AMHE Newsletter spring 2020 june 8 Haitian Medical Association Abroad Association Medicale Haïtienne à l'Étranger Newsletter # 278

AMHE NEWSLETTER Editor in Chief: Maxime J-M Coles, MD

Editorial Board: Rony Jean Mary, MD Reynald Altema, MD

Technical Adviser: Jacques Arpin

Antoine Louis Leocardie Elie Lescot Maxime Coles MD

Antoine Louis Leocardie Lescot become president of the republique of on May 15, 1941. Issued from a privileged society, he used his political influence during the second war to claim the higher position of the land. He ascended to the presidency in gaining power through his ties with the United States of America. He was a mulattoe, issued from the elites and the post war climate allowed his administration to reign over a period of political downturn after many political repression of the dissidents.

Elie Lescot was born at Saint Louis du Nord (Nord West of Haiti) on December 9, 1883 in a middleclass family. His father, Ovide Lescot is a resident in Cap-Haiti and decided to protect his pregnant wife, Florelia Laforest, from his political opponents. He chose to relocate her to St Louis du Nord under the protection of her sister Lea, wife of a Guadeloupean business holder and sometimes architect, Edouard Elizee. Ovide Lescot was the son of Pierre Joseph Lescot with Marie-Michelle Morin but he later re- married to Marie-Fortunée Deneau who gave him two daughters: Therese and Leticia. Therese became the wife of the well-known poet Oswald Durand while Laeticia will marry Chery Hippolyte, son of President Florville Hippolyte. Florelia Laforest had an extramarital affair with president before knowing Ovide Lescot

In this number

- Words of the Editor, Maxime Coles,MD - Article de Axler JEAN PAUL - La chronique de Rony Jean-Mary,M.D. - Décès - La chronique de Reynald Altéma,M.D.

- Chronicle of Slave rebellions in the Americas. - And more... 2 and a son was born. She named him Leon “Ecole Etienne” of art to master the photogravure Salnave and he became naturally at the age of 14 technique of Batik, a novel artistic way to paint on years, the chosen godfather to his young half- tissue from Java. While welcoming his sixth child, brother Elie Lescot. The ceremony of Christening a girl, he developed a crippling pneumonia forcing was performed upon their return to Cap Haiti. him to return to Port de Paix, in 1926. Elie went to school. first at the “Freres de Unfortunately, Mrs. Lescot, after her last baby, felt l’Instruction Chretienne du Cap-Haitien”, later at ill and caught the Malaria. She died from its the “Lycee and finally at the complications. Elie Lescot discovered the world of “College Sainte Marie”. He met Anthenor Firmin Politics but continued to pursue his photogravure who married his brother Leon Salnave’s older work as a pastime. He used the Company Paul sister (Rosa Salnave), and others like Nord Auxilla to dispense his production mainly Alexis, Turenne and Jean Gille. He travelled to composed of ties, handkerchiefs, robes and dresses Port-au-Prince to attend the State University for women. School of Pharmacology and returned to follow courses at L’ “Ecole Libre de Droit du Cap In 1927, under president Borno, he was appointed Haitien”. He decided to work in the customs at at Port de Paix secondary school as the Principal. Port de Paix where he pursued a carrier in the President called upon his expertise in administration as an Interpreter. 1930 to oversee the activities at Damiens after the drama of Marchaterre. He becomes the State Elie Lescot met his first wife in 1907, a widow, Secretary of Public Instruction, Agriculture and named Corinne Jean-Pierre, who died four years Labor. At age 46, he moved to Port-au-Prince to later (December 1911) and no kids were born take function of his Ministry although he was not from this union. He entered the world of Politics well known in the capital. to become a Representative at the Legislative Chamber of Borgne in 1910, he was then 26. On the 22 April 1930, Elie Lescot accepted the President Tancrete Auguste named him Judge at position of Judge of Instruction at the civil court in Port de Paix in 1913. Soon, he met his second Port-au-Prince. A new chapter in his life was wife, Georgina St Aude. The couple had eight written. Meanwhile, a candidate for the Chamber children from the union. of representative in the Plateau Central, Elius Elie was murdered and the judge Elie Lescot In 1914, Oreste Zamor raise an army to fight denounced Joseph Jolibois Fils, a very popular and Elie Lescot is seen on the side candidate for Port au Prince. He resigned his of Charles Zamor, brother of the president and present position to pursue the function of then Minister of War and Marine. I can’t confirm Commissary at the Cassation Court and Judge after what was his military experience and skills but at being appointed by president Stenio Vincent. the end of the conflict, he needed to take refuge in the Dominican Consulate, once victory was On the 17 of May 1932, he is chosen as Secretary awarded to General DavilmarTheodore, to safe of State in the government of Stenio Vincent. All guard his life. In 1915, during the American these activities around him, created a world of occupation, he is seen working as a teacher at a intrigues and changes in his personal life. The year secondary school in Port de Paix while awaiting before, it was instrumental in spreading around to be commissioned at the civil tribunal under many Dominican refugees to Haitian cities like President Sudre Dartiguenave. In 1917, he Jeremie in order to control their illicit activities founded the first Public Library in Port de Paix. against the government of Rafael Leonidas The same year, he is seen using his talents of Trujillo. He helped disperse the opposition photographer helping Haitian dissidents to obtain rendering a smoother relation with our neighbor. proper identity cards with pictures to start On the 15 May 1934, Elie Lescot lose his working for the American sugar companies in ministerial position at the state department but is Cuba. His connection allowed him to secure a nominated Ambassador in the Dominican position of Consul at Antilla, Cuba in 1919. Republic. This allowed him to develop a closer In 1922, Elie Lescot, his wife and his children relationship with the dictator Raphael Trujillo. He was later appointed as Ambassador to the United travelled to France where he took residence at “Gagny, en Seine et Oise” to get enrolled at the States, at Washington DC This last position will 3 help him lay down the groundwork for his future the parliament. Political opponents were kept at presidency in Haiti. distance and were subjected to physical harassments and surveillance by security forces. In 1935, President Stenio Vincent took the opportunity to settle a controversy between Haiti The second war bought a penury of rubber when and Santo Domingo by signing a pact restituting the East cut off all supply. The United States 62,956 squares feet of disputed land back to discussed with the government of Haiti an Haiti. Discussions at the National Assembly to ambitious program to expand the wartime recommend both presidents Rafael Leonidas production of rubber in the countryside of the Trujillo and Stenio Vincent for the Nobel Price of country. Not too many remember much about Peace were recorded. Elie Lescot was still SHADA. In fact, SHADA was the “Societe Haitian Ambassador to Santo Domingo when he Haitiano-Americaine du Development Agricole” took part in a delegation in Argentina to financed by a grant of 5 million dollars, from the participate at the OTAN under the supervision of Export-Import Bank of Washington DC. the US president Franklyn Delano Roosevelt in November 11. The US Rubber Development 1936. Corp gave SHADA a war production contract.

Lescot remained close to Rafael Trujillo but The production of rubber started in 1941 with the secretly worked at discouraging Stenio Vincent military support of the United States army and from looking for a third mandate. He kept close managed by the American agronomist Thomas ties with Demosthene Calixte ex commanding Fennell. Almost 50,000 (200 Kilometer square) officer at the National Guard, Julio Jean-Pierre acres of land were cleared for planting the Audain, ex private secretary and also Duluy “cryptostegia vine” able to produce latex. At the Lamothe ex officer in the National guard. He end, more land was needed, affecting the used a game of intimidation to discourage Stenio cultivation of our farmers in the north of the Vincent for reaching his goal. country. Peasant’s families were forcedly Lescot and Vincent had different visions for the displaced from their home allowing the country. Frederick Duvignault an allied of government to cut millions of fruit-bearing trees Vincent, figured on the list of candidates to in Jeremie. Their houses were invaded or razed, succeed Vincent but Lescot planned his ascension forcing the Haitian Minister of Agriculture in using his contacts at the State Department in Maurice Dartigue to address the matter with the Washington DC. Elie Lescot became rapidly the agronomist Fennell, asking him to respect the chosen one to succeed Stenio Vincent in 1941, sovereignty of the Haitian peasant. Unfortunately, although he encountered a strong opposition from the project finally failed because of an the Haitian Congress. His nomination was insufficient production of rubber and once the certainly backed out by his powerful neighbor, program cancelled, the US government offered a the dictator Rafael Trujillo who assured his sum of $ 175.000 in compensation to the victory by possibly ways of intimidation, leading displaced families of peasants. to a suffrage of 56 voices on 58. Some deputies may have contested the results especially the Elie Lescot counted so much on this program to legislator (Deputy) Max Hudicourt, but this did revive the Haitian dormant agriculture but the not stop Elie Lescot from becoming the 31st termination of the SHADA project imposed an . unexpected unemployment for 90,000 people with an economy already sinking, hurting his When he took commands, Lescot appointed public image. The government was near himself his Military commanders among them, bankruptcy and faced debts of re-payments. By his own son Roger, a lieutenant. The black this time, Elie Lescot was unable to count on his bourgeoisie expressed some disdain. He soon relations with Santo Domingo and Rafael Trujillo declared war to Germany and its allies once he which deteriorated over the years especially after heard about the bombing of Pearl Harbor and the murder of thousands of Haitian workers. joined the United States into the second world war. He imposed a suspension of the constitution A sugar factory in La Romana (Zafra: 1941-1942) and requested unlimited executive powers from requested hand power for their sugar cane harvest 4 and the Dominican company entered in contract 1943). A mandatory social service was with the businessman Oswald Brandt requesting implemented for any new physician to pass two him to furnish around 1700 Haitian employees. years in provinces after their regular training. An Gontran Rouzier, the Haitian Under State airport at Chancerelles (Bowen Field) for military Secretary insisted that a contract between both and commercial flights (Law # 218 on October governments needed to be implemented, 1942). Many other projects were studied but especially after the incident in which Trujillo didn’t see light, like the Hydro-electrical plants murdered thousands of Haitian workers 4 years of Basin Zim, Peligre and Saut d’Eau, because of prior. Trujillo was re-elected but the relation the lack of financial support. Many of our between the two presidents become hostile. In military pilots participated in the war activities as 1944, Trujillo even plotted to kill Elie Lescot at part of the Tuskegee black squadron unit in Belladere. In response, Lescot welcomed Juan Alabama. They saw action over the skies of Bosh with open arms and helped him secure a Berlin at the end of the second World War. loan of 20,00 dollars through the BNRH (Banque Nationale de la Republique D’Haiti) which Bosh President Elie Lescot went into exile in Canada only re-paid partially. with empty pockets. Some will report that he lived in an extreme poverty because the Elie Lescot beefed up his military Guards and government of Estime refused to allocate him a started a system of rural police in forming police pension. He has not used money from the chiefs, called “Chefs section”. These chiefs were finances of the country to fill up his bags. He left ruling by intimidation. Soon army soldiers in low enough liquidity to allow his successors to ranks were plotting a rebellion in 1944. Many initiate large projects of infrastructure. He needs were punished once the plot was discovered and to be given credit for trying to build up a strong some lost their life in this process, others were economy. He bought public computability into court-martialed. The same year, Lescot extended his administration. Many believed that he was his presidential term from 5 years to a seven with Christophe, Boyer, Leconte. Borno, a years but was unable to muzzle the opposition president who left an administration with a lot of which encourage many student demonstrations discipline in the affairs of the country. until a true revolt started in Port-au-Prince. Elie Lescot was a Haitian lawyer, ex-president of A group of popular leaders went on strike and a Haiti who has kept many different functions in large crowd manifested in the streets and around the previous governments. He was an the , voicing their discontent. Ambassador, a Judge and fill up the position of Soon, in the military ranks, a division among the Minister. We can keep going telling about his high ranked officers, was noted. Attempts at actions as a political man but we have also to add breaking the demonstrations failed. Elie Lescot that he received many decorations for his actions felt a menace for his life. He was forced to resign like the Grand Cross Juan Duarte in Dominican and flew into exile. A three-person military junta Republic, the Vasco Nunez de Balboa in Panama, took over the commands of the country and the Carlos Manuel de Cespedes in Cuba, Honeur pledged to organize future elections. President et Merite in Haiti, Collar Libertador in Dumarsais Estime succeeded to President Elie Venezuela, Gran Collar in Aquila Azteca in Lescot and become the first black president in the Mexico, and Gran collar del Merito in Chile. post US occupation era. What a Curriculum!

The Administration Lescot created “The State it has been reported that President Elie Lescot University of Haiti” to dispense superior described in his memoires the difficulties he education (Law # 469, on December 27, 1944). encountered working on the sidewalk of “Rue The “Nationalization of the Lottery” from Mr. Lorimier”? in the south of Montreal, selling items Edouard Esteve (Law # 122, on March 19, 1942). like ties. In fact, he went to Ottawa and continued The construction of “Cite Notre Dame” (Cite Elie to perform in his favorite art, the Batik Lescot) in Cap Haiti (law # 35, on 24 September photogravure to feed his family. He finally 1943). The Sanatorium (Law # 299, on July 23, received his presidential pension at the term of 5 the Estime presidency when a military Junta (Lalue). We were then nine or ten years old and headed by Colonel Paul Eugene Magloire, we enjoyed sitting around him to listen to his General Frank Lavaud, Colonel Antoine Levelt narration. He died silently on the 20 October took the direction of the country in hand, on 1973 at his residence in Laboule. He was 91. January 11, 1946. May he rest in Peace.

President Elie Lescot was allowed to return to his I want to thank Pierre Lescot, his grandson for native Haiti in 1956 under the administration reviewing this manuscript. I used in reference the Paul Eugene Magloire. He lived a quiet life book he published on the life of such an among his family members, allowing him to honorable man: “Parcours Meconnu de Elie write his memoires. I kept in souvenir, this retired Lescot, Ancient President d’Haiti” and other president I knew, very calm and loving, telling references as noted below. stories to the kids of the neighborhood at his in- law residence (St Aude) on John Brown avenue Maxime Coles MD

References:

1. Matthew J Smith (Dec 2004). “Vive 1804, The and the Revolutionary Generation of 1946”. Caribbean quarterly. Taylor and Francis Ltd 50 (41) pp 45-41. 2. John Pike: Haiti 1941-1946/ “Elie Lescot” 21 December 2014. 3. Haitian Rubber Timeline. (Haiti, August 2010). 4. Smith, Matthew J, Red and Black in Haiti: Radicalism and Political Change, 1934-1957. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009. 5. Imprimeries de l’Etat D’Haiti, Bulletin des Actes et Lois 1941-1946. 6. Lescot Pierre: “Parcours Meconnu de Elie Lescot, Ancient President d’Haiti”. 7. Turnier Alain: “Quand la Nation Demande des Comptes”. 8. Claude B. Auguste: Apercu sur l’Histoire de L’Union Nationale Des Etudiants Haitiens (UNDEH). 9. Monitor Journal Publications: 1941-1946. 10. Haiti Observer: 17 April 2013. 11. Marcel B. Auguste: Elie Lescot, Coup d’oeuil sur une administration 1941-1946. 12. Compagnie Biographique: Livre Bleu d'Haiti. 13. Julio Jean-Pierre Audain: Les Ombres d’une Politique Nefaste. 14. Roger Lescot: Souvenirs De Mes Douze Ans Dans l’Armée d’Haiti.

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Rony Jean-Mary, M.D. LA COVID-19 S’EN VA, MAIS VA-T-ON VIVRE COMME AVANT

Aucun événement n’aura occupé l’actualité et pandémie ont considérablement baissé ,il ne marqué aussi longtemps le devant de la scène faut pas pour autant négliger les consignes de que la covid- 19, cette maladie qui semble prudence et de sécurité des premiers jours.. désormais avoir atteint son pic infectieux, mais Dans une conversation avec l’un de mes amis qui continue, malgré tout, de faire des victimes sur les effets de la Covid -19, cet ami m’avoue un peu partout a travers le monde. Apparue à qu’il est très inquiet pour l’avenir et qu’il ne Wuhan en Chine, pour la première fois en fait plus de projets à long terme, tellement la Septembre de l’année dernière, la pandémie a vie s’est révélée fragile à ses yeux. Il devait fait le tour de la terre, tuant sur son passage partir en croisière cet été ; mais lorsque la autant d’êtres humains qu’elle a pu en compagnie de voyage voulait le gratifier d’un rencontrer. De causer des peines et des rabais de 25% pour qu’il garde le voyage avec troubles sur sa trajectoire, elle n’en n’a même la compagnie pour l’année prochaine, il décida pas fini encore...Et, Contrairement à l’ange de tout simplement de décommander tellement il la mort, dans L’Égypte lointaine et idolâtre, qui n’est pas sur de ce qui va arriver dans l’avenir, épargna ,grâce au sang dont les linteaux de leurs ou dans six mois. Il est bien déjà dans la portes étaient couverts ,les premiers nés des soixantaine ; il admet non sans peine que rien familles juives , la covid-19 elle, puisqu’il faut n’est plus garanti pour personne et qu’il l’appeler par son nom, continue de passer apprend désormais à vivre au jour le jour sans parmi nous, son épée à la main, frappant souci du lendemain. Il réalise que le temps est indistinctement, sans égard au rang social , au court et l’avenir très incertain. Beaucoup de degré de fortune ou au mérite intellectuel de ses gens avec qui je m’entretiens ces temps-ci victimes. Des cris de douleur, poussés de semblent abonder dans le même sens.. partout, font encore se demander à plus Cette incertitude de l’avenir est ce qui va d’un : « Qui va être la prochaine victime .ou grandement affecter l’économie et l’empêcher serai-je moi- même le prochain à périr ? » de sortir de la récession ; Le système Après plus de trois mois d’angoisse, de peur et économique capitaliste ayant toujours été basé d’incertitude, on semble se résigner à croire que sur la confiance des consommateurs et la la maladie va être parmi nous pour plus de capacité du système à faire des projections temps que prévu, et qu’il faut désormais d’avenir. En fait, La peur continue de ronger apprendre à vivre avec elle. Il faut donc tout le monde. Et Ceux qui croient dans les admettre et garder à l’esprit que la maladie prédictions bibliques, brandissent désormais des détruit encore des vies humaines un peu partout versets de l’apocalypse, dernier livre du Chaque jour, et que si la ferveur des reporters et nouveau testament, pour annoncer que l’heure le rythme de diffusion des nouvelles sur la est proche où le monde doit disparaitre et que 7 la grande tribulation a déjà commencé. Je réponds en lisant ce même livre que si la grande tribulation a déjà commencé, nous avons bien raté l’enlèvement et les noces de l’agneau et qu’il faudra peut-être attendre la seconde résurrection. Je ne suis pas sceptique quant à un retour du Christ deuxième ou seconde version, qui pourrait même être un troisième ,selon que Melchizedek était l’ incarnation ou non du Christ et que celui-ci aurait déjà vécu parmi nous dans des temps lointains, Comme on le prétend dans certaines sectes religieuses et que me l’enseigna aussi mon feu père. Je voudrais plutôt croire que le monde a déjà connu pareilles turbulences, des guerres et des pandémies encore plus meurtrières, et que ce n’est pas encore la fin , ni la fin du commencement de la fin, mais que malgré le caractère prophétique de l’apocalypse de jean ,il sera difficile aux hommes de dire exactement quand le seigneur apparaitra dans les airs. Un siècle de cela, les témoins de Jéhovah prédisaient la fin du monde pour 1914.Mais il n’en était rien..Nous faisons donc face à des problèmes humains qui réclament des solutions humaines. Des solutions qui appellent à une meilleure gestion des ressources de la terre , à une plus grande solidarité entre les hommes ,et à un dépassement des clivages hégémoniques pour comprendre que la terre n’est qu’un seul pays et que les hommes, d’où qu’ils soient, en sont les citoyens. Quand ces troubles arrivent ils nous rappellent que nous ne sommes pas les vrais maitres de la terre et que nous n’en sommes que des gérants appelés à s’en occuper dignement, à en jouir avec respect avant de passer ensuite le maillet à ceux qui viendront après nous..L’’humanite semble être embarquée sur un navire déboussolé qui a longtemps perdu le Nord..Le train à bord duquel nous nous trouvons n’a ni coach, ni capitaine, et marche clopin clopan. Il faudra des hommes de haut calibre, Hauts de gamme, pour juguler les crises, remettre les pendules à l’heure ,et faire redémarrer le train.C’est ici le moment de se demander si l’on a vraiment besoin de dépenser tous ces milliard pour aller sur Mars ou retourner sur la lune quand la terre est mal nourrie et que les Rony Jean-Mary, M.D. hommes meurent de faim ici-bas ?. Coral Springs, FL le 7 juin 2020.

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UNE RADIOSCOPIE DU RACISME AUX ETATS UNIS D’AMERIQUE

La mort de George Floyd, étouffé sous les mêmes. Il était aussi beaucoup plus facile pour genoux d’un policier blanc ,il y a de cela deux eux de s’infiltrer dans la société blanche semaines aujourd’hui, est un doigt de plus dominatrice et de jouir de tous les autres enfoncé dans cette gangrène à ciel ouvert privilèges accordés aux blancs...Par contre, le qu’est le racisme Américain, et qui est en train voyage de l’homme noir n’était ni voulu ni de saper les bases mêmes de la société planifié mais tout simplement imposé. Eux, ils Américaine. étaient traités comme des sous-hommes et Si cela s’était passé une seule fois en dix ou en l’égalité de droit dont fait mention la cinq ans, on aurait pu crier à un accident. Mais constitution Américaine n’avait rien à voir avec la constance avec laquelle de tels incident ont eux. Donc, l’homme noir Américain grandit lieu dans le pays soutient la thèse de dans une société où il est constamment préméditation dans les actes de meurtre marginalisé et sert de marche- pied pour les perpétrés systématiquement sur les gens de autres parce que maltraité au sommet .Il est en couleur en particulier sur les noirs de ce pays. proie à une exclusion systématisée et En lisant « Jeune Afrique » d’ il y a de cela hiérarchisée, nourrie à dessein pour empêcher le quelques années, on disait que le racisme, c’ est renversement de l’ordre établi et sauvegarder ce que le Blanc a à offrir pour prouver ou les intérêts d’une classe donnée. La notion exhiber sa supériorité quand il n’a rien d’autre d’être blanc aux Etats unis s’apparente toujours à offrir .Cela est en partie vrai si l’on s’en tient à une affaire de privilège à vie et sans limites. à une considération basée strictement sur la « Being White is a timeless and limitless notion couleur de la peau et sur les caractéristiques of privilège ». le Blanc peut ne même pas ethniques des protagonistes en question...Mais savoir qu’il est raciste car il vous dira souvent le racisme c’est plus qu’une affaire d’’ethnicité. qu’il a des amis noirs et qu’il n’est contre C’est un sentiment de supériorité, teinté personne dans la société. Mais ce qui fait de lui souvent d’arrogance que beaucoup expriment un raciste c’est son inconscience de l’inégalité vis-à-vis d’autrui .Ce sentiment découle sociale poignante qui lui accorde des privilèges souvent d’un système de privilèges accordé à dont ne jouit aucune autre classe de la société. une classe donnée dans une société donnée, qui La peur par le Blanc de vivre l’expérience des défavorise et marginalise les éléments des autres, et en particulier celle des noirs, et le autres composantes de la société. Pour refus d’inviter ces derniers à accéder à son comprendre pourquoi le racisme est ancré à ce mode de vie a lui, c’est ce qui fait de l’homme point dans les mœurs américaines, il faut se blanc un raciste.il cherche à perpétuer rappeler que les Blancs ont toujours été les sciemment ou inconsciemment un système qui dépositaires des privilèges de cette société. Les fait du tort aux autres. Le racisme est souvent Noirs d’un autre cote, sont les seuls à avoir englué dans une sauce de préjugé ou d’idées travaillé pour les autres sans aucune forme de préconçues par rapport aux autres. Les préjugés compensation et à n’avoir jamais été reconnus de caste sont aussi une autre forme d’exclusion pour leur contribution à l’édification de cette sociale mais qui ne sont pas nécessairement du nation. Certes, Il y avait des Blancs esclaves racisme. Le blanc serait beaucoup plus disposé à aux Etats –unis. Mais c’étaient des Européens aider un noir d’un autre pays plutôt que d’aider qui, pour payer la traversée de l’océan de un Africain American. Certains m’ auraient l’Europe à L’Amérique, s’étaient portés même dit à moi que je suis différent des autres, esclaves pendant sept ans pour assurer la en se référant aux Afro- Américains, comme restitution du cout de leur voyage.. Une fois les pour me dire que je suis un bon nègre. Il y a sept années accomplies, ils pouvaient donc plus que du préjugé ou du racisme dans le recouvrer leur liberté et travailler pour eux- rapport entre le Blanc et le noir Américain. Il y 9 a même une haine viscérale du blanc vis-à-vis du suffisant voire florissant. Le blanc était trop noir Américain. Depuis plus de cinq siècles, ils préoccupé de savoir qui va remplacer les noirs ont tout fait pour garder le noir dans la bestialité libérés des plantations pour s’occuper du bien- et l’ignorance .Ils ont plaidé pour une réparation être de ces derniers. Le problème de en faveur des juifs des camps de concentration ; l’esclavage avait été soulevé depuis le Ils ont accordé réparation aux japonais enfermés président Benjamin Franklin qui disait que le dans des camps de concentration au moment de vrai problème du pays, c’était l’esclavage car il la deuxième guerre mondiale, Mais les noirs eux, ne voyait comment la nation pouvait continuer ils ont été victimes de toutes sortes d’abus et à vivre avec ou sans l’esclavage.. d’injustice de la part de la classe dominante Enfin la réponse des blancs par rapport au Américaine et n’ont jamais connu de réparation problème des noirs est qu’ ils ne se croient .Ils attendent encore la mule et les hectares de point responsables ni coupables de ce qui s’est terres qui leur avaient été promis au moment de passé dans ce pays pendant des siècles à l’abolition de l’esclavage..Apres l’esclavage, il y l’égard des noirs. Ā eux je pose cette question: avait le lynchage. Au lynch age s’est substituée si nous sommes cinq sur une table, et que l’incarcération démesurée du noir dont un fort quatre d’entre nous sont en train de déguster percentage est aujourd’hui en prison. Les noirs leur plat et que le cinquième n’a rien a manger n’ont jamais eu accès au crédit des Banques qui pendant que nous sommes tous assis ensemble leur aurait permis d’avoir leur propre entreprise. à la même table. Allez-vous me dire que ce Ils étaient interdits de devenir des propriétaires nest pas votre problème que quelqu’un de notre terriens et lorsqu’ils s’assemblèrent en table n’ait rien dans son assiette ?.Donc le coopérative pour obtenir des centres problème d’abus sur les noirs, les injustices commerciaux et conduire leurs propres affaires, contre un groupe sans défense, particulièrement on préférait laisser ces centres vacants plutôt que contre les mineurs , sous quelque forme que ce de les vendre à des noirs qui auraient pu en soit, devrait nous interpeller tous. J’apprécie le prendre possession.. Pourtant le Coréen avait movement de solidarité qui se dessine un peu droit au crédit, l’européen, l’indien ont eu tous partout à travers le monde en faveur des noirs droit au crédit sauf l’Africain-Américain. Le Américains qui ont versé leur sang et arrosé de chinois a ses restaurants un peu partout dans le leur sueur le mortier qui a servi à bâtir cette pays..Du juif, c’est la même histoire. nation , et qui n’a récolté, pour toute Aujourd’hui, c’est l’assassinat systématique du compensation, que la haine et l’indifférence des Noir par les policiers Blancs. blancs. S’agirait-il de la peur que le noir ne Et Malgré tous les abus dont ils sont victimes de prenne un jour le dessus et se mettent à venger la part du Blanc, ils continuent d’exceller dans les injustices qu’il a subies :fuite Karmique tous les domaines.et d’être les portes- étendard de inespérée ,ou que leur fille ou fils n’amène un la nation. On comprend que les Blancs aient peur noir à la maison un jour? de les laisser prospérer et de vouloir les réprimer Il y a dans la salle, ou dans ce resto en plein à tout moment. J’ai vu des noirs d’autres nations air, une femme ou un homme qui ne peut point y inclus des Haïtiens cherchant à faire croire respirer et qui te supplie de lui sauver la vie ou qu’ils sont supérieurs aux noirs Américains. Ā de le laisser vivre..Alors allez vous les laisser eux je réponds qu’ils sont libres depuis plus de mourir sans faire un geste ou allez vous dire deux siècles et n’ont rien subi de ce que les noirs que ce n’est pas votre problème.Voila pourquoi de ce pays ont connu depuis qu’ils ont foulé le les policiers qui ont assisté au meurtre de sol Américain. J’ajoute pour eux que nous avons Georges Floyd sans faire un geste pour lui grandi dans un pays où la couleur de notre peau porter assistance sont aussi coupables que le n’a jamais été une barrière à notre éducation. vilain qui l’a asphyxie en posant son genou sur donc a notre émancipation..Ce n’est pas que le son cou . noir soit sans responsabilité dans le drame qui l’afflige aujourd’hui mais c’était la responsabilité Rony Jean-Mary, M.D. du système donc du blanc de l’encadrer à sa Coral Springs, FL sortie de l’esclavage pour qu’il devienne auto le 7 juin 2020.

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THROMBOSIS IN COVID-19 REYNALD ALTEMA, MD

The list of complications from Covid-19 continues to rise. The pathophysiology of the illness is still somewhat elusive in a lot of respects, not the least of which involves the formation of thrombosis in both arterial and venous beds1. This is all the more alarming in the presence of widespread pharmacologic DVT prophylaxis in hospitalized patients. Thrombosis among ICU patients receiving enoxaparin occur in 31% of cases in a study done in Holland with PE being the most common type; venous thrombosis made up 27% while arterial thrombosis occurred at a rate of 3.7%.2 Thrombus formation is associated with poorer prognosis. Microthrombi at autopsy are found frequently disseminated in the lungs and other organs. This points toward the serious importance of thrombus prevention in the setting of the disease. However other complications include CVA (infarct> hemorrhage)3. There are any number of mechanisms stipulated to explain the enhanced procoagulating effect noted (Figs 1-3). However, it’s different than classic DIC because it is not a consumption coagulopathy and it’s not associated with thrombocytopenia or low fibrinogen level. Of interest is the mention of endothelial dysfunction, the hallmark of metabolic syndrome, far more common in our kinfolk. The interaction of cytokines and endothelial dysfunction is a well described cascade of pathologic reactions and is illustrated in Fig 44. Fig 1 (from Iba et al)

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Fig 2 (Iba et al)

Fig. 3 (Bonny et al)

Mécanismes proposés de la coagulopathie de la COVID-19. L’infection par le SARS-CoV-2 engendre une atteinte pulmonaire, principalement décrite comme du dommage alvéolaire diffus. Une hypoxémie survient en cas d’atteinte sévère. En réponse à l’hypoxémie, il existe une induction de la voie de signalisation des « hypoxia inducible transcription factors » qui concoure à activer la coagulation, à supprimer la fibrinolyse et à inhiber les anticoagulants circulants naturels. Dans le même temps, l’infection engendre un recrutement de cellules mononuclées au niveau de la barrière alvéolo-capillaire. Celles-ci, à la suite de l’induction de la voie NF-κB, vont sécréter des cytokines pro-inflammatoires (TNF-α, IL-1 et IL-6) qui vont favoriser la libération de l’inhibiteur de l’activateur du plasminogène (PAI-1) et l’inhibition des anticoagulants naturels. Aussi, elles favorisent l’activation de la coagulation par la génération de facteur tissulaire. Cette activation est soutenue par l’activation plaquettaire. L’activation de l’endothélium, secondaire à une atteinte virale spécifique et/ou une activation du complément, favorise la coagulation et l’interaction avec les plaquettes circulantes. Finalement, la fibrine, les globules rouges et les plaquettes s’agrègent, réalisant un thrombus fibrino-cruorique.

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Fig 4 (Shao et al)

A sensible approach to treating patients with Covid-19 who have hypoxemia is to follow the Marik protocol, named after the chief of Respiratory diseases at Eastern Virginia Med School. It’s one that takes into consideration the latest data on the use of vitamin D, C, thiamine, the aggressive use of corticosteroids, especially in the case of the dreadful Macrophage Activation Syndrome, originally described as a rare complication of Kawasaki Syndrome. One needs to bear in mind this protocol has a low threshold for using full anticoagulant dose. Patients that require >4L/min of oxygen receive it (1mg/kg Q12hrs.) The next issue to be tackled is the outpatient treatment for DVT prevention upon discharge. Again, this is not yet well defined. Some recommend anticoagulant treatment up to 2 months. The problem with anticoagulation therapy is the forever risk of bleeding, regardless of dose used. It comes down to a balance between risk and benefit. As more data become available, the recommendation for widespread use of anticoagulant upon discharge will be better established. Some people recommend a middle of the road approach of either full dose aspirin or dipyridamole. However, this is not yet standard or widespread treatment. So far, it has become clear that not one single therapeutic intervention suffices against this very clever virus. One needs to use the full armamentarium of available therapeutic interventions. We are still learning as we along.

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Fig 5-Marik protocol

References: 1. Iba T, Levy JH, Levi M, Connors JM, Thachil J. Coagulopathy of Coronavirus Disease 2019 [published online ahead of print, 2020 May 27]. Crit Care Med. 2020;10.1097. 2. Klok, FA, et al. Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with Covid-19. Thrombosis Research, 191 (2020) 145-147. 3. Divani AA, Andalib S, Di Napoli M, et al. Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Stroke: Clinical Manifestations and Pathophysiological Insights. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2020;29(8):104941. 4. Shao Y, Cheng Z, Li X, Chernaya V, Wang H, Yang XF. Immunosuppressive/anti-inflammatory cytokines directly and indirectly inhibit endothelial dysfunction--a novel mechanism for maintaining vascular function. J Hematol Oncol. 2014;7:80. Published 2014 Oct 31. doi:10.1186/s13045-014-0080-6 5. Bonny V, Maillard A, Mousseaux C, Plaçais L, Richier Q. COVID-19 : physiopathologie d’une maladie à plusieurs visages [COVID-19: Pathogenesis of a multi-faceted disease] [published online ahead of print, 2020 May 27]. Rev Med Interne. 2020;doi:10.1016/j.revmed.2020.05.003.

Le Newsletter est publié toutes les 3 semaines. Prochaine parution: 29 juin 2020

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Chronicle of Slave rebellions in the Americas. Maxime Coles MD

All societies practicing slavery will have to deal with slave revolts because there is that desire for Freedom in any human being. One can express it in their songs or their story-telling nights. It becomes part of their culture and an art in knowing how to implant it on others with the same background.

History is full of examples of such revolts. When a Roman slave named Spartacus (73-71 BC) rose against abuses committed by the Roman Empire or a Scandinavian Slave Tunni, in the 9th century, revolted against the Swedish Monarchy, you can also understand well how the slaves of Santo Domingo, Bookman, Dessalines and others may have felt in the 18th century (1791) against the French Imperialism of Napoleon Bonaparte. The French revolution indeed bought to us the words of Liberty and Equality for all.

Muhammed led the east African slaves in the Zani Rebellion in Iraq to revolt against the Abbasid Caliphate. Nanny of the Maroons revolted against the British in Jamaica. In continental United States, Denmark Vesey rebelled in South Carolina.

Ancient Sparta had serfs called helots who rebelled against the Spartans as reported by Herodotus. English peasants revolted in 1381 to obtain reform in the feudalism system in England and increase the right of the serfs and Richard II agreed to their requests. In Russia, the slaves were called Kholops and slavery remained an institution until 1723 when Peter the Great converted the slaves into serfs. They became outlaws called “Cossacks” living in the southern steppes. Numerous rebellions and Cossacks uprisings with Ivan Bolotnikov (1606), Stenka Razin (1667), Kondraty Butavin (1707) are some of the many hundred outbreaks across Russia.

Numerous African slave revolts took place in America during the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries. More than 250 uprising have been documented. Slaves like Gabriel Prosser (Richmond, VA 1800), Denmark Vesey (Charleston SC 1822) Nat Turner (South Hampton County VA 1831) merit their named to be mentioned and this is the story of the most striking revolts that I want to bring to light.

I have taken solemnly that task to bring to light the most distinctive slave revolutions in the Americas and chose to review some of the most epic African slave revolts which have marked forever the new world in this “Chronicle of African Slave revolts in the Americas”. I am sure you will find time to appreciate what our ancestors have done to make Haiti a free Nation for the Haitians.

This month, we will talk about the 1842 Slave Revolt in the Cherokee Nation.

Slave revolt in the Cherokee Nation 1842 Maxime Coles MD

The Cherokee Nation was located in Indian Territory, West to the Mississippi River, in present Oklahoma. A large group of slaves escaped on the 15 November 1842. A group of 20 African-American slaves in Cherokee Indians territory escaped and tried to reach Mexico where slavery was abolished since 1829. Another group of 15 African American slaves from the Creek territory joined them in the escape.

More, 2 slave catchers were taking eight captive slaves to Choctaw territory. They took the opportunity to kill the hunters and the family joined their group. The Cherokee sought reinforcements and raised around 100 of Cherokee and Choctaw warriors to pursue and capture the fugitive. Five slaves were later executed for killing the two slave catchers and this event inspired subsequent rebellions in the Indian 15 territory forcing the Cherokee Nation to pass stricter slave codes. If the Indians has practiced the art of enslaving prisoners of war in fighting other tribes, following the new European contract in the late 18th century have permitted some Cherokee to set up plantations on their Cherokee Nation Land mimicking European Americans. Soon parts of Georgia and Tennessee were ready for them to have plantations allowing them to purchase African American slaves to work their land. A slave code was respected in 1819 to regulate the trades, forbidden intermarriage with punishment for runaway slaves and the interdiction to own land. Later in the 1829 law modifications, it was added that a fine of 15 dollars to be given to the master if slaves were allowed to buy or sell liquor. The slaves worked primarily as agricultural laborers cultivating cotton and food for their masters. They also developed salt mines and trading posts with slave labor. The Cherokee Indians bought the salves with them in the 1820’s when the federal government removed them from the southeastern states. Joseph Vann has taken with him 200 slaves to perform the physical labor. They loaded wagons, cleared roads and took care of the livestock. In 1835, the Cherokees owned an estimated 1500 slaves of African descent, 300 mixed races (Metis) mainly descendants of European traders and Cherokee women which form an elite class in the Indian Territory. Most of the metis will owe each 25 to 50 slaves on plantations of around 100 acres or less to cultivate wheat, cotton, corn, hemp and tobacco. They owe also large cattle and horse herds. An estimated 4600 slaves belong to the Cherokee Nation in 1860 working as domestic servants and farm laborers. During the civil war, there were more than 8000 slaves in Indian Territory, forming 14% of the population The mass escape of 20 African American slaves from the Cherokee territory began on the 15th of November 1842. I was named “the most spectacular act of rebellion again slavery” among the Cherokee. They were from the plantation of James and “Rich Joe” Vann. Those slaves gathered and raided local stores for weapons, ammunition, horses and mules. They headed south for Mexico where slavery was abolished since 1836. Along the way, the picked up 15 other slaves from the Creek territory. Creek and Cherokee pursued the victims but they met enough resistance to turn back for re-enforcements despite of killing or capturing 14.

On their way south, the fugitives encountered two slave catchers James Edwards and Billy Wilson who were returning a family of 3 adults and 5 children to the Choctaw Indians. They killed the catchers and continued their way south.

A Cherokee Militia John Drew of 100 citizens was authorized by the Cherokee National Council in Tahlequah, to pursue, arrest and delivered the African slaves to Fort Gibson. The expeditionary forces caught the slaves seven miles north of the red river. The fugitives were tired, weak and hungry and did not have the strength to resist.

They were returned to their Choctaw, Creek and Cherokee reservations. 5 slaves were executed for killing the catchers. Some placed the surviving slaves in different work environment like steamboat, shoveling coal. Other returned to their previous duty.

This slave revolt inspired future slave rebellions in Indian Territories. In 1851, an account of 300 slaves have attempted to escape Indian Territory in heading mostly to Mexico or Kansas territory where slavery was prohibited.

Indian slaveholders started to enter the business of buying and selling slaves to states like Texas and Arkansas. Non-slave holding Indians were hired to catch runaway slaves. Some of the slaveholders become wealthy in providing such service. The Indian Nation passed stricter slave code forbidden free blacks to enter the territory. After the American Civil War the Cherokee Nation and their planters shifted from agriculture to manufacturing small scale products.

Mass escape resulted in casualties and deaths for slaves and Indian masters, so newspapers started 16 reporting on the 1842 slave revolt until the Fort Smith Elevator of Arkansas published and anniversary article about the escape of the African American slaves, providing some kind of mystic power on the event and adding that in spite of 20 slave, now hundred have disappeared.

Maxime Coles MD

References:

1- “Slavery” Archived October 18, 2010 Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture 2- Tiya Miles, Ties that Bind: The Story of an Afro-Cherokee Family in Slavery and Freedom, University of California Press, 2005, pp. 179-173. 3- William Gerald Mc Laughlin (1993): “Slave holding and anti-slavery efforts, 1846-1855”, in After the Trial of Tears: The Cherokees ‘Struggle for Sovereignty, 1839-1880. Universitiy of North Carolina Press. pp. 121-153. 4- Art T Burton, “Cherokee Slave Revolt in 1842, “True West Magazine (June 1996) 5- Rudi Halliburton, Jr., Red Over Black: Black Slavery among the Cherokee Indians (Westport Connecticut.: Greenwood Press, 1977) 6- Daniel F Littlefield, Jr Africans and Creeks: From the Colonial Period to the Civil War, Westport Connecticut.: Greenwood Press, 1979. 7- Morris L. Wardell, A Political History of the Cherokee Nation, 1838-19-7 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1977). 8- Kaye M. Teall, Black History in Oklahoma: A Resource Book (Oklahoma City: Oklahoma City Public Schools, 1971).

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405857220300292 17

Ronald Georges MD, chirurgien orthopediste, nous a quitte ce matin pour rejoindre son createur. Il devient une autre victime de cette pandemie. Il a travaille d'arrache-pied pour demontrer ses talents de chirurgien a une population qui a su l'apprecier. Il a depuis de nombreuses annees participe a la formation de beaucoup de nos residents en Haiti. Je l'ai bien connu, IL etait un ami qui prenait plaisir a vous montrer combien IL avait maitrise l'operation de Moore dans une fracture de hanche. Il savait quand etre serieux et quand badiner avec ses collegues. Apres un fellowship a Panama, IL EST retourne au pays pour aider a former nos jeunes. Il laisse un vide qui sera difficile a combler. A as femme Colette , a ses enfants et petit-enfants, je veux tant au nom de la AMHE qu'en Mon nom personnel presenter nos condoleances emues. Nous perdons un confrere, un frere, un ami et Le service D'Orthopedie a l'HUEH, sous la direction du Dr Jacques Pierre-Pierre lui doit une fiere chandelle. Allez Mon cher ami, TU nous laisses comme un soldat, combattant ce fleau . Que la Terre te sots legere Ronald Georges, dit "poue-pouel"et que ce Dieu de Misericorde te recoive dans as demeure. Bon voyage.

Maxime Coles MD (6-2-2020)

Dear Member Family and Friends of AMHE,

It is with great sadness that we must share with you the passing of Dr. Ducarmel Augustin’s beloved sister, Anne Marie Berthe Augustin. She passed away on Sunday, May 31, 2020, at the family residence Canape Vert, Haiti.

On Behalf of the AMHE Leadership and membership, I would like to present Dr. Ducarmel Augustin, our most sincere condolences and expression of courage.

Anne Marie Berthe was a Career employee at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs where she distinguished herself as a dedicated, honest, respected employee of the Ministry for over fifty years. In 2015, Anne Marie Berthe received special mention for her 52 years of loyal and good services to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

We can say that Mrs. Anne Marie Berthe Augustin belongs to a breed of civil servants that Haiti would need more of. Her passing brings great sadness to the Augustin family and will certainly leave a void at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of her country that she serve so well.

The funerals of Anne Marie Berthe Augustin will be held this Saturday, June 6, 2020, at the Parc du Souvenir at 11. Zoom info will follow.

Sincerely,

J. Pierre Paul Cadet, MD President, AMHE

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Published on the AMHE Facebook page last two weeks Articles parus sur la page Facebook de l'AMHE durant la dernière semaine

Thank you, Anika Michael, for this update on the glaucoma team at Cayes with AHDH (February 2020). Maxime Coles MD - Tests diagnostiques et tests anticorps, quelles sont les différences. MC - La Croix rouge haitienne continue son travail de Decontamination des bureaux de la MSPP - La Croix Rouge Haitienne desinfecte les bureauxet locaux de la Television Nationale d'Haiti - AMHE Foundation - Dr. Vladimir Berthaud Interviewed by Dr. Reynald Altema on COVID-19 - Yves Piquion MD à l'avant-garde de la pandémie COVID- 19 Ravi de t'avoir vu Yves. MC - Hydroxychloroquine for SARS-CoV-2 Infection: How Did We Get Here? - les Amerindiens ne sont pas epargnes par cette epidemie du COVID-19, Je pense a mes amis de Gallup NM. Stay confined. MC - Gerard Bloncourt parle des annees 1946 - La raison la plus courante que les gens ont des problèmes avec leur vésicule biliaire est les calculs biliaires. Une petite page d'histoire vue d'aures yeux. MC And more…

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