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Metoda Klasifikacije U Istraživanjima Egzonima Classification Method In HRVATSKI GEOGRAFSKI GLASNIK 79/1, 81−106 (2017.) UDK 811.163.42'373.21 Pregledni članak 911.3:811 Review DOI 10.21861/HGG.2017.79.01.04 Primljeno / Received 28-12-2016 / 2016-12-28 Ivana Crljenko Prihvaćeno / Accepted 11-02-2017 / 2017-02-11 Metoda klasifikacije u istraživanjima egzonima Classification method in exonym studies Egzonimi su udomaćena imena stranih geografskih Exonyms are adapted names of foreign geographical objekata koja se razlikuju od izvornih imena (endonima); features that differ from their original names (endonyms); npr. Azija, Beč, Prag, Rim, Sejšeli. Važan su dio e.g. Azija (Asia), Beč (Vienna), Prag (Prague), Rim (Rome), kulturnog nasljeđa i jezičnog identiteta zajednice koja ih Sejšeli (Seychelles). They are an important part of the je stvorila i održala. Njima se na međunarodnoj razini cultural heritage and linguistic identity of the community bavi Radna skupina za egzonime, koja djeluje unutar that created (and uses) them. They are researched on the Skupine stručnjaka za geografska imena pri Ujedinjenim international level by the Working Group on Exonyms, narodima. U hrvatskoj jezikoslovnoj i geografskoj which operates within the United Nations Group of znanstvenoj zajednici rijetki se istraživači bave Experts on Geographical Names. Only a few researchers proučavanjem egzonima. Osobito su malobrojne analize study exonyms within the Croatian linguistic and koje se temelje na velikom broju egzonima. Svrha je rada geographical scientific communities. Analyses based on a dati prilog njihovu obuhvatnijem proučavanju razvojem large number of exonyms are especially rare. The purpose metode klasifikacije egzonima, a njegov je cilj izložiti of this article is to contribute to a comprehensive study of moguće klasifikacije i uputiti na njihovu primjenu. exonyms by the development of an exonym classification Rezultati istraživanja egzonima s pomoću ove metode method, and the aim is to propose possible classifications mogu se uspoređivati s rezultatima istih istraživanja and explore their use. The results of exonym studies drugdje. U Hrvatskoj su imena država postigla najviši conducted using this method will be able to be compared stupanj normiranja pa su uzeta kao primjer primjene with the results of similar studies carried out elsewhere. klasifikacije prema motivaciji imenovanja i tipologije Country names have reached the highest degree of prema načinu udomaćivanja geografskih imena u standardisation in Croatia, so they were used as an example hrvatskom jeziku. of how to apply classification according to the motivation for naming and typology based on the way geographical names are adaptated into the Croatian language. Ključne riječi: egzonimi, klasifikacija egzonima, Key words: exonyms, classification of exonyms, country imena država, toponimija, hrvatski jezik names, toponymy, Croatian language 81 HRVATSKI GEOGRAFSKI GLASNIK Uvod Introduction 79/1, 81−106 (2017.) Prema riječima istaknutoga hrvatskog topono- The prominent Croatian toponymist Petar Šimuno- mastičara Petra Šimunovića (1983) geografska su vić (1983) argued that geographical names (toponyms imena prvorazredni spomenici ne samo za jeziko- or place names) are prime landmarks for linguistic stud- slovna istraživanja povijesti jezika i dijalektologiju ies of the history of language and dialectology, as well nego i za povijesna i geografska proučavanja. Ako as for historical and geographical studies. If thoroughly se temeljito istraže i ispravno objasne, imaju snagu i explored and properly explained, they are of equal impor- značenje svakoga drugoga kulturnog spomenika. U tance and significance to every other cultural landmark. A geografskom se imenu iščitava svjetonazor zajedni- geographical name contains information on a given com- ce i stav imenodavca te obilježja geografskog objek- munity’s worldview, on the views of the name giver(s), ta koja su se u određenom trenutku nametnula kao and on the characteristics of the geographical feature that bitna za njegovo označivanje i vrednovanje. Stoga were thought to be essential for its marking and evalua- (top)onomastička građa za jezikoslovce nije samo tion at a certain moment. Therefore, for linguists, (top) popis imena za istraživanje podrijetla i jezične pri- onomastic material is not just a list of names for the study padnosti, kao što za geografe ona nije tek pomoćna of the origin of names or their linguistic affiliations, just nomenklaturna građa na geografskim kartama. To as it is not simply an additional nomenclature on maps je spomenička baština materijalne i duhovne kultu- for geographers. It is part of the heritage of the material re nekog naroda (Šimunović, 1983). and spiritual culture of a nation (Šimunović, 1983). Imenovanje objekta u velikoj je mjeri motivira- Naming geographical features is largely motivated no njegovim geografskim obilježjima. To znači da by their geographical characteristics. That is to say, ge- toponimi obiluju geografskim sadržajima. Susljed- ographical names are filled with geographical attributes. no tomu, zadatak geografa je njihovo proučavanje, Therefore, the objective of geographers is to study them; odnosno iščitavanje, odgonetavanje i interpretacija. respectively to read, decipher, and to interpret toponyms. Među prvim koracima k tomu može biti klasificira- Among the first steps in fulfilling those tasks is to classi- nje i sistematiziranje toponima. fy and systematise them. Jedna od osnovnih klasifikacija geografskih ime- One of the basic classifications of geographical names na jest ona prema smještaju geografskog objekta u is classification depending on the location of a given ge- odnosu na jezičnu zajednicu koja ga upotrebljava. ographical feature in relation to the linguistic community Tako se geografska imena mogu podijeliti na: a) that uses the name. Thus, geographical names can be di- izvorna imena (endonimi), b) udomaćena imena vided into: a) original names (endonyms); and b) adapted (egzonimi). Endonim je ime geografskog objekta or customised names (exonyms). An endonym is a name na jeziku (jezicima) područja na kojem je objekt of a geographical feature in one of the languages spoken smješten. Prema definiciji Radne skupine za egzo- in the area where the feature is situated. The Working nime (Working Group on Exonyms – WGE) (UN- Group on Exonyms (WGE) (UNGEGN WGE, n. d.), GEGN WGE, n. d.) egzonim je ime koje se upo- defines an exonym as a name used in a specific language trebljava u nekom jeziku za geografski objekt što se for a geographical feature situated outside the area where nalazi izvan područja na kojem je taj jezik službeni, the language has official status, and differing in its form a razlikuje se od lika koji se upotrebljava na službe- from the name used in an official language or languag- nom jeziku ili na jezicima područja kojem taj objekt es of the area where the geographical feature is situated pripada ( Jordan, 2016).1 To su, primjerice, francu- ( Jordan, 2016)1. These are, for instance, French Londres 1 Za egzonime (ponašenice) katkad se rabe i značenjski bliski ili isti 1 Semantically similar or the identical concepts, such as customised, domesti- pojmovi poput: udomaćena, pohrvaćena (u slučaju hrvatskih egzonima), cated, Croatianised (in the case of Croatian exonyms), accepted, adapted, and ponašena, prihvaćena, usvojena, prilagođena ili strana geografska imena. adopted names or foreign geographical names, are sometimes used instead of Posljednji termin, u kojem se „stranost” odnosi na smještaj geografskog the term “exonyms”. Foreign geographical names, in which the “foreignness” objekata, a ne na oblik imena, najmanje je pogodan. Može biti varljiv. refers to the location of the geographical feature, and not to the form of the Iz njega se, naime, može zaključiti da se radi o stranim, a ne, kao što to name, are the least suitable. They can be misleading, i.e. it is sometimes conc- uistinu jest, udomaćenim imenima za strane geografske objekte. Dakle, luded that exonyms are foreign, when they are actually the adapted names of strana su nam ona geografska imena koja se ne mijenjaju. Ona se ne foreign geographical features. In other words, foreign geographical names are 82 I. Crljenko ski Londres za London, talijanski Parigi za Paris, for London, Italian Parigi for Paris, Slovenian Dunaj for Metoda klasifikacije slovenski Dunaj za Wien; to su i hrvatska imena Vienna; there are also Croatian names – Beč for Wien u istraživanjima Beč za Wien, Bavarska za Bayern, Budimpešta za (Vienna), Bavarska for Bayern (Bavaria), Budimpešta for egzonima Budapest, (španjolska) Galicija za Galicia, Pariz za Budapest (Budapest), Galicija for Galicia (Galicia), Pariz Classification Paris, Stjenjak za Rocky Mountains, Solun za The- for Paris (Paris), Stjenjak for the Rocky Mountains, Sol- method in ssaloníki, Varšava za Warszawa, Zambija za Zambia un for Thessaloníki (Thessaloniki), Varšava for Warszawa exonym studies i dr. (Warsaw), Zambija for Zambia, etc. Shvaćeni u užem smislu, egzonimi su imena In a narrow sense, exonyms are the names of ge- onih geografskih objekata kojima su zbog dugotraj- ographical features that have been “Croatianised”, nih povijesnih veza s hrvatskim jezikom i kulturom and have become an integral part of our toponymy nadjenuti pohrvaćeni imenski likovi te su postala due to long historical relations with Croatian lan- sastavnim dijelom našeg imenarstva (Babić i dr., guage and culture (Babić et al., 1996; 2004; Barić et 1996; 2004; Barić i dr., 1999). Osim što su nedvoj- al., 1999). Besides being important signs in every- beno
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