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Language and Place Names in National and Regional Atlases. Methodological Considerations and Practical Use Exemplified by New Atlases from the Eastern Part of Europe

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Language and Place Names in National and Regional Atlases. Methodological Considerations and Practical Use Exemplified by New Atlases from the Eastern Part of Europe LANGUAGE AND PLACE NAMES IN NATIONAL AND REGIONAL ATLASES. METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS AND PRACTICAL USE EXEMPLIFIED BY NEW ATLASES FROM THE EASTERN PART OF EUROPE Peter Jordan Austrian Institute of East and Southeast European Studies, Vienna Abstract National and regional atlases are mainly conceived for national use, but as map works with a representative function they address, in contrast to school atlases, also an international audience. Taking this into account, many of them use for titles, legends and explanatory texts not only the national language, but also one or more world languages or are published in different language editions. The use of a second or third editorial language has, however, implications on the treatment of place names, especially on the use of exonyms. Another aspect deriving from the atlases’ representative function is the reflection of minority names. The paper investigates into relevant practices applied in recently published national and regional atlases from the eastern part of Europe and offers some methodological considerations as regards the use of more than one editorial language, the use of exonyms in this case as well the use of minority names. 1 INTRODUCTION National and regional atlases are mainly conceived for national use. But as map works with a representative function they address, in contrast to school atlases, also an international audience. Taking this into account, many of them use for titles, legends and explanatory texts not only the national language, but also one or more world languages or are published in different language editions. The use of a second or even more editorial languages has, however, implications on the treatment of place names. As soon as the atlas addresses more than one (the own) language community, the justification for the use of exonyms for geographical objects outside the own country is not as obvious. But it could also be argued that the use of exonyms should be extended to all editorial languages and that even for objects within the own country exonyms of the other editorial languages should be presented. The United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (UNGEGN), the international authority in the field of geographic names, defines in its glossary an exonym as the “Name used in a specific language for a geographical feature situated outside the area where that language has official status, and differing in its form 1 from the name used in the official language or languages of the area where the geographical feature is situated.” (Glossary 2002, p. 10). UNGEGN recommends to reduce the use exonyms, especially in international cartography (Statutes... 2002, pp. 72ff). In practice, however, exonyms are widely used, in particular by world languages. 1 The definition continues with “Examples: Warsaw is the English exonym for Warszawa; Londres is French for London; Mailand is German for Milano. The officially romanized endonym Moskva for Ìîñêâà is not an exonym, nor is the Pinyin form Beijing, while Peking is an exonym. The United Nations recommends minimizing the use of exonyms in international usage.” (p. 10) Another rather sensitive aspect deriving from the national and regional atlases’ representative function is the reflection of official minority names. Isn’t a national or regional atlas the appropriate means of communicating to an international audience the full scope of cultural identities within a country – at least of cultural groups having official status and speaking a language officially recognized? Let us again see what UNGEGN recommends. Recommendation II/36 titled “Problems of minority languages” says “....that, where possible, the countries in question, in consultation with native speakers of the minority language: (a) Adopt a common orthography for all geographical names of the minority language; (b) Use that orthography for the standardization of the place names in the minority language in their territory; (c) Publish the standardized names in their official maps and national gazetteers” (Statutes... 2002, pp. 108f). Again, practice contrasts widely from UN recommendations. Even in countries with an otherwise advanced minority legislation the rendering of minority names on official maps and also in official or semi-official national and regional atlases is lagging behind. This is due to the fact that the most important function of a place name is not its semantic meaning even when this meaning is transparent like with Schönbrunn or Red River (which is anyway rare enough), but its function as a symbol or a brand. Place names do not convey in the strict sense information like a sentence or a map do. Similar to coats of arms, flags and logos, place names rather represent certain ideas and notions. Their symbolic power is strongest on maps. Maps commit an impression of a phenomenon’s spatial distribution at one glance. They convey an impression of the minority names’ territorial spread and outline “the territory of a minority”. It is for this very reason that the use of minority place names on official topographical maps and in atlases is politically sensible and is very often among the last rights granted to minorities. It arouses with majority populations (or rather their political representatives) all the animosities and fears which always appear, when minorities wish to confine their territory: fears of regionalism, autonomism, irredentism, separatism. In the chapters to follow, by the examples of some recently published national and regional atlases from the eastern (former Communist) part of Europe it will be investigated into (1) the use of languages other than the national language by the atlas in general, (2) the use of exonyms and (3) the use of place names of linguistic minorities. In conclusion some methodological remarks regarding the use of languages and place names in national and regional atlases will be made. The examples selected are (S 1) the Geographical Atlas of Slovenia [Geografski atlas Slovenije], Ljubljana 1998, as well as (S 1a) its smaller English version titled National Atlas of Slovenia, Ljubljana 2001, (C 1) A Concise Atlas of the Republic of Croatia & of the Republic of Bosnia and Hercegovina, Zagreb 1993, (C 2) the Large Atlas of Croatia [Veliki atlas Hrvatske], Zagreb 2002, (PL) the Atlas of Lower and Opole Silesia [Atlas Úl¹ska dolnego i opolskiego], Wrocùaw 1997, and (R) Romania – Historical-geographical Atlas [România. Atlas istorico-geografic], Bucureºti 1996. 2 SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF THESE ATLASES AND THEIR USE OF LANGUAGES S 1: The Geographical Atlas of Slovenia in its large Slovene version has been edited by a publisher and two major geographical institutes as a common effort of Slovenian geography as well as related disciplines. Its obvious intention is to document and represent a young nation state, which became for the first time independent in 1991, to its own citizens. It was favourably welcomed by the domestic market and became part of almost every educated Slovenian household’s library. On 360 A3 pages, after a short series of topographic maps in the 1: 300,000 scale, thematic maps in 1: 750,000 as the main scale and with thematic representation restricted to Slovenia (“insular maps”) are accompanied by texts, photos, satellite images and diagrams and make up for a rather opulent and easily comprehensible mapwork. The atlas is exclusively monolingual – in titles, map legends and texts. S 1a: For international use three years later the same geographical institutes, but another publisher edited a smaller, concise English version in A4 format and with main maps in the 1 million scale. It contains on 191 pages almost all the thematic maps, but omits the topographic section and has much less texts, photos and diagrams. Also this atlas is exclusively monolingual. C1: The Concise Atlas of the Republic of Croatia & of the Republic of Bosnia and Hercegovina was published by the Lexicographical Institute in Zagreb, a state-owned publishing house, exclusively in English language – obviously to present Croatia as a newly independent country to the outside world. This happened in a very critical situation, when a third of Croatia was not under the control of Zagreb, when neighbouring Bosnia and Hercegovina was a theatre of war and when the Miloševiã regime in Belgrade and not very much less the international community exerted some pressure on Croatia. On 159 A4 pages, after an extensive topographic map series in the 1: 500,000 scale, thematic maps in the main scale 1: 2 million, but many of them smaller and historical, are combined with explanatory texts. Thematic representation is mostly confined to Croatia, in some cases also Bosnia and Hercegovina is included. C 2: The Large Atlas of Croatia has been edited by a private Croatian publisher involving some prominent university geographers. On 483 pages in A4 format it is mainly a topographical atlas in the 1: 100,000 scale, but supplemented by extensive texts and photo documentations as well as by thematic maps (main scale 1: 2,200,000; thematic representation confined to Croatia) on some basic features. It is conceived for domestic use and applies exclusively Croatian in titles, legends and texts. PL: The Atlas of Lower and Opole Silesia Poland may be regarded as an indicator that Poland is again conceiving herself as a country with distinct regional identities based on cultural traditions and historical units, after in the Communist period historical and cultural identities were disguised and calmed down as much as possible. The atlas highlights a region substantially affected by population exchange and of which one could have assumed that it had lost its former identity together with its former population. The atlas has been edited by the University of Wrocùaw and the Wrocùaw department of the Polish Academy of Sciences involving the elite of modern Silesian cartographers, geographers, historians and environmental scientists. On 125 pages in a larger than A3 format it renders in a very scientific manner on 1: 500,000 as the largest scale, but also on many maps in smaller scales, the canon of regional geography, but with a strong focus on environment.
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