siraha (21.32%), Dhanusha Hindus, Buddhists and Kiratis. (19.50%), Mahottari (19.58%), Sarlahi, (12.41%), Rautahat (11.82%), Bara (13.04%), Parsa (12.16%) and There are 23 districts in which a single group constitutes majority Kapilvastu (10.37%). (more than fifty percent) of the population. They are Magar (50.92%) in Palpa, Gurung (75.86%) in Manang, Tamang Muslims are the largest single religious group in four districts: (63.74%) in Rasuwa, Newar (55.85%) in Bhaktapur and Tharu Kapilvastu (19.42%), Parsa (15.40%), Bara (13.43%), and (52.60%) in Kailali. Rauthat (19.47%). In these districts the populations of Hindus are 81.06%, 82.37%, 81.94% and 78.96% respectively. The Chhettri Bahun cohort forms a majority in eighteen districts: Parbat (58.97%), Arghakhanchi (56.37%), Humla (69.56%), Tharus are dispersed all over the Tarai. With a population of Mugu (66.17%), Dolpa (50.36%), Darchula (86.63%), Bajhang 1,533,879 (6.75% of the total population). They are largely (81.62%), Bajura (71.81%), Jumla (79.73%), Rukum (68.60%), concentrated in Kailali, Kanchanpur, Bardiya, Dang Deukhuri, Baitadi (78.13%), Kalikot (66.17%), Jajarkot (62.34%), Kapilvastu, Rupandehi, Nawalparasi, Chitwan, Parsa, Bara, Dadeldhura (74.46%), Doti (66.65%), Achham (68.27%), Saptari, Sunsari and Morang districts. They also speak Dailekh 62.39%) and Salyan (61.87%). different languages.

The Chhetri Bahun cohort constitute the highest single Most Magar live in Rukum, Surkhet, Rolpa, Pyuthan, Palpa, population group in 48 districts, Yadav in five districts, Muslim Gulmi, Baglung, Myagdi, Syangja and Tanahu districts but are and Tamang in four districts, Magar and Rai in three districts, also spread all over the country. Their population is 1,622,421, and Newar, Tharu, Gurung and Limbu in two districts each (see or 7.14% of the country’s population. map 23(a) and 23(b)). Most Gurung live in Kaski, Syangja, Tanahu, Lamjung, Gorkha, Almost half of Nepal’s total population (48.51%) live in the Tarai. Dhading and Kathmandu district, but have settled all over the In the 20 Tarai districts the Tarai Madhesi cohort constitutes about country. Their population 543,571 is 2.39% of the country’s total. 64.22% of the Tarai population while the hill-mountain cohort is Tamang live mostly in Makwanpur, Dhading, Nuwakot, about 35.78%. The Tarai Madhesi cohort comprises Tarai upper Kavrepalanchok, Ramechhap, Sindhuli, Kathmandu, Lalitpur, caste (28.36%) and Tarai Dalits (9.53%) making a total of 37.89%. Chitwan, Sarlahi and Rasuwa districts, but are also spread all Tharus constitute about 13.30% and Muslim 8.38%. The rest is over the country. The population of Tamang (1,282,304) is about 4.65%. The hill-mountain cohort consists of hill upper caste 5.64% of Nepal’s total. 19.26%, hill ethnic 11.51%, hill Dalits 3.76%, mountains ethnic 0.19% and Inner Tarai ethnic (1.06%). The linguistic group of Newar inhabits Bhaktapur, Lalitpur, Kathmandu, Kavrepalanchok, Dhading, Sindupalanchowk, Tarai Dalits (population 1,074,354) form 4.73% of Nepal’s Ramechhap and Morang districts. The population of Newars is population. Comprised of eleven different categories, they live in

13 INFUSED ETHNICITIES: NEPAL’S INTERLACED AND INDIVISIBLE SOCIAL MOSAIC

1,245,232 (5.48% of the total) and spread all over the country. The population of Yadav is 895,423 (3.94%). They are They are subdivided into many caste and ethnic groups and concentrated in Kapilvastu, Rupandehi, Parsa, Bara, Rautahat, follow both Buddhism and Hinduism. Sarlahi, Mahottari, Dhanusha, Siraha and Saptari districts but have also spread out across Nepal. Limbu live in the eastern districts of Panchthar, Tehrathum, Dhankuta, Sunsari, Morang, and Jhapa. Their population The linguistic, religious and cultural diversity of Nepal depicted (359,379) is 1.58% of the country’s total. in the maps is a unique asset for progress. Every community within every district is multi ethnic and needs to be viewed as Rai live in eastern districts of Solukhumbu, Sankhuwasabha, such. Solutions and models from other countries can serve as a Khotang, Bhojpur, Udayapur, Dhankuta, Panchthar, Ilam and reference for Nepal but cannot be replicated here. To live in Kathmandu. Their population (635,151) is 2.79% of the total. harmony with people who have different belief systems and They speak different languages. perspective, Nepal must be seen in its entirety, not like the six men in the story of the blind men and the elephant, where each describe different part of an elephant as the whole elephant. “Such folk see only one Given this multi-ethic reality the question is how the process of political devolution can be pursued forward? side of a thing” - Udana Before we present the maps, it will be useful to recapitulate the definitions used in the book.

Hill upper caste (CB) includes Chhetri, Bahun, Thakuri and Sanyasi. Hill Dalit includes Kami, Damai, Sarki, Gaine and Badi. Khas means hill upper caste (HUC/CB) and hill Dalit. Tarai Dalit includes Bantar, Chamar/ Harijan/ Ram, Chidimar, Dhanuk, Dhobi, Dom, Dusadh/ Pasi/ Paswan, Halkhor, Khatwe, Musahar and Tatma. Dalit means hill Dalit and Tarai Dalit. The hill mountain cohort included hill upper caste, hill Dalits, mountain ethnic, hill ethnic and inner Tarai ethnic. The Tarai Cohort included Tarai upper caste and Tarai Dalits. A majority group is a group whose population is greater than 50% of a district’s population. The dominant group is the greatest percentage of population in a district.

14 INFUSED ETHNICITIES: NEPAL’S INTERLACED AND INDIVISIBLE SOCIAL MOSAIC

Map-13 Relief and Topography

LEGEND Churia/Siwalik Middle Mountains Tarai High Mountains High Himal (Snow Area) 52 - 100 401 - 500 1001 - 1500 3001 - 3500 5001 - 5500 101 - 200 501 - 600 1501 - 2000 3501 - 4000 5501 - 6000 201 - 300 601 - 700 2001 - 2500 4001 - 4500 6001 - 7000 301 - 400 701 - 1000 2501 - 3000 4501 - 5000 7001 - 8848

Elevation values are in meters. The elevation range assigned to each physiographic zone is approximate.

Perspective view from 582 km above the Earth: South West: Vertical Exaggeration: 5 Source: USAID, Kathmandu

15 Map-14 Physiographic Regions

HUMLA

DARCHULA

BAJHANG

MUGU BAITADI BAJURA

DADELDHURA JUMLA DOTI KALIKOT ACHHAM DOLPA

KANCHANPUR MUSTANG DAILEKH JAJARKOT KAILALI

RUKUM MANANG

SURKHET MYAGDI

BARDIYA SALYAN ROLPA BAGLUNG KASKI LAMJUNG T GORKHA A PYUTHAN B R RASUWA BANKE A GULMI P

DANG SYANGJA ARGHAKHANCHI TANAHUN NUWAKOT SINDHUPALCHOK PALPA DHADING DOLAKHA

KAPILBASTU NAWALPARASI SOLUKHUMBU RUPANDEHI TAPLEJUNG CHITWAN KAVRE SANKHUWASABHA MAKAWANPUR RAMECHHAP OKHALDHUNGA

SINDHULI PARSA KHOTANG BHOJPUR TERHATHUM BARA PANCHTHAR

SARLAHI A

S DHANKUTA

AHOTTARI N ILAM M A RAUTAHAT

H UDAYAPUR LEGEND D SIRAHA SUNSARI MORANG High Himalaya (2,500 - 8,848 m.) SAPTARI JHAPA High Mountain (2000 - 2500 m.) Middle Mountain (700 - 2,000 m.) Siwalik (300 - 700 m.) Source: ICIMOD Tarai (<300 m.) Menris '95

16 Map-15 Area of Each District 5,655 2,322 HUMLA (Total area=147,181 sq. km.) DARCHULA 3,422 BAJHANG 1,519 3,535 2,188 MUGU BAITADI BAJURA

1,538 395 DADELDHURA 2,531 2,025 1,741 JUMLA KATHMANDU DOTI 1,680 KALIKOT 7,889 ACHHAM DOLPA 119 BHAKTAPUR 1,610 3,573 KANCHANPUR 1,502 MUSTANG 385 DAILEKH 2,230 LALITPUR 3,235 JAJARKOT KAILALI 2,877 2,246 RUKUM 2,451 2,297 MANANG 2,025 SURKHET 1,462 MYAGDI BARDIYA SALYAN 1,879 1,784 ROLPA BAGLUNG 2,017 1,692 494 KASKI 3,610 LAMJUNG T GORKHA A 1,544 2,337 1,309 B R RASUWA BANKE PYUTHAN 1,149 A P 2,955 GULMI 1,164 SYANGJA 1,546 DANG 1,193 2,542 ARGHAKHANCHI TANAHUN 1,121 1,373 1,926 NUWAKOT SINDHUPALCHOK 2,191 PALPA DHADING KM T. DOLAKHA KT. 1,738 1,360 2,162 B 3,312 KAPILBASTU NAWALPARASI 2,218 SOLUKHUMBU 3,480 3,646 RUPANDEHI 1,396 TAPLEJUNG CHITWAN LA KAVRE SANKHUWASABHA 2,426 LIT. MAKAWANPUR RAMECHHAP 1,546 OKHALDHUNGA 1,353 1,074 SINDHULI PARSA 2,491 1,591 BHOJPUR 679 LEGEND 1,190 1,126 KHOTANG TERHATHUM BARA I 1,507 PANCHTHAR T R A A 1,241 H 1,259 <500 sq. km. T 891 A T 1,180 T SARLAHI 2,063 O DHANKUTA

U A H 1,703 A S A R 500 - 1,000 sq. km. U ILAM M N 1,188 UDAYAPUR A 1,002 H SIRAHA 1,000 - 1,500 sq. km. D 1,257 1,855 SUNSARI 1,606 1,363 MORANG 1,500 - 2,000 sq. km. SAPTARI JHAPA 2,000 - 2,500 sq. km. 2,500 - 3,000 sq. km. 3,000 - 3,500 sq. km. Source: CBS 2002 >3,500 sq. km. © Gauri Nath Rimal

17 Map-16 Population of Each District 40,595 121,996 HUMLA (Total population=23,151,423) DARCHULA 167,026 BAJHANG 234,418 43,937 MUGU BAITADI 108,781 1,081,845 BAJURA 157,826 KATHMANDU 126,162 89,427 225,461 DADELDHURA BHAKTAPUR 207,066 105,580 JUMLA DOTI 231,285 KALIKOT 29,545 ACHHAM DOLPA 337,785 LALITPUR 377,899 14,981 KANCHANPUR 225,201 134,868 MUSTANG DAILEKH 616,697 JAJARKOT KAILALI 188,438 RUKUM 9,587 288,527 114,447 MANANG 382,649 SURKHET 213,500 MYAGDI BARDIYA SALYAN 210,004 268,937 ROLPA BAGLUNG 380,527 177,149 KASKI 288,134 LAMJUNG 212,408 T GORKHA A 44,731 385,840 PYUTHAN B 296,654 R RASUWA BANKE A 212,484 P 113,111 GULMI 317,320 462,380 315,237 DANG 208,391 SYANGJA 305,857 ARGHAKHANCHI TANAHUN 288,478 268,558 DHADING NUWAKOT SINDHUPALCHOK 204,229 PALPA 338,658 DOLAKHA 159,203 481,976 562,870 107,686 SANKHUWASABHA KAPILBASTU 708,419 134,698 RUPANDEHI NAWALPARASI 472,048 385,672 SOLUKHUMBU CHITWAN TAPLEJUNG 392,604 KAVRE MAKAWANPUR RAMECHHAP OKHALDHUNGA LEGEND 156,702 497,219 SINDHULI 202,056 PARSA 279,821 231,385 BHOJPUR <100,000 KHOTANG TERHATHUM 203,018 AR I BARA T TH A R H 100,000 - 200,000 H A NC A T 166,479 PA T T 287,689 SARLAHI A U O DHANKUTA S 282,806 A H

U 200,000 - 300,000 R A N ILAM M 559,135 A UDAYAPUR H 300,000 - 400,000 D SIRAHA 625,633 843,220 545,132 SUNSARI MORANG 688,109 400,000 - 500,000 SAPTARI JHAPA 500,000 - 600,000 635,701 553,481 600,000 - 700,000 671,364 572,399 570,282 700,000 - 800,000 Source: Population Census 2001 >800,000 © Gauri Nath Rimal

18 K

C LEGEND

H 1901 - 3000 persons/sq. km. persons/sq. 1901 - 3000 km. persons/sq. km. persons/sq. 901 - 1900 km. persons/sq. 601 - 900 km. persons/sq. 501 - 600 km. persons/sq. 401 - 500 km. persons/sq. 301 - 400 km. persons/sq. 201 - 300 km. persons/sq. 101 - 200 km. persons/sq. 76 - 100 km. persons/sq. 51 - 75 km. persons/sq. 16 - 50 0 - 15

H 1

E HUMLA

1 S P

A A A RB

A 9

W T

A RAUTAHAT A

1 (Average=157 persons/sq. km.)

2 MAHOTTARI U

E DH L

9 A 1 NU A S A A C

S Population Density

B Source: Population Census 2001

1 W

4 © Gauri Nath Rimal

T Map-17

7 PANCHTHARH

U 19

A Map-18 Settlements by HUMLA Physiographic Regions DARCHULA

BAJHANG

MUGU BAITADI BAJURA

DADELDHURA JUMLA DOTI KALIKOT ACHHAM DOLPA

KANCHANPUR MUSTANG DAILEKH JAJARKOT KAILALI

RUKUM MANANG

SURKHET MYAGDI

BARDIYA SALYAN ROLPA BAGLUNG KASKI LAMJUNG T GORKHA A PYUTHAN B R RASUWA BANKE A GULMI P

DANG SYANGJA ARGHAKHANCHI TANAHUN NUWAKOT SINDHUPALCHOK PALPA DHADING DOLAKHA

KAPILBASTU NAWALPARASI SOLUKHUMBU RUPANDEHI TAPLEJUNG CHITWAN KAVRE SANKHUWASABHA MAKAWANPUR RAMECHHAP OKHALDHUNGA

SINDHULI PARSA KHOTANG BHOJPUR TERHATHUM BARA PANCHTHAR

SARLAHI A

S DHANKUTA

LEGEND U AHOTTARI N ILAM M A RAUTAHAT

H UDAYAPUR Settlements D SIRAHA SUNSARI MORANG High Himalaya (2,500 - 8,848 m.) SAPTARI JHAPA High Mountain (2,000 - 2,500 m.) Middle Mountain (700 - 2,000 m.)

Siwalik (300 - 700 m.) Source: ICIMOD Tarai (<300 m.) Menris '95

20 Map-19

41 Number of Caste/Ethnic Groups 50 HUMLA in Each District DARCHULA 54 BAJHANG 64 46 40 MUGU BAITADI BAJURA 98 61 46 KATHMANDU DADELDHURA 65 70 34 JUMLA DOTI 64 KALIKOT 37 BHAKTAPUR ACHHAM DOLPA 89 78 51 LALITPUR KANCHANPUR 52 52 MUSTANG DAILEKH 88 JAJARKOT KAILALI 46 RUKUM 43 70 57 MANANG 80 SURKHET 50 MYAGDI BARDIYA SALYAN 58 69 ROLPA BAGLUNG 82 61 58 KASKI 71 LAMJUNG T GORKHA A 52 87 PYUTHAN B R RASUWA BANKE 62 A 63 P 81 GULMI 62 55 SYANGJA 76 DANG 70 ARGHAKHANCHI TANAHUN 68 64 67 NUWAKOT SINDHUPALCHOK 61 PALPA DHADING DOLAKHA 92 92 92 61 57 KAPILBASTU NAWALPARASI 87 SOLUKHUMBU 64 RUPANDEHI 70 TAPLEJUNG CHITWAN 78 KAVRE SANKHUWASABHA MAKAWANPUR RAMECHHAP 62 70 OKHALDHUNGA 90 74 SINDHULI 68 PARSA BHOJPUR 49 69 92 88 KHOTANG 64 TERHATHUM BARA 92 69 PANCHTHAR SARLAHI 94 DHANKUTA A 79

RAUTAHAT U 83 ILAM MAHOTTARI N 90 UDAYAPUR A

90 H SIRAHA D 96 96 SUNSARI 92 MORANG 96 SAPTARI JHAPA LEGEND 34 - 50 (11 districts)

51 - 75 (37 districts) Source: Population Census 2001 76 - 98 (27 districts) © Gauri Nath Rimal

21 Map-20 Major Language Concentrations

HUMLA

DARCHULA Nepali - 48.61%

BAJHANG

BAITADI MUGU BAJURA Bhote

DADELDHURA JUMLA DOTI KALIKOT ACHHAM DOLPA Tamang - 5.19% Maithili - 12.30% Nepali Newar - 3.63% Magar - 3.39% KANCHANPUR MUSTANG DAILEKH Gurung - 1.49% JAJARKOT Tk Limbu - 1.47% KAILALI Hindi Cohort - 11.24% Rest - 6.82% (Bhojpuri - 7.53 RUKUM Awadi - 2.47 Tharu - 5.86% MANANG Urdu - 0.77 Hindi - 0.47) Tharu SURKHET MYAGDI BARDIYA Magar SALYAN Gurung ROLPA BAGLUNG KASKI LAMJUNG T GORKHA A PYUTHAN B R RASUWA BANKE A Aw GULMI P DANG SYANGJA ARGHAKHANCHI Magar TANAHUN DHADING NUWAKOT SINDHUPALCHOK PALPA Aw DOLAKHA Language/Mother Tongue Bhoj N Tamang KAPILBASTU NAWALPARASI Th SOLUKHUMBU RUPANDEHI TAPLEJUNG 1. Nepali - 48.61 % CHITWAN KAVRE S SANKHUWASABHA MAKAWANPUR 2. Maithili - 12.30 % RAMECHHAP OKHALDHUNGA 3. Bhojpuri - 7.53 % No. of Districts with No. of Districts Limbu SINDHULI CM PARSA BHOJPUR 4. Tharus - 5.86 % largest number of with >50 % Bhoj Bj KHOTANG TERHATHUM 5. Tamang - 5.19 % speakers speakers BARA Bantawa PANCHTHAR 1. Nepali 56 49 SARLAHI A DHANKUTA 6. Newar - 3.63 % S

RAUTAHAT U

N ILAM 2. Maithili 6 5 MAHOTTARI 7. Magar - 3.39 % A UDAYAPUR H Maithili 8. Awadhi - 2.47 % 3. Bhojpuri 3 3 D SIRAHA SUNSARI 4. Tharu 1 1 MORANG R 9. Bantawa -1.63 % SAPTARI Th JHAPA 10. Gurung - 1.49 % 5. Tamang 2 1 11. Limbu - 1.47 % 6. Awadhi 2 1 12. Bajjika - 1.05 % 7. Gurung 1 1 Note: AW–Awadhi; Bhoj–Bhojpuri; Bj–Bajjika; CM–Chamling; N–Newari; Th–Tharu; Tk–Thakali; 13. Rajbanshi - 0.57 % 8. Limbu 2 - Tm–Tamang; R–Rajbanshi; S–Sherpas; B–Bhote. 14. Sherpa & Bhote - 0.57 % 9. Bajjika 1 - Source: Population Census 2001 10. Newari 1 1 15. Chamling - 0.19 % © Gauri Nath Rimal

22 Map-21 Number of Languages Spoken 17 21 HUMLA in Each District DARCHULA 18 (93 Total) BAJHANG 28 20 18 61 BAITADI MUGU BAJURA KATHMANDU 33 21 BHAKTAPUR DADELDHURA 15 25 9 JUMLA DOTI 20 KALIKOT 17 58 ACHHAM DOLPA LALITPUR 39 25 KANCHANPUR 20 14 MUSTANG DAILEKH 45 JAJARKOT KAILALI 16 RUKUM 21 25 24 MANANG 30 SURKHET 10 MYAGDI BARDIYA SALYAN 22 28 ROLPA BAGLUNG 24 53 30 30 KASKI LAMJUNG T GORKHA 21 A 30 34 PYUTHAN B R RASUWA BANKE 21 A GULMI P 25 36 41 DANG 20 SYANGJA ARGHAKHANCHI TANAHUN 32 34 29 30 NUWAKOT SINDHUPALCHOK PALPA DHADING 26 DOLAKHA 30 40 40 42 34 KAPILBASTU NAWALPARASI 49 32 SOLUKHUMBU 43 RUPANDEHI TAPLEJUNG CHITWAN 41 KAVRE SANKHUWASABHA MAKAWANPUR RAMECHHAP 39 39 OKHALDHUNGA 45 31 44 SINDHULI 5 PARSA 0 BHOJPUR 40 34 38 KHOTANG TERHATHUM 40 BARA I PANCHTHAR T R A 42 A H T 39 A T 34 T SARLAHI O 52 DHANKUTA U A 55 H A S A R U ILAM M N 36 UDAYAPUR 37 A LEGEND H SIRAHA D 68 70 SUNSARI 9 - 20 (13 districts) 38 MORANG 69 SAPTARI JHAPA 21 - 30 (22 districts) 31 - 40 (22 districts) 41 - 50 (10 districts)

51 - 60 (4 districts) Source: Population Census 2001 61 - 70 (4 districts) © Gauri Nath Rimal

23 Map-22(a) Percentage of People who Speak Nepali as 84.31 97.29 HUMLA Their Mother Tongue in Each District DARCHULA 99.19 54.87 BAJHANG 99.10 98.63 85.66 KATHMANDU MUGU BAITADI BAJURA 36.95 BHAKTAPUR 96.25 97.66 43.51 DADELDHURA 96.12 95.80 JUMLA LALITPUR DOTI 99.32 KALIKOT 57.70 ACHHAM DOLPA 68.27 KANCHANPUR 97.39 98.60 31.33 DAILEKH MUSTANG 52.37 JAJARKOT KAILALI 92.79 RUKUM 8.83 MYAGDI 91.01 MANANG SURKHET 79.39 36.78 99.22 90.05 SALYAN BARDIYA 81.55 76.79 BAGLUNG 56.00 ROLPA 70.40 87.90 KASKI LAMJUNG T GORKHA 35.13 A PYUTHAN 94.70 B 31.67 E R BANK A RASUWA 64.52 94.84 GULMI P 71.11 DANG 96.17 SYANGJA 58.59 52.62 TANAHUN 58.20 ARGHAKHANCHI 72.19 NUWAKOT PALPA SINDHUPALCHOK 65.08 61.44 DHADING DOLAKHA SANKHUWASABHA 16.36 34.58 39.55 37.50 37.00 KAPILBASTU 68.96 52.29 RUPANDEHI NAWALPARASI SOLUKHUMBU 46.46 TAPLEJUNG CHITWAN 42.42 KAVRE RAMECHHAP MAKAWANPUR 8.15 56.60 OKHALDHUNGA 54.33 62.07 KHOTANG 53.43 52.90 33.43 PARSA BHOJPUR 11.10 SINDHULI 56.12 TERHATHUM R 7.35 A BARA I TH T R H A C 15.44 N H 44.87 TA PA A T 5.49 T SARLAHI 53.03 O DHANKUTA

U A 54.02 H A S A R U ILAM M N 5.00 UDAYAPUR A 7.36 H SIRAHA LEGEND D 26.15 36.19 SUNSARI 4.59 MORANG 57.70 <25 % (10 districts) SAPTARI JHAPA 25 - 33.33 % (3 districts) 33.33 - 50 % (13 districts) 50 - 75 % (25 districts) Source: Population Census 2001 >75 % (24 districts) © Gauri Nath Rimal

24 Map-22(b) Percentage of the Population 84 97 HUMLA who Speak the Dominant Mother Tongue DARCHULA 99 BAJHANG 99 99 85 MUGU BAITADI BAJURA 55 96 98 KATHMANDU DADELDHURA 96 96 JUMLA 55 DOTI 99 KALIKOT 57 ACHHAM DOLPA BHAKTAPUR 68 3 1 43 KANCHANPUR 98 99 MUSTANG LALITPUR DAILEKH 52 JAJARKOT KAILALI 93 RUKUM 75 91 79 MANANG 52 SURKHET 99 MYAGDI BARDIYA SALYAN 82 90 ROLPA BAGLUNG 77 56 88 KASKI 70 LAMJUNG T GORKHA A 61 44 PYUTHAN B R RASUWA BANKE 95 A 95 GULMI P 71 65 59 DANG 95 SYANGJA 52 ARGHAKHANCHI TANAHUN 58 61 72 NUWAKOT SINDHUPALCHOK 65 PALPA DHADING DOLAKHA 71 51 40 38 40 KAPILBASTU NAWALPARASI 69 SOLUKHUMBU 46 LEGEND RUPANDEHI 52 TAPLEJUNG CHITWAN 46 KAVRE SANKHUWASABHA Newari MAKAWANPUR RAMECHHAP 62 OKHALDHUNGA Limbu 84 54 SINDHULI 56 PARSA BHOJPUR 53 40 Maithili 76 43 KHOTANG 53 TERHATHUM BARA I T A 54 45 PANCHTHAR Bajjka TTAR 90 TAH SARLAHI O DHANKUTA A 54 AU S AH R U 53 ILAM Bhojpuri M N 85 UDAYAPUR A

83 H SIRAHA Tamang D 32 36 SUNSARI 75 MORANG 58 Gurung SAPTARI JHAPA Awadi Tharu

Nepali Source: Population Census 2001 NB:- Bhote/Sherpa in Mustang 29 % © Gauri Nath Rimal

25 K

N LEGEND

7 B(48 districts) CB (2 districts) Limbu (5 districts) Yadav (3 districts) (4 districts) Tamang Rai (2 districts) Gurung (3 districts) Magar (4 districts) Muslim (2 districts) Tharu (2 districts) Newar

6 26

-4

-5

3 HUMLA

M H

M M

lim

-1

-4

-5

M S PA

4 R B .9

U A 5

T u

-4

u I

lim

-1

-7

lim

1 Percentage of People of the Dominant

-1

T 4

lim

-1

S RAUTAHAT L m

2 K A U

M L

T I

T T

B A

.8 . .

K U

T 5

. -6

Y 1

M g AHOTTARI L

-2

Y 1 (including Tharu

E DH I

.5 A

N d NUS

A 2

D Inner Tarai Ethnic Tarai Ethnic

.9 Tarai Dalit

v Tarai Upper

U Cast

A Mountain Ethnic Caste/Ethnic Group

Y 2

a 14.57

3 Hill Dalit

7 4.73

5 6.75

.3 7.86

R )

U 7.11

a 1.10

i-3

A 0.84

R 3

Y 1

R 3 Source: Population Census 2001

N CB

S (including Newar Hill Ethnic

T Map-23(a)

E © Gauri Nath Rimal

T 30.89

L 4

H (Percent)

P T

A U

0 26.58 2 N

u u C

H -4 T E

H Muslims

A Others

9 5.48

A R

5 )

7 2.10 4.22 Others % Damai % Muslim % Kami % CB % % Tharu Caste Tharu Dominance Districts

C LEGEND

D Kailali 16.38 31.61 43.70

E 2.10 6.21

I B(48 districts) CB (2 districts) Limbu (5 districts) Yadav (3 districts) (4 districts) Tamang Rai (2 districts) Gurung (3 di Magar (4 districts) Muslim (2 di Tharu (2 districts) Newar

h Bardiya

I 20.60 20.42 52.60

D 3.02 3.36

-4

B stricts) stricts)

A Others % % Kurmi Teli % CB % Yadav % % Tharu Muslim % Caste Others % Damai % % Newar Kami % CB % Magar % Caste

H I

E Magar Dominance Districts

T Muslim Dominance Districts

E HUMLA Rautahat 56.87 12.45 19.47 10.50 37.61 43.78 Rolpa 4.89 3.22 5.53 5.68

K 10.60 28.85 50.52

O Palpa 3.61 5.82 55.76 10.43 11.31 13.43 9.07 Bara

U 62.64 15.40 Parsa

G 16.95 13.35 26.65 41.75 8.28 7.31 6.37 Myagdi 4.53

-4

U Kapilbastu

3 46.06 13.38 12.57 19.42

K 0.00 0.00 9.57

lim Others % Tamang % Magar % % Sherpa CB % Thakali % Gurung % Caste Gurung Dominance Districts

-1

2 Others % % Koiri Brahman % Dhanuk % % Kewai Teli % Muslim % CB % % Tharu Yadav % Caste

R Muatang 20.26 11.31 16.54 45.19

I 6.70

5 55.96 12.82 15.75 Saptari

I 7.24 8.23

0 Manang 75.86

A 6.44 3.58 8.95 5.17

L Yadav Dominance Districts

G S P

2 A ARB

Y N AT

A 58.84 24.15

r Siraha

U 4.95 7.28 4.78

-4

A Dhanusha

A 60.71 17.57

5 5.04 6.19 8.49

H Percentage of People of the Dominant

M Mahottari Others % % Gurung % Newar Magar % CB % Tamang % Caste

I 58.35 13.51 15.33

J 6.55 6.26

G Tamang Dominance Districts Sindhuli 28.43 14.31 25.11 25.60

G 6.55 59.68 15.23

1 Sarlahi

P 7.76 7.67 9.66

A Makawanpur

N 14.76 26.51 47.34

G 6.82 4.57

R Nuwakot

A RAUTAHAT A

S 15.31 35.25 38.52

.4 3.32 7.60

Y 1

-6

R Rasuwa

a 19.37 63.74

L 7.27 6.72 2.80

15.33 U

M 0 AHOTTAR L

I H

7 Others % Magar % Kami % % Newar Tamang % % Sherpa CB % Rai % Caste DH E ANUS .5 A C

H Caste/Ethnic Group Rai Dominance Districts

S Solukhumbu

R 19.65 18.30 21.14 31.48

A 9.43

H Khotang

L 19.97 32.54 38.74

i-3

5 4.27 4.48

U A

K Bhojpur

T 19.58 29.54 34.11

B 8.28 8.49

A Source: Population Census 2001

A Others % % Sherpa Rai % Tamang % Kami % CB % Limbu % Caste

W Others % Gurung % Magar % Tamang % CB % Newar % Caste Limbu Dominance Districts

N Newar Dominance Districts

A Map-23(b)

E © Gauri Nath Rimal

R (Percent)

T Taplejung

P Bhaktapur

H 21.46 23.04 41.74

A 9.34 4.42

U 30.22 55.85 27

N 3.35 1.63 8.95

-4

A Panchthar

.7 15.26 13.94 23.66 40.32

P 6.82 Lalitpur

A 20.90 32.47 40.32

4 1.46 4.85 Map-24 Percentage of Hill Upper Caste 69.56 86.63 HUMLA DARCHULA 81.62 BAJHANG 78.13 66.17 71.81 MUGU BAITADI BAJURA 41.02 KATHMANDU 74.46 79.73 30.02 DADELDHURA 66.17 66.65 JUMLA 50.36 BHAKTAPUR DOTI 68.27 KALIKOT ACHHAM DOLPA 48.47 11.31 32.47 KANCHANPUR 62.39 MUSTANG 62.34 LALITPUR DAILEKH 31.61 JAJARKOT KAILALI 68.60 5.17 RUKUM 46.49 26.65 MANANG SURKHET 20.42 61.87 MYAGDI BARDIYA 43.43 SALYAN 37.61 47.13 ROLPA BAGLUNG 32.43 58.97 KASKI 31.46 LAMJUNG T GORKHA A 19.37 22.03 PYUTHAN B 30.04 R RASUWA BANKE A 36.87 42.98 GULMI P 47.28 56.37 SYANGJA 28.02 DANG 34.39 ARGHAKHANCHI TANAHUN 35.25 28.85 34.49 NUWAKOT SINDHUPALCHOK PALPA DHADING 45.08 13.38 DOLAKHA 21.14 22.49 24.50 27.89 23.04 KAPILBASTU NAWALPARASI 41.60 38.24 SOLUKHUMBU RUPANDEHI TAPLEJUNG CHITWAN 26.51 KAVRE SANKHUWASABHA MAKAWANPUR RAMECHHAP 32.92 OKHALDHUNGA 7.31 25.11 37.30 29.54 SINDHULI 36 PARSA 32.54 BHOJPUR 23.66 9.07 6.24 KHOTANG TERHATHUM BARA 9.66 PANCHTHAR 5.59 27.75 SARLAHI 29.22 DHANKUTA 29.55 A

RAUTAHAT U ILAM MAHOTTARI UDAYAPUR N 3.03

A 3.75 H SIRAHA D 17.12 25.20 SUNSARI 40.67 4.56 MORANG LEGEND SAPTARI JHAPA <15 % (11 districts)

15 - 33.33 % (28 districts) Note: CB: Chhetri, Bahun, Thakuri and Sanyasi 33.33 - 50 % (18 districts) Source: Population Census 2001 >50 % (18 districts) © Gauri Nath Rimal

28 Map-25 Percentage of Hill Dalits 8.87 7.65 HUMLA DARCHULA 12.84 BAJHANG 10.85 3.14 16.99 MUGU BAITADI BAJURA

15.80 1.78 DADELDHURA 13.77 KATHMANDU 17.61 27.43 JUMLA DOTI 22.40 KALIKOT 7.57 1.96 ACHHAM DOLPA BHAKTAPUR 7.96 9.33 KANCHANPUR 26.75 1.94 1 MUSTANG LALITPUR DAILEKH 25.5 9.61 JAJARKOT KAILALI 5.65 2.01 RUKUM 21.41 20.69 MANANG 5.90 SURKHET 12.40 MYAGDI BARDIYA SALYAN 14.48 21.43 ROLPA BAGLUNG 19.05 13.94 14.78 KASKI 13.60 LAMJUNG T GORKHA A 2.80 4.07 PYUTHAN B 16.13 R RASUWA BANKE A 17.65 P GULMI 13.27 9.98 12.77 DANG 15.44 SYANGJA 6.34 ARGHAKHANCHI TANAHUN 5.49 10.41 9.75 NUWAKOT SINDHUPALCHOK 7.08 PALPA DHADING KM T. DOLAKHA KT. 2.19 3.62 6.26 B 7.38 KAPILBASTU NAWALPARASI 7.95 SOLUKHUMBU 7.61 6.84 RUPANDEHI 5.55 TAPLEJUNG CHITWAN LA KAVRE SANKHUWASABHA 3.78 LIT. MAKAWANPUR RAMECHHAP 7.56 OKHALDHUNGA 0.72 9.04 SINDHULI PARSA 9.46 9.73 8.43 10.32 KHOTANG TERHATHUM BARA 0.78 BHOJPUR I PANCHTHAR R T A 5.49 0.81 A 1.88 T 6.56 H SARLAHI T 1.18 9.70 A O DHANKUTA T A 5.21 H

U S A A U ILAM M R N 1.06 UDAYAPUR A LEGEND H SIRAHA D 3.24 1.28 3.50 SUNSARI 0.82 MORANG 5.05 <5 % (20 districts) JHAPA Caste Population % of Nepal Total SAPTARI 5 - 10 % (29 districts) Kami, Sarki, 10 - 15 % (12 districts) Damai, Gaine & Badi 15 - 20 % (7 districts) Source: Population Census 2001 Total 1,615,577 7.11 >20 % (7 districts) © Gauri Nath Rimal

29 Map-26 Percentage of Khas in Each District 78.43 94.96 HUMLA DARCHULA 94.46 BAJHANG 88.98 66.17 88.80 MUGU BAITADI BAJURA

90.26 DADELDHURA 79.73 42.80 84.26 93.60 JUMLA KATHMANDU DOTI 90.67 KALIKOT 57.93 ACHHAM DOLPA 31.98 BHAKTAPUR 56.43 20.64 KANCHANPUR 89.14 MUSTANG 34.81 DAILEKH 87.85 41.22 JAJARKOT LALITPUR KAILALI 74.25 7.18 RUKUM 67.50 47.34 MANANG 26.32 SURKHET 74.27 MYAGDI BARDIYA SALYAN 52.09 64.86 ROLPA BAGLUNG 61.07 47.21 78.02 KASKI 45.06 LAMJUNG T GORKHA A 22.17 26.10 60.63 B 36.17 R RASUWA BANKE PYUTHAN A P 46.85 GULMI 60.55 SYANGJA 40.79 DANG 71.81 40.73 ARGHAKHANCHI TANAHUN 40.74 39.26 44.34 NUWAKOT SINDHUPALCHOK PALPA DHADING 52.60 DOLAKHA SANKHUWASABHA 15.57 26.11 30.76 28.52 KAPILBASTU NAWALPARASI 49.55 SOLUKHUMBU 35.50 29.88 RUPANDEHI 43.79 TAPLEJUNG CHITWAN 30.29 KAVRE MAKAWANPUR RAMECHHAP 40.38 OKHALDHUNGA 8.03 35.43 46.34 SINDHULI 39.27 PARSA 41.98 BHOJPUR 44.43 9.88 7.02 KHOTANG TERHATHUM 29.15 BARA I PANCHTHAR 11.54 34.31 TTAR 6.77 SARLAHI 38.92 DHANKUTA

A HO 34.76 AUTAHAT S A R U ILAM M N 4.09 UDAYAPUR 5.13 A H SIRAHA LEGEND D 20.36 28.70 SUNSARI 5.38 MORANG 45.72 <25 % (13 districts) SAPTARI JHAPA 25 - 33.3 % (10 districts) Caste Population % of Nepal Total 33.3 - 50 % (26 districts) CB 7,023,220 30.89 Note: Khas (9): [CB (4) and Hill Dalits (5)] 50 - 75 % (13 districts) Hill Dalits 1,615,577 7.11 Source: Population Census 2001 >75 % (13 districts) Total 8,638,797 38.00 © Gauri Nath Rimal

30 Map-27 Percentage of Ethnic Groups 16.80 1.65 HUMLA DARCHULA 0.52 BAJHANG 0.90 13.93 1.66 MUGU BAITADI BAJURA 51.74 KATHMANDU 4.02 66.41 DADELDHURA 2.34 BHAKTAPUR 4.27 4.43 JUMLA 40.32 DOTI 1.25 KALIKOT ACHHAM DOLPA 62.60 LALITPUR 28.64 77.75 KANCHANPUR 12.13 9.31 MUSTANG DAILEKH 49.04 JAJARKOT KAILALI 24.20 92.31 RUKUM MANANG 25.78 50.05 57.76 SURKHET 20.70 MYAGDI BARDIYA SALYAN 45.10 32.90 ROLPA BAGLUNG 35.17 50.89 52.55 20.01 KASKI LAMJUNG T GORKHA A 76.28 25.31 PYUTHAN B R RASUWA BANKE 26.36 A 36.22 P 45.10 GULMI 37.81 55.11 DANG 23.20 SYANGJA 57.81 ARGHAKHANCHI TANAHUN 54.24 56.84 50.63 NUWAKOT SINDHUPALCHOK 46.20 PALPA DHADING KM T. DOLAKHA KT. 70.00 23.09 26.64 42.96 B 69.40 KAPILBASTU NAWALPARASI 46.94 55.32 SOLUKHUMBU 64.43 RUPANDEHI TAPLEJUNG CHITWAN LA KAVRE SANKHUWASABHA 67.46 LIT. MAKAWANPUR RAMECHHAP 58.06 OKHALDHUNGA 14.89 62.35 52.33 59.72 SINDHULI 56.78 53.64 PARSA BHOJPUR 69.60 19.61 10.20 KHOTANG TERHATHUM LEGEND BARA PANCHTHAR 63.48 15.31 9.37 54.22 0 - 10 % SARLAHI DHANKUTA A 63.71 S AHOTTARI RAUTAHAT U ILAM M 10 - 20 % N 11.42 UDAYAPUR A 9.29 H SIRAHA 39.07 D 42.05 20 - 30 % SUNSARI Ethnic Population % of Nepal Total 17.34 MORANG 41.33 30 - 40 % Mountain 190,107 0.84 SAPTARI JHAPA 40 - 50 % Hill 6,038,530 26.56 Inner Tarai 251,117 1.10 50 - 60 % Tarai 1,787,538 7.86 Note: Ethnic Groups (44): [Mountain(5), Hill (20), Inner Tarai (7) and Tarai (12)] 60 - 70 % Unspecified 5,259 0.02 Source: Population Census 2001 >70 % Total 8,272,551 36.38 © Gauri Nath Rimal

31 K

N LEGEND

.4 1 2 3 4 Not Significant (4 districts)

8 st nd rd th

6 32

.1 rank (48 districts)

R rank (1 districts)

A rank (18 districts) rank (4 districts)

6 6

2 6

.3 .1

9 7

6 3 HUMLA

I Population

B 7,023,220

% of Nepal Total P

A A

4 R B .9 5 Y A

2 W T

N 30.89

.0 W

A R A

AU .2

K TA S

H 5 Ranking of Hill Upper Caste Ranking A O

U T .3

.7 M U AH L

O L TTA C

5 R I

I 2

E D 3 HA 4

9 NU T S L

A 2

4 9

R Source: Population Census 2001

U © Gauri Nath Rimal

.0 Map-28

7 Map-29 Districts in which a Group Forms a Majority 69.56% 86.63% HUMLA Population Above 50 % DARCHULA 81.62% BAJHANG 78.13% 66.17% 71.81% MUGU BAITADI BAJURA

74.46% 79.73% KATHMANDU DADELDHURA 66.17% 66.65% JUMLA 5036% 55.85% DOTI 68.27% KALIKOT BHAKTAPUR ACHHAM DOLPA

LALITPUR KANCHANPUR 62.39% MUSTANG DAILEKH 62.34% JAJARKOT KAILALI 68.60% 75.86% RUKUM MANANG 52.60% SURKHET 61.87% MYAGDI BARDIYA SALYAN ROLPA BAGLUNG 58.97% KASKI LAMJUNG T GORKHA A 63.74% PYUTHAN B R RASUWA BANKE A GULMI P DANG 56.37% SYANGJA ARGHAKHANCHI TANAHUN 50.92% NUWAKOT SINDHUPALCHOK PALPA DHADING DOLAKHA SANKHUWASABHA

KAPILBASTU NAWALPARASI SOLUKHUMBU RUPANDEHI TAPLEJUNG CHITWAN KAVRE MAKAWANPUR RAMECHHAP OKHALDHUNGA

SINDHULI PARSA KHOTANG TERHATHUM BARA BHOJPUR I PANCHTHAR

SARLAHI OTTAR DHANKUTA

S AH

LEGEND U ILAM M RAUTAHAT UDAYAPUR N

Tamang (1 district) H SIRAHA

D SUNSARI Newar (1 district) MORANG SAPTARI JHAPA Gurung (1 district) Magar (1 district)

Tharu (1 district) Source: Population Census 2001 CB (18 districts) © Gauri Nath Rimal

33 Map-30 Percentages of Tarai Dalits

377,899 KANCHANPUR 0.04% 616,697 KAILALI 0.12% 382,649 BARDIYA 2.15% 385,840 BANKE 5.77% 462,380 DANG 0.18% 481,976 562,870 472,048 KAPILBASTU 708,419 NAWALPARASI 10.37% RUPANDEHI CHITWAN 6.93% 5.60% 0.11%

497,219

12.16% PARSA BA RA SARLAHI

RAUTAHAT S

559,135 U I N MAHOTTARI R A A 13.04% H SIRAHA S 545,132 D N 843,220 U RI 625,833S MORANG 688,109 11.82% TA P JHAPA 635,701 SA 6.04% 0.66% 553,481 8.75% 12.41% 19.58% 671,364 572,399 570,282 19.50% 21.32% 26.77% Population % of Nepal Total Source: Population Census 2001 10,74,354 4.73 % © Gauri Nath Rimal

34 Map-31 Percentages of Hill–Mountain Cohort HUMLA in Tarai Districts DARCHULA

BAJHANG

MUGU BAITADI BAJURA

DADELDHURA JUMLA DOTI KALIKOT ACHHAM DOLPA 61.52 KANCHANPUR MUSTANG DAILEKH 46.42 JAJARKOT KAILALI

RUKUM MANANG 34.31 SURKHET MYAGDI BARDIYA SALYAN ROLPA BAGLUNG KASKI LAMJUNG T GORKHA A 34.93 PYUTHAN B R RASUWA BANKE A 61.98 GULMI P DANG SYANGJA ARGHAKHANCHI TANAHUN NUWAKOT SINDHUPALCHOK PALPA DHADING KM T. DOLAKHA KT. 20.00 42.16 57.21 B KAPILBASTU NAWALPARASI 83.73 SOLUKHUMBU RUPANDEHI TAPLEJUNG CHITWAN LA KAVRE SANKHUWASABHA LIT. MAKAWANPUR RAMECHHAP OKHALDHUNGA 14.39 SINDHULI PARSA BHOJPUR 18.08 19.15 KHOTANG TERHATHUM BARA PANCHTHAR 23.63 15.23 SARLAHI DHANKUTA

RAUTAHAT U ILAM MAHOTTARI 0 N 6.20 UDAYAPUR .6 A 2 H SIRAHA Cohort Percentage 1 D 41.48 50.99 SUNSARI 11.33 MORANG 69.03 LEGEND Hill-Mountain Hill Upper Caste 19.26 % SAPTARI JHAPA <15 % Hill Dalit 3.76 % Mountain ethnic 0.19 % 15 - 33.33 % Note: Hill–Mountain Cohort includes (hill upper caste, hill Dalit, mountain ethnic, hill ethnic, and Inner Tarai ethnic groups. Hill ethnic 11.51 % 33.33 - 50 % Inner Tarai ethnic 1.06 % Source: Population Census 2001 >50 % Total 35.78 % © Gauri Nath Rimal

35 Map-32 Concentrations of Muslims and Chepangs HUMLA (% of District Population) DARCHULA

BAJHANG

MUGU BAITADI BAJURA KATHMANDU

DADELDHURA BHAKTAPUR JUMLA DOTI KALIKOT ACHHAM DOLPA LALITPUR

KANCHANPUR MUSTANG DAILEKH JAJARKOT KAILALI

RUKUM MANANG 3.02 SURKHET MYAGDI BARDIYA SALYAN ROLPA BAGLUNG KASKI LAMJUNG T GORKHA A 21.10 PYUTHAN B R RASUWA BANKE A GULMI P

DANG SYANGJA ARGHAKHANCHI TANAHUN 3.21 NUWAKOT SINDHUPALCHOK PALPA DHADING DOLAKHA 19.42 8.87 3.90 KAPILBASTU NAWALPARASI 4.50 SOLUKHUMBU RUPANDEHI TAPLEJUNG CHITWAN 3.91 KAVRE SANKHUWASABHA MAKAWANPUR RAMECHHAP OKHALDHUNGA 15.40 SINDHULI PARSA BHOJPUR 13.43 19.47 KHOTANG TERHATHUM I PANCHTHAR BARA 7.87 SARLAHI 8.49 OTTAR DHANKUTA

S AH RAUTAHAT U ILAM M N 7.28 UDAYAPUR A

13.51 H SIRAHA D 10.95 4.39 SUNSARI 8.23 MORANG SAPTARI JHAPA

LEGEND Caste Population % of Nepal Total Muslim Muslim 971,056 4.27 Source: Population Census 2001 Chepang Chepang 52,237 0.23 © Gauri Nath Rimal

36 Map-33 Concentrations of Limbu, Rai, Tamang, Gurung, HUMLA Magar, Newar, Tharu and Rajbanshi DARCHULA (% of District Population) BAJHANG

MUGU BAITADI BAJURA 29.80 KATHMANDU 55.85 DADELDHURA JUMLA BHAKTAPUR DOTI KALIKOT ACHHAM DOLPA 40.32 23.32 45.19 LALITPUR KANCHANPUR 13.15 MUSTANG DAILEKH 43.70 JAJARKOT KAILALI 21.74 RUKUM 75.86 20.63 41.75 MANANG 52.60 SURKHET 17.22 MYAGDI BARDIYA SALYAN 43.78 27.72 ROLPA BAGLUNG 18.14 31.89 10.72 KASKI 22.40 LAMJUNG T GORKHA A 63.74 16.42 PYUTHAN B 19.92 R RASUWA BANKE A 30.64 GULMI P 21.20 31.86 26.75 DANG 16.35 SYANGJA 38.52 32.27 ARGHAKHANCHI TANAHUN 50.92 21.48 NUWAKOT SINDHUPALCHOK 15.70 PALPA DHADING DOLAKHA 12.57 10.57 17.21 31.48 41.74 KAPILBASTU NAWALPARASI 12.73 SOLUKHUMBU 22.44 RUPANDEHI 33.78 TAPLEJUNG CHITWAN 47.34 KAVRE SANKHUWASABHA MAKAWANPUR RAMECHHAP 11.93 20.55 OKHALDHUNGA 8.23 25.60 SINDHULI 38.74 PARSA BHOJPUR 35.38 40.32 LEGEND 11.31 5.05 KHOTANG 34.11 TERHATHUM BARA I Limbu AT 3.18 22.98 PANCHTHAR TAH SARLAHI Population % of Nepal Total OTTAR DHANKUTA A 24.36

S Rai AH RAU U 16.38 ILAM M 359,379 1.58 N 4.78 UDAYAPUR A

Tamang H SIRAHA 7.55 635,151 2.79 D 14.0 12.82 SUNSARI Gurung 1,282,304 5.64 MORANG 8.70 SAPTARI JHAPA Magar 543,571 2.39 1,622,421 7.14 Newar 1,245,232 5.48 Tharu 1,533,879 6.75 Source: Population Census 2001 Rajbanshi 58,024 0.42 © Gauri Nath Rimal

37 Map-34 Concentrations of Thakali, Sherpa and Yadav HUMLA (% of District Population) DARCHULA

BAJHANG

MUGU BAITADI BAJURA

DADELDHURA JUMLA DOTI KALIKOT ACHHAM DOLPA 16.54 KANCHANPUR MUSTANG DAILEKH JAJARKOT KAILALI

RUKUM MANANG

SURKHET MYAGDI

BARDIYA SALYAN ROLPA BAGLUNG KASKI LAMJUNG T GORKHA A 4.39 PYUTHAN B R RASUWA BANKE A GULMI P DANG SYANGJA 5.34 ARGHAKHANCHI TANAHUN NUWAKOT SINDHUPALCHOK 5.54 PALPA DHADING K MT. T. DOLAKHA 9.57 BK 7.69 3.10 18.30 9.34 KAPILBASTU NAWALPARASI SOLUKHUMBU 5.19 RUPANDEHI TAPLEJUNG CHITWAN LA KAVRE SANKHUWASABHA LIT. MAKAWANPUR RAMECHHAP 8.03 OKHALDHUNGA 6.37 SINDHULI PARSA BHOJPUR 10.43 12.49 KHOTANG TERHATHUM BARA I T R A 15.23 H

TTA 17.57 PANCHTHAR TA SARLAHI O DHANKUTA

A H AU S A R U ILAM M N 24.15 UDAYAPUR A

15.33 H SIRAHA

D 4.26 SUNSARI 15.75 MORANG SAPTARI JHAPA LEGEND Population % of Nepal Total Thakali 12,973 0.06 Sherpa 154,622 0.68 Source: Population Census 2001 Yadav 895,423 3.94 © Gauri Nath Rimal

38 Map-35 Observers of Religion HUMLA (Percent) DARCHULA

BAJHANG

MUGU BAITADI BAJURA

DADELDHURA JUMLA DOTI KALIKOT ACHHAM DOLPA

KANCHANPUR MUSTANG DAILEKH JAJARKOT KAILALI

RUKUM MANANG

SURKHET MYAGDI

BARDIYA SALYAN ROLPA BAGLUNG KASKI LAMJUNG T GORKHA A PYUTHAN B R RASUWA BANKE A GULMI P

DANG SYANGJA ARGHAKHANCHI TANAHUN NUWAKOT SINDHUPALCHOK PALPA DHADING DOLAKHA

KAPILBASTU NAWALPARASI SOLUKHUMBU RUPANDEHI TAPLEJUNG CHITWAN KAVRE SANKHUWASABHA MAKAWANPUR RAMECHHAP OKHALDHUNGA

SINDHULI PARSA KHOTANG BHOJPUR TERHATHUM BARA PANCHTHAR

SARLAHI A

S DHANKUTA

AHOTTARI LEGEND N District Hindu Buddist Kirati Others ILAM M A RAUTAHAT Solukhumbu 42.9 29.0 26.8 1.3 H UDAYAPUR D Buddhist (3 districts) Sankhuwasaba 46.9 24.8 27.5 0.8 SIRAHA Taplejung 36.5 18.7 43.5 1.3 SUNSARI Dhankuta 49.5 13.7 35.7 1.1 MORANG Kirati (2 districts) JHAPA Panchthar 34.2 11.3 53.5 1.0 SAPTARI Ilam 47.3 15.7 36.2 0.8 Hindu (70 districts) Okhaldhunga 73.9 15.0 10.4 0.7 <50 % (5 Districts) Khotang 60.5 5.7 32.6 1.2 Bhojpur 53.8 14.1 31.7 0.4 Terhathum 51.3 11.3 36.6 0.8 District Buddist Hindu Others 50 - 80 % (22 Districts) Udayapur 75.4 12.2 10.5 1.9 Mustang 74.2 25.3 0.5 Source: Population Census 2001 Sunsari 77.1 4.1 6.7 12.1 Manang 74.2 25.3 0.5 >80 % {80 - 99.8 %} (43 Districts) Morang 80.1 4.4 7.2 8.3 Rasuwa 65.6 33.1 1.3 Jhapa 79.4 5.0 9.2 6.4 Makawanpur 47.6 49.4 3.0 © Gauri Nath Rimal

39 Map-36 Buddhists (Percent)

HUMLA

DARCHULA

BAJHANG

MUGU BAITADI BAJURA

DADELDHURA JUMLA DOTI KALIKOT ACHHAM DOLPA

KANCHANPUR MUSTANG DAILEKH JAJARKOT KAILALI

RUKUM MANANG

SURKHET MYAGDI

BARDIYA SALYAN ROLPA BAGLUNG KASKI LAMJUNG T GORKHA A PYUTHAN B R RASUWA BANKE A GULMI P

DANG SYANGJA ARGHAKHANCHI TANAHUN NUWAKOT SINDHUPALCHOK PALPA DHADING DOLAKHA

KAPILBASTU NAWALPARASI SOLUKHUMBU RUPANDEHI TAPLEJUNG CHITWAN KAVRE SANKHUWASABHA MAKAWANPUR RAMECHHAP OKHALDHUNGA

SINDHULI PARSA KHOTANG BHOJPUR TERHATHUM BARA PANCHTHAR

SARLAHI A

S DHANKUTA

AHOTTARI LEGEND N ILAM M A RAUTAHAT

H UDAYAPUR <5 % (33 districts) D SIRAHA SUNSARI MORANG 5 - 10 % (6 districts) SAPTARI JHAPA 10 - 20 % (17 districts) 20 - 30 % (10 districts)

30 - 50 % (6 districts) Source: Population Census 2001 >50 % {50.0 - 74.2 %} (3 districts) © Gauri Nath Rimal

40 tes- 17.28 % - 7.80 % - 7.87 %) % 32.49 - 2,225,465 - 34.58 % Others M,H,IT Ethnic % 48.05 - Dalits (Hill Hill Upper Caste Hill Mountain Cohort Tharus Caste Total Pop. Autonomous Region Tharuwan - 10.08 % 15.27 % - Others % 74.65 - 1,196,734* Hill Dalit Caste Hill Upper Caste Total Pop. Autonomous Region Seti Mahakali Dang Banke Bardiya Kailali Kanchanpur District Bajura* Achham Dadeldhura Doti Baitadi Bajhang Darchula District

N LEGEND

H 71.81 68.27 74.46 66.65 78.13 81.62 86.64 HUC %

Seti M Seti

E (1,188,579)

D Hill Upper Caste Magar Tharu Gurung Tamang Limbu Rai Muslim Yadav Newar

T Tharu %

H Dalit % 31.86 16.42 52.60 43.70 23.33 16.99 22.40 15.81 17.61 10.85 12.85

U 7.65

ahakali

Tharuwan

E HUMLA

Bheri Karnali Bheri

G tes21.06 % 31.46 % 47.48 % Others 2,425,532* Hill Upper Caste Magar Total Pop. Autonomous Region Magarat Tanahu Syangja Palpa Arghakhanchi Gulmi Pyuthan Rolpa Salyan Rukum Baglung Myagdi District

A tes- 21.08 % 20.15 % - 957,680* Others % 58.77 - Hill Dalit Caste Hill Upper Caste Total Pop. Autonomous Region Bheri Karnali

Y Surkhet* Dailekh Kalikot Jajarkot Jumla Mugu Dolpa Humla District

M 46.49 62.39 66.17 62.34 79.73 66.17 50.36 69.56 Magar % HUC %

P 26.75 21.19 50.92 16.35 19.93 30.65 43.78 17.22 21.74 27.72 41.78

L (2,272,675)

agarat

G Dalit %

P 21.41 26.75 27.44 21.51 13.77

U (804,806)

A 3.14 7.57 8.87

S PA A RB

Y A

W T

Tam

A tes39.69 % 19.20 % 41.11 % 1,028,204 Others Hill Upper Caste Gurung Total Pop. Autonomous Region Tamuwan

A Parbat Lamjung Kaski Gorkha Manang Mustang District

uwan

G tes(nlMsis -11.40% Note: * Adjusted Population Others (Incl Muslims) 32.64% - HUC & Hill Dalit) - 11.55% (Mountain, Hill & Inner Tarai Ethinic, 8,986,988* Hill Mountain Cohort 33.65% - -10.76% Tarai Ethnics (incl. Tharu) Tarai Dalit Caste Tarai Upper Caste Total Pop. Autonomous Region Madhesi Gurung %

G 31.69 18.14 22.40 75.85 45.19

M 5.09

adhesi

RAU K

R T O AH Ethnic Autonomous Regions (8,929,072) AT

Tam

I Proposed by the Maoists

r M S

n AH L O B

T C

d TA N

R h

I R

ang

E DH L AN p

C US I A D

A tes- 35.09 % % 31.76 - % 33.15 - Others 2,452,458* Hill Upper Caste Tamang Total Pop. Autonomous Region Tamang - 26.84 % 35.40 % - 1,645,091 % 37.76 - Others Hill Upper Caste Newar Caste Total Pop. Autonomous Region Newar

L Sindhuli* Makwanpur Dhading Kavrepalanchok Ramechhap Dolakha* Sindupalchok Nuwakot Rasuwa District Lalitpur Bhaktapur Kathmandu District

I Source:

U Tamang % Newar % 25.60 47.34 21.48 33.78 20.55 15.70 32.27 38.52 63.74 40.37 55.85 29.80

B (2,409,441)

S U

N Pratyakraman, Chaitra 2063

Kirat

M tes- 37.34 % - 21.45 % 12.21 % - % 29.00 - Others Hill Upper Caste 2,064,833* Limbu Rai Total Pop. Autonomous Region Kirat

S Ilam Udayapur Okhaldhunga Solukhumbu Khotang Bhojpur Dhankuta Panchthar Terhathum Sankhuwasaba Taplejung District

P A

T A Map-37

H 41 N

U C

M H

H T U 24.36 16.38 11.93 31.49 38.74 34.11 22.98 13.94 22.44 Rai %

A H

L 1.97 5.03

P A

A M R (2,044,835) Limbu% 14.32 13.72 40.33 35.38 41.75 0.20 0.05 0.04 0.07 0.07 4.76 ] 33.66 % INFUSED ETHNICITIES: NEPAL’S INTERLACED AND INDIVISIBLE SOCIAL MOSAIC The Issue of Representation

The responsibility for reorganising the state rests with the elected Constituent Assembly (CA) which will also draft a new constitution. In order to create a sense of participation and ensure that all abide by the outcomes the formation of the CA must be inclusive. The CA must be elected on the basis of proportional representation and take into account the context of interlaced and indivisible distribution of the population so that everyone will feel like a winner. While forming the CA, the composition of the Parliament should be reformulated to make it more inclusive if necessary. The inability to recognize the people’s aspiration created dissatisfaction, as the Tarai uprising in January 2007, demonstrated. Map 37 has shown the proposal of the Commnist Party of Nepal (Maoist) along with the population distribution in each autonomous region. Map 38 shows the current distribution of the 237 parliamentary seats.

Nepal’s present administrative arrangement of 14 zones and 75 districts was constituted when the zonal (Anchal) hierarchy was created in 1963 under the Panchayat polity. Later, in the 1970s five development regions were designated. Late geographer planner Harka Gurung has suggested that Nepal’s 75 districts be consolidated into 25 units. He has argued “Bureaucratic, and development agencies have expanded vastly at the district level. In the last four decades, there has been extension of roads, airports and telecommunication facilities. These have narrowed geographic spaces in terms of travel time enabling the administration of much larger area.”

Using similar logic, this book suggests that the districts be consolidated to 28 and that the names suggested by late Harka Gurung be maintained as and where possible (Map 39) with 28 units. The boundaries will be different from those suggested by Gurung.

42 INFUSED ETHNICITIES: NEPAL’S INTERLACED AND INDIVISIBLE SOCIAL MOSAIC

Within the consolidated districts the lowest unit of power will be a prefectures) while Map 40 shows parliamentary seats when districts Village Development Committee (VDC) or municipality. These are consolidated into 28 cantons. The proposed administrative units entities will enjoy and exercise optimum authority. The relationship (cantons/prefectures) in the Tarai are shown in Map 41. between the central government and these units will be defined by the CA. The separation of central- and local-level roles and Alternatively, any fraction could be allocated one additional seat. responsibilities will preserve the historically, culturally unique If this criterion is used, Morang will get one more seat to make a position of Nepal in the Indian Subcontinent. The consolidated total of nine, while the three above districts will get the same districts could be designated as cantons or prefectures. number of seats (Map 41). But how would one decide about representation for those districts which have populations of less Kathmandu, as the capital of the country, should have special status. than 100,000? These districts are Humla (population 40,595), Assymetry cannot be ruled out if some units opt for it for some Mugu (population 43,937), Rasuwa (population 44,731), period for economic sustainability. Some degree of cooperativeness Manang (population 9,587), Mustang (population 14,981) and in federalism needs to be explored at this initial stage. Dolpa (population 29,545). The framing of the CA must include a provision such that each district no matter how small either in The formation of consolidated districts will also necessitate the area or population, gets a minimum of one seat. This approach restructuring of the present electoral arrangement. Madhesi would be the same as that in Switzerland. Article 149-4 of the communities have demanded that the electorate units of the Swiss Constitution states that “The seat shall be distributed Tarai not be mixed with those of the hills. This demand is logical. among cantons in proportion to their population. Each canton The constituencies of the hills and of the Tarai were mixed during shall have at least one seat”. the Panchayat regime, when zones were created. The demand by the Madhesi community that one electorate seat for the proposed This author suggests that 50,000 be considered as the cut-off lower house represent a population of 100,000 deserves fraction of population and that each district get at a minimum of consideration, too. This approach will provide a basis for making one seat. If these criteria are used, the number of elected decisions about the number of representatives to the CA. representatives from the cantons or prefectures (reorganised geographical regions) will be 234. Of this total number, 112 will Let us take the example of three districts of the Tarai: Jhapa represent the Tarai (population 11,212,453) and 122 will (population 688,109), Dhanusa (population 671,364), and Saptari represent the hills and mountains (population 11,938,970) with (population 570,282). If each population block of 100,000 represents a ratio of 48.43 to 51.57 %. The balance between the populations one seat, then these three districts will get six, six and five seats of the hills and mountains and the Tarai will thus be maintained. respectively. In each case a fraction population remains unaccounted for. How does one address a fraction? One way would be to provide Another task is for every political party to revise its representatives one seat if the fraction population is above 50,000. Using this to make it inclusive. Each party should choose representatives to criterion, the three districts of Jhapa, Dhanusa, and Saptari will get the CA on the basis of the percentage of population according to seven, seven and six seats. Morang District (population 843,220) will the 2001 census. In the best democratic tradition, a conscious get just eight seats: eight for the population of eight hundred effort must be made to include those groups not represented, to thousand and no seats for the fraction. Map 39 shows the division foster an atmosphere of goodwill among all communities and to when the present districts are consolidated into 28 cantons (or promote mutual faith and confidence.

43 K

7 LEGEND

1 4

P 2

D 1

H 11 Nos. (1 district) (1 11 Nos. district) (1 8 Nos. districts) (3 7 each districts) (8 6 each districts) (5 5 each districts) (6 4 each districts) (14 3 each districts) (21 2 each districts) (16 1 each

2 44 ,4

A 6

,0 2

7 1

H 2

3 2

8 4

I 1 3 Y

2 2

A Mountains & Hills Tarai Nepal

L 4

N 8

T 1

E HUMLA

0 1

A 2

8 1

A 5

U 1

2 District

G 2

U 1

8 55 20 75 2

I 2

D Seats 5

0 3 2

H 123 114 237 1

9 3

7 7

4 1

Y 3

D Percent

2 51.89 48.11

L 2

S P

A A A R

B ,8 Y A

5 W T

U 3

A 1

A 4

,5 3

I 6

A 1

,1 2

N 5

3 5

9 3

5 3

8 4

,6 6

R 3

N 0

W Current Population and Seats

A 5

,4 R 1

A 4

3 U K TA S 11

H 3

O A ,7

2 T

3 2 Arrangement of Parliament

5 4

A 6

E 3

A 3

U M 1 AH L 6

2 O L

C T 9

8 TA R I I H

R 11

D L

1 HA 9 N E

1 U A

S A

A 3

T 7

8 2

6 3

L 2

1 6

1 K 2

1 3

N 2

9 1

P 6

6 2

2 Source: Population Census 2001

2 2

5 H

8 6

R 2

6 2

9 8

T 1

0 2

H Map-38 PANCHTHAR T

L 7

2 1

,1 3

9 Map-39 Proposed Consolidated Administrative Districts 40,595 121,996 HUMLA (Cantons/Prefectures) DARCHULA 167,027 BAJHANG 234,418 108,781 43,937 1,081,545 MUGU BAITADI BAJURA KATHMANDU 225,461 126,162 89,427 BHAKTAPUR DADELDHURA 207,066 105,580 JUMLA DOTI 231,285 KALIKOT 29,545 337,785 ACHHAM DOLPA LALITPUR 377,899 14,981 KANCHANPUR 225,201 134,865 MUSTANG DAILEKH 615,697 JAJARKOT KAILALI 188,438 RUKUM 9,567 288,527 114,447 MANANG SURKHET 382,649 213,500 MYAGDI BARDIYA SALYAN 210,004 268,937 288,134 ROLPA BAGLUNG 380,527 GORKHA 157826 KASKI 177,149 LAMJUNG T 212,405 A 44,731 231,385 385,840 PYUTHAN B 296,654 R RASUWA BANKE A 212,484 P GULMI 317,320 113,111 452,380 315,237 LEGEND DANG 208,391 SYANGJA ARGHAKHANCHI TANAHUN 288,478 305,857 338,658 NUWAKOT SINDHUPALCHOK Humla Manang 268,558 204,229 PALPA DHADING DOLAKHA Vyasrishi Annapurna 481,976 708,419 562,870 107,686 KAPILBASTU NAWALPARASI 472,042 SOLUKHUMBU 159,203 134,698 RUPANDEHI 385,672 TAPLEJUNG Ugratara Manasalu CHITWAN 392,604 KAVRE SANKHUWASABHA MAKAWANPUR Mohana Trishuli RAMECHHAP 497,219 OKHALDHUNGA 156,702 Malika Kathmandu Valley SINDHULI PARSA KHOTANG 203,015 279,821 TERHATHUM BARA BHOJPUR Babai Sailung I PANCHTHAR R T 635,701 A 166,475 202,056 A T

H T Karnali Bhimsen SARLAHI A 287,689 A O S DHANKUTA T H U 282,806 U A N A ILAM M A Mugu Solu R 572,399 H UDAYAPUR 559,135 D SIRAHA Dolpa Arun 625,633843,220 570,282 SUNSARI 688,109 545,132 MORANG Bheri Tamor SAPTARI JHAPA 553,481 Srinagar Choudandi 671,364 Lumbini Simron

45 1 40,595 Map-40 121,996 HUMLA DARCHULA Proposed Parliament Representation in 167,027 5 BAJHANG Consolidated Administrative Districts 234,418 108,781 43,937 1 MUGU BAITADI BAJURA (Cantons/Prefectures) 126,162 3 89,427 DADELDHURA 105,580 207,066 JUMLA 1,081,545 231,285 KALIKOT 29,545 DOTI KATHMANDU 3 ACHHAM DOLPA 2 1 225,461 377,899 1 14,981 16 BHAKTAPUR KANCHANPUR 225,201 134,865 MUSTANG DAILEKH 615,697 JAJARKOT 337,785 KAILALI 6 188,438 LALITPUR RUKUM 1 9,567 22 288,527 114,447 MANANG SURKHET 6 4 382,549 213,500 MYAGDI BARDIYA SALYAN 210,004 268,937 ROLPA BAGLUNG 380,527 157,826 KASKI 177,149 288,134 LAMJUNG T GORKHA 212,405 A 44,731 231,385 385,840 PYUTHAN B 296,654 R 9 RASUWA BANKE A 212,484 P 8 GULMI 317,320 113,111 452,380 315,237 DANG 208,391 SYANGJA ARGHAKHANCHI TANAHUN 288,478 305,857 10 268,558 338,658 NUWAKOT SINDHUPALCHOK 204,229 1 PALPA DHADING K MT. LEGEND 22 T. 7 DOLAKHA 481,976 562,870 BK 107,686 KAPILBASTU 708,419 11 16 134,698 Humla Manang RUPANDEHI NAWALPARASI 472,042 385,672 SOLUKHUMBU 159,203 CHITWAN L 7 TAPLEJUNG 392,604 ALIT KAVRE SANKHUWASABHA Vyasrishi Annapurna . MAKAWANPUR RAMECHHAP 7 OKHALDHUNGA 5 Ugratara Manasalu 497,219 156,702 SINDHULI PARSA KHOTANG 203,015 Mohana Trishuli 279,821 TERHATHUM BARA 22 BHOJPUR I 7 PANCHTHAR Malika Kathmandu Valley 635,701 166,475 202,056

SARLAHI A 287,689 OTTAR S DHANKUTA Babai Sailung U 282,806 AH N ILAM M A RAUTAHAT 24572,399 H UDAYAPUR Karnali Bhimsen 559,135 D SIRAHA 625,633843,220 570,282 SUNSARI Mugu Solu MORANG 688,109 545,132 SAPTARI 22 JHAPA Dolpa Arun 553,481 Bheri Tamor 671,364 Srinagar Choudandi Region Cantons District Population Seats Percent Lumbini Simron Tarai 5 20 11,212,453 112 47.9 Kaligandaki Mithila Mountains & Hills 23 55 11,938,970 122 52.1 Source: Population Census 2001 Mustang Kankai Total 28 75 23,151,423 234 100.0 © Gauri Nath Rimal

46 Map-41 Proposed Administrative Units in the Tarai

377,899 KANCHANPUR 1,610 616,697 KAILALI 3,235 382,649 BARDIYA 2,025 385,840 BANKE 2,337 462,380 DANG 2,955 481,976 562,870 KAPILBASTU 708,419 NAWALPARASI 472,048 1,738 RUPANDEHI CHITWAN 1,360 2,162 2,218

497,219 1,353 PARSA BARA SARLAHI

RAUTAHAT S

559,135 U

MAHOTTARI N 3 I R A 3 A 1,190 H SIRAHA ,6 S 545,132 D 5 N 843,220 2 U RI 6 S MORANG 688,109 1,126 TA 7 AP 5 JHAPA S ,2 1,855 635,701 1 1,606 LEGEND 553,481 1,259 1,002 Population Area (sq. km.) Language Mohana 671,364 572,399 570,282 2,225,565 12,162 Nepali, Tharu, Awadi 1,180 1,188 1,363 Lumbini 2,225,313 7,478 Nepali, Awadi, Bhojpuri Simron 2,237,180 4,919 Bhojpuri, Bajjika, Maithili, Nepali Mithila 2,365,007 4,733 Maithili Source: Population Census 2001 2,101,893 4,718 Nepali, Maithili, Rajbansi Kankai © Gauri Nath Rimal

47 INFUSED ETHNICITIES: NEPAL’S INTERLACED AND INDIVISIBLE SOCIAL MOSAIC

Map-42 1 2 40,595 Proposed Parliamentary Seats HUMLA 121,996 2 (Alternative) DARCHULA 167,026 2 BAJHANG 1,081,845 234,418 108,781 43,937 KATHMANDU BAITADI 1 MUGU 3 3 BAJURA 225,461 157,826 11 BHAKTAPUR 1 126,162 89,427 337,785 DADELDHURA 207,066 105,580 1 JUMLA LALITPUR DOTI 231,285 KALIKOT 29,545 2 ACHHAM DOLPA 1 3 3 2 4 377,899 3 2 14,981 KANCHANPUR 7 225,201 134,868 MUSTANG DAILEKH 4 618,697 JAJARKOT 2 KAILALI 3 188,438 9,587 RUKUM 1 288,527 114,447 MANANG SURKHET 3 MYAGDI 382,649 213,500 2 4 BARDIYA SALYAN 210,004 268,937 3 3 ROLPA BAGLUNG 380,527 177,149 4 2 KASKI 288,134 3 LAMJUNG 212,408 3 T GORKHA 3 A 44,731 1 385,840 PYUTHAN B 296,654 R 4 2 RASUWA BANKE A 212,484 P 113,111 3 GULMI 317,320 4 4 462,380 315,237 3 DANG 208,391 SYANGJA 4 305,857 ARGHAKHANCHI TANAHUN 4 288,478 5 3 268,558 DHADING NUWAKOT SINDHUPALCHOK 204,229 2 PALPA 338,658 2 6 5 DOLAKHA 2 481,976 708,419 562,870 107,686 134,698 KAPILBASTU NAWALPARASI 472,048 3 SOLUKHUMBU 159,203 RUPANDEHI 385,672 TAPLEJUNG 5 CHITWAN 4 392,604 KAVRE SANKHUWASABHA 8 MAKAWANPUR 4 RAMECHHAP 2 LEGEND 5 3 OKHALDHUNGA 3 156,702 3 <100,000 497,219 SINDHULI 2 202,056 PARSA 6 6 279,821 231,385 BHOJPUR KHOTANG 203,018 TERHATHUM I 2 100,000 - 200,000 BARA T A 7 R H 3 A 166,479 PANCHTHAR 3 T TTA 287,689 200,000 - 300,000 SARLAHI A 3 U O DHANKUTA S A 282,806 H

U R A 3 N ILAM M 6 A 7 300,000 - 400,000 559,135 UDAYAPUR H 9

6 D SIRAHA 6 625,633 843,220 400,000 - 500,000 545,132 SUNSARI MORANG 688,109 SAPTARI 500,000 - 600,000 7 7 JHAPA Region District Seats Percent 635,701 553,481 600,000 - 700,000 Tarai 20 120 44.28 671,364 570,282 700,000 - 800,000 Mountains & Hills 55 151 55.72 572,399 Total 75 271 100.00 800,000 - 900,000 Source: Population Census 2001 >1,000,000 Basis- one seat per 100,000 people plus one for the next fraction © Gauri Nath Rimal

48 INFUSED ETHNICITIES: NEPAL’S INTERLACED AND INDIVISIBLE SOCIAL MOSAIC The Larger Picture, the Future

In the complicated mechanics of re-crafting the political order we must remember the larger picture: restructuring is meant to effectively address the social, economic and political challenges Nepal faces in the 21st century.

The larger objective is that the political rights and civil liberties of all communities be guaranteed to the fullest extent possible at the lowest political level. When the new structure has been designed and implemented, elected representatives will provide stewardship and guidance, political groups will engage in healthy competition, and opposition parties will play critical but constructive roles.

Minority groups will enjoy the power of self governance and participate in making decisions about issues that affect them. There will be freedom of expression, assembly, association, education and religion. People will enjoy the rule of law, freedom to pursue economic activities freely and equality of opportunity.

Self-determination is understood as the pursuance of local cultural, linguistic or religious interests by a reasonably distinctive group of culturally homogenous people to address the lack of representation or oppression. Developed in the mid- nineteenth century, this concept acquired ethnic and political

49 INFUSED ETHNICITIES: NEPAL’S INTERLACED AND INDIVISIBLE SOCIAL MOSAIC

overtones due to the intense colonization and totalitarian Through participation, the provision of opportunities and rule prevailing then. Self-determination does not have to be empowerment, the status of the disadvantaged will be redressed. divisive instead it should foster national integrity, tolerance Affirmative action in the form of access to education, vocational and acceptance. This is important because Nepal’s infused training, reservations in governmental jobs and democratic ethnicities permeate the social fabric so thoroughly that institutions will be pursued. We need a procedure to identify those secession and division just cannot be meaningful options. that are disadvantaged and enable them to participate in the mainstream. The domination of a few privileged groups—of ‘super- Sufi mystic Omar Khayam has rightly told us how best to class Bahuns’, ‘royal Chettris’, ‘upper Newars’, land owners and take advantage of the present. elites—in the conduct of the state affairs would end. This change “Unborn Tomorrow and dead Yesterday, should not be construed to mean that everyone in these Why fret about them if Today be sweet!” communities is well-off. Poverty is rampant in these communities and very affluent individuals are present even in groups generally Sri Sri Paramhansha Yogananda has interpreted Khayam’s considered disadvantaged. couplet as: “Whether pursuing material success or spiritual upliftment neither grieve over what you did not accomplish Like most South Asian countries, Nepal is undergoing in the past nor leave your efforts for the success of tomorrow. transformation due to rapid urbanization, leading to the growth of Concentrate your best efforts to succeed today and sooner or towns and cities as centres of industrialisation, services and later they will be crowned with glory.” The sentiment it employment. As the process of technological, communication and captures tells us how to move forward. economic globalization show increasing intensification, its new demographic character is altering the concept of ethnic entities Cultural, ethnic, religious or other minority groups will enjoy that prevailed some decades ago. When harnessed creatively, this full political rights and opportunities. The government will process of urbanization, advancement in communication and be free from pervasive corruption and will be accountable to emergence of a competitive market offer new opportunities to the electorate. Personal autonomy and individual rights bring about economic and social progress. Taking advantage of including choice of residence, travel, employment and these processes for Nepal and Nepalis requires creativity, vision education will be guaranteed to all. Citizens will enjoy the and hard work that necessitate that a competent government right to own property and to establish private businesses provide a level playing field, a competitive market promote with after meeting minimum licensing requirements. They efficiency and creativity, and vigilant civic movements champion will also be able to purchase and sell land and other property the cause of social justice, inclusion and equity. From the local to free without paying bribes or other forms of inducements. the national, these social entities must engage constructively to There will be no exploitation. Local and central government achieve Nepal’s social, political and economic development. This responsibilities will be clearly differentiated. The central approach suits and blends in with the diverse amalgam of the government shall have a clearly defined jurisdiction. country’s infused social fabric.

50 INFUSED ETHNICITIES: NEPAL’S INTERLACED AND INDIVISIBLE SOCIAL MOSAIC

ANNEXES

51 INFUSED ETHNICITIES: NEPAL’S INTERLACED AND INDIVISIBLE SOCIAL MOSAIC Annex 1

Major Population Composition at a glance. (Unity in Diversity) Major groups-sample Eastern Development Region Districts Per cent Rest 1. Taplejung (134,698) Limbu 41.74 CB 23.04 Sherpa 9.34 Kami 4.42 21.46 2. Panchthar (202,056) Limbu 40.32 CB 23.66 Rai 13.94 Tamang 6.82 15.26 3. Ilam (282,806) CB 29.55 Rai 24.36 Limbu 14.32 Tamang 6.83 24.94 4. Jhapa (688,109)* CB 40.67 Rajbansi 8.70 Limbu 5.65 Rai 4.74 36.96 5. Morang (843,220) CB 25.20 Tharu 7.55 Limbu 4.38 Rajbansi 4.14 51.73 6. Sunsari (625,633) CB 17.12 Tharu 14.00 Muslim 10.95 Newar 4.43 53.50 7. Dhankuta (166,479) CB 27.75 Rai 22.98 Limbu 13.72 Magar 9.71 25.84 8. Tehrathum (113,111) CB 36.00 Limbu 35.38 Tamang 5.78 Kami 4.23 18.61 9. Sankhuwa Sabha (159,203) CB 27.89 Rai 22.44 Tamang 9.45 Gurung 5.78 34.44 10. Bhojpur (203,018) Rai 34.11 CB 29.54 Tamang 8.49 Newar 8.28 19.58 11. Solukhumbu (107,686) Rai 31.48 CB 21.14 Sherpa 18.30 Tamang 9.43 19.60 12. Okhaldhunga (156,702) CB 37.30 Rai 11.93 Magar 10.37 Tamang 9.17 31.20 13. Khotang (231,385) Rai 38.74 CB 32.54 Kami 4.48 Magar 4.27 19.97 14. Udayapur (287,689) CB 29.22 Rai 16.38 Magar 13.80 Tharu 7.76 32.84 15. Saptari (570,282) Yadav 15.75 Tharu 12.82 Muslim 8.23 Teli 7.24 55.96 16. Siraha (572,399)* Yadav 24.15 Muslim 7.28 Teli 4.95 Tharu 4.78 58.84

Central Development Region Districts Per cent Rest 17. Dhanusha (671,364) Yadav 17.57 Muslim 8.49 Kewat 6.19 Dhanuk 5.04 60.71 18. Mahottari (553,481) Yadav 15.33 Muslim 13.51 Brahman 6.55 Dhanuk 6.26 58.35 19. Sarlahi (635,701) Yadav 15.23 CB 9.66 Koiri 7.76 Muslim 7.67 59.66 20. Sindhuli (279,821)* Tamang 25.60 CB 25.11 Magar 14.31 Newar 6.55 28.43 21. Ramechhap (212,408) CB 32.92 Tamang 20.55 Newar 14.09 Magar 10.92 21.52 22. Dolakha (204,229)* CB 45.08 Tamang 15.70 Newar 9.00 Thami 7.92 22.30 23. Sindhupalchok (305,857) CB 34.39 Tamang 32.27 Newar 11.55 Sherpa 5.40 16.39 24. Kavrepalanchok (385,672) CB 38.24 Tamang 33.78 Newar 13.03 Magar 3.48 11.47 25. Lalitpur (337,785) Newar 40.32 CB 32.47 Tamang 4.85 Gurung 1.46 20.90 26. Bhaktapur (225,461) Newar 55.85 CB 30.22 Tamang 8.95 Magar 1.65 3.35 27. Kathmandu (1.081,845) CB 41.02 Newar 29.80 Tamang 8.54 Sherpa 2.88 17.96 28. Nuwakot (288,478) Tamang 38.52 CB 35.25 Newar 7.60 Rai 3.32 15.31 29. Rasuwa (44,731) Tamang 63.74 CB 19.37 Gurung 6.72 Newar 2.80 7.27 30. Dhading (338,658) CB 34.49 Tamang 21.48 Newar 9.58 Magar 8.46 28.99 31. Makwanpur (392,604) Tamang 47.34 CB 26.51 Newar 6.82 Magar 4.57 14.26 32. Rautahat (545,132) Muslim 19.47 Yadav 12.49 CB 6.24 Teli 5.68 56.14 33. Bara (559,135) Muslim 13.43 Tharu 11.31 Yadav 10.43 CB 9.07 55.76 34. Parsa (497,219) Muslim 15.40 Kurmi 8.28 CB 7.31 Yadav 6.37 62.64 35. Chitwan (472,048) CB 41.60 Tharu 12.73 Tamang 7.36 Newar 5.43 32.88

52 INFUSED ETHNICITIES: NEPAL’S INTERLACED AND INDIVISIBLE SOCIAL MOSAIC

Western Development Region Districts Per cent Rest 36. Gorkha (288,134) CB 31.46 Gurung 22.40 Magar 11.34 Newar 8.11 26.69 37. Lamjung (177,149) CB 32.43 Gurung 31.69 Kami 7.43 Tamang 6.73 21.72 38. Tanahu (315,237) CB 28.02 Magar 26.75 Newar 7.98 Kami 6.47 30.78 39. Syangja (317,320) CB 47.28 Magar 21.20 Gurung 9.99 Kami 6.67 14.86 40. Kaski (380,527) CB 47.13 Gurung 18.14 Kami 6.90 Magar 6.18 21.65 41. Manang (9,587) Gurung 75.86 Sherpa 8.95 CB 5.17 Tamang 3.58 6.44 42. Myagdi (114,447) Magar 41.75 CB 26.65 Kami 13.35 Damai 4.54 13.68 43. Parbat (157,826) CB. 58.97 Magar 10.72 Kami 7.49 Damai 6.55 12.89 44. Baglung (268,937) CB 43.43 Magar 27.72 Kami 13.07 Sarki 4.35 11.43 45. Gulmi (296,654) CB 30.04 Magar 19.92 Kami 7.46 Sarki 3.37 39.21 46. Palpa (268,558) Magar 50.92 CB 28.85 Kami 5.82 Newar 3.61 10.60 47. Navalparasi (562,870) CB 24.50 Magar 17.21 Tharu 16.48 Muslim 3.90 37.91 48. Rupandehi (708,419) CB 22.49 Tharu 10.57 Mualim 8.87 Magar 8.78 49.29 49. Kapilbastu (481,976) Muslim 19.42 CB 13.38 Tharu 12.57 Yadav 9.57 51.06 50. Arghakhanchi (208,391) CB 56.37 Magar 16.35 Kami 8.75 Sarki 3.64 14.89 51. Mustang (14,981) Gurung 45.19 Thakali 16.54 CB 11.31 Magar 6.70 20.26

Mid-Western Development Region Districts Per cent Rest 52. Pyuthan (212,484) CB 42.98 Magar 30.64 Kami 11.02 Sarki 3.70 11.66 53. Rolpa (210,004) Magar 43.78 CB 37.61 Kami 10.50 Damai 3.22 4.89 54. Rukum (188,438) CB 68.60 Magar 21.74 Kami 3.98 Sherpa 1.66 7.02 55. Salyan (213,500)* CB 61.87 Magar 17.22 Kami 7.45 Damai 2.50 10.96 56. Dang (462,380) CB 36.87 Tharu 31.86 Kami 5.27 Damai 2.67 23.33 57. Banke (385,840) CB 22.03 Muslim 21.10 Tharu 16.42 Magar 5.42 35.03 58. Bardiya (382,649) Tharu 52.60 CB 20.42 Kami 3.36 Muslim 3.02 20.60 59. Surkhet (288,527)* CB 46.49 Magar 20.63 Kami 14.96 Damai 3.91 14.01 60. Dailekh (225,201) CB62.39 Kami 15.33 Magar 9.87 Damai 4.45 7.96 61. Jajarkot (134,868) CB 62.34 Kami 19.73 Magar 8.69 Damai 3.84 5.40 62. Dolpa (29,545)* CB 50.36 Gurung 22.62 Magar 13.15 Kami 5.84 8.03 63. Jumla (89,427)* CB 79.73 Sarki 6.46 Kami 5.18 Damai 2.08 0.55 64. Kalikot (105,580)* CB 66.17 Kami 21.58 Damai 5.62 Magar 3.10 3.53 65. Mugu (43,937)* CB 66.17 Sherpa 10.13 Tamang 3.15 Kami 2.97 17.56 66. Humla (40,595) CB 69.56 Sherpa 13.96 Kami 4.95 Damai 2.92 8.61

53 INFUSED ETHNICITIES: NEPAL’S INTERLACED AND INDIVISIBLE SOCIAL MOSAIC

Far-Western Development Region Districts Per cent Rest 67. Bajura (108,781)* CB 71.81 Kami 9.44 Damai 4.00 Sarki 3.53 11.22 68. Bajhang (167,026) CB 81.62 Kami 7.90 Sarki 2.77 Damai 2.17 5.54 69. Achham (231,285) CB 68.27 Kami 13.45 Damai 6.36 Sarki 2.57 9.35 70. Doti (207,066) CB 66.65 Kami 8.04 Damai 5.21 Sarki 4.35 15.75 71. Kailali (616,697) Tharu 43.70 CB 31.61 Kami 6.21 Damai 2.10 16.38 72. Kanchanpur (377,899)* CB 48.47 Tharu 23.32 Kami 5.00 Rajput 2.08 21.13 73. Dadeldhura (126,162) CB 74.46 Kami 7.65 Sarki 5.26 Damai 2.90 9.73 74. Baitadi (234,418) CB 78.13 Kami 6.13 Lohar 4.62 Sarki 3.17 7.95 75. Darchula (121,996) CB 86.63 Kami 5.29 Lohar 2.19 Sarki 1.80 4.09

Note: CB- Chhetri Bahun also includes Thakuri and Sanyasi * (adjusted figure)

Annex 2

Kathmandu Valley ( Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur Districts)

Population Per cent Hill Upper Cast (Chhetri, Bahun, Thakuri, Sanyasi) 621,284 37.76 Newar 582,370 35.40 Tamang 147,165 8.95 Magar 50,556 3.07 Gurung 36,567 2.22 Sherpa 32, 992 2.01 Rest 174,157 10.59

Total 1645091 100.00

54 INFUSED ETHNICITIES: NEPAL’S INTERLACED AND INDIVISIBLE SOCIAL MOSAIC Annex 3

Districtwise Population and Parliament seats arrangement at current Status S. No. Districts Population 2001 No. of Constituency Difference S. No. Districts Population 2001 No. of Constituency Difference Proposed Existing Proposed Existing

1 Taplejune 134,698 1 2 -1 39 Kaski 380,527 4 3 +1 2 Panchthar 202,056 2 2 40 Tanahu 315,237 3 3 3 Ilam 282,806 3 3 41 Syangja 317,320 3 3 4 Jhapa* 688,109 7 5 2 42 Gulmi 296,654 3 3 5 Sankhuwasabha 159,203 2 2 43 Palpa 268,558 3 2 +1 6 Terhathum 133,111 1 1 44 Argakhanchi 208,391 2 2 7 Bhojpur 203,018 2 2 45 Nawalparasi 562,870 6 4 +2 8 Dhankuta 166,479 2 2 46 Rupandehi 708,419 7 5 +2 9 Morang 843,220 8 7 +1 47 Kapilbastu 481,976 5 4 +1 10 Sunsari 625,633 6 5 +1 48 Mustang 14,981 1 1 11 Solukhumbu 107,686 1 1 49 Myagdi 114,447 1 1 12 Khotang 231,385 2 2 50 Baglung 286,937 3 3 13 Okhaldhunga 156,702 2 2 51 Rarwat 157,826 2 2 14 Udayapur 287,689 3 3 52 Rukum 188,348 2 2 15 Saptari 570,282 6 5 +1 53 Rolpa 210,004 2 2 16 Siraha* 572,395 6 5 +1 54 Pyuthan 212,484 2 2 17 Dolakha* 204,229 2 2 55 Salyan* 213,500 2 2 18 Ramechhap 212,406 2 2 56 Dang 462,380 5 4 +1 19 Sindhuli* 289,821 3 3 57 Dolpa* 22,071 1 1 20 Dhanusha 671,364 7 5 +2 58 Mugu* 43,937 1 1 21 Mahottari 553,481 6 4 +2 59 Jumla* 89,427 1 1 22 Sarlahi 635,701 6 5 +1 60 Kalikot* 105,580 1 1 23 Rasuwa 44,731 1 1 61 Humla 40,595 1 1 24 Dhadhing 338,685 3 3 62 Jajarkot 134,868 1 2 -1 25 Nuwakot 288,478 3 3 63 Dailekh 225,201 2 2 26 Kathmandu 1,081,845 11 7 +4 64 Surkhet* 288,527 3 3 27 Bhaktpur 225,461 2 2 65 Banke 385,840 4 3 +1 28 Lalitpur 337,785 3 3 66 Bardiya 382,649 4 3 +1 29 Kavrepalanchok 385,672 4 3 +1 67 Bajura* 108,781 1 1 30 Sindhupalchok* 305,857 3 3 68 Achham 231,285 2 2 31 Makwanpur 392,604 4 3 +1 69 Bajhang 167,026 2 2 32 Rautahat 545,132 5 4 +1 70 Doti 207,066 2 2 33 Bara 559,135 6 4 +2 71 Kailali 616,697 6 5 +1 34 Parsa 497,219 5 4 +1 72 Darchula 121,996 1 1 35 Chitwan 472,048 5 4 +1 73 Baitadi 234,418 2 2 36 Gorkha 288,134 3 3 74 Dadeldhura 126,162 1 1 37 Manang 9,587 1 1 75 Kanchanpur 377,899 4 3 +1 38 Lamjung 177,149 2 2 Total 23,151,423 237 205 32

Summary: Total 75 districts- Constituencies (seats) = 237, Tarai 20 districts = 114 seats (48.10%), Mountain and Hills 55 districts = 123 seats (51.89%), Population (2001), Tarai 11,212,453 = 48.43% Mountains and Hills, 11,938,970 = 51.57% *Population Adjusted Districts

55 INFUSED ETHNICITIES: NEPAL’S INTERLACED AND INDIVISIBLE SOCIAL MOSAIC

Annex 4

Referring to Appendix 3, there will be changes in constituencies in 27 districts, seven in Changes in Constituencies Hills and Mountains and 20 in Tarai. Only two districts in Hills and Mountains will lose one Mountains and Hills - (+8-2=+6) seat each in Taplejung and Jajarkot. Five districts in the Hills (Kathmandu, Kavrepalanchok, Makwanpur, Kaski and Palpa wil gain seats. All 20 districts in Tarai will also gain seats, S. No. Districts Proposed Existing Change Mountain and Hills will gain six seats and Tarai will gain 26 seats i.e.: 5% (1.0512) and 1 Taplejung 1 2 -1 30% (1.295) approximately. 2 Kathmandu 11 7 +4 3 Kavrepalanchok 4 3 +1 The existing provision provided 57% to the mountain and Hills and 43% to the Tarai. In this 4 Makwanpur 4 3 +1 way Tarai will gain 5% more and mountain and hills will lose 5% making approximately 48% for Tarai and 52% to the Hills and mountain. 5 Kaski 4 3 +1 6 Palpa 3 2 +1 1. The criteria adopted is for every 100,000 population, there will be one seat and 7 Jajarkot 1 2 -1 for the fraction above if it is above 50,000 it will be taken as 1 additional and for Total 28 22 +6 less than 50,000 there will not be any allocation. 2. Every district will get minimum one seat, even if it is less than 100,000. This system Tarai is practiced in European countries as well. For example, we can refer to Act 149- 3/4 of the Federal constitution of the Swiss confederation for seats in the house of 1 Jhapa 7 5 +2 Representative. 2 Morang 8 7 +1 3 Sunsari 6 5 +1 "Each Canton shall form an electoral district. The seats shall be distributed among the 4 Saptari 6 5 +1 Cantons in proportion to their populations. Each canton shall have at least one seat". 5 Siraha 6 5 +1 6 Dhanusha 7 5 +2 Note: If the existing seats of two each in Jajarkot and Taplejung is maintained the total seats will be 239. Tarai 114 seats (47.70%) and Mountains and Hills 125 seats (52.30%). 7 Mahottari 6 4 +2 8 Saralahi 6 5 +1 9 Rautahat 5 4 +1 10 Bara 6 4 +2 11 Parsa 5 4 +1 12 Chitwan 5 4 +1 13 Nawalparasi 6 4 +2 14 Rupendehi 7 5 +2 15 Kapilvastu 5 4 +1 16 Dang 5 4 +1 17 Banke 4 3 +1 18 Bardiya 4 3 +1 19 Kailali 6 5 +1 20 Kanchanpur 4 3 +1 Total 114 88 +26

56 INFUSED ETHNICITIES: NEPAL’S INTERLACED AND INDIVISIBLE SOCIAL MOSAIC

Annex 5

Voting strength of the present districts Tarai Districts as per 2001 census for the next election 1. Morang 9 seats

1. Kathmandu 10+1=11 seats 11 2. Rupandehi 8 seats 3. Jhapa, Sunsari, Dhanusha, Kailali, Sarlahi 35 seats 2. Morang 8+1=9 seats 9 4. Saptari, Siraha, Mahottari, Rautahat, Bara, Nawalparasi 36 seats

3. Rupandehi 7+1=8 seats 8 5. Parsa, Chitwan, Kapilabastu, Dang 20 seats 6. Banke, Bardiya, Kanchanpur 12 seats 4. Jhapa, Sunsari, Dhanusha, Total 120 seats Sarlahi, Kailali (5 districts) 6+1= 7 seats each 35 Hills and Mountains - 151 seats- (55.72 %) - 55 Districts 5. Saptari, Siraha, Mahottari, Tarai - 120 seats - (44.28 %) - 20 Districts Rauthat, Bara, Navalparasi Basis of allotment of seats - one seat per 100,000 Population plus 1 for the next fraction. (six districts) 5+1= 6 seats each 36

6. Parsa, Chitwan, Kapilbastu, Dang (4 districts) 4+1= 5 seats each 20 Tarai Districts 7. Sindhupalchok, 57 Kavrepalanchok, Lalitpur, S. N District Population Existing Seats Provided Difference Makwanpur, Dhadhing, 1 Jhapa 688,109 6 7 1 Tanahu, Syangja, Kaski, 2 Morang 6443220 7 9 2 Banke, Bardiya, Kanchanpur, (11 districts) 3+1=4 seats each 44 3 Sunsari 625,633 5 7 2 4 Saptari 570,282 5 6 1 8. Panchthar, Ilam, Bhojpur, Khotang, Udaypur, 5 Siraha 572,399 5 6 1 Sindhuli, Ramechhap, 6 Dhanusha 671,364 5 7 2 Dolakha, Bhaktapur, Nuwakot, Gorkha, Palpa, 7 Mahottari 553,481 5 6 2 Gulmi, Arghakhanchi, 8 Sarlahi 653,701 4 7 2 Baglung, Pyuthan, Rolpa, Salyan, Surkhet, Dailekh, 9 Rautahat 545,132 5 6 2 Achham, Doti, Baitadi 10 Bara 545,132 4 6 2 (23districts) 2+1=3 seats each 69 11 Parsa 497, 219 4 5 1 9. Taplejung, Tehrathum, 12 Chitwan 472,048 4 5 1 Dhankuta, Sankhuwasabha, 13 Nawalparasi 562,870 4 6 2 Solukhumbu, 14 Rupandehi 708,419 5 8 3 Okhaldhunga, Lamjung, Parbat, Myagdi, Rukum, 15 Kapilbastu 481,976 4 5 1 Jajarkot, Kalikot, Bajura, 16 Dang 462,380 4 5 1 Bajhang, Darchula, Dadeldhura (16 districts) 1+1=2 seats each 16 17 Banke 385,840 3 4 1 18 Bardia 382,649 3 4 1 10. Rasuwa, Manang, Mustang, Dolpa, Jumla, 19 Kailali 616,697 4 7 3 Mugu, Humla (7 districts) 0+1=1 seats each 7 20 Kanchanpur 977,899 3 4 1 Total 271 seats Total 11,212,453 88 120 32

57 INFUSED ETHNICITIES: NEPAL’S INTERLACED AND INDIVISIBLE SOCIAL MOSAIC

Annex 6

Hills/Mountains with Proposed Representation in Consolidated Districts/Prefectures/Cantons Proposed Districts Population 2001 Proposed Proposed Districts Population 2001 Proposed Admintrative Representation Admintrative Representation Units Units

Vyasrishi Darchula 121,996 Trishuli Rasuwa 44,731 Bajhang 167,026 Dhading 338,658 Baitadi 234,418 543,220 5 Nuwakot 288,478 Makwanpur 392,604 1,064,471 11 Ugratara Dadeldhura 126,162 Doti 207,066 333,228 3 Kathmandu Valley Kathmandu 1,081,845 Bhaktpur 225,461 Humla Humla 40,595 40,595 1 Lalitpur 337,785

Malika Bajura 108,781 Sailung Sindhupalchok 305,857 Achham 231,285 339,966 3 Kavreplanchok 385,672 691,529 7

Mugu Mugu 43,937 1 Bhimsen Dolakha 204,229 Rameshhap 212,408 Karnali Jumla 89,427 Sindhuli 279,821 696,458 7 Kalikot 105,580 238,944 2 Solu Solukhumbu 107,686 107,686 1 Bheri Rukum 184,838 Rolpa 210,004 Choudandi Okhaldhunga 156,702 Salyan 213,500 611,942 6 Khotang 231,285 Udaypur 287,689 675,776 7 Babai Dailekh 225,201 Jajarkot 134,868 Srinagar Pyuthan 212,484 Surkhet 288,527 648,596 6 Gulmi 296,654 Arghakhanchi 208,391 Dolpa Dolpa 29,545 29,545 1 Palpa 268,558 986,087 10

Mustang Mustang 14,981 14,981 1 Arun Sankhuwasaba 159,203 Bhojpur 203,018 Manang Manang 9,787 9,587 1 Dhankuta 166,479 528,700 5

Kaligandaki Myagdi 114,447 Tamor Taplejung 134,698 Baglung 263,937 383,384 4 Terhathum 133,111 Panchthar 202,056 Manasalu Gorkha 288,134 Ilam 282,806 732,671 7 Lamjung 177,149 Tanahun 315,237 780,520 8 Annapurna Kaski 380,527 Syanjga 317,320 Parbat 157,826 855,673 9

Total 122

58 INFUSED ETHNICITIES: NEPAL’S INTERLACED AND INDIVISIBLE SOCIAL MOSAIC

Annex 6 (Continued)

Tarai with Proposed Representation in Consolidated Districts/Prefectures/Cantons Proposed Districts Population 2001 Proposed Admintrative Representation Units

Mohana Kanchanpur 377,899 2,225,465 22 Kailali 616,697 Bardiya 382,649 Banke 385,840 Dang 462,380 Simron Parsa 497,219 2,237,187 22 Bara 559,135 Rautahat 545,132 Sarlahi 635,701 Lumbini Kapilbastu 481,976 2,225,313 22 Rupendehi 708,419 Nawalparasi 562,870 Chitwan 472,048 Mithila Mahottari 553,481 2,367,526 24 Dhanusha 671,364 Siraha 572,399 Saptari 570,282 Kankai Sunsari 625,633 2,156,962 22 Morang 843,220 Jhapa 688,109 Total 112

Population (2001) Hills/Mountains 11,938,970 51.57 % Tarai 11,212,453 48.43 %

Total 23,151,423 100 %

Proposed Representation Hills/Mountains 122 52.14 % Tarai 112 47.86 %

Total 234 100 %

59 INFUSED ETHNICITIES: NEPAL’S INTERLACED AND INDIVISIBLE SOCIAL MOSAIC

Annex 7 A

Summary Total Seats 24O Population Seats Population Seats

Mountain Ethnic (0.84%) 190,017 2 Hill Dalit (7.11%) 1,615, 557 17 Sherpa 1 Kami 9 Byansi, Himali Damai 4 Bhote, Thakali, Walung... 1 Sarki 3 Gaine, Badi 1 Hill Ethnic (26.56%) 6,038,530 64 Magar 16 Tarai Upper Caste (14.57%) 3,312,341 35 Tamang 13 Yadav 10 Newar 13 Teli 3 Rai 7 Koiri 3 Gurung 6 Kurmi 2 Limbu 4 Sonar 2 Baramu Kewat 1 Bhujel Brahman 1 Chepang Baniya 1 Dura Mallah 1 Hayu Kalwar 1 Hyolmo Kumal 1 Jirel Hajam 1 Kusunda Kanu 1 Lepcha Sudhi 1 Pahari Lohar Majhi, Nunia, Kumhar Sunuwar Halwai, Rajput, Kayastha, Thami Hadhae, Barae, Kahar, Lodha, Yakha 5 Rajbahar, Binda, Nurang, Dhunia, Kamar, Kalwar, Bhediya 6 Inner Tarai Ethnic (1.10%) 251,117 3 Bote, Danuwar, Darai, Tarai Dalit (4.73%) 1,074,354 11 Kumal, Majhi, Raji, Raute Dhanuk 2 Mushar 2 Tarai Ethnic (7.86%) 1,787,538 19 Dusadh 2 Tharu 15 Tama, Khatwe, Dhobi, Bantar, Rajbansi 1 Derai, Chidimar, Dom, Halkhor 5 Dhimal, Gangai, Jhangad, Kisan, Koche,Meche, Munda, Others (4.54%) 1,032,608 11 Kuswadiya, Santhal, Tajpuria 3 Muslims 10 Churate, Bengali, Jaine, Hill Upper Caste (30.89%) 7,023,220 74 Marwari, Sikh 1 Chhetri 38 Bahun 31 Unspecified (1.80%) Thakuri 3 Ethnic, Caste, Adibasi, Dalit 410,666 4 Sanyasi 2 Total 240

60 INFUSED ETHNICITIES: NEPAL’S INTERLACED AND INDIVISIBLE SOCIAL MOSAIC

Annex 7 B

Summary Total Seats 204 Population Seats Population Seats

Mountain Ethnic (0.84%) 190,017 2 Hill Dalit (7.11%) 1,615, 557 15 Sherpa 1 Kami 8 Byansi, Himali Damai 3 Bhote, Thakali, Walung 1 Sarki 3 Gaine, Badi 1 Hill Ethnic (26.56%) 6,038,530 54 Magar 14 Tarai Upper Caste (14.57%) 3,312,341 30 Tamang 11 Yadav 8 Newar 11 Teli 3 Rai 6 Koiri 2 Gurung 5 Kurmi 2 Limbu 3 Sonar 1 Baramu Kewat 1 Bhujel Brahman 1 Chepang Baniya 1 Dura Mallah 1 Hayu Kalwar 1 Hyolmo Kumal 1 Jirel Hajam 1 Kusunda Kanu 1 Lepcha Sudhi 1 Pahari Lohar Majhi, Nunia, Kumhar Sunuwar Halwai, Rajput, Kayastha, Thami Hadhae, Barae, Kahar, Lodha, Yakha 4 Rajbahar, Binda, Nurang, Dhunia, Kamar, Kalwar, Bhediyar 5 Inner Tarai Ethnic (1.10%) 251,117 2 Bote, Danuwar, Darai, Tarai Dalit (4.73%) 1,074354 10 Kumal, Majhi, Raji, Raute Dhanuk 2 Mushar 2 Tarai Ethnic (7.86%) 1,787,538 16 Dusadh 1 Tharu 13 Tama, Khatwe, Dhobi, Bantar, Rajbansi 1 Derai, Chidimar, Dom, Halkhor 5 Dhimal, Gangai, Jhangad, Kisan, Koche,Meche, Munda, Others (4.54%) 1,032,608 9 Kuswadiya, Santhal, Tajpuria 2 Muslims 8 Churate, Bengali, Jaine, Hill Upper Caste (30.89%) 7,023,220 63 Marwari, Sikh 1 Chhetri 32 Bahun 26 Unspecified (1.80%) Thakuri 3 Ethnic, Caste, Adibasi, Dalit 410,666 3 Sanyasi 2 Total 204

61 INFUSED ETHNICITIES: NEPAL’S INTERLACED AND INDIVISIBLE SOCIAL MOSAIC

Annex 8

Population Explanation

Population Census 2001 CBS Population Census 2001 CBS National Report (Enthicity Mother Tongue and Religion) Reprint June 2003 District Level *Adjusted Figure Sept 2003

Nepal 23,151,423 22,736,934

Jhapa 688,109 633,042 Siraha 572,399 569,550

Dolkha 204,229 175,912

Dolpa 29,545 22,071 Kalikot 105,580 11,510

Mugu 43,937 31,465

Salyan 213,500 60,643 Surkhet 288,527 269,870

Sindhupalchok 305,857 293,719 Jumla 89,427 69,226

Bajura 108,781 100,626

Annex 9

Religions Population

Religions Population Per cent.

Hindu 18,330,121 80.62

Buddhist 2,442,520 10.74

Muslim 954,023 4.20 Kirati 818,106 3.60

Chirstian 101,976 0.45

Sikh 5,890 0.02 Jain 4,108 0.02

Rest 80,190 0.34

Total 22,736,934 100.00

62 INFUSED ETHNICITIES: NEPAL’S INTERLACED AND INDIVISIBLE SOCIAL MOSAIC

Annex 10

Percentage of Ethnic/Caste Population Population % Population %

Groups Population % of Nepal Total 18. Magar 59. Brahman (Tarai) Ethnic 36.38 19. Newar 1,245,232 (5.48%) 60. Dhunia Mountain 190,107 0.84 20. Pahari 61. Hajam/Thakur Hill1 6,038,530 26.56 21. Rai 62. Haluwai Inner Tarai 251,117 1.10 22. Sunuwar 63. Kahar Tarai2 1,787,538 7.86 23. Tamang 64. Kalwar Unspecified 5,259 0.02 24. Thami 65. Kamar Total 8,272,551 36.38 25. Yakha 66. Kanu 67. Kayastha Caste 57.29 C. Inner Tarai Ethnic 251,117 1.10 68. Kewat Hill Upper 7,023,220 30.89 26. Bote 69. Koiri Hill Dalit 1,615,577 7.11 27. Danuwar 70. Kumhar Total 8,638,797 38.00 28. Darai 71. Kurmi 29. Kumal 72. Lodha Tarai Upper 3,312,341 14.57 30. Majhi 73. Lohar Tarai Dalit 1,074,354 4.72 31. Raji 74. Mali Total 4,386,695 19.29 32. Raute 75. Mallah 76. Nuniya Rest3 1,438,891 6.33 D. Tarai Ethnic 1,787,538 7.86 77. Nurang 33. Dhimal 78. Rajbhar Grand Total 22,736,934 100.00 34. Gangai 79. Rajput 35. Jhangad/Dhangad 80. Sonar Note: 1 Hill ethnic includes, Newar - Population 1,245,232 (5.48%) 36. Kisan 81. Sudhi 2 Tarai ethnic includes, Tharu - Population 1,533,879 (6.75%) 37. Koche 82. Teli 3 Rest includes, Muslim - Population 1,438,891 (4.27%) 38. Meche 83. Yadav 39. Munda 40. Kuswadiya H. Tarai Dalit 1,074,354 4.72 Percentage of Ethnic/Caste Population 41. Rajbansi 84. Bantar 42. Santhal/Satar 85. Chamar/Harijan/Ram Population % 43. Tajpuriya 86. Chidimar 44. Tharu 1,533,879 (6.75%) 87. Dhanuk A. Mountain Ethnic 190,107 0.84 88. Dhobi 1. Byansi/Sauka E. Hill Upper Caste 7,023,220 30.89 89. Dom 2. Himali (Bhote) 45. Bahun 90. Dusadh/Pasi/Paswan 3. Sherpa 46. Chhetri 91. Halkhor 4. Thakali 47. Sanyasi 92. Khatwe 5. Walung 48. Thakuri 93. Musahar 94. Tatma B. Hill Ethnic 6,038,530 26.56 F. Hill Dalit 1,615,577 7.11 6. Baramu/Brahmu 49. Badi I. Others 1,032,608 4.54 7. Bhujel/Gharti 50. Damai/Dholi 95. Bengali 8. Chepang/Praja 51. Gaine 96. Churaute 9. Chhantel 52. Kami 97. Jaine 10. Dura 53. Sarki 98. Marwari 11. Gurung 99. Muslim 971,056 (4.27%) 12. Hayu G. Tarai Upper Caste 3,312,341 14.57 100. Sikh 13. Hyolmo 54. Badhae 14. Jirel 55. Baniya J. Unspecified 15. Kusunda 56. Barae 101. Ethnicity/Caste 291,641 1.02 16. Lepcha/Lepche 57. Bhediyar/Gaderi 102. Adibasi/Janajati 5,259 0.02 17. Limbu 58. Bin/Binda 103. Dalit 173,401 0.76

Source: National Foundation for Development of Indigenous Nationalities (NFDIN) 2006 Nepal Atlas of Ethnic and Caste Groups and CBS Population Census 2001. 63 INFUSED ETHNICITIES: NEPAL’S INTERLACED AND INDIVISIBLE SOCIAL MOSAIC

Annex 11 An ideal condition

Example: Suggested Seat Distribution by Four Major Parties- for attaining Proportional Representation. Total= 330 seats Major 4 parties= 299 seats Others= 31 seats S.N Caste/Ethnic % NC 85 NCP UML 83 NCP MAO 83 NC Pra-jatantric 48

1 Chhetri (46) 15.80 13 13 13 7 2 Bahun (38) 12.74 11 10 11 6 3 Magar (21) 7.14 6 6 6 3 4 Tharu (20) 6.75 6 6 6 2 5 Tamang (16) 5.64 5 4 4 3 6 Newar (16) 5.48 5 4 4 3 7 Muslim (13) 4.27 4 3 3 3 8 Kami (12) 3.94 4 3 3 2 9 Yadav (11) 3.94 3 3 3 2 10 Rai (8) 2.79 2 2 2 2 11 Gurung (7) 2.39 2 2 2 1 12 Damai (5) 1,72 1 1 1 1 13 Limbu (4) 1.58 1 1 1 1 14 Thakuri (4) 1.47 1 1 1 1 15 Sarki (4) 1.40 1 1 1 1 16-25 Tarai Dalits (14) 4.74 Chamar (1.19%), Dhanuk (0.83%) (Mushar (0.76%), Paswan (0.70%, Tatma (0.34%), Khatwe (0.33%), Dhobi (0.32%), Bantar (0.16%), Chidimar (0.05%), Dom (0.04%), Halkhor (0.02%) 4 4 4 2 26 Teli (4) 1.34 1 1 1 1 27 Koiri (3) 1.11 1 1 1 - 28 Kurmi (3) 0.92 1 1 1 - 29 Sanyasi (3) 0.88 1 1 1 -

74 68 68 41

Total (74+68+68+41) 251

64 INFUSED ETHNICITIES: NEPAL’S INTERLACED AND INDIVISIBLE SOCIAL MOSAIC

Example: Suggested Seat Distribution by Four Major Parties- for attaining Proportional Representation. S.N Caste/Ethnic % NC 85 NCP UML 83 NCP MAO 83 NC Pra-jatantric 48

30 Sonar (2) 0.64 31 Kewat (2) 0.60 32 Sherpa (2) 0.68 33 Brahman (2) 0.59 34-37 Banai 0.56 Gharti 0.52 Mallah 0.51 Kalwar (7) 0.51 38-41 Kumal 0.44 Hajam 0.43 Kanu 0.42 Rajbansi (6) 0.42 42-44 Sunuwar 0.42 Sudi 0.40 Lohar (4) 0.36 45-46 Maji 0.32 Nuniya (2) 0.29 47 Kumal (1) 0.24 48-52 Bote 0.04 Darai 0.07 Majhi 0.32 Raji 0.01 Rauti (1) 0.01 53-56 Thakali 0.06 Bhote 0.08 Byansi 0.01 Walung (1) 0.01 57-69 Baramu 0.03 Chepang 0.23 Chantel 0.04 Durah 0.02 Hayu 0.01 Hyolmo 0.00 Girel 0.02 Kusunda 0.00 Lepcha 0.02 Pahari 0.05 Sunuwar 0.42 Thami 0.10 Yakkha (3) 0.07

65 INFUSED ETHNICITIES: NEPAL’S INTERLACED AND INDIVISIBLE SOCIAL MOSAIC

Example: Suggested Seat Distribution by Four Major Parties- for attaining Proportional Representation. S.N Caste/Ethnic % NC 85 NCP UML83 NCP MAO83 NC Pra-gatantric 48

70-77 Dhimal 0.09 Gangai 0.14 Kisan 0.01 Koche 0.01 Meche 0.02 Munda 0.00 Kuswadya 0.00 Tajpuria (1) 0.06 78-91 Kayastha 0.20 Rajput 0.21 Halwai 0.22 Badhae 0.20 Barae 0.16 Kahar 0.15 Lodha 0.11 Rajbhar 0.11 Binda 0.08 Bhediyar 0.08 Mali 0.05 Dhuniya 0.01 Kamar (5) 0.04 92-97 Marwari 0.19 Bengali 0.05 Sikh 0.01 Jaine 0.00 Churaute (2) 0.02 98-102 Gaine 0.03 Adibasi 0.02 Badi 0.02 Kumhar 0.24 Danuwar (2) 0.23 102 Rest (unspecified) (5)

Total 48 11 15 15 7

Grand Total (251+48) 299

The above table shows how seats are distributed among the four parties. The remaining 31 seats are distributed among seven parties. Using the above table as a reference, the remaining seats can be divided according to mountain, hill and tarai. In forming a constituent assembly it is imperative that everyone is represented.The four Parties should consult and distribute the above 48 seats as per their remaning quota as shown, 11, 15,15 and 7 to cover the communities from S.N 30 to 102.

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71 Acknowledgements

I have received support from many individuals all of whom who helped me generously in preparing the maps and in printing this book. To all of them I would like to offer my thanks. Kamal Raj Pandey provided much needed support in organising the data and in helping me to convert the data electronically into maps using Geographic Information System (GIS). Ajaya Dixit shared his insights, advice and criticism. I thank him for his editoral support and help in printing this book. I am grateful to Sudhindra Sharma, Dipak Gyawali, Durga Nath Rimal and Suman Gautam for their useful suggestions. Narayan Shree Adhikary, Suresh Shrestha and Sangita Shrestha redrew the maps. Suresh Shrestha of DG Scan designed the layout of the book. Kanchan Rimal helped me with typing and Miku Dixit drew the cartoon. Perry Thapa provided much support in polishing the text. I also like to thank Shibesh Chandra Regmi, Country Director, Action Aid Nepal for support in printing of the book. I thank them all.

I would like to extend my special appreciation for the support and encouragement offered by Mahindra Dhoj Singh, Shanker Nath Rimal, Khadga Jit Baral, Shanker Raj Satyal, Aditya Man Shrestha, Bihari Krishna Shrestha, Hari Bhakta Budhathoki, Pitambar Sharma, Madan Dev Bhattarai, Birendra Nath Tandon, Arabinda Nath Rimal, Bhim Nath Ghimire, Dinesh Chandra Gautam, Jessica Chemjong, Bharat Sharma, Ganga Prashad Shah, Arun Kumar Jha, Bakhat Bahadur Chitrakar and Santosh Rimal.

Finally, I wish to thank my wife Sushma for her constant encouragement.

Gauri Nath Rimal June 2007

72 Gauri Nath Rimal (b. 1936), graduated in Civil

Engineering from Bengal Engineering College, Calcutta

University in 1957 and was trained in Sweden, Denmark, UK and USA.

He had various assignments including, as consultant in India (Regional

Office UNESCO), Deputy Commissioner General (International Exposition

Tsukuba, Japan 1985) and Commissioner General (World Expo 88,

Brisbane, Australia, 1988). He worked for the Government of Nepal for

35 years in various important positions. ActionAid Nepal

ActionAid is a secular and non-political international development organisation founded in the United Kingdom in 1972 and registered as a global entity in The Hague, the Netherlands in September 2003. The ActionAid International Secretariat is based in Johannesburg, South Africa. It is working with over 13 million of the poorest people. Majority of them live in the developing world in more than 43 countries across Asia, Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean. ActionAid is committed to improving the quality of life of the poorest and the most excluded people so that they can live a life of dignity. It has over three hundred thousand supporters across Europe. ActionAid has been working in Nepal since 1982. Its mission here is to empower poor and excluded people to eradicate poverty and injustice. The work of ActionAid International Nepal (AAIN), hereafter referred to as ActionAid Nepal (AAN), over the years has undergone various changes informed by its engagement at the community and other levels. Its scope of work has thus grown in content, coverage, commitment, and capacity to work in a multifarious situation over the period. AAN changed its approach from direct service delivery to partnership mode with local NGOs in 1996. Similarly, it adopted rights-based approach in 1998 with an aim to creating an environment in which poor and excluded people can exercise their rights, and address and overcome the causes and effects of poverty. Currently, AAN’s long-term partnership programmes at field level are being implemented mainly in Achham, Baglung, Baitadi, Bajhang, Bajura, Banke, Bara, Bardiya, Chitawan, Dadeldhura, Dang, Darchula, Dhanusha, Dolakha, Doti, Jhapa, Jumla, Kailali, Kanchanpur, Kapilbastu, Kaski, Kathmandu, Khotang, Lalitpur, Mahottari, Morang, Mugu, Nawalparasi, Parbat, Parsa, Rasuwa, Saptari, Sarlahi, Sindhupalchowk, Siraha, Sunsari and Udayapur districts. Besides these, AAN has several short-term engagements with over 200 NGOs, CBOs, Alliances, Networks

and Forums across the country. p AAN’s rights holders are the poorest and the most excluded people particularly women, children, victims of conflict and disasters, poor landless and tenants, people living with HIV and AIDS, Dalits, indigenous peoples, former Kamaiya, people with disabilities, and urban poor. AAN has prioritised five themes based on the local context and needs – Women’s Rights, Education, Food Security, HIV and AIDS and Peace Building. These apart, AAN is also engaged in issues such as Emergency and Disaster, Globalisation, Governance, Gender Equity, and Social Inclusion that cut across our priority themes. AAN works at the grassroots and at the national levels with various advocacy programmes in order to influence public policies and practices in favour of the poorest and the most excluded people and to address their immediate conditions. As a chapter of ActionAid International, AAN is also actively engaged in advocating at the regional and international levels on issues such as Women’s Rights, Education, Food, Human Security during Conflict and Emergencies, HIV and AIDS, and Just and Democratic Governance that cut across globally, to campaign for pro-poor policies and to enable the poor and excluded people to secure their rights

Institute for Social and Environmental Transition, Nepal (ISET-N)

Institute for Social and Environmental Transition-Nepal (ISET-N) is a Kathmandu-based research organization that generates and disseminates, through research and public discourse, new knowledge regarding social and environmental challenges. ISET-N collaborates with partner organizations in South Asia as well as Europe and America in research that focuses on gaining better understanding of the changing milieu and how societies adapt to the emerging stress.

ISBN 99946-2-577-2 End poverty. Together.

GPO Box 3971 GPO Box 6257, Apsara Marga, Lazimpat Kathmandu, Nepal Kathmandu, Nepal Tel: 977-01-5528111, 5542354 Tel: 977-01-4436477, 4419115 Fax: 977-01-5524816 Fax: 977-01-4419718 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] 9 789994 625772 www.actionaid.org/nepal