SOCIABILITY in STARBUCKS COFFEE HOUSES of ISTANBUL the CONTEMPORARY PUBLIC SPACE and ITS USES by Aylin Akyar

CEU eTD Collection

SOCIABILITY IN STARBUCKS COFFEESOCIABILITYSTARBUCKS IN HOUSES OFISTANBUL In partialIn fulfilment for the degree of Master of Arts Genderin THE CONTEMPORARY PUBLIC SPACE ANDTHE CONTEMPORARYPUBLIC ITS SPACE USES Supervisor: Assistant Professor Hadley Renkin Zaun Department of Gender Studies Central EuropeanCentral University Budapest, Hungary Budapest, Aylin AkyarAylin Submitted to 2012 By

Studies

CEU eTD Collection instructions may permissionmade ofthe thewritten Author.” without not be accordancewith in made copiesFurther made.copies any such of part a form must page This librarian. the from obtained be may Details Library. European Central the in lodged part, or full in either process, any by Copies Author. the with rests thesis this of text the in “Copyright Copyright Notice

may be made only in accordance with the instructions given by the Author and and Author the by given instructions the with accordance in only made be may

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CEU eTD Collection alone and makingto arefuge it from huddle the of the city life. patrons female and male both of flanerie urban to cafe, the in others with similarities cultural/ finding of sense the in crowd cafe the with identifying to sense Sennettian the in strangers with bonding from varying ways, diverse in used but consumed livin of conditions disparateand residentsthe of levelsfinancial cultural, educational, the betweendisparities Istanbul: in polarizationsand segmentations cultural and economicsocial, the reveal spaces; public other the from out huddle the from refuge a as especially informants, the by cafe the of uses The meanings. own their cafe Starbucks the contemporaryconditionresearchconcernedIstanbul.theinis publicThe findinghow with in Istanbul, contemporary the to linked and discussed are century nineteenth the of flaneur urban the of character women of exclusion its essentially century, eighteenth the of model sphere public Habermas’ society. the in functions desirable and functions its regarding perspectives studies it and life; public Istanbul’s Ottoman the in place significant their and houses coffee Ottoman the of analysis historical a builds thesis the Primarily, Istanbul. in districts central of variety a in public cafe spaces, public ‘modern’ ‘global’, new, of emergence the with scene, social urban Istanbul’s on globalization Sociability in StarbucksSociability of Houses Istanbul: Contemporary Coffee The Public Space side, as a comfortable & safe space, as a peaceful sp peaceful a as space, safe & comfortable a as side, hs hss rsns n nltcl vriw f h eooi, oil n clua efcs of effects cultural and social economic, the of overview analytical an presents thesis This

h cfe hue s hgl pplr ulc pc, rm h Hbrain n Sennettian and Habermasian the from space, public popular highly a as house coffee the g. The thesis ultimately argues that Starbucks cafes in Istanbul today are not merely not are todayIstanbul in cafes Starbucks that ultimatelyargues thesis The g. patrons use the place, in the ways in which Certeau (1984) argues, as producing as argues, (1984) Certeau which in ways the in place, the use patrons ByAylin Akyar ABSTRACT and ItsUsesand including women’s mobility in the public accelerated public the in mobility women’s including ace or as a public sp public a as or ace

fr om the perspective of the Starbucks the of perspective the om ad h qitsetal male quintessentially the and , intellectual/socio ace necessarily different necessarily ace – –

socialising

economic (1986) iii

CEU eTD Collection and in the reflected usesof polarizations thecafé andalternativeas thecafé patrons an space. th and flaneuse & flaneur cafe the on focused inquiries ethnographic The districts. these on situated cafés Starbucks the in researcher the of observations the lists chapter the districts, significant highly the of Up Istanbul. in districts of variety a in cafés Starbucks roots. T analysis historical a using sphere public Habermasian the of limitations the foreground the on bringing by space; public coffee drawing houses faced; late have ontomodern and modern life The s 19 the to outset their from houses coffee Ottoman the of history detailed a review life, social Ottoman the of space groupings the city, within / transformations urban and processes gentrification the by caused neighbourhoods between divide (the polarizations The periphery). the and centre the between gaps the of widening (the space segregated more a into city the turned have globalization segregation gl social and cultural economic, of ociability. This will provide an historical background for Starbucks café in today’s Istanbul. today’s in café Starbucks for background historical an provide will This ociability. third chapter third The globalization section of the the of section globalization The The The The he quintessentiallymasculine fourth chapter fourth second chapter second fifth chapter fifth

in re t bid n ruet on argument an build to order

of the thesis will refer to public space theories the transformations that that transformations the theories space public to refer will thesis the of th

CONTENTOF THE THESIS CHAPTERS Century, and the links between the British and Ottoman coffee house house coffee Ottoman and British the between links the and Century,

presents the ethnographic research conducted in April, 2012 in the the in 2012 April, in conducted research ethnographic the presents eir uses of the café space; Istanbul city as confusion; differentiations confusion; as Istanbulcity space; café the of uses eir will bewill revealed and bymeaningsStarbucks theuses ofthe patrons.

will be essentially concerned with the gender the with concerned essentially be will o e be o onc te contemporar the connect to able be to will closely look into the coffee house as a quintessential public quintessential a as house coffee the into look closely will blzto sc a tm / time as such obalization characterthe urban ofanalysed. flaneurbe will introductory chapter introductory

otmoay Istan contemporary on putting forth specific characteristics specific forth putting on

will present relevant relevant present will

pc cmrsin spati compression; space stain o t Ottoman its to situation y social life social u ta t that bul eeas wih cr which renewals)

dimension of the of dimension .

e effe he dimensions dimensions

cts of of cts eate al iv

CEU eTD Collection helpinghighly days sake for Sabuncu, two me indebted whospent ofhislife the toMehmet yourvalue friendship. Su Ozkan, Vedat & Sahika Dinc, complaints endless my of all endure youryear.throughout Farah presence the school Saleem, worthwhile… most been has to had He thoughts. positive and support needed perso seminar theories social interesting many I advancement. my on impact had has efforts my in belief and enthusiasm whose Loutfi Anna for thankful am I understanding inc intellect; great his all ofmy as as professors Studies, Sociology inGender well an taken the questioning awake mind my keeping for body further towards desire growing aiy n dlgne a be a isiain o m, h ws eie e hnvr I whenever me beside was who me, for inspiration an been has diligence and nality h aaei ya I ae pn i spent have I year academic The pca tak t al f y nomns h hv md t made have who informants my of all to thanks Special thank I my to thankful am I I especially thank especially

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my dearest supervisor, Assistant Profess Assistant supervisor, dearest my - granted aspects of everyday life. Theref life. everyday of aspects granted Prem K Prem very special friend and classmate: classmate: and friend special very - to

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Acknowledgements a taku t Va Nuec fr etn m ji his join me letting for Naumescu Vlad to thankful am I umar Rajaram; whose seminars made me made seminars whose Rajaram; umar tn Mhe Otr; and Ozturk; Mehmet & ltan I ae ere t b asrie n ulig arguments; building in assertive be to learned have I . has motivated me towards the finalization of this thesis. this of finalization the towards me motivated has n CEU Premises has adorned me with with me adorned has Premises CEU , high self high , ntagious energy ntagious

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esteem and caffeine level caffeine and esteem Atanas Zahariev whose mature mature whose Zahariev Atanas d Social Anthropology

ei Dlsn I il always will I Dilisen. Selin or Hadley Zaun Renkin, Zaun Hadley or i rsac possi research his ore, I am highly indebted to to indebted highly am I ore, . His patience His . ays felt near me. me. near felt ays acquainted with acquainted , openness, , an ever ever an ble .

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Korucu hank you hank h at the universityh premises a ll my , my

family, especially my for all for uncle Nizam Eren, Eren, Nizam uncle

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cafe latte with me. cafe lattewith s Nuray, Yasemin Yasemin Nuray, s huge success in his studies. Ihuge hisstudies. success thank in me at good times and bad times times bad and times good at me ; the angel on earth;

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CEU eTD Collection Chapter II generalThe framework & theoretical debates CHAPTER I TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements CONTENT OF THE THESIS CHAPTERS ABSTRACT Contributions Sociability inthe Ottoman coffeehous Coffee’s rootsThe coffeeof Introduction Consumption inIstanbul: Istanbulglobal asthe city Geographical dimension of globalization: space, place andcity the Cultural Effects Globalizationof Social effects of globalization Globalizationa phenomenon as Globalization intheresearch context Method / Methodology Limitations The PublicnessThe theof coffee houses Types of Ottoman coffeehouses Starbuckssociability Starbucksas a global café Cultural globalization inIstanbul Economicglobalization inIstanbul New publicspaces, new sociabilities ‘globalThe city’, cosmopolitanism and polarization Homogenization vs. Heterogenization Ethnographic Fieldwork Research Met

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...... Introduction to Istanbul

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es andes their clientele

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24 22 22 20 20 18 18 17 17 17 15 14 13 13 12 12 11 11 . .. vii vii

iv 8 8 7 6 6 6 5 3 1 1 ii v

CEU eTD Collection Chapter IV Chapter III The significanceThe of the coffee housein urban publiclife Introduction Conclusion Juxtapositions theof Ottoman and British coffee houses StarbucksCafes and thewomen clientele Hybridity incontemporary Istanbul in Nineteenth Century Public Space(the urban flaneur) Exclusion of women sociability from the coffee house sociability Oriental perceptions theof coffee houseand its male clientele Habermas’ publicsph Introduction Conclusion Sense placeof and place & community attachment Spaceand society interactions: coffee houses and their transformationThe of the coffeehouse sociability Coffeehouses as the 17 ...... Genderand publicspace: Ottoman coffee houses Exclusionary practices withinpublic the space, and women’s petition Community attachment, or Sense Communityof Sense of Place, oridentity place Late modernity UrbanThe Flaneur (19 BourgeouisThe Public Man (18 Reflection Habermas’of and Sennett’s theories on the Ottoman coffee houses Sennet’s view theof public space limitationsThe Habermas’of publicsphere Habermas’ publicsphere Uses transformationsThe theof coffeehouse coffeeThe house as a publicspace with multiple meanings Ottoman coffee houses as alternativeplaces

of of the publicspace

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viii 50 49 48 46 45 44 43 42 42 42 41 40 39 39 38 36 36 35 35 34 33 32 31 31 30 30 29 28 27 27 26 26 25

CEU eTD Collection Bibliography Chapter VI CHAPTER V Empirical inquiries Situating Starbuckscoffee inhouses Istanbul urban scene Introduction Empi genderedThe publicspace andurban the flaneuse History of the coffee housea public as space Effects of Conclusion Common patterns in the usesof Starbucks Starbucks) CoffeeThe Houseas an alternativespace and its Starbucksian underpinnings (the Social differentiations polarizations/ versus‘egalitarian’ the coffee house Place attachment Place/ identity: Social similaritiesand sociabilities similar Urban flaneurs’ view of the urban life urbanThe café Starbucks theon Barbarossa Boulevard, Besiktas(European Side) Starbucksin Beyoglu, Starbucksin Beyoglu, Pera/Tunel Area (European Side) rical Inquiries Starbucks / Istanbul

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83 82 82 81 79 79 78 76 75 72 67 62 58 57 55 54 52 52 51 50 ix

CEU eTD Collection 3 2 1 the perspectiveIstanbul. ofthe cafein Starbucks public inavariety ofcentral districts e cultural and social economic, mid the after The general framework theoretical& debates

Giddens, 1999: 1 1999: Giddens, 1 1998: Bauman, 1994: Appadurai, The thesis draws upon the socio the upon draws thesis The Anthony Gidden fully one no that order understands,but which is makingits effects felt upon all global of us a into propelled being are we worse, or better For do. we what of aspect every almost transformations,affectingof world a in live We Zygmunt an world, the of irreversibleprocess; a fate process which affectsus all intractable the is ‘globalization’ everybody, For mysteries. pass a incantation, magic tur fast word fad a lips; everybody’s on is ’Globalization AppaduraiArjun note to thatnowit is an interactive worldsystem in sensea which isstrikingly new modern the of facts the with acquaintance merest the only takes It Globalization and itssocialGlobalization and reflections: –

324 Bauman

1980’s as direct effects of globalization. It presents an overview of the the of overview an presents It globalization. of effects direct as 1980’s

ffects of globalization on Istanbul’s urban social scene, from from scene, social urban Istanbul’s on globalization of ffects - key meant to unlock the gates to all present and future and present all to gates the unlock to meant key Introduction Introduction -

CHAPTER I economic polarizations that have occurred in Istanbul in occurred have that polarizations economic Istanbul as an urban space urban asan Istanbul

2 …

ning into a shibboleth, a shibboleth, a into ning 3 …

CEU eTD Collection / renewals transformations 4 instance; (for neighbourhoods peripheral the from informants some that noted be should and Suburbs; Outer / Neighbourhood Elite Traditional; / Western as such polarizations others of thecafecafé feeland crowd. belong to its communit new a into transformed sociability house coffee the how understanding in me guiding be will theories attachment place and identity place the Lastly, life. public Istanbul’s in cafe (Starbucks) modern the understand better to crowd. homogenous more t referring be will Ialso produced. are meanings new argue, I and Instead, more a becoming and practices consumption and media mass the as such globalflows, the with awaycarried gettingare people that idea challengethe public space and through Habermas’ wi we how understand To patron cafe Starbucks the of flaneur urban of character nineteenth Istanbul.are centuryin discussed contemporary and linkedcondition tothe public male quintessentially the and women, of exclusion society the in from space, public signific their

the socio thesocio The presents thesis the Primarily, T late of theoriesglobalization the upon builds thesis this Overall, ll make ll

he polarizations he gnrly fo those from (generally, –

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use of use ) Habermas . r

sac i cnend ih idn hw i how finding with concerned is esearch Habermasian and Sennettian perspectives perspectives Sennettian and Habermasian Starbucks patrons Starbucks Certeau’s theory. We will connect our connect will We theory.Certeau’s

Ista s use the place, place, the use s – 4

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Starbucks)

this cafe other than merely consumption merely than other cafe this

the informants differentiate themselves from the the from themselves differentiate informants the

Istanbul , y attachment, in the sense that the patrons patrons the that sense the in attachment, y hi answers their

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discussion of the coffee house as a as coffeehouse the of discussion coffee house coffee ( regarding its uses and functions and uses its regarding te otmoay Istanbul, contemporary the n

ethnographic findings.ethnographic

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modern sch modern

as a highl a as rva these reveal d

olars who who olars y popular popular y purposes,

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CEU eTD Collection E Enlightened; Not vs. Enlightened Residents vs. Class/Elites Middle Middle/Upper 5 fields; marketing and Habermas’ on arguments their building ho coffee the houses intheea mid in coffeehouses first the of opening Europe in culture Period Enlightenment ge conveys, thesis that this are reflected howthey showing inthecafé sociability. urban the see we but too. flaneuse, masculine exclusively not are flaneurs urban the café, Starbucks openn or the sometimes and accumulation, ne of location the socio but dimensions; also are Fatih)

These are, European/Western vs. Traditional/Anatolian divide; Modern vs. Conservative/Traditional; Conservative/Traditional; vs. Modern divide; Traditional/Anatolian vs. European/Western are, These gahcly n Eu on ographically it carries diverse meanings and uses of its patron its of uses and meanings diverse carries it The thesis will argue that, that, argue will thesis The Concerning the larger arguments around the coffee houses, scholars frequently viewed viewed frequently scholars houses, coffee the around arguments larger the Concerning focused have far so public and culture house coffee the over explorations Academic –

economic ess to the global advancements global the to ess

differentiations and are polarizations reflected i use as one of the most significant examples of the bourgeois public sphere; sphere; public bourgeois the of examples significant most the of one as use Th rly modern Ottoman publiclife.rly modern using the the using ese polarizations polarizations ese

, pola especially London; other researchers other London; especially gbuhos of ighbourhoods

. While a majority historians and sociologists and historians majority a While . viewed the coffee house from house coffee the viewed r rizations and differentiations. These are around are These differentiations. and rizations p ad h w the and ope café lite Neighbourhoods vs. Non vs. lite Neighbourhoods

pc ad aig t ennfl in meaningful it making and space Starbucks Western underpinnings of people’s coffee house sociability, house coffee people’s of underpinnings Western and challenges challenges and dr uoen world; European ider

Contributions reside of Outer Suburbs Outer of 5 - public sphere public . sixteenth Essentially; there is a challenge in the use of the the of use the in challenge a is there Essentially; cannot be regarded as a mere consumptio mere a as regarded be cannot nce

te ees f cultural of levels the , - become visible in the ethnographic study study ethnographic the in visible become century Istanbul; century

the perspective of ‘the modern consumer modern ‘the of perspective the – s. These uses and meanings encompass encompass meanings and uses These s.

; High cultured vs. Frivolous/Superficial/Idler; Frivolous/Superficial/Idler; vs. cultured High ; Elite Neighbourhoods; and etc… and Neighbourhoods; Elite

theory turned to turned n thecoffee sociability. house

itrcly n h outs the on historically . Others Others . the investigated coffee house house coffee investigated or dealt with dealt or hi on ways. own their

time w time the levels of education, of levels the in the communication communication the in n intellectual and hich marked the the marked hich

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consumption’ patterns, or ‘new forms of public communication’. Overall, the coffee house house coffee the Overall, communication’. public of forms ‘new or patterns, consumption’ ocrig h fed f nhoooy ee tog w e we though even anthropology; of field the Concerning One of the most crucial contributions of this thesis to academia will be that it links the links it that be will academia to thesis this of contributions crucial most the of One aé i a pcfc locality specific a in cafés e globalization

o mrl a aiuaie osmto sae bt t s scal meaningful socially a is it but space; consumption manipulative a merely not ly s o Certe of use

ulc pc: h cfe house coffee the space: public rvlgd n eerh gna, oe researche some agendas, research in privileged d the place identity / attachment theories. As theories. attachment / identity place the d from the perspective of modern modern of perspective the from

the coffeethe house osdrd s h ms pplr r o the of era popular most the as considered

debates, or u (1984) au Istanbul

as merely as

with its Ottoman roots; a roots; Ottoman its with social social n xliig otmoay ss of uses contemporary explaining in

culture modern belonging to the to belonging

rm h pe the from class de class , from , from

on public scene; none of these these of none scene; public – the historical and anthropological level. level. anthropological and historical the bates ee house literature. T literature. house ee economic feel backgrounds attached to. consumption the nineteenth to the 21st centuries.the nineteenth21st the to r pcie of spective fields of consumption. consumption. of fields .

nd does this through studying through this does nd

noted, Starbucks cafes have have cafes Starbucks noted, ncounter . These studies have been been have studies These .

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CEU eTD Collection in Starbucks reasons for cafés financial Starbucks their orbecause are awaylocalities. from socialize to chances less relatively with those Istanbul, of suburbs outer the in residing those grou This This levels. education high the of students. university or graduates perspective certain a in findings the placed university informants the of characteristic and professionals either are They bee have them of two only interviewees 19 the obscure among an basically than other interviews, structured Enlightened /Non the of course the in appeared & secular/conservative the concerning pattern observable An sociability Istanbul, in life informants t on largely conclusions its based research because largely namely society, Turkish within tensions and suburbs) peri the and neighbourhoods (central differentiations spatial of terms in only life public for investigation. further the flaneuse urban the Istanbul of cafe modern the in that demonstrated city Istanbul flaneur. This challenges the prior ways o ways prior the challenges This flaneur. diinly te conce the Additionally, The research The

via in

dctoa, utrl ad intellectual and cultural, educational, Starbucks cafes; thus t thus cafes; Starbucks life, speci hs ieso srass h soe f this of scope the surpasses dimension this - Enlightened ofthe divide. Most informants had have educationlevels; high of this thesis, this of hc could which al focus on focus al

, and , t f h ubn lnu is flaneur urban the of pt

the male chara male the Starbucks on pn h wy o frhr miia inquiries empirical further for way the open

the effects the he research is limited to their perceptions on the urban the on perceptions their to limited is research he p does not allow us to learn about the perspective of of perspective the about learn to us allow not does p Limitations

cafés, seeks to reveal to seeks cafés, secularism he ethnographic data data ethnographic he f viewing the urban flaneur, and this theme calls theme this and flaneur, urban the viewing f cteristic of the urban flaneur and its challenges. challenges. its and flaneur urban the of cteristic of globalization on globalization of underpinnings;

n cnevtv tendencies conservative and n high school graduates / drop outs. drop / graduates school high n

inve

thesis stigated in the contemporary contemporary the in stigated

the curd rm vrey of variety a from acquired sai tnin hv not have tensions Islamic

W sol nt ta the that note should We . Istanbul in terms of urban urban of terms in Istanbul

is socializing, as alone as as alone as socializing, is conse etn asid setting quent –

the perspective perspective the pheries/outer pheries/outer e the deeper deeper the e polarizatio W . Ti is This . e have have e

ns 5

CEU eTD Collection the upon remained, have permission obtainedthe from informants. Field observ information identifying other and names first All author. first approximately set data The Istanbul. in cafes Starbucks various in 2012 April, in out carried interviews, structured stake. at issues the more out about bringing details space, café the in socialize informants the which in ways the observe one The produce. use patrons Starbucks the which in ways the of analysis Istanbul. E better to order in analyse as spaces public thecoffee houses sources, of variety wide a from houses coffee the of data phenomenal Istanbul in roots historical their with exploring for combines thesis selected have we Istanbul; in globalization the of effects as gender including patterns sociability changing Research Method & Historical Analysis thnographic Fieldwork In order to build a hypothesis on the reflection of socio of reflection the on hypothesis a build to order In The case research of this thesis is the Starbucks Starbucks the is thesis this of research case The

We have chosen the ethnographic method in order to be able to extract an in an extract to able be to order in method ethnographic the chosen have We osss f 19 of consists

the Sabcs aé’ s our as Cafés’ ‘Starbucks 90 minutes of recorde of minutes 90 historical - public space public to - one interviews made it possible to carry out detailed conversations and and conversations detailed out carry to possible it made interviews one

analysis and contemporary case study case contemporary and analysis interviews

dimension Method

hs field This . The historical approach consists of building upon the the upon building of consists approach historical The . d

Topo & re, 00 6 2010: Arsel, & (Thompson dialogue. All interviews have been conducted by the the by conducted been have interviews All dialogue.

case, which will encompass these dimensions. dimensions. these encompass will which case, ; in order to link the contemporary Starbucks ca Starbucks contemporary the link to order in ;

(Karababa, 2012:14 / Me / ok osss f atcpn osrain and observations participant of consists work thodology ations preceded the interviews.ations preceded the café h cf ad h maig they meanings the and café the

- 15)

–

oiblt i contemporary in sociability . economic polarizations and and polarizations economic . Histor

) which constituted constituted which ) ical analysis is used is analysis ical

–

depth The fés fés 6

CEU eTD Collection in projects gentrification through produced is heterogenization the in explained be will process this of effects as differentiations/polarizations chancescommunity. are for building A debate. is mention th with corresponds Thi (ibid). society the of rest the and elites mobile upwardly the between gap “communicational” and economic the as emerges dimension latter The 1998). (Bauman, segregation spatial and 1998) Bauman, 1990; (Harvey, compression namely time/space to side, reference by side debate globalization the of dimensions related space public a as ( cafe Starbucks the to relation in progress in meanings h further and interviews 19 the these interpreted of all of use made have we research, ethnographic conventio the with keeping In polarizations. and tensions urban the to relevance their patron Starbucks the of uses the explore to research the led This Istanbul. of life self their expressed em has naturally comparison A w conducted. those of perceptions and cafes Starbucks the of uses Thompson & ofe os ad h café the and house coffee Examinations Following this, the cultural effects of globalization, heterogeneity, and social social and heterogeneity, globalization, of effects cultural the this, Following bringchapter will together this arguments, majorframework the the for build to In order s Sennett (1986) noted, the more spatiall more the noted, (1986) Sennett s

the loss of loss the Arsel: 2010,7). Arsel:

in reference to the established meanings of the informants as well as the the as well as informants the of meanings established the to reference in -

e ‘polarization’ e def of the in the of

community feeling; which will link globalizatio link will which feeling; community initions of being an Istanbulite and experiences within the social urban social the within experiences and Istanbulite an being of initions Globalization in the research context the in Globalization formants’ I hr te ae ah ih Lortoglu with path same the share I ,

Bauman notes (1998). Another significant d significant Another (1998). notes Bauman

meanings of being an Istanbulite, and afterward their their afterward and Istanbulite, an being of meanings re among erged y polarized the city becomes, the less the the less the becomes, city the polarized y o rqet hs café this frequent ho h ifrat, n hc they which in informants, the

h ct (f Istanbul) (of city the n debate to public space public debateto n (2003) ,

- globalization depth. In studyin In depth. s, I will will I s, i agig that arguing in , s f sociability of imension will will imension

and uncover and

have been been have mention

ns of of ns with ave ave g 7 : ,

CEU eTD Collection 6 g of prominent scholars number a to reference with literature, modernity and cosmopolitanism in theme recurrent a as of wave the capture to endeavoured globalization c as its aconcept, have (2000) Giddens and (1990) Harvey as such Scholars world. the around place taking change cultural and phenomena social understanding an also is It 150). culture” 2007: of and (Tomlison, technologies of environment, the of politics, of economy, the of spheres Elite Traditional; / Western as such IntellectualsNeighbourhood Real /Fake I /Outer Suburbs; city, the within groupings create thus renewals) / transformations urban and processes gentrification the by caused neighbourhoods between pola The periphery). the and centre the between gaps the of widening (the space segregated more a into city the turned have globalization of effects the city, global cosmopo the in globalization of dimension geographical This process. gentrification to rise given have areas residential & recreation and areas business new renewed, being rapidly is Istanbul that cor heterogenization

Appadurai, 1996; Bauman, 1998; Giddens, 2000; Blum, 2003; Tomlison, 2007 Blum,Tomlison, 2000; 2003; Giddens, Bauman,1998; 1996; Appadurai, lob alization Anthony Giddens notes in his first lecture of lecture first his in notes Giddens Anthony and vectors multiple with concept a as globalization explore basically will chapter This multi a is Globalization litan city is worth mentioning. Further this chapter will turn to Istanbul cityFurtherlitan mentioning. chapterturnto this will isworth

(1999 ): responds to the to responds

. 6

Globalization as a phenomenon a as Globalization Soc

auses and effects –

ial effects of globalization effects ial dimensional trend, “taking place simultaneously within the the within simultaneously place “taking trend, dimensional

differentiations between the residents of Istanbul. Notice Notice Istanbul. of residents the between differentiations alytical tool / concept, which has been crucial in in crucial been has which concept, / tool alytical (Held and Mcgrew, 2007: 5). (Held andMcgrew, 2007: BBC Reith Lectures Reith BBC ntellectuals.

7 , the topic of w of topic the , iain (h divide (the rizations

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as a striving as astriving hich is hich 8

CEU eTD Collection lives”. our has affected it how and globalisation of the concept examines London,Giddens from delivered 1986 from 7 the“presentThis is mo of “freedom the with periphery; and centre of the by segregation spatial the explains Bauman life. social urban the in practices, global seemingly between gap socio more the become, society the of elites the mobile upwardly and ‘global’ more the that is argument this in stake at is What 3). (p. exclusion” and 2 (1998: factor stratifying main the becomes fast commodity, distributed soc reorder the words, other in is, It globalization. of effect goods of flow and consumption production, of process quicker or, other, each to next simultaneously locales disparate from etc. food, as such products or together putting of possibility the mean could which compression, space and Time book his on discussion famous Harvey’s resonating journey goods,flows of ofmoneybeen informationsocia and hasimpacting of uponthe

http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00gw9s1 ial life ial Zgymunt Bauman, in his book his in Bauman, Zgymunt T - electronicmoney to is it as Gearedflows.capital goodsmuchrange and wider of

the current world current the economy noparallels has earlierin times he first question should should question first he

make a sense of globalization (1998 globalization of sense a make ). - 96 and took up the post as Director of the London School of Economics in 1997. In his first lecture, lecture, first his In 1997. in Economics of School London the of Director as post the up took and 96

. This Bauman puts it, “(…) the freedom to move, perpetually a scarce and unequally unequally and scarce a perpetually move, to freedom the “(…) it, puts Bauman The level of world trade today is much higher than it ever was before, and involves a a involves and before, was ever it than higher much is today trade world of level The hm n te lclzd rs wdn ii) Sgiiaty even Significantly, (ibid). widen rest “localized” the and them

d imension of globali of imension discourse being formed in the public arena; this is not reflected in the real real the in reflected not is this arena; public the in formed being discourse - day polarization” which he is willingpolarization” book(ibid). inhis which toexplicate he is day

be; how is the changing pace and multiplying direction of of direction multiplying and pace changing the is how be;

services.biggestButthe difference thein financeand of level is zation he zation Globalization: the Human Consequences, Human the Globalization:

:“He was Professor of Professor was :“He

mentions is the “spatial segregation, separation segregation, “spatial the is mentions Bauman first refers to time to refers first Bauman bility” at the centre: the at bility” -

money that exists only as digits in computers in digits as onlyexists moneythat The Condition of Post of Condition The ing or reorganization of all spheres of of spheres all of reorganization or ing –

Sociology at the University of Cambridge Cambridge of University the at Sociology economic and “communicational” and economic

/ information; is an inevitable an is information; /

of our late modern times” times” modern late our of the space of the elites. the of space the - space compression, space - modernity l scene

sets out on a on out sets if there is a a is there if

dichotomy dichotomy

sceneries

? (1990)

9 .

CEU eTD Collection chapter third the with in furtherdetail in dealt 8 present co local a forming into deeper rest the pushed have crowds class middle (1998: city the in feeling dynamics certain thisspace,as were andalmost classes women of of idealizations belonging community and building trust for Sennett’s already their ea lost, losing are agree…” or argue another, one challenge or accost casual encounters, in “engage to together came city the of parts all from people that where spaces, observes public Bauman city. the of parts bustling most the in located spaces consumption unre physically to refers mostly Bauman if Even (ibid). castles” medieval guarded once that turrets and moats the of ta segregation spatial filter(ing) or repel(ling) would or “intercept(ing) be to appear us, shows Bauman as book, this ( Paranoia’ ‘Building titled Flusty Steven (1998: dis spatial / temporal of annulment technological the condition,

This dimension, side by side with Habermas’ with Habermas’ side by side dimension, This On his first chap first his On Further on this dimension, Bauman argues above about the loss of a “local co “local a of loss the about above argues Bauman dimension, this on Further Richard space. public the for nostalgia look; idealised rather a is this view, my In -

be users” (ibid). Several urban spaces (ex. suburban sites), which precisely reveal the the reveal precisely which sites), suburban (ex. spaces urban Several (ibid). users” be - 8. n y iw te ot tiig lutain amn ees o s h bo from book the is to refers Bauman illustration striking most the view, my In 18). a urban day The Fall of Public Man Public of Fall The

‘traditional’ public spaces lack in closer look into the actual not actual the into look closer in lack spaces public‘traditional’

ie n uh wy o lutae o al h avneet & renovations & advancements the all how illustrate to way a such in life mmunity rlier significancerlierand scale(1998:

king place in the metropolitan city, come together to form an “equivalent “equivalent an form to together come city, metropolitan the in placeking ter achable spaces in this context, this in spaces achable

24). The more spatially polarized the city becomes (as the ‘mobile’ ‘mobile’ the (as becomes city the polarized spatially more The 24). Bauman Bua peet Snet s h frt coa t scholar first the as Sennett presents Bauman .

(1986)

further notes: “ notes: further

Structure of the Transformation of Public Sphere Public of Transformation the of Structure , as c as also stresses the crucial nature of the public spa public the of nature crucial the stresses also ited in Bauman, 1998: Bauman, in ited 8 W sol nt a ti juncture this at note should We . (…) (…)

21). the peripheries) the less the chances of of chances the less the peripheries) the we could as well extend this to in to this extendwell as could we rather

than homogenizing the human human the homogenizing than

acs ed t plrz it” polarize to tends tances always beingalwaysexcluded. 20). Metropolitan cities in in cities Metropolitan 20). , or rather have have rather or , o deal with the the with deal o -

(1989) so -

egalitarian mmunity” mmunity” such that,

will be clude

ces ces 10

CEU eTD Collection raise? might condition” “new whichemerges, situation (2000:151): There paradoxical by asvoiced Holton isasomehow or “explosion” “mixture”, such that outcomes the are what f distant most those with even neighbourliness, of condition new altogether an into entered have we (…) information and transportation of domain the in pr exchanges and travels Homogenization vs. Heterogeni th in play at continually are transforming theurban scene globalization of Forces further. gap above the widening correspon not does attachment community this However, 309). (1986: community of sense new a of search in are has faced r Upon (ibid). “man” jeopardising of cost the with came esents this dimension, statingesents dimension, this that horror of ch physically loneliness the and in abandonment bonds, of human experience devastating of woven nets protective of disintegration the in rebounded Appadurai notes on this on Appadurainotes cultural mixture of implications sinc Ever spa the problematizes Sennett

(p. 46) ( ( … … ) )

is ust te trend the outset, its e

h atmt t ‘ooeie te iy pc, o edr t fntoa’ r ‘legible’ or ‘functional’ it render to space, city the ‘homogenize’ to attempts the : in social anthropologysocialinmediacultural theattentionfallenhad and the studies,on allenges which maylife bring (…)

d to public spaces where all can mingle, but rather to consumption spaces, consumption to rather but mingle, can all where spaces public to d

for eferring to Sennett to eferring lbl osmrs, ei cmuiain n itrainl oiiy and mobility international and communication media consumerism, global

Hlo, 00 11 wt a with 151) 2000: (Holton, individual and Cultural Effects of Globalization Effects Cultural .

as follows: “…there has been a technological explosion, largely largely explosion, technological a been has “…there follows: as zation

(2003: 13) tial segregation in the cities the in segregation tial the very existence of the the of existence very the social

goaiain hs en rdctd n cross on predicated been has ‘globalization’

( ibid identities and ) : , Bauman analyzes this transformation the city the transformation this analyzes Bauman ,

“ ifsoit (bd character. (ibid) diffusionist” lifestyles differentin –

rom ourselves” (1994: 325). Then 325). (1994: ourselves” rom ope wt th with coupled “ - p

i bi” p 4) community 45) (p. ublic” n response to this to response n t f n i an of at local settings nr void nner Lortog

, people people , cultural

11 lu lu e ,

CEU eTD Collection (ibid): cities the in polarization causing flows, economic global with line in emerged, order spatial on hypothesis function the into look closer a globalization, ‘globalThe cosm city’, whicha in the context café Starbucks High Suburbs/Apacis; – Outer of Not vs. EnlightenedFrivolous/Superficial/Idler; Residents vs. (European/West Class/Elites norms. Middle Middle/Upper traditional Conservative/Traditional; vs. Modern the divide; Traditional/Anatolian challenging advancements global the to openness or sociability, house coffee people’s of underpinnings Western the sometimes and accumulation, cultural of levels the reside, people which in neighbourhoods of location of lens the through socio of terms in differentiations societal

Elite Neighbourhoods; Real Istanbulites vs. Anatolian Immigrants,Elite Neighbourhoods;Istanbulites Real vs.Anatolian etc…) Building o Building market around technology, convergence of levels high exhibits change In order to better comprehend the connection between the cosmopolitan city and and city cosmopolitan the between connection the comprehend better to order In location The

Geographical dimension of globalization: space, place and the city place and space, globalization: of dimension Geographical political and technological economic, global while that paradox the with faced are We “the spatial order of order spatial “the s , which is an emblem of specialty coffee in Istanbul and takes its meanings in meanings its takes and Istanbul in coffee specialty of emblem an is which , n the above arguments, the thesis argument is grounded on the formation of of formation the on grounded is argument thesis the arguments, above the n (…) s

where this thesis seeks thesis this where

oil lblzto. hs ae te ifrn lvl o euain th education, of levels different the are; These globalization. social culture is characteriz coffee house opolitanism andpolarization

in general, as ain general,traditional public space, as lies. cities ed by high levels divergence of ”

(2000: 3). (2000: to find to -

cnmc oaiain osral i Istanbul, in observable polarizations economic of space is needed. Marcuse & Marcuse needed. is space of –

Enlightened; Elite Neighbourhoods vs. Neighbourhoods Elite Enlightened; the reflecthe

According to them, in the 1970’s a new new a 1970’s the in them, to According tions of these polarizations are polarizations these of tions –

rvn aiaim electronic capitalism, driven

–

Kempen build a a build Kempen utrd vs. cultured

ern vs. vs. ern

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line with my argument that in Starbucks café, socio café, Starbucks in that argument my with line mopolitan city’s public space. public city’s mopolitan cesses Marcuse and Kempen Kempen and Marcuse Reflecting the within differentiations social engenders globalization noted; hitherto have We ae oe o le sm o te ot niae n proa faue o or day our of features personal and intimate most the of existence some alter to come have i order social of types traditional “middlethe class” between.in of segments among also but them of each between only not divisions spatial increasing with “h specialized of and hand, one the on poverty urban new a of within, concentration spatial a include (cities) They have added up to differentiations theresidents up added have among sget. Then segments. s The modes of life brought into being by modernity have swept us away from all all from away us swept have modernity by being into brought life of modes The Notice .

upon this ‘sweeping’ condition of late modernity, modernity, late of condition ‘sweeping’ this upon

Giddens stresses that so that stresses Giddens e tensions new igh (2000) (2000) ; Istanbul as the global city the global as Istanbul – o de te pc hv a ipc o tee polarizations? these on impact an have space the does how

ee” nentoal cnetd uies ciiis n h other, the on activities business connected internationally level” Here I Here

demonstrate two demonstrate . n quite unprecedented fashion. unprecedented quite n n o tee esos s ht hs hss argues: thesis this what is tensions these of One will will cial practices perpetually change in character by character in change perpetually practices cial one of one refer to Appadurai’s Appadurai’s to refer - a s

1980’s Turkish metropolis Istanbul reflects. metropolis Turkish 1980’s

in uh s h ogig gentrification ongoing the as such sign levels of differe of levels ait o tere o pbi sae and space public on theories of variety Istanbul’s specific Istanbul’s - economic polarizations economic

(see Lortoglu, 23,24 2003: (see (…) (1996) (1996) ntiations in the city; one one city; the in ntiations in intensional terms intensional in

social scene social we can can we discussion on the the on discussion

are state that that state s revealed. revealed. . This is This . - to - they day ) 13 . to to

CEU eTD Collection 1990 the towards 1980’s mar import liberal, a from to strategy growth shift major a witnessed level national the at policies economic order in Ardıc launched 135 1999: globalization al., et Eldem (see center cultural and foreground or polarization urban the tensionwhich place the as to referred been has some, atmo “comfortable” The convenient. is café the of location the others for while significant, highly become chairs comfortable or place, the of design the some, For want.they comfor feeling of terms in this explain consumers the of Some coffee. quality and comfort of combination good a space the considers s/he but beverage; particular the drink to necessity immediate an flows. global of face the in effect in always are 2004) Arsel, and Thompson 1997; Haytko, and Thompson (see processes” making meaning “local that, argument the with line in stands space public a of sense the in house coffee houses new scene: social new a with along face changed have Istanbul of colours the reveal which ‘glo in peak their reach differentiations of multitudes These Economic globalization Istanbulin

My discussion on Starbucks in Istanbul, as a spec a as Istanbul, in Starbucks on Mydiscussion Even through I through Even notes,

to attract foreign capital” (ibid capital” foreign attract to

(…) “ ” in his liberal policies liberal his in

– was the early 1980’s early the was table, being given the time and space to do their activities there for as long as as long as for there activities their do to space and time the given being table, y ugt Özal Turgut by

Starbucks stanbul during the during stanbul ’s

in particular ”

Turkey opened its gates to gates its opened Turkey ”

Adc 20: 31) 2009: (Ardıc, ket ”

For the Starbucks consumer in Istanbul, it is almost never almost is it Istanbul, in consumer Starbucks Forthe “ - (p. 32) (p.

oriented approach” (ibid approach” oriented when a new project of economic liberalization liberalization economic of project new a when . This signals subtler polarizations subtler within. . Thissignals ). Ottoman rule Ottoman being crowded by “elite” people “elite” by crowded being D uring this era this uring which which sought to turn to sought

. He He . is played Starbucks. outin

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i. be

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(ibid)

Ardıc The newly

alization in Istanbul

. popular festivals, classical music, jazz, opera,festivals, jazz, music, and classical theater ratesIs theface changing of s he As calls them the “yuppies, the them calls over the world. (…) (…) world. the over

: air travel” air The products of popular culture in urban space: Do they enrich or or enrich they Do space: urban in culture popular of products The – no

“ emerging class / Yuppie / cultureemerging class Istanbulites e, get el of deal great a tes,

(ibid) ”, “

with the rise of a new middle class middle new a of rise the with shopping and entertainment,high and shopping te19’ inse hr n ai ices n the in increase rapid and sharp a witnessed 1990’s “the ” –

. Members of this group of young professionals “follow young“follow professionals groupof this of Members . culture m noig ifrn kns f netimn sc as such entertainment of kinds different enjoying

usually well usually has become an agent of capital growth” capital of agent an become has

tanbul international image, continuing to “parallel to the to “parallel to continuing image, international

forei arks their identities (Mills: their identities (Mills: 2005). arks

in terms of in He n aia bgn o lw to flow to began capital gn – -

paid and well and paid

also mentions that entertainment sector sector entertainment that mentions also s hog te eg wt te global the with merge the through is

popular culture, after the 1980’s. culture, afterthepopular 1980’s. ” , etc... , -

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tech devices, expensive devices,expensive tech (ibid). ” (2009: 33) (2009:

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http://www.alexandragiroux.net/hel ounts. We should note he note should We ounts. ii. nstance one of the informants stress that he listens to jazz music; might be this “new “new this be might music; jazz to listens he that stress informants the of one nstance Öc pit ot that out points Öncü .

O Another function may be, as Giroux as be, may function Another ne of the characteristics of the social scene in Istanbul, as in other cosmopolitan cities, cosmopolitan other in Istanbul,as in scene social the of characteristics the of ne h is Starbucks in our case rese case our in Starbucks is h Globalization andGlobalization alienation at it is anexpensiveat place is ‘high it culture’ of pe

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educated, or comfortable are expected to be to expected are comfortable or educated,

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feeling of being high being of feeling , 2009: 33 2009: , educated; almost always in in always almost educated; ). ). cafés Even though some though Even .

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See - Hattox, Ralph. Hattox, fé defined what defined

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ial, ocrig h scaiiy te edr ieso o Sabcs café Starbucks of dimension gender the sociability, the concerning Finally, In this section we section this In is not a significant venue of the sociability the of venue significant a not is –

cnmc oaiain ae elce truh vr dy rcie i te café the in practices day every through reflected are polarizations economic grown 11 The earlThe ı & .

( Ger’s Ger’s 1985

Ottomans understood of ‘sociability’, it was one of the first public spaces for spaces public first the of one was it ‘sociability’, of understood Ottomans ,

exists t o Ottoman Empire where Empire Ottoman o ) analysis y moderny .

Coffee and coffeehouses: the the coffeehouses: and Coffee .

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its first journey first its Chapter II rkish “consumptionscape”( 2005: 1 2005: “consumptionscape”( rkish first coffee house coffee first origins of a social beverage in the Medieval Near East Near Medieval the in beverage social a of origins itrcl documents Historical

ooeet i te urban the in homogeneity s embodied in the urban flaneur who strolls strolls who flaneur urban the in embodied s

from the 16 the from

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drinking but it encompassed alternative sociability dimensions, such as such dimensions, sociability alternative encompassed it but drinking The social life of Coffee: The Emergence of the British Coffeehouse. Coffeehouse. British the of Emergence The Coffee: of life social The juxtapose

’ on the Ottoman coffee house model. house coffee Ottoman the on

ie A eaiain oiblt i ascae with associated is sociability egalitarian An life. see see

and other travel writings about show how show about writings travel other and ir Certeau, 1984). In orderIn 1984). Certeau,

ofe ho coffee Ottoman and British coffee house sociability on the grounds the on sociability house coffee British and Ottoman to poetry. This dimension wasdimension poetry. verypublic life, in This significant Sociabilities in the Ottoman Coffeehouse Ottoman the in Sociabilities m o te oenzto ad urbanization) and modernization the of ome

welcomed all welcomed

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ighly popular. ighly

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coffee houses were at were housescoffee e Public e

- to

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this sociability sociability this Yale University; University; Yale . 12, 2 pp. 5 pp. 2 12, er elemen er ;

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See Hattox, Hattox, See from end the of 16

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Before reflecting on Beforereflecting T a ctd n üükmre & Kücükkömürler in cited (as e coffee he . Another s Another . . , and e,

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In Baktır’s article, the date is givenas is the date article, InBaktır’s n nelcul oil ice ihn h 18 the within circle social intellectual An red social lsvns. n ws eul … sexual. was One clusiveness. oa dsrbs o te nls virtuosi English the how describes Cowan con highly of milieu the to limited means no by was above perception The who frequented coffeehouses “run t men that warned and impotent husbands made coffee that declared also pamphlet the claims, other its Among home. from away husbands kept they that complaining in much as implied purportedlyribald, … The petitionwomenbythe a tone :

science as well as exotic as well as science dimension “ that these responses entailed responses these that

scene under thescene under spotlight (ibid) Although vi Although outs

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25 see see the and England in received houses coffee the that responses initial above, weabove, will

together with literary wits and fashions enlarged the scope scope the enlarged fashions and wits literary with together by anonymous Londoner wives, bringing the perils of this male male this of perils the bringing wives, Londoner anonymous by sitors often commented on its social openness, there were limits to limits were there openness, social its on commented often sitors oa, 05 131). 2005: Cowan,

– 1674 (2008: 146). (2008: 1674

140). The ‘oriental’ culture of the coffee house raised raised house coffee the of culture ‘oriental’ The 140).

th coffee Turkish the of popularity the to leading cultures,

first discover thisdimension. first discover he hazard of being cuckolded by dildos.

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- houses, and share with their fellows the curiosities” curiosities” the fellows their with share and houses,

The Petition against Coffee: Coffee: against ThePetition 26

The “Turkish aura”, deliberately created by created deliberately aura”,“Turkish The n re t bid u agmn o the on argument our build to order In ulse udr h nm o ‘ of name the under published

f h 17 the of

ofcity’s Londontoclose the coffeehouses, th

known as Virtuosi. In the liberal liberal the In Virtuosi. as known etr hd n intellectual an had Century , since they reveal how the how reveal they since , lientele lientele

. ”

The Rodale Press, Rodale The ( 04 248). 2004: of 18th century mind mind century 18th of

Women’s cerned cerned Notice

1954. 44 –

CEU eTD Collection 28 Studies Gay and Lesbian of Journal A GLQ: Mamzelles, Things of Order Colonial the and Hi Asia. Southeast Colonial in Exclusion of Politics Cultural the and Identities Transculturation. 27 of women Exclusion to forestalland ofthe expansion coffee thepopularity house soci house coffee & effeminacy effeminacy, to the common trope feminine ofa la appetite the for likened be could drinks exotic and foreign, novel, for taste a and women, like gossiping time their spent instead who households of heads as duties domestic their of neglectful as viewed spent who men, British the of circles British the around culture” coffeehouse r the with sociability house coffee polity masculine and vigorous hitherto a for end the of beginning the signalled often consumption with imagination colonial custom”131). (Cowan, 2005: threatening owners house coffee the

“ story See Readers of Livy and other Roman Historians” (Cowan, 2005: 131) 2005: (Cowan, Historians” Roman other ofLivy Readers and ‘Turkish’ Said, E. Said, ” Bearing in mind the recurrent theme of ‘effeminacy and libidinousness of Asian men’ in men’ Asian of ‘effeminacyrecurrentlibidinousness ofandthe theme mind in Bearing The above associations made between made associations above The

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W. W.

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| Stoler, A. Stoler, | 27

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Pratt, M. Pratt,

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test fashion” (ibid). Sexual Affronts and Racial Frontiers: European European Frontiers: Racial and Affronts Sexual men . Eventually, the ‘patriarchal’ character ‘patriarchal’ the Eventually, .

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, were altogether the early attempts early the altogether were , ( 1992 s in England. s inEngland. luxurious consumption luxurious - hss f Egih mores”, “English of thesis . ) ( . 2002 Comparative Studies in Society and and Society in Studies Comparative Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and and Writing Travel Eyes: Imperial ) oriental characterizations oriental . uuh adrn, Soldats Mandarins, Eunuch

they “could be be “could they

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45 &

CEU eTD Collection cultural background” ( “ as listed be can These houses. coffee the precisely, more and ‘metropolitan the enjoying and in participating fully from public the impelled limitations Istanbul the and diversity ethnic & social the up spiced commerce international accelerati Gender and public space: Ottoman coffee houses Ottoman 248). (2004: period” English this in during common households becamebourgeois teas “Women’s homes: private the to belonged women for (ib re surreptitiously which space a established nonetheless ( forms” was clientele side the by stall clientele the interactwith would orientated,gendered, almost exclusively “ house: coffee the of nature coffee a house ifshe tobethought “wished of” (ibid). well in socialize to choose not would woman class middle a view, public general the ( untenable” or uncomfortable presence their made “the crowd: coffee the in joining from discouraged were women id). E ulc oiblt md is ak n h lt 16 late the on mark its made sociability Public were house coffee the of interiors The

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ibid social reveal scenewill masc howthesame g ae f h fo o imgat and immigrants of flow the of pace ng Ökck 20: 976) 2007: (Özkocak, ). “ “ t s o psil t sy ht hy ee omly xldd rm hs places these from excluded formally were they that say to possible not is it disregarded Even a space that considered itself radical precisely because it was egalitarian, was it because precisely radical itself considered that space a Even

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etr Itnu. u t the to Due Istanbul. Century property, income, literacy, and and literacy, income, property, regime of the of regime , a closer look into the the into look closer a ,

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ee house can be considered as considered be can house ee in hogot h 17 the throughout the coffee houses became the private extension of the same masculine sociability in in sociability masculine same the of extension private the became houses coffee the cultural communiti cultural ) Te ein f h tpcl toa house Ottoman typical the of design The .

private quarters reveal the common gender divide in the Ottoman society Ottoman the in divide gender common the reveal quarters private mention how the divide between men and women, specific to the Ottoman society society Ottoman the to specific women, and men between divide the how mention for ak’s study on the public and private life in this period stresses period this in life private and public the on study ak’s th iety, was reflectediety, domain. was inthecoffee house

and 18 and

the male guests male coffee houses houses coffee th

Century discussion of coffee houses as the public spaces and women’s women’s and spaces public the as houses coffee of Century discussion , which , th es

n 18 and ” widened (ibid). widened ” eur would be seen seen be would eur ee h were

w The th as called the ‘selamlık’ (p. 978 (p. ‘selamlık’ the called as

an ex an

Centuries

ighly popular institutions and welcomed a diverse diverse a welcomed and institutions popular ighly 19 tension of this of tension café th

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(2007: divide 47 e . .

CEU eTD Collection mo a in resulted technological modern the that transformations literary politicalbe debates conversationsheld and would 18 the marked that modernity very the from alienation experiencing was flaneur urban the Alternatively, consensus. public facilitate would which “ma manner, artistic the contemplates who man’ ‘modern the is He individualistic. highly be to appears ( is play” as life which unequivocal; of none episodes, of “bagful a to comparable is player”, travelling “the flâneur, landscape isth first2004: 103).The one experiences(Hartmann, paradoxicalits the disposition, tells enjoyer and representative a “player”, a being yet life, modern the criticizing life… modern the from ‘alienated’ and alone being yet house, coffee and metropolis “people, between relationship 106). 2004: (Hartmann, 9). (1995: Life’ Modern of 1969 Benjamin, & 1995 flaneur) urban (the Space Public Century Nineteenth n as actor” in Sennett’s Sennett’s in actor” as n h ubn lnu a a c a as flaneur urban The The urban flaneur, ‘the flaneur, urban The The urban flaneur with this alienated disposition represents the fundamental fundamental the represents disposition alienated this with flaneur urban The Ti mrs th marks This . advancements, urban pl urban advancements, alone. He is hardly in direct contact with oth with contact direct in hardly is He alone. e individualistic re ). The term 'flâneur' term The ).

T pafles f h patc: a practice: the of playfulness e opo ad re ve te ra flaneur urban the view Arsel and hompson as cite as

(1986) cultural figure of modernity’ of figure cultural h fâer s te pcao ad eitr f moder of depicter and spectator ‘the is flâneur The net a is ot i te 19 the in roots its has oncept d in Hartmann, 2004: Hartmann, in d

story ofthe

iy a be fcn. As facing. been has city ra eitne Notice existence. urban sociability and conviviality concept in public spaces, spaces, public in concept conviviality and sociability anning, gentrification anning,

a recurrent theme in Baudelaire’s in theme recurrent a 19 h cfe so” 20: 634). (2004: shop” coffee the th

Century e seeking of pleasure, through the through the pleasure, e of seeking of its marvels… its of th 142). .

Century coffee house a house coffee Century

crig o Bauman, to ccording

modern ‘man’.modern as encompasses two interconnected interconnected two encompasses ers th In this sense, the urban flaneur flaneur urban the sense, this In

well as new working rhythms working new as well

that –

C oe erir idsra & industrial earlier, noted

this is in stark contrast with contrast stark in is this nuy rne (Baudelair France entury

technological advances, advances, technological

the urb the as as

elcig n the on reflecting

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‘The Pa ‘The s ie o the for life

where city in an an in city life’ n u inter rban rban

the the the 48 e, e,

CEU eTD Collection and Artists Istanbulite of Confederation c the with a of sense the in is coffeehouse c with concept house Ottom the together bring which emerging, projects new are there However, Istanbul. socio greater the project they that now immense them) of (most continue male clientele. tohost houses, coffee style Ottoman The Istanbul: of example the in dimension important one but with gender, female the to open became also it discussions, political less or contactless space consumptionfora of more into transformed has coffeehouse theory well( demonstrated has f search the and critic city, the alienation. such of foundations consumption and family nuclear flanerie” iron their In space. s planning urban of introduction offee - and

of modern life. modern of T traditional the if times; contemporary and modernity late the to discussion this Bringing

he difference between th between difference he house in Kuzguncuk neighbourhood is an example for this. It is a traditional traditional a is It this. for example an is neighbourhood Kuzguncuk in house

glass arcades facilitated the rise of a new kind of social activity in public spaces: public in activity social of kind new a of rise the facilitated arcades glass u fro but Ou ad el 20: 9) 2009: Neal, and (Orum Hybridity in contemporary Istanbul in in Istanbul contemporary in Hybridity agn fc o society. of face hanging

od; Aog ih h pedestrian the with “Along words; afar m or pleasure. or contemporary modernity contemporary U Osrig n itrrtn te oen cit modern the interpreting and Observing . rban flanerie, in short, is short, in flanerie, rban

This i This Scannel & Gifford, 2010).Scannel & Gifford,

The urban flaneur would stroll along the streets streets the along stroll would flaneur urban The e neighbourhood coffee houses and the the and houses coffee neighbourhood e uch as boulevards as uch kahve hane kahve s basically why space is space why basically s Cızakc – .

eknn cmuiy tahet (res attachment community Weakening Guilds retd oetct & sociability) & domesticity oriented a , yet it is ‘modern’ in the sense of being in line line in being of sense the in ‘modern’ is it yet ,

. (n.d) , named “Modern Coffeehouses”, in Coffeehouses”, “Modern named , As put forward by Cızakca by forward put As a practice motivated by alienation by motivated practice a , have made have ,

- ik ti t a rjc dsge by designed project a to this links redy boulev friendly –

cnmc oaiain n h ct of city the in polarization economic

modern coffee houses coffee modern imp

the street an appe an street the ortant rs te eeomn of development the ards, , the y,

as the ‘place identity’ identity’ ‘place the as modern

lnu i as the also is flaneur (n.d)

with strangers with prepared the the prepared to experience to , the modern the , ulted by the the by ulted

cafés are so so are cafés aling public aling , loneliness , 2007

an coffee an

( The The n.d, 49

CEU eTD Collection also challenges bt public Istanbul the within differentiations and polarizations the reveals and reflects only not patrons its by cafe Starbucks of meanings and uses The dimension. this reflect further the cafe as intheir own apublic ways. space that; fact the to points research Ottoman the of character masculine the challlengeto a as and men; as comfortably as houses coffee the use to began women cafes, specialty the as such places consumption new of opening the with wit 1980’s the after that note well as should we whole; a as space public the in women of inclusion increasing the as condition cultural new a brought 1920’s the in project modenization the that shown have we As house. clientele the women and Cafes Starbucks life. The hybridity the of in more and 1920’s, the of project modernization the with it associate rather would I condition; social new this signalize to order in ‘modern’ term the coins she if Even (ibid). coffeehouses Ottoman 6). p. Beyoglu: Taksim e il oe n o h last the to on move will We t of section last The Cızakc coffee houses and the quintessentially masculine urban flaneur; our ethnographic ethnographic our flaneur; urban masculine quintessentially the and houses coffee tegrally with globalization, which brought new cultural paradigms into the social the into paradigms cultural new brought which globalization, with tegrally An Ethnography of Istanbul’s Starbucks coffee houses: mnin ta t that mentions a

to the male characterflaneur. ofto the male theurban

& Pera, Besıktas, & Bebek and modern coffeehouses his thesis will mention the mention will thesis his

hese we can observe female patrons female observe can we h the social and economic globalization in the city, and thus thus and city, the in globalization economic and social the h

coffeehouses are constructed as “exact replicas” of the the of replicas” “exact as constructed are coffeehouses hpe, hc ivle te tngahc nure, to inquiries, ethnographic the involves which chapter, CHAPTER V

is summarized withthe wordsis summarized below.

p resence of women in the modern coffee modern the in women of resence

Kultur UniversityKultur

experiencing both the city and and city the both experiencing

Campus

CEU eTD Collection 29 or undermining turn in actions, day every our through produced are meanings alternative of Stressing individual or groups of use" "the cover practices day every that argues (1984) Certeau Notice practices. their through produce they that and it, to attain they that meanings uses Istanbulites Turkish within differentiations economic and social the on be will focus The emerge). that Starbuck life; city contemporary the presentedand demon analysed to Campus University Beyoglu intervie s how globalizationreflected is inthecoffeecity. sociabilitypatterns inthe house & differentiations societal the attachment; placeidentity/place of dynamicsthe society;contemporary and between spatiality Introduction olgt h dimensi the potlight

Ward, G Ward,

of Sta of I This chapter will be concerned with the urban social scene of Istanbul and sociability in in sociability and Istanbul of scene social urban the with concerned be will chapter This the is which thesis, this of study case The n reference to Certeau (1984) this chapter ultimately seeks to demonstrate the link link the demonstrate to seeks ultimately chapter this (1984) Certeau to reference n

s f ws, . – production (Ed.). ( (Ed.).

rbucks, which is, which rbucks, Itronce t ti i an is this to Interconnected . ea o te ue ae) Brao Buead n eıts Bbk n Kul and Bebek Besıktas, in Boulevard Barbaros area); Tunel the (or Pera csn o Sabcs ofe oss oae i Beyoglu in located houses coffee Starbucks on ocusing lo sbet otnal big nihd ih e attributes: new with enriched being continually subject a also functions, concept city the how is That simultaneouslythe plant and the hero of modernity

2000

)

rather than mere consumption of a place, Certeau argues that a diversity a that argues Certeau place, a of consumption mere than rather Starbucks. ons The Certeau Reader The

above. This thesis has carried out observations and 19 structured structured 19 and observations out carried has thesis This above. diverse ways of using of ways diverse

socio socio

strate the dimensions slcin f in of selection A s coffee houses in specific (different kinds of kinds (different specific in houses coffee s –

. Blackwell, p. 104 Blackwell, . p. economic polarizations in Istanbul’s social scene, and and scene, social Istanbul’s in polarizations economic other dimension of the research, which reflects the the reflects which research, the of dimension other truk cfe hue i Istanbul in houses coffee Starbucks Starbucks coffee house by its patrons; the patrons; its by house coffee Starbucks - et ehorpi itriw wl be will interviews ethnographic depth

at hand. (…) the object of object the

– interventions, but interventions, Michel Michel de Certeau

Taksim Square; Square; Taksim s of the place. place. the of s

sociability will , tur 51 29

CEU eTD Collection 31 30 trade with dealt merchants etc… English, French, Venetian, Genoese, where Constantinople of the and Horn Golden the overlooking Bosp Tower Galata the of surroundings the quarter; Starbucks Beyoglu, in Pera/Tunel Area (European Side) Starbucksinformation onthe major coffeeresearch thatthis houses hasplace. taken achieved. attachment place the where is it and others from professed are differentiations financial and neighbourhood cultural, the where is café Starbucks The venues. other from different place, free and comfortable a is it that answers it as sociability, of way alternative an is space public This fl urban the of sense the stran meeting of purposes the for both space public a as patrons the by scenes. public and social as cafés, Starbucks tha patterns & dimensions as acaféa however once street; or it. act space people iswhatbecomes on it place. the of nature ‘fixed’ supposedly the challenging

See Eldem al., et See Figure 5,t 31 h Drawing on the ethnographic data, this chapter will ultimately present significant social significant present ultimately will chapter this data, ethnographic the on Drawing Pera has been the Pera the been has Istik the on located is café Starbucks This orus. (This Starbuck

n wee mase wr lctd Bru i hr ril “h On te Old the Owns “Who article her in Bartu, located. were embassies where and n re t lct or aa n h ubn arc f sabl we Istanbul, of fabric urban the in data our locate to order In Situating Starbucks coffee houses in Istanbul urban scene urban Istanbul houses in coffee Starbucks Situating he picture of stairway the to the r ( 1999

) : 135: most European aneur as a way of criticizing the modern life and as a refuge from it. it. from refuge a as and life modern the criticizing of way a as aneur s café asmaller has hv eegd u o t of out emerged have t –

206.

quarter esidential area of Pera (1999: 146) The research argues that, Starbucks café is used used is café Starbucks that, argues research The

space thant space 30 –

in Istanbul, since it was the main trading port trading Istanbul, themain since was it in iiaiis ih te Sabcs arn is patrons Starbucks other with similarities a Aeu, n so coe o h ‘Tunel’ the to close spot a on Avenue, lal he

Place, we mean, is any concrete venue venue concrete any is mean, we Place,

practices of Turkish Istanbulites in in Istanbulites Turkish of practices

he Starbucks close tothe he close Starbucks i mnfs i te informants’ the in manifest s gers; socializing gers;

il present will

Square.) , or in or , 52

CEU eTD Collection in Embassy French the of interpreter second 144): follows(p. memoir,as in this isdepicted Pera (1999:142). the Marseille” de Commerce de Chambre Fornetty, la de “Archives the from retracted 1693, in Dominique made correspondences two of of day a translating for responsible Constantinople, presents al. et Eldem 37 1999: Bartu, in and popular most the into it turned 1990’s the in area this in gentrification & renewals that, way the of emblem an it make to endeavours characterized which Pera the as Beyoglu, for multi and stores department hotels, theatres, as such living modern of symbols by dominated city, qua Europeanized most the “became Pera reform”, urban for area “experimental the W to endeavours Ottoman the of perspective the beco had 19 the “by and Istanbul “Frankish” the of embodiment the was Pera perception, t of quarter ‘Europeanized’ first “conte the addresses Quarters?” touristic spectacleIstanbul.touristic nostalgic of some Pera’s are “golden” While for days

perfectly reflect - Overall, Pera has been explored from the perspective of a 17 a of perspective the from explored been has Pera Overall, days Pera… of golden the in back live to like would I lacking. is spirit the same, the not just are they but era, in cafés new These appointments. make and meetings, hold storey apartment buildings” (ibid). buildings”storey apartment Galata. (…) adventurers didn’t have any real interest in that part of the city … maybe because it looked looked it because maybe … city the of part that in interest real any have didn’t adventurers (…) Galata. couldn Fornetty … sailors, it looked like a haven for Christians: in a sense, it was too familiar to be true and and true be to familiar too was it sense, a in Christians: for haven to cosmopolitan a like looked it and merchantssailors, foreign of population its and processions, its churches, its with that fact the was Galata Meditteranean the of port other any like much so me the financial and entertainment centre of the city” (p. 33). She views Pera from from Pera views She 33). (p. city” the of centre entertainment and financial the me [T]hese were places like the cafés in Paris, where people would sit and talk with friends, with talk and sit would people where Paris, in cafés the like places were [T]hese )

; our ethnographic research has shown that the patrons of the Starbucks the of patrons the that shown has research ethnographic our ; Grande rue de Pera de rue Grande

be oriental… be

t s unesnily uoen ad f h 19 the of and European; quintessentially as it this nostalgiathis (ascited inBartu,1999:37 ’t help but wonder at the diversity of peoples gravitating to the commercial heart of heart commercial the to gravitating peoples of diversity the at wonder but help ’t

he city, Pera / Beyoglu” (1999: Beyoglu” / Pera city, he ttos … oe te rsrain n rvtlzto o the of revitalization and preservation the over (…) stations for merchants in the Levant Company. This memoir is a compilation compilation a is memoir This Company. Levant the in merchants for

Bartu further mentions mentions further Bartu of the 19 the of Western

esternize Istanbul in Istanbul esternize Ve

Istanbul. This nostalgia prevailed in such a a such in prevailed nostalgia This Istanbul. th

nice, Genova nice, Centur

y ( y Beyoglu are trying to recreate this recreate to trying are Beyoglu 1999:

. ):

The only thing they marvelled at in in at marvelled they thing only The the popular wave of nostalgia waveof popular the Ottoman its to Referring 32).

37). 37).

Century correspondence Century the 19 the th An old inhabitant of of inhabitant old An

etr Ottoman Century th

Century. Being Century. th

Century, it it Century,

rter of the the of rter

(as cited too too 53

CEU eTD Collection Istiklal bustling the th AvenueKabatas ismore of Thispart Port. to Square the connecting line funicular the area, Tunel the to Square the connecting tramline the sides, Asian and European of lines minibus / bus districts, northern to area (Galata) Tunel connecting subway the of intersection of point the Istanbul, of centre transportation local Starbucks Beyoglu, in Taksim Square (European Side) males) and nationality 22 and females 14 count (I gender of terms in diverse highly is place The 30. is average age high few a only are There work. after right here come have and nearby somewhere work they means, Consumer Profile occupied with watchingstreeta spectacle. the as flaneu café be to seem they and entrance, the in window the by right men three coffee a for coming and coffee a take immedi to anyone for rare very is It alone) sitting customers 8 count (I coffee. high t running magazine, a reading Consumer Practices clienteleyet café,a have withthis global strong identification symbolicofthe highly area. par intellectual most the as today area this view here café – In the duration my observation, a number of customers are seen sitting alone, either either alone, sitting seen are customers of number a observation, my duration the In Taksim Boulevard area, at the centre of which lies the famous Taksim Square, is the the is Square, Taksim famous the lies which of centre the at area, Boulevard Taksim probably most which entrance, the at suits business in men especially people, are There

tech mobile phones, cameras, i cameras, phones, mobile tech ately leave the place. During this observation, there happened to be only two people people two only be to happened there observation, this During place. the leave ately –

school students, and apart from them the age is over 20 among the customers the among 20 over is age the them from apart and students, school

to - – go. People seem to be enjoying the place in their own ways. There are are There ways. own their in place the enjoying be to seem People go.

foreigners and tourists are seen are foreigners and frequently, tourists hrough an Istanbul city guide, spending time on their laptops, or laptops, their on time spending guide,city Istanbul an hrough - pods, etc. or studying, while sometimes sipping their sipping sometimes while studying, or etc. pods,

of t an the Pera (Tunel)area an thePera sabl Starbucks Istanbul. either alone or in groups. orin alone either rs; they are are they rs;

Pera . - This

the the 54 ’s

CEU eTD Collection of headquarters the housing skyscrapers with another, one to adjacent Istanbul of districts business the are former the conne Thisboulevard Boulevard. the Barbarossa i located is It Port). Besiktas the (and Port Pasha Starbucks Barbarossaon the Boulevard, Besiktas (European Side) c seeming the or ‘hips’, the observe can We the customers. the in of etiquette both and uses diversity, practices, greater a however is There Turkish. are customers the of majority Consumer Profile Those sitting inthe entrance thestreet. tendtowatch spectacle. for place perfect a café this making crowd, street the observe to way a in designed on time 2 the on others 5 as well as alone, underliningIactivity. floor, mezzanine there are However, observe thatonthe sitting 7people Consumer Practices comfortablecouches windowsoverseein by the of lot a are There floor. mezzanine a and floors two has It Istanbul. in others among spaces abov reasons the For transportation. local or out eating entertaining, flanerie), (urban Avenue Istiklal the on strolling of purposes socio diverse from people with occupied is space aféflaneurs, student This Starbucks café is situated on the boulevard which leads to the BarbarossaHayrettinthe to leads boulevardwhich the on situated caféStarbucksis This is place The caf Starbucks this in People

a top lap . t s ae f n, hn oen cms o a coffee a for comes someone when any, if rare is It s.

very crowded, the age average is 25. There are a few foreigners here; the the here; foreigners few a are There 25. is average age the crowded, very

groups, and business people.groups, h mjr ak suc banks major the nd se t b mr i gop ad ovrain s the is conversation and groups in more be to seem é e, this Starbucks café has one of the biggest consumption biggest the of one has café Starbucks this e,

floor. Most of them are observed st observed are them of Most floor. g street the cts Levent&with cts Gayrettepe n one of the busiest boulevards in Istanbul: in boulevards busiest the of one n

a Yp Kei Grni ak I Bank Is Bank, Garanti Kredi, Yapı as h –

economic statuses, visiting here for the the for here visiting statuses, economic .

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Notice Notice

Customers here, just as just here, Customers writt caféStarbucksis this of inside walls the of side one on poster the On

ed with people studying on studying people with ed the exhibition of Ataturk pictures over the city walls all along the coastal road, from the Dolmabahce Dolmabahce the from road, coastal the along all walls city the over pictures Ataturk of exhibition the )

o n tks ofe n lae. n h scn for h bg al is table big the floor second the On leaves. and coffee takes one no sehir as a private university. This is the district where the middle class middle the where district the is This university. private a as sehir ig books/ ding

the ones in Beyog in ones the

laptops and those other than the group of friend of group the than other those and laptops esaes acmaid y rnig ofe n eating and coffee drinking by accompanied newspapers, 32 , a perception which is connected with artistic and artistic with connected is which perception a , lu: Taksim and Pera, seem to be sitting be to seem Pera, and Taksim lu: ow at the entrance, both interiors both entrance, the at ow

en in Turkish: in en s seem not seem s he most most he

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CEU eTD Collection Starbucks sociability thepart go and ofwho thesociety there. will questions two & last the to informants the by sociability provided Answers space. public a as house coffee the of function house coffee (Ottoman) traditional the altered have 1) Chapter see argues: life; social experience and city the with identify patrons café the how a) observe; to is goal research The Istanbul. in Mall/Bakırkoy Shopping Capacity and University Kultur Bebek, Besiktas, Taksim; / Pera Beyoglu in cafés IT& those midd socio the of terms In students. university seemingly some There male. are whom of all alone; those of 9 are there floor second the and Consumer Profile 3) 2) 1) b) a) 4)

le class professionals who have visited this place after work; or the type of ca of type the or work; after place this visited have who professionals class le teachers from the adjacent language courses areadjacent fromteachers language thecourses observed tospend t

In this Starbucks on the 1 the on Starbucks this In In this section, a set of questions have been directed to directed been have questions of set a section, this In

of whom whom of Similarities patrons;differentiations Starbucks between the from the outsiders underpinnings in theSociability urbanits‘Starbucksian’ scene public Istanbul and of How wouldyou define those whodonot go Starbucks?to How wouldyou define those whogo Starbucks?to What it mean does for you to beaTurkish Istanbulite? socializing in Istanbul (Starb view you do How b. / Istanbul? in scene urban / life social everyday the view you do How a. have come here for intellectual activities such as reading. as such activities intellectual for here come have

reveal how they how reveal

floor, are seen 4 of those who sit alone, three of them male them of three alone, sit who those of 4 seen are floor, ucks)? Empirical I Empirical use

Starbucks, and how they view the link between the between link the view they how and Starbucks, – b) how global effects in the city (which the thesis thesis the (which city the in effects global how b)

economic structure, most of the clientele are either either are clientele the of most structure, economic nquiries

the informants in the Starbucks the in informants the ime here.ime

Sometimes English English Sometimes

fé flaneurs flaneurs fé

CEU eTD Collection April, 2012) (5) Mehmet Venue c. (18 (4) Ugur 2012 (3) Orhan Venue b. Mehmet Venue a. space: house coffee the safety, refuge,Comfort, peace positive energy, psychology… different andquiet,homeliness, to attributed meanings underlying The conversation/bonding. interacting and sociability of way a becomes this books. their to or thoughts; inner their to concentratebetter helps café this atmosphereof the them, to according here come to prefer They place. this in spend they time of course the during that professed has Bakırkoy and urbanThe c th

) April, 2012)April,

A selection of informants He feels others. certain a to according behave Starbucks choose (A because of the “perfect” atmosphere. (O (5 days a week) a days (5

(1) (1) – lat dy a week) a days 4 least t nce a week): a nce Starbucks on the on BarbarossaStarbucks Boulevard, Besiktas Starbucks Beyoglu, Beyoglu, Starbucks Starbucks BeyogluStarbucks

– 32, male, High school d school High male, 32,

Observation Note:

– afé flaneur male –

male, 23,Studying Bachelors in Law, Residence: Bahcelievler

It ahomelyis atmosphere 8 ml, ih col Gradu School High male, 28, comfortable

, 31, High school graduate; school High 31, , They should be also viewed as using the Starbucks café as a public space, as space,as public a as caféStarbucks the usingasviewed also be Theyshould

He goes to Starbucks to think; to solve an issue. He feels He issue. solvean think;to Starbucksto to goesHe

Ugur –

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here because of the

is in love with Istanbul. He sometimes just finds himself in Starbucks... in himself finds just sometimesHe Istanbul. with love in is He is weari , Taksim Square

Pera in truk i a is Starbucks rop Starbucks

the interviews Taksim, Barbarossa, inPera, Bebek Campus,

- out, works as a jeweller / jeweller a as works out,

… (it … (it is a good venue study) to ng a T

being

t, ok a a arrse, eiec: Avcılar Residence: hairdresser, a as Works ate, works as a sports coach, Residence: Fatih Residence: coach, sports a as works coffee house is some kind of a ‘refuge’ for them, for ‘refuge’ a of kind some is house coffee peace and quiet - shirt onwhichshirt reads ofral ad ae place safe and comfortable

alone” & “

with others even if not in the sense of direct of sense the in not if even others with oe f conduct of code the café as a refuge

(he reads his books here).

runs a dance club; Residence: Fatih Residence: club; dance a runs

: “Take: me the to Strippers”

–

(18

ooy nefrs with interferes nobody bcue pol who people (because) th safe andsafe comfortable

April, 2012)April, ”

alone because because alone

( 18 th

April,

(19

CEU eTD Collection April, 2012) (7) Sarp Specialist; Residence: Besiktas (6) Remi in asense,coffee and the seeks house sociab life modern of dullness the with bored is he flaneur: café a is Mehmet that conclude could We Ee i ontmnl ihpol,te igewt e.H ds W l r I but “I” are all pieces of us “We adds: He me”. with mingle they people, with mingle not do I if “Even He observing likes people for as long he as is spending time here. He says; “ to. intended hasn’t he if even says, he socializes, but work, to alone Starbucks to comes Remi comfortably boat… the off getting (E just by myself “ A baristas coming want don’t I because is couch my of side the by shows (He corner. r a be could Starbucks alone. here come I focus. can “ A those people around “ outside. Starbucks to comes always He (A (O For It kind of onthe depends moodyou (repeats) bein. wantto I like loneliness here.I be wantto out ‘mIwhen better concentrate can I places crowded like Ilife. metropolitan the like I – very weekday) very week) a once least t – – nce aweek)nce –

25, male, Studying Bachelors in Information Technologies; Residence: Ulus, Etiler Ulus, Residence: Technologies; Information in Bachelors Studying male, 25,

Then, doyou find Why doyou like crowded pl

me ‘socializing’ notis being with people, webut socialize thanks books to 3 ml, tdig uies diitain ahlr, ok a a tc Aayt / Analyst Stock a as Works Bachelors, Administration Business Studying male, 23,

. Here no one interferes with others…” are are others;in we don’tjust want understandto each other” ”

He thinks that Starbucks has a positive energy/ambiance. .

o his o his table) isThis my corner, “ (Istanbul) where he where …”

socializing here ‘pleasurable’

Mehmet views Starbucks views Mehmet (

” 19

“ th truk cud e refuge a be could Starbucks

April, 2012

has placed his coffee cup, explaining cup, coffee his placed has is to feel the sea breeze and the heat of heat the and breeze sea the feel to is alone aces? , and this is for him the place to to place himthe for is this and ,

side. You getYou side. ) ility, escaping outside. ility,confusion from the

I have with identified

just like home like just anybody interfering anybody . I am not looking for a reason a for looking not amI .

bored at home aft home at bored efuge for me. I prefer sitting on some on sitting prefer I me. for efuge Toe h cm hr feel/act here come who Those . ; and the couches the and ; ) The reason why my c my why reason The

this place… hide from the hullabaloo the from hide

with me with er a while, yet here yetwhile, a er the sun, while you are you while sun, the

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Meaning; the Meaning;

“ comfortable

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– 25, male, Studying Bachelors in Civil Engine Civil in Bachelors Studying male, 25,

24, male, Studying Bachelors in Information Technologies; Residence: Bakırkoy Residence: Technologies; Information in Bachelors Studying male, 24, 23, female, Studying female, 23,

moves you away fro awaymovesyou socializing rd

April, 2012) they inare this venu as as an al

comes to Starbucks mostly Starbucks to comes Bachelors in in Bachelors …”

ternative to

m the psychologythem you go outside”. e because they are comfortable Public Administration, Works at Customs Agency; Customs at Works Administration, Public

the

“Everybody is is “Everybody city

atmaz’. I atmaz’. ce ce is something else”. ering, Residence: Beykoz & Beykoz Residence: ering, that you have you that life with a transformative function. alone , to be to , do not come here to interact with interact to here come not do comfortable had while you were walkingwereyouwhile had in peace and quiet and peace in n wt hs red “ friend. his with ing zation.) ”.

here. I can observe can I here.

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CEU eTD Collection as the reflection of urban modernity. This urban modernity also created the feeling of of feeling the created also modernity urban This modernity. urban of reflection the as spacepublic a as street the of use the in broughtdevelopments 19 the building; consensus and strangers with bonding through sociability debate, radical encouraging and inviting as role a such assumed houses coffee Century, 18 the in especially While space. public a as house coffee the to relation in chapter third the Analysis throughbuilt coffee sociability, house Sennet as time, a for nostalgia the with I b) a) T Tugce (16) Mall, atCapacity Starbucks Venue Shopping f. Bakırkoy Residence: Goztepe (22 (13) Vedat Venue e. at Starbucks ndividualism in the society, as a result of diminishing community diminishing of result a as society, the in ndividualism he ofpublic anmodernity lack spaces asintheearlieroutcome ofurban times… The lodgings. Also the idea of sustaining yourself… private their to confined withdrawn, more and more become have People speed. of age the in The … erosion”. thusto exposed and circumstances new the to adapts memory social The life. urban the by minimized been has community of feeling The circles. / groups small in socialize people distrust, the of is there Nowadays surveillance. What people understand from sociability is becoming shopping the malls.” them from benefit can everybody not But malls shopping the (R Istanbul dowhatever it takes for you spend to time here.” I ol lne i Sabcs sy i I ae re ie fr 2 for time, free have I if say, Starbucks, in linger could “I

arely) selection of the ethnographicresearch above the of selection – -

26, female, Studying Bachelors in Architecture, Residence: Bakırkoy (23 1 Gaut o Bsns Amnsrto, xeine sfwr dvlpet expert; development software Experienced Administration, Business of Graduate 31,

“ You cannot find many public spaces (in Istanbul). Or nowadays these have become have these nowadays Or Istanbul). (in spaces public many find cannot You nd

April, 2012) Bebek Coast, Etiler District individualism -

the symbols of capitalism. The other public spaces are unsafe ‘t unsafe are spaces public other The capitalism. of symbols the nuclear family; deteriorating neighbour relations… We are now are We relations… neighbour deteriorating family; nuclear

. In the past th past the In . which was crucialwas insociety: relievingwhich for thedistrust t (1986) notes, where community and consensus was was consensus and community where notes, (1986) t

pbi sae) Tee s crusrpin and circumscription a is There spaces). (public e community was important but now as a resulta now as but important was communitye

concretizes what has been discussed indiscussed been hasconcretizes what

–

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April, 2012)April, –

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CEU eTD Collection 33 toughness, that demonstrated have Istanbul? in socializing view you do How / Istanbul? in scene urban / life social everyday Urban flaneurs’ view of urban the life hascafés. heterogenizingglobalization ishow This dimension. me individual necessarilyand/or localthereare demonstratethat we Istanbul, today’s in be to supposed is generally café Starbucks which place consumption house coffee Ottoman the from different comfortableand safe. so feel they why is this café, the frequent visit people comfortable or others”, with interferes in getting without and spectacle a as café) the of windows the (from city the watching is sociability the time this however, dimension; space public its maintains café i sitting and boulevards the on wandering practice: social a as and concept/actor a (as flaneur, other swift changes insocial life and rhythms work changing the instance, for of, result a as life: modern this (from alienation

See Chapter III, Transformation of the coffee house ofthe coffee Transformation III, Chapter See hs to iesos f h 19 the of dimensions two These slcin f t of selection A w in space, public a as café modern the of use level, broader a On “I amcomfortab or mixture, diversity, cosmopolitan hybrid or ovd ad las alone. always and volved;

e answers he

patrons of Starbucksof patrons le with the crowd. ‘Kalabalık gozu “ Let i Let

such as the nuc t stayt provided the way (Cansu,it is” Int. 19) – th

‘Istanbul as a mixture, confusion…”

n Century public space are embodied in the urban urban the in embodied are space public Century

the café the

eo t te question; the to below 33

café café Informants especially mentioned that “nobody “nobody that mentioned especially Informants ad n wy ifrn fo te global the from different way a in and , lear family, relationslear changing neighbour view the urban lifeurban the view , experiences the urban modern life. The life. modern urban the experiences , , in people in the the in people flanerie me batmaz’” (Tugrul, Int. 8) - between, apassageway

anings attributed to Starbucksto aningsattributed ). The urban flaneur, while while flaneur, urban The ).

in Istanbul in “ coffee house from afar; afar; from house coffee o d yu iw the view you do How ays similar to and to similar ays

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CEU eTD Collection changing life addressing While BarbarossaStarbucks Boulevard Pera Beyoglu, Starbucks first the as chapter has thisthesis demonstrated, informants, of the by explored not are these if Even to. exposed been has scene is answers the in themes recurrent the of One side. by side sub (a ‘Apacis’ of view the this: exactly is mentions Mehmet that huddle The addressed. have informants the as street or mobilizing for opportunity little with suburbs outer those and notes, (1998) Bauman as city modern late the in actors mobile the styles, as viewed be could city The it? homogenizing than ot and immigrations through globalization that reason, very this for assert we Could confusion? this among all themselves, find or house, coffee the in meaning a find to trying are they that be it their and perspectives informants’ hs eerh otns ht hs reflect these that contends research This her socio her Let it stayLet conflicts.societal outcomes, negative some cause might differentiation this balance To frame. cage a like is it say, could I elite. m the in Nisantası through walked I ago timeSome … another. one for patiencehas one no and (huddle)mixture, a is Istanbul think “I also) about being somewhere in between “Huddle, confusion… A “ (It is) –

How come – cosmopolitan, on the extreme

styles as a resultstyles scene asofthe social urban – the way it is” (Cansu, Int. 19).

vrdy ie n sabl n is nepnig Suha underpinning, its and Istanbul in life everyday economic transformations; is making the city even more confusing rather confusing more even city the making is transformations; economic ?

- culture of the immigrant youth in Ist in youth immigrant the of culture

people all sorts, of different cultures… very perceptions have perceptions very

– it isdirectlyit globalization. linked withthe economic

s fixed. “It” (stresses the luxurious ‘Other’) is outside our outside is ‘Other’) luxurious the (stresses “It” fixed. . I make cannot of sense the things I Beyoglu”. in see ”

rig Sc pae n taqilt… vroe is everyone tranquillity… and peace Such orning. (Mehmet, Interviewee 1)

h ubn life urban the confusing

, or more broadly, globalization: more broadly, , or globalizing an impa an anbul) and the elite professionals elite the and anbul) h transformations the

Istanbul

n sabl rm ihn the within from Istanbul in eas te uuiu life luxurious the because ct on their sociability their on ct cet cnuin n the on confusion create ,

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g yourself any other café… the ‘city life’ should not should life’ ‘city the s

the linkbetweeneconomic globalization and thechange cultural … You either get lost in the city, or find your own way through

”

–

so could be linked to the same reasons for which they which for reasons same the to linked be could n tasomto / rwn dfeet ‘başkalaşmak’, different growing / transformation on, oen or modern distrustful towards each other… (However) Istanbul (However) other… each towards distrustful transform i

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o h above the to someone’s identity and also stresses also and identitysomeone’s

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about the changing urban social social urban changing the about

“ ” those who appreciate Van Gogh Gogh Van appreciate who those sabl s tuh iy fl of full city, tough a is Istanbul oa clue s hybridity vs. culture local , by somehow building a a building somehow by , that he does not think he think not does he that

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and for this very reason Istanbul aand heterogeneous forreason thisvery becomes landscape: )

ion taking place in Istanbul at that moment) means a lot to me, but not to some others. others. some to not but me, to lot a means moment) that at Istanbul in place taking ion mentions thatmentions thetraditional hevisits coffee houses instead:

vr dy I nw ht culture”. that know I day, every

r kish identity vs. the European identity, trying to be achieved through achieved be to trying identity, European the vs. identity kish

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23 or – , I don’t I ,

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April, 2012)

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April, 2012 April, sal It 9 Int. Ismail,

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Ezgi,Int. 15 Only Istanbul is verycomplexIstanbul is becausearemanyouter thereregions.” the from people ( aoe section above e –

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26, female, Graduate of ELT, Work ELT, of Graduate female, 26, hs pit, o example, for points, those sometimes watch other people in the café, or just read books, and definitelyandfeel readbooks, café,just orthe in peopleother watch sometimes ek Coast, Etiler District

use –

21, female, Studying Bachelors Law,in Residence: Atakoy; 23

h café the

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Int. ) 66

CEU eTD Collection / to attachment as often more but 1986) Sennett, 18 space, the public a in as exemplified house coffee (as Century strangers with bonding / meeting or building trust bonding, case some in is café, Starbucks of case; our in specifically and space Pl with the Starbucks house coffee informants Finally, globalization. achieve to pains great taking is informant the as dictotomy, Anatolian vs. European the to refers condition between in this Secondly, (neighbourhood). spatially and socially city; the of peripheries the in those and classes middle a is it demonstrates; above analysis city a global, the and Istanbul) in district luxurious most (the between cultural, as well as conflicts, social the as such created city”) chaotic “a city”, confusing “a city”, tough “a city”, complex “a or “huddle” a it call (they scene urban chaotic the from alienation cafés Starbucks the of spaces; more confined and more peoplebecoming toshopping individualistic, orhome. malls public the of scope the narrowing as outcomes its and faced, has city the that transformation the of huddle T them. among comfortable ace attachment / Place identity Hence we could build a hypothesis that, as actor as that, hypothesis a build could we Hence This study has clearly captured that most interviewees’ most that captured clearly has study This s contend that Istanbul is in a kind of an identity crisis; as Tugce has noted, Istanbul noted, has Tugce as crisis; identity an of kind a in is Istanbul that contend s in between in city life, the confusion, the mess, etc… Some of the the of Some etc… mess, the confusion, the life, city

id ofral scaiiy n the in sociability comfortable find . This mentioning resonates with two dimensions: first of all, as the as all, of first dimensions: two with resonates mentioning This . he café at the same time time same the at café he

its milieu, inorder milieu, tofeelits part oft : Social similarities and similar sociabilities city of disparate life disparate of city . This is played out in the dichotomies they have have they dichotomies the in out played is This . others s

or the way Istanbul is viewed, even if if even viewed, is Istanbul way the or becomes of this modern social life, social modern this of - styles, with a huge gap between the the between gap huge a with styles, ofe house coffee use

refuge a the coffee house as a public a as house coffee the his modernity.

seek to seek h NsnaıEie crowd Nisantası/Etiler the nomns eto the mention informants psil emotional possibly s

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identification the patrons the rm the from 67 th

CEU eTD Collection framework 34 Beyoglu, in Starbucks Pera strangers, tofeelingattached tothe café crowdthrough imagined as similarities above. on so and Starbucks”, understandwho students”, “university “intellectuals”, as “high either class”, middle upper and “middle “professionals”, patrons Starbucks see they emerges: question: the the coffee house of rest the with patron the of similarities the through formation, identity of seeking the is This formed been have attachments new how clearly showing today, l the have period; informants this to the referred of nostalgically some as sociability; house coffee Ottoman the of continuation a as seen be can building community former the While community. a of sense the in them with with identification

See: See: Upon reading a selection of the informants’ perceptions and observations in response to response in observations and perceptions informants’ the of selection a reading Upon Starbucks space bufor 2) (Int. Süha outside. It is a high quality place; just anybody can’t come here…” of feeling the is Starbucks:“There in out attachment is he while “privileged” feels 1) (Int. Mehmet cnel . & L. Scannell .

Journal of En o d yu iw hs wo rqety o o Starbucks? to go frequently who those view you do How crowd, for instance,crowd,for (community) 34

ss truk a “ tid pc” h sy, ut s hs i te S h use who US the in those as just says, he space”, third “a as Starbucks uses

the coffee house crowd of the cosmopo the of crowd house coffee the vironmental Psychology Gifford siness purposes. He views this place as an “elite place”.

R , –

mn feunes f Starbucks of frequenters among . (2010) ‘ high culture high ; and the community fe community the and ; . te big te icsin no h goa ct of city global the into discussion the brings atter eiig lc atcmn: tiatt organizing tripartite A attachment: place Defining . 30, ’ 1 . –

–

cultured people” “elites” or “those “those or “elites” people” cultured litan city, without really bonding really without city, litan eling differs from really meeting meeting really from differs eling

– with the consumption space consumption the with

t s en ht a fo the from way that seen is it

specific pattern pattern specific

68 .

CEU eTD Collection corresponds betweencustomers and similarities according theStarbucks to meanings the Regarding Isay am cl Mehmet Barbaros on Starbucks Besiktas Boulevard, too believes thatpeople are trustworthy here: 18 the as just café Starbucks views Star in tourists with conversations has 3) (Int. Orhan Beyoglu, in Starbucks Taksim Square high are here PatronsStarbucks. understood have who books, read to comepeople this, from Apart a sense of ‘self’: those who have lostthemselves StarbucksUniversityis “This tois be somewhere in between”. sittin wayssimilarof “ wellas as Besiktas but Beyogluin they trybemore to ‘hip’ and socialize..to (Mehmet,Int. 5) intellectual, more are they (Pera) Tunel In hip) Western, are they (that themselves convinced etiquette the for come They are’. you than intellectual more am ‘I asserts: here comes whoever hip, is it ““Because better communication with others” (Ugur, Int. “” 4) parenthesis. in (Starbucks) here freedom certain a is “There to community“There a is feeling broad broad horizons who and know how behave to public, in would come (Sarp, here Int. 7). Peo “70 percent is the high school and university students. They desire to imitate this life style. life this imitate to desire They students. university and school high the is percent “70 ‘cosmopolitan:

what the social scene requires”. early asserts himself as someone who understands Starbucks and adds: “We could could “We adds: and Starbucks understands who someone as himself asserts early ple can identify with Starbucks. ( Starbucks. with identify can ple –

cultured. You cannot see frivolous see cannot You cultured. “Even if g, manners, drinking the coffee… There is an admirationang,drinkingcomfort…manners,isIt for coffee…There the Remi –

r t a to try others

– trbts o Starbucks; to attributes –

th a second university for some… Those who are trying to create tryingto are who some…universityThose for second a

people help other each people

Century coffee house; the “commun the house; coffee Century come, this is not acknowledgeto or to understand here” t u b cmn t Sabcs (r te hv already have they (Or) Starbucks. to coming by out ct

‘Starbucks benliği’ ‘Starbucks

/ idle people here. Those with a certain world view, world certain a with Those here. people idle /

trying be to someone”. .

uk weee tee s hne and chance is there whenever bucks –

no one is arrogant.no oneis One – this place identity apparently apparently identity place this

Sta I trust in people here. You build You here. people in trust I rbucks identity, a identity, rbucks

to him: ity feeling”. Ugur Ugur feeling”. ity

should adapt s he calls it) calls he s

CEU eTD Collection the West. “othering by identities café Starbucks in socializing he coffee, tasting better for alternatives other not no hobbies, had people only “If phenomenon: obsessions modern this to refers He Starbucks. Barbarossa on Starbucks Besiktas Bouevard, His further answer corresponds to place identity theory: Kultur University Starbucks theemotionCansu on builds codn t Nfz It 1) sm pol hv a ossin ih agn ot in out hanging with obsession an have people some 14), (Int. Nafiz to According in Besiktas in Starbucks to come who Those culture. coffee Starbucks the round group to try people “Some afford culturally can who those of spot the is It formed. been has identity place A generation. new the of spot favourite the is Starbucks identity. your reveals out hang you where place “The Cuba of fan a am I drinking… are you coffee the to… listening are you music the know “To café: Fuat novelties. canWe communicate easily to refers (she others with chatting to open are here Patronspopular. so it made has Starbucksof friendliness the think “I 8). cust The you. intimidate high are here “People have, they try to pose. It is unique to here (Besiktas): it’s filled with idle people.”

”. He is He ”. (Int. 11) mentions his cultural awareness and identity; in connection with the Starbucks the with connection in identity; and awareness cultural his mentions 11) (Int. –

it”.

I admire ethnic sounds, jazz, French, 80’s; Italian, English jazz alb

–

highly from the universities around universities the from ” pr ”

ocess.” He says he has never had never has he says He ocess.” critical – alStarbucks: bonding feature of

omer segment of Starbucks makes you feel comfortable” (Tugrul, Int. (Tugrul, comfortable” feel you makesStarbucks of segment omer cultured (who frequent Starbucks), they are not of the type who will who type the of not are they Starbucks), frequent (who cultured is a is

coffee house sociability, in the sense of meeting strangers) and to and strangers) meeting of sense the in sociability, house coffee about the about futile way of being a part of public space public of part a being of way futile –

Starbucks myth Starbucks we don’t expect being spoken sharply”. –

are self are

as e rfr hr. e hns that thinks He here. prefers he says –

assertive; they’re after a lif a after they’re assertive;

– such hung such

as he calls it calls he as - up about belonging to belonging about up . Because there are are there Because . ums”. . “We form our form “We .

e they don’t they e 70

CEU eTD Collection “Starbucks th explains person”and she identity place the demonstrates beautifully Sahika atBebekCoast,EtilerStarbucks District at Starbucks Starbucks cup) it is like it brings her/him prestige… It is, first of all, fashionable …” observe I school the “In “I am aStarbucks not person, andI don’t thinkI be” will (Sahika, Int. 12). handshis boosts selfthe off show to tries societyOur atmosphere,too!” o think who culturally new, something inbring Starbuckswould to goingthink not do Ietiquette…purposes… no have who “People certain prestige.” (Tugce, Int. 16). peop these categorize to now hard is It society. the in pervasive so is Itremains. ‘yuppie’trend) or ‘hip’describing forthe used termlocal perception(the “tiki” the h “The imitating others; they not are aware of anything. Inmy view they are shallow.” (Ezgi, Int.15). bywhoarethey find standing,theyto peoplehaveyou”.trydont a like These saying “I’mjust who gorunumlu’; ‘entel intellectuals cafés political Starbucks in a raised Topics neither style. havelife a They nor viewpoint, life. cultural and social politics, from detached are “People cultured, social class upper & middle the that beverages of kind the combined has Starbucks think “I

igh income segment… (Focusing on the similarities between the middle classes) Iclasses)thinkmiddle thebetween similarities the (Focusingsegment…incomeon igh Capacity Shopping Mall, BakırkoyCapacity Shopping f nothing else… who try to imitate others, in the mood of “let’s experience this experience “let’s of mood the in others, imitate to try who else… nothing f –

people prefer” (Cansu, Int. 19). –

esteem – –

“Idlers hn /e oe wt ta cp r h tems rfr t the to (refers thermos the or cup that with comes s/he when

– is further:

her/his her/his posture changes abruptly.” (Kerem, –

who have nothing else to do but wander around… those around… wander but do to else nothinghave who r t iiae h itletas t asr themselves; assert to intellectuals: the imitate to try

–

we have a swagger. Holding that cup in her / in cup that Holdingswagger. a have we dimension b bidn a aeoy as category a building by , –

it’s only showing off of fake of off showing only it’s le. (But) Starbucks has a has Starbucks (But) le.

Int. 17).

–

high 71

CEU eTD Collection outer suburbs”, the “Apacis”, or “those who do not have enough money”, soon. and go not Social differentiations / polarizations versus the ‘egalitarian’ coffee house necessarily classes, welcoming only /upperfilter middle middle astheir a is There themselves. or students; or graduates university prof either are instance, for informants, the of The majority people. of group specific a to home is café Starbucks that witnessed has chapter this female the coffeehouses modern the in Istanbul, today’s In house. coffee the in place taking conversations literary or be to a theprivateattempt part radical toconfine of not themlodgings, the to classes.e The/ status social of terms orderespeciallyin social the maintain to meant were exclusions of kinds These excluded. always almost were women, or debates, political the join to background educational the lacked had who it, afford those London; or Istanbul Ottoman in houses coffee the frequented statuses social of diversity a from people if even that, noted had We sociability. egalitarian called place attachment. as well as formed being is identityplace a thatrealize we identifications; and practices certain – ‘high being as such here, patrons other with similarities built have Informants crowd. its with themselves identify also they that shown has hitherto muffins, eating or Latte Café drinking Analysis

cultured’‘really or understanding sinl; n ee te ns h ae ih col rdae ae iacal sustaini financially are graduates school high are who ones the even and essionals; bv osrain o the of observations Above T so the house: coffee the of character significant another for space the up opens This

to Starbucks?” to his ethnographic research,surprisinglynot askedonce shows,

a great majority great a n ‘intellectual’ mi ‘intellectual’ n

flaneuse is quintessentially part of the coffee house milieu, however, milieu, coffeehouse the of part quintessentially is flaneuse use Starbucks’, “me and them”: we can call it. Hence, andit. call “me canStarbucks’, them”: we through answer either as as either answer

f h Sabcs aé w café, Starbucks the of lieu, in the modern café modern the in lieu, “ lower xclusion of women necessarilyofan was xclusion

–

educated” people educated”

“ ih s o sll lmtd to limited solely not is hich today in Istanbul, even if not if even Istanbul, in today How do youviewwhoHowdothose

coffee isaffordable.

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critical debates h ol not could who ng ng 72

–

CEU eTD Collection districts. central only in seen be can Starbucks interaction: society and spatiality polarization; the to refers He Barbarossa on Starbucks Besiktas Boulevard, be intimidating. areThere people who cannot pronounce “Café Latte”” (Orhan,Int. 3) courage requires Starbucks in drink a for ask To money… spend to have will him on money any have doesn’t He group. age certain a circle: Apaci “The Taksim Beyoglu, Starbucks Square a sub Mehmet Pera Beyoglu, Starbucks -

culture culture contemporaryin Istanbul): odto. hr i te oreii hr (n uky h mas. hy r te bourgeoisie; the of influx an areis there becausebut trend café a been has “Therepatrons.” Starbucks They means). he Turkey, (in here bourgeoisie the is There condition. le the cafés Bakırkoy of patrons “The creates this differentiatio well is percent 50 than “More otherthe Istanbulites Apaçileri’ ‘Üstgeçit Crossing” Pedestrian the of “Apachis t is) (It else. “ ‘Apaci’s “ Istanb mutual a t between is on going othering This Nisantası. like don’t and Starbucks; in those despise They conservatives. t among comfortable feel not do outsiders The people. intellectual as themselves about think Starbucks in “People out thereout (he means; poorerthe neighbourhoods) I think lustre the has faded” (Remi,Int. 6).

“’ayak takımı’ idlers (in the negative sens exemplifies the hybridity, by referring to the name given to a contemporarya cultural given hybridity, to namethe exemplifies the by referringto s h vne ean slcie Big lt i Tre i aot h socio the about is Turkey in elite Being selective. remains venue the ss ul…

(it means) the cultural evolution of those who come to Istanbul from somewhere from Istanbul to come who those of evolution cultural the means) (it he mixture of Ankara folk music ‘Ankara havası’ with techno. (He calls them) calls (He techno. with havası’ ‘Ankara music folk Ankara of mixture he

” e. t ih sud orei bt i m uiest tee r those are there university my in but… bourgeois sound might It hem. . (Mehmet,Int. 1) n –

hose who come from Anatolia, and those who those and Anatolia, from come who hose a marketing strategy” (Mehmet, Int. 5) –

–

educated. People from central districts… because Starbucks because districts… central from People educated.

cannot be elite. The more these people come to Starbucks, to come people these more The elite. be cannot

e) do not come (Süha, here” Int. 2).

They feel they are different from different are they feel They

– –

can’t come here as he as here come can’t the foreign the are the residents of of residents the are

people frompeople –

names can names economic category,

CEU eTD Collection of effects the of one Istanbul,globalization in which accelerated 2000’s after the are houses coffee Starbucks that is view general 18) (Int. Orkun’s Kultur University Camp people and ‘ an in resulting revealed; is space urban the within polarization and segregation spatial the Remi, from obtained answer the on Reflecting names thosethe 1 “3 the to refers Remi The outer suburbs ‘varos’ are very different from el the cosmopolitanIattitudecultures.a buthave amongyoung generation segmentation.thereis the different of sorts, all of people are there city, cosmopolitan a is “Istanbul us”. above is place say: would segment lower The place. elitist an looks (Starbucks) it outside, the ““From side there is Europeanthe culture, on the other side Arabesk culture.” ( one the on While harmony. in live cannot immigrants) the and Istanbul (European segments in ongoing an is There them… absorb cannot Ista (in culture European The really. integrate cannot Anatolia from come who “Those suburb tolerance towards each other. Each oneof them excludes the other”. (Cansu, Int. 19). have not do segments These cultivate. not could who those ordinariness, (group), education ed of level good with districts, Istanbulites true are there hand one the On affordability… – “ “ Etiler of residents the and Istanbul) (in “Foreigners The 3

t ih sud ie a like sound might It utrd ad iacal wl of Clua acmlto; od oil ice financial circle; social good accumulation; Cultural off. well financially and cultured,

the spaces

rd / slums/ segment ‘varos’ live side by side

district does not read books and they are ostentatious st , the2

theyoccupy. rd

itit, hc crepns o h poe dsrcs n sabl He Istanbul: in districts poorer the to corresponds which District”, nd us Starbucks us , the 3 troye saeet bt Itnu i wee h rc ad h outer the and rich the where is Istanbul but, statement, stereotyped rd, etc. rd,

according to cto, od iacs O te te hn, o lvl of level low hand, other the On finances. good ucation,

othering’ process, stereotyped perceptions of of perceptions stereotyped process, othering’

- the socio ” (Fuat, Int. 11) betweenness ‘arada kalmışlık’. Two different Two kalmışlık’. ‘arada betweenness : I think these people are much more high more much are people these think I : ite ite districts”. . –

economic residents: ofits level –

” Those who are in the luxurious the in are who Those

Ezgi,Int. 16).

nbul) “this 74

CEU eTD Collection Barbaros on Starbucks Besiktas Boulevard, and feels withothers tosocialize free Orhan Taksim Beyoglu, Starbucks Square Starbucks CoffeeThe House as an alternative space its and Starbucksian underpinnings demonstrate that socio experience with line in more be to city the in actors’ ‘mobile econom earlier; noted As periphery. the and centre the between divide widening the and process gentrification to due Istanbul in polarization Analysis It is extremely important to note that, these answers have mirrored the socio socio the mirroredhave answers these that, note to important extremely Itis

(Int. 3) regards Starbucks as an alternative space alternative an as Starbucks regards 3) (Int. (Remi,Int. 6) foster pictures The space) alternative an creates (Starbucks walls… the freely; where place a is “This (Sarp, Int. 7) kno to get can “ (Mehmet, Int. 5) be been haven’t who those for space public the in involved being for place a is “This “Here is like an amusement park amusement an like is “Here

While I am sitting here, I have more comfortable conversations with the person next to me to next person the with conversationscomfortable more have I here, sitting am I While )

h plse fc o te iy Sabcs aé i a ait o neighbourhoods of variety a in cafés Starbucks city; the of face polished the

comfortably… those in theperipheries those in

w the person better. T better. person the w

” (Sarp, Int. 7) o cn ex can you .

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rs yusl freely yourself press

have been drawnhave localities. further intotheir been everybody is doing something else. They write things on things write They else. something doing is everybody e oiie atmosphe positive he

c globalization ic –

where everybody drops their masks masks their drops everybody where ; eel or idn emotions hidden your reveal re here changes the whole thing.” whole the changes here re –

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CEU eTD Collection 35 w ranks Official authorities. religious the from awaysocialize to space, public alternative an was it that maintaining by mentioned, been has house coffee Ottoman the in sociability have thus underpinnings, of many ofsociability,kinds which areelse notpossibly inthe city.performed somewhere 18 the to similar experiencequite so experience you which that than life of way haven’t noted 5) (Int.Mehmet their tocriticizeidentities, modernand from shelter life,it. they Starbucks: in be to happen just not do research our in Patrons sensibilities. romantic / artistic modernity chaotic the from refuge a also becomes café uses act”in Starbucks ameaningful is merethe patrons,ratherthan place consumption/drinks? ofthe

See

use the boulevard, as well as the café as a public space, views them views space, public a as café the as well as boulevard, the Baudelaire, C. First of all, there is a meaningful a is there all, of First of productions the reveal turn in café Starbucks to attributed meanings the would How The alternative dimension of the coffee house sociability and its Starbucksian Starbucksian its and sociability house coffee the of dimension alternative The as space, public “the” now is it is; meaningful made is café Starbucks way Another

before” or as Sarp Sarp as or before” the Starbucks café Starbucks the ( 1995

Common patterns in the uses of Starbucks the uses in patterns Common –

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. referred to this very dimension. dimension. very this to referred The Painter of Modern (Int. 7) (Int. –

as a as . I . th

space Century coffee house sociability; where it becomes the sitebecomesthe it sociability; housewhere Centurycoffee n parallel with the urban flaneur of the 19 the theurbanflaneur of n parallel with noted production

where they can experience urban modern life, boost life, modern urban experience can they where , socializing in Starbucks “ Starbucks in socializing ,

Life and Other Essays ehr es outside”. else mewhere ; as Ugur (Int. 4) has noted; has 4) (Int. Ugur as ; – ved in the public the in ved

challenges the pace of life and lost lost and life of pace the challenges In the 3 the In

Chapter ,

reflects a quite different quite a reflects Phaidon Press

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35 , who ould , the ,

CEU eTD Collection 36 between actors and being those neighbourhoods is themobilein social poorer widened. society and spatiality of discussion the in noted have we polarization: spatial (Int. Cansu as crowd, coffee feel they that profess e who the of because comfortable feel who or does; 1) (Int. patrons, Mehmet as place, this in privileged Starbucks the of attachment place the in reflected middle upper middle, the between revealed, has research our as divide clear very a is there tensions; class the milieu. concerns polarizations social the the of Another of critique a as himself asserts geography; modern a have to need you the residentsIstanbul o instance, hadbeenraised. for of thatin stating Nafiz, which in environment the and education of level the to referring dimension; culture low vs. gentrif and planning urban especially globalization, of effects economic the by resulted as polarizations, to recog A demonstrated, the subversive of their presence (maybe) The characteristics. used; being are cafés Starbucks the which in ways alternative dimension; this upon Building there. n was it however script; obscene and bold politically shadow theatre’s satirical the or consuming hashish as such practices because alternative also was It freely. mingle would statuses social all of people and places, these at importance little of be

part from that, in Starbucks Starbucks in that, from part See Bauman, 1998 Bauman, See Starbucks. nized on the walls, or some informants some or walls, the on nized Thirdly, as this thesis has argued, Starbucks café is the site where the socio the where site the is café Starbucks argued, has thesis this as Thirdly, ication processes, becomes visible. These polarizations include the high the include polarizations These visible. becomes processes, ication

s h stark the is

s eape o h nw tasomd Sabcsa pbi space. public Starbucksian transformed, new, the to example est 19) 19)

on among others, made clear. Most important polarization is the is polarization important Most clear. made others, among Barbaros

aé lnue a te e the as flaneuse, café nme of number a sa

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Bo ecially stress the stress ecially ulevard and Starbucks Taksim, writings are writings Taksim, Starbucks and ulevard tngahc edns reveal readings ethnographic

and the lower classes. This in turn is turn in This classes. lower the and xample of Cansu (Int. 19) has has 19) (Int. Cansu of xample ot common to see a woman woman a see to common ot freedom and comfort and freedom rder tobe modern 36

that the gap the that –

economic –

ed culture unique

lite lite the 77

CEU eTD Collection University Press. 37 well / people shallow & frivolous & idler vs. cultured high polarizations: economic we life; cosmopolitan this of microcosm Blum’s Remembering i sociability: in & chaos alienation that argues milieu. its as well as place the of comfort the stressing here, cafés, “modern” the in formed being vs. frequenters café Starbucks interaction dialectical a in society later the Istanbul; in cafés Starbucks the of ethnography Conclusion (Int. continues.structure coffee 19).Thestill house, ofthe however, patriarchal traditional Cansu like huddle, the from refuge a as Starbucks to come and city, the feel they or 17) (Int. lif modern the of critiques perfectare they and alwaysvisible are women houses, coffee traditional the from fashiondifferent quite a in see, We underpinnings.Starbucksian its

See The most cr most The is ad oeot or tngahc research ethnographic our foremost, and First has chapter this Istanbul in cafés Starbucks of topography presenting Upon Blum, A. Blum, uses - betweenness hls t ptos el bln to” “belong feel patrons its helps t

of Starbucks, whichhave of Starbucks,

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ain ht h mdr cf i te ompltn iy s the is city cosmopolitan the in café modern the that vation the –

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reveal

reflected in the way the informants ‘perceive’ of of ‘perceive’ informants the way the in reflected

outside. This demonstrate This outside. ae en h rfetos f utrl n socio and cultural of reflections the seen have ed

ie f Istanbul of life socio socio

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CEU eTD Collection Another (1998). notes Bauman as polarization” day “present the with corresponds mentioned, we This, (ibid). widens society the of rest the and elites mobile upwardly the between gap ( exclusion” and this following and compression, space / time (1990) Harvey’s (19 ( Tomlison (2003), Blum (2000) Giddens(1998), Appadurai (1990), Harvey on drawing globalization, of underpinnings economic cultural and social the of selection a down listed trend; multidimensional and recent urban life on globalization Effects of understanding of new thedynamics this coffeetrendways. inanumber house of in instrumental been have place; takes fieldwork ethnographic the where Istanbul Century ‘ houses narrative, arepolarizations and infactthe almost always intheir answers. visible s the challenged or escaped Starbucks edu not vs. educated A Tale ofContemporary CoffeeA Tale Houses its Istanbul, until Today, fromthe Past vrl, ‘lbl iett mnfs i sm o te truk ptos em t have to seems patrons Starbucks the of some in manifest identity ‘global’ a Overall, coffee the from on, embarked have we which journey the of way the on findings The O n the first chapter, this thesis explored globalization as an analytical tool/concept and and tool/concept analytical an as globalization explored thesis this chapter, first the n kahve hanes’ kahve sociability& Bauman, 1998: Bauman, Starbucks and its Uses by the Istanbulite the Starbucks Public Uses by and its

cated enough; middle / upper middle classes vs. outer suburbs, et… et… suburbs, outer vs. classes middle upper / middle enough; cated in Istanbul of Ottoman tim Ottoman of Istanbul in perceptions ofthe informants ocial/urban/local boundaries; however, this remains rather a self a rather remains this however, boundaries; ocial/urban/local 3)

which emerges as the econom the as emerges which Conclusion Chapter

2007 es to the modern café: Starbucks, in the 21 the in Starbucks, café: modern the to es V I

framed dimension this

) among others. This section focused on focusedon section This amongothers. )

“spatial segregation, separation segregation, “spatial ic and “communicational” and ic

96), Bauman Bauman 96),

79 – st

CEU eTD Collection chaotic street comfortable/light Intellectuals; Fake – v EnlightenedFrivolous/Superficial/Idler; High Suburbs/Apacis; Outer of Residents vs. Class/Elites Middle Middle/Upper Conservative/Traditional; vs. Modern divide; Traditional/Anatolian vs. European/Western polari and segments social between caused not has globalization period, andbecome café this hasIstanbulites. highlypopular among st five headquarters, the in rise of trend the by market 19 the in started globalization Istanbul’s margins. the han other the fewer on technologies, communication with and peripheries, the in those and t hand one the on While society opportunities. the in actors ‘mobile’ the between city the on efforts globalization the of result a as emerge which polarizations economical and social the to attention the directed we (1998), Bauman to Referring Istanbul. in life urban contemporary less thechances are for community. building the becomes, city the polarized spatially more the that noted (1986) Sennett as debate, space communi the of loss the was dimension significant

Elite Neighbourhoods; Real Istanbulites vs. Anatolian Immigrants; Real Intellectuals vs. vs. Intellectuals Real Immigrants; Anatolian vs. Istanbulites Real Neighbourhoods; Elite h catr hwd o al f hs ln tgte, o s o itr is eff its picture to as so together, link these of all how showed chapter The Hence, this chapter underlined chapter this Hence, (see Ardıc, 2009) 2009) Ardıc, (see –

vs. peacefulcafés,among others… h gnrfcto ad ra rnwl projects, renewal urban and gentrification the ar hotels; ar was successful in attracting foreign investments. This was followed was This investments. foreign attracting in successful was evc sco a wl a tuim a ra nme o business of number great a tourism; as well as sector service

cafés ooeet i te urban the in homogeneity

zations among the city’s the among zations (ibid) -

hearted life hearted Istanbul’s globalizing face presenting the argument that that argument the presenting face globalizing Istanbul’s he city was becoming global, becoming was city he s. Not s. . The opening of Starbucks cafés correspond to this to correspond cafés Starbucks of opening The .

–

styles vs. other life other vs. styles Enlightened; Elite Neighbourhoods vs. Non vs. Neighbourhoods Elite Enlightened; d another segment was further pushed to pushed further was segment another d ty feeling; which linked linked which feeling; ty 80’s; neo 80’s;

ie rte get differentiations great rather life;

residents. These are namely, the the namely, are These residents.

hc aclrt te tensions the accelerate which liberal policies with an open an with policies liberal

advancing its information its advancing - styles; global vs. local; local; vs. global styles; us – to the public the to

cultured vs. cultured ects on on ects 80

CEU eTD Collection the pat hier new behind, left supposedly been had class) and statuses social of terms in space public the in segregation (the radical patriarcha rather a has it and 1986) Sennett, (see entertainment mere as such sociability of functions other the of some disregards it that grounds the on criticized been has socialize) to spaces public “the” of one being house coffee bo for stands the of reading Habermas’ developed. been have discussions sociability or subversive either are which a of some house, coffee the in performed activities social b) and rule; Ottoman the of order social the challenging and side by side socialising ranks th upon house. Building coffee the of structure egalitarian the was perspectives those of One perspectives. of variety a from house, coffee the of characteristic sphere’ ‘public the revealed chapter this and bonding emotional building; consensus radical of terms in sphere’, ‘public the into cultivated eighteenth centuries, the and seventeenth the in especially house, coffee the to attributed meanings is chapter the third the coffee; Turkish from the of history the content on chapter background its Borrowing public. Ottoman the for pastime patriarchal and alternative an both became which sociability, house coffee the developing further life, an social Ottoman the in functions their city, the in houses coffee the and Istanbul, the of History lternative to the ma the to lternative The second chapter is largely concerned with the history of coffee, its travel to Ottoman to travel its coffee, of history the with concerned largely is chapter second The riarchs of

critical th the th

debate. Hence the chapter consequently argued that, while former hierarchies former while that, argued consequently chapter the Hence debate.

homes (women coffee house as a public space public a house as coffee is structure, which encompasses a) guests from diverse social statuses and and statuses social diverse from guests a) encompasses which structure, is field of field archies were welcomed by the emerging entrepreneurs of trade as well as well as trade of entrepreneurs emerging the by welcomed were archies in stream patterns; Habermas’ (1989 Habermas’ patterns; stream radical

were notencouraged tojoin –

critical overall, developing into ‘civility’. The analysis of analysis The ‘civility’. into developing overall, l model of society; excluding women from the the from women excluding society; of model l

debate and debate

) public sphere and Sennett’s (1986) Sennett’s and sphere public ) for the social the for the coffee house crowd). the coffee house an illustration of how social social how of illustration an –

rtcl eae public debate; critical public sphere public space of space

action, (the (the action, d cultural cultural d

, which , 81

CEU eTD Collection chapter this of investigation The Istanbul. in life urban the of confusion the and from chaos everyday refuge a as and space public a as café the use they how reveal to order in cafés, Istanbul the among from flaneuses and flaneurs urban the capture to tries chapter the this, doing While Istanbul. in cafés Starbucks of variety a of ethnography presents chapter, This underpinnings. Starbucksian its and Istanbul in sociability house coffee contemporary Istanbul Starbucks / Inquiries Empirical flaneur, withmode connection its fo the women; excludes which sphere public Habermas’ figure male quintessentially and escape, an rather was brought, it uneasethat The posture. romantic a in city, the of boulevards While lives). over time be time of measuring pressure new increasing this the to instance, presence (for life its city owing cosmopolitan mood the ‘solitude’, and ‘alienation’ were modernity co (1969) Benjamin’s and w life, modern of version ideal the and modernity, Urban trust. mutual of lack the as well as isolation, of levels increasing caused turn in This relations. the of rise development, urban industrialization, 19 the in transformed was houses coffee of dimension sphere public this that maintained house coffee the of dimension flaneuse the urban and space public gendered The h cf was café the ute o, hs hpe a wl a te orh cha fourth the as well as chapter this on, Further The fifth chapter marks the empirical dimension of this thesis; which reads the the reads which thesis; this of dimension empirical the marks chapter fifth The by building its argument on the globalization debate / coffee house as a publ a as house coffee / debate globalization the on argument its building by

ae infcn, h ubn lnu calne i b il srlig n the on strolling idly by it challenged flaneur urban the significant, came functioning as a spectacle and refuge. The urban flaneur had been been had flaneur urban The refuge. and spectacle a as functioning ncept of the urban flaneur. The underlying themes of this nouveau this of themes underlying The flaneur. urban the of ncept

fr th

m t outset its om Century. What marks this change is the fast pace of of pace fast the is change this marks What Century. rnityreflection and Tu, pr fo srsig h lmtto of limitation the stressing from apart Thus, .

in the coffee house sociability. nuclear family, diminishing neighbour neighbour diminishing family, nuclear pter which deals with the gendered gendered the with deals which pter as criticized by Baudelaire’s (1995 Baudelaire’s by criticized as urth chapter pictured the urban urban the pictured chapter urth

ite patrons of these these of patrons ite

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CEU eTD Collection Appadurai, A. houses; t all, in theysocialize which they consume: only not do they factthat the lies café, modern the to media mass from ranging flows cultural global by away carried presumpt common the behind that, is it progressive, rather 21 by followed brougoverallglobalization argued that glob the to openness or sociability, house coffee of people’s underpinnings Western the sometimes and accumulation, cultural of levels the reside, levels the cover these earlier; others neighbour the with connection in always almost educated; comfortable, elite, intellectual, cultured, high few,being aname to were, There crowd. house coffee the of restthe with them bonded which t since patrons; café Starbucks the by formed was attachment place and identity place the how demonstrates additionally chapter The alone. and romantic modern, female, quintessentially as out stands she flaneur: cit the experiences who visible; flaneuse the made The grand narrative of our times is times our of narrative grand The

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is is the summary of the journey, during which during journey, the of summarythe is is

Reader P. P. hood that the café is situated in. Thus the perceptions and diff and perceptions the Thus in. situated is café the that hood Williams and Williams (1994). st

(pp. late modernity. If all these transformations brought anything unexpected or or unexpected anything brought transformations these all If modernity. late - the – 324 -

modern

their use the plac the use their Disjuncture andDisjuncture inthe Global Difference CulturalEconomy – - 339 L.

economic and cultural polarizations in the city of Istanbul; as noted Istanbul; noted as thecity in polarizations of culturaleconomic and Chrisman )

- of education, the location of neighbourho of location the education, of café; globalization ascafé;Istanbul. adifferentiating and force; New York:New e poesd get ay iesos n characteristics, and dimensions many great a professed hey Bibliograp ht further polarizatio (Eds.), e produce – Columbia UniversityColumbia Press

globalization transforms it into social space (Certeau, 1984). All space(Certeau,social1984). into it transforms

Colonial Discourse & Discourse Colonial Post

meanings through their actions. The ways in in ways The actions. their through meanings y and the café in parallel ways to the urban urban the to ways parallel in café the and y hy

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Century was was Century .

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