OTTOMAN CULTURAL HERITAGE in SERBIA the CULTURAL TREASURES of SERBIA

Home , Bajrakli Mosque (Peja), Battle of Maritsa, Fetislam, Golubac Fortress, Ram Fortress, Serbian Empire

NATIONAL TOURISM ORGANISATION of SERBIA OTTOMAN CULTURAL HERITAGE IN SERBIA THE CULTURAL TREASURES of SERBIA

www.serbia.travel MAP OF SERBIA LEGEND INTRODUCTION

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Ottoman Heritage

BIH Ot toman Cultural Heritage in Serbia BG Ottoman cultural heritage in the territory of Serbia can be The Ottoman Empire brought a new order, a new adminis- seen in preserved architectural monuments and the trac- trative apparatus and a new faith to Southeast Europe, but es left in the language, i.e. words of Turkish origin, also it did not dig up the roots of all the existing social relations known as Orientalisms, but also in the mutual influences and institutions, instead it partially accepted them, adapt- which created a specific cultural diet. ing them to its state model. The result of this synthesis was a new civilizational and cultural sphere, whose presence is At the height of its power, in the mid-16th century, the Ot- still felt today in most societies in the Balkans, which is de- toman Empire stretched across three continents and con- fined as “Oriental cultural heritage”. trolled the Black Sea, the Red Sea and the eastern part of the MNE Mediterranean. The civilizational, i.e. the social and cultural effects, were rarely one-sided. When two civilisations meet or clash, The Ottoman conquest of the lands which were part of the there is normally mutual permeation of two, where the powerful Serbian empire of Stefan Dušan, the Mighty, be- weakening society may offer something to the society that is gan after the Battle of Maritsa in 1371 and the Battle of Koso- on the rise, depending on how open said society is to foreign vo in 1389. Still, the independent Serbian state, the Serbian influences. Despotate, survived until the mid-15th century. After the capital Smederevo fell in 1459, the Serbian state disappeared In the historiographies of the Balkan countries, the period from the historical stage and all of its territory became part of Ottoman rule is no longer simply described as the “Turk- of the Ottoman Empire. ish Servitude” or “Turkish Yoke”; the positive sides of the AL Ottoman Empire are also observed, which were particularly pronounced in its Classical Age, up to the year 1600. MK This brochure presents only the most important monuments of the Ottoman cultural heritage, although there are consid-

Coverbphoto: Belgrade Fortress erably more of them in Serbia. www.serbia.travel FORTRESSES Belgrade Fortress Niš Fortress FORTRESSES

Fortresses

Tourist Organisation of Belgrade www.tob.co.rs

Tourism Organisation of Niš www.visitnis.com

Tourist Organisation of Golubac www.togolubac.rs Fortress (kale or hisar) is a fortification built from stone, with Many fortresses in Serbia built during the rule of the Otto- Tourist Organisation of the Municipality of Veliko Gradište or without towers. The Ottomans on Serbian soil mostly man Empire were erected on the foundations of ancient Byz- www.tovg.org used existing fortresses, which they walled and altered to antine and medieval towns. These include Niš Fortress, the Tourist Organisation Kladovo meet their own needs. Since maintaining fortresses was imposing walls of which are among the best preserved in the www.tookladovo.rs very expensive and challenging, in our region, they only entire Balkans. The fortress got its present-day appearance used fortresses which were located in border regions and on in the 1790s, when north Serbia, above the confluence of two Tourist Organisation of the City of Šabac strategically important road routes, leaving the others de- Morava rivers, near Stalać, entered the Habsburg Monarchy, www.sabacturizam.org serted. The construction of palanke, light fortressed built and Niš became the centre of the Ottoman possessions in mainly from wood, which were easy to build and leave when Europe. needed, without worrying that the enemy would use them for offensive purposes, was typical for the Ottoman period. The walls of the medieval town of Ram are located on a steep Golubac Fortress Ram Fortress The best example of the Ottomans adapting an existing for- cliff on the right bank of the Danube. Sultan Bayezid II reno- tress to their own needs is Niš Fortress. vated the fortress in 1483. The cannon holes in the fortress made it one of the first artillery fortresses in this area. • Belgrade Fortress The Old Town Fortress in Šabac, due to the way it was built, falls within the category of permanent fortifications, those Niš Fortress • built for the permanent protection of a certain area, square, • Golubac Fortress mine, crossroads or some other strategically important • Ram Fortress place. • Fetislam Fortress Fetislam Fortress

• Šabac Fortress www.serbia.travel MOSQUES MOSQUES

A mosque is a Muslim place of worship around which devel- Mosques in Serbia are a combination of Turkish Seljuk and oped the centre of an entire settlement, or a neighbourhood Byzantine architecture. After Constantinople was conquered of it (mahala). The first mosques were built on the Arabian in 1453, the Church of Holy Wisdom, which was turned Peninsula in the 7th century, so this sacred building had a into a mosque – the Hagia Sophia, became the model for fully-developed form by the time of the Ottoman period. In all mosque builders, especially in the European part of the the east, the Ottoman mosques were primarily influenced Empire. But majestic mosques were not built in the area of by Persian architecture, and by Byzantine architecture in Serbia because it was a region in the interior of the Empire, the European parts of the empire. The obligatory elements of with a relatively small Muslim population, and there was no a mosque, in addition to the minaret (a tower from which the need to erect monumental spiritual buildings. Tall, slender faithful are called to prayer), were also the mihrab (a niche minarets are typical for Ottoman mosques, and this is what facing in the direction of Mecca) and the minbar (a pulpit). almost all the mosques in the territory of Serbia have. The most important preserved mosques in Serbia are: Bajrakli Mosque, the only preserved mosque in Belgrade, • Bajrakli Mosque in Belgrade, 17th century was erected between 1660 and 1688. It is a building with a • Islam-aga’s Mosque in Niš, 18th–19th centuries square floor-plan, with a dome resting on an octagonal tam- bour. The mosque gets its name from the word barjak - a flag, • Altun-alem Mosque, in Novi Pazar, 16th century which was to signal the other mosques at the time of prayer. • Sinan Pasha Mosque in Prizren, 17th century* Mosques • Sultan-Valide Mosque in Sjenica, 19th century

Sultan-Valide Mosque, Sjenica

Tourist Organisation of Belgrade www.tob.co.rs Tourism Organisation of Niš www.visitnis.com Tourist Organisation of Novi Pazar www.tonp.rs Tourist Organisation of Sjenica www.turizamsjenica.com Altun-alem Mosque, Novi Pazar Islam-aga’s Mosque, Niš Bajrakli Mosque, Belgrade www.serbia.travel

*Kosovo and Metohija is currently under the administration of UNMIK pursuant to United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244. HAMMAMS Hammam of Gazi Mehmed Pasha, Prizren White Bridge, Vranje BRIDGES, FOUNTAINS AND OTHER STRUCTURES

Tourist Organisation of Belgrade www.tob.co.rs Tourist Organisation of the Municipality of Boljevac [email protected] Tourist Organisation of Vranje www.tovranje.org.rs Tourism Organisation of Niš www.visitnis.com Tourist Organisation of Novi Pazar www.tonp.rs Tourist Organisation of the City of Novi Sad www.novisad.travel Tourist Organisation of the Municipality of Pirot www.topirot.com

Djerenka Fountain, Vranje Tourist Organisation of the Municipality of Bač www.turizambac.com Tourist Organisation of Vranje www.tovranje.org.rs Tourist Organisation of Novi Pazar Hammams www.tonp.rs Bridges, Sokobanja Organisation for Tourism, Culture and Sport www.sokobanja.rs Tourism Organisation of Niš ... www.visitnis.com Fountains Hammams were Turkish baths whose origins are associated The best preserved hammams in Serbia are: Bridges, fountains and other structures of public impor- with the Roman baths. As in other Islamic countries which tance were most commonly part of an endowment complex preceded or were contemporaries of the Ottoman Empire, • Hammam in Bač, 16th century of a prominent person of the Ottoman state. Their architec- in addition to hygiene, hammams also had a pronounced • Hammam in Niš Fortress, 15th century tural styles differ depending on the mode of work of the mi- social significance as one of the important meeting places, mar (architect), but also on the part of the Empire in which • Old Hammam in Novi Pazar, 15th century especially for women, who were largely tied to the home. they were erected. In our region, a large number of diverse • Old Hammam in Prizren, 17th century* structures have been preserved, the best examples being: Hammams in Serbia have many similarities, but they can- • Hammam in Sokobanja, 15th century not be said to be a rule. These are architectural elements and • Sheikh Mustafa’s Turbe, 18th century, Belgrade procedures which are generally typical for Ottoman ham- • Fountain of Mehmed Pasha Sokolović, 16th century, Belgrade mams, but which certainty draw attention: • Damad Ali Pasha Turbe, 18th century, Belgrade • Old Bridge, 19th century, Vranje • dual-type hammam, in which one half is for women and the other for • Djerenka Fountain, Vranje men (Novi Pazar, Prizren, Sokobanja) • Skull Tower, 19th century, Niš • built in the style of alternating brick and stone (the hammam in • Two old Turkish fountains in Ledinci, 19th century, Novi Sad Prizren) • Gazilar graveyard with turbe, 17th century, Novi Pazar • based on the foundations of old Roman thermae (like in the hammam • Begov Bridge, 17th century, Staničenje in Pirot in Sokobanja where the female section contains a preserved authentic floor from Roman times) Hammam in Sokobanja • domes that cover each room of the hammam (Novi Pazar) www.serbia.travel *Kosovo and Metohija is currently under the administration of UNMIK pursuant to * Turbe = mausoleum United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244. all ofit! fruit, curdled milk and yoghurt. And he will no doubt enjoy name butafew. Hewilleat turšija(pickledvegetables), dry a widerangeoffreshsalads,baklava and Turkish delight,to mangala (spitroast), as well assarma (stuffed cabbagerolls), barbecue meatBalkan regionwillbeabletotry -skara(grill), growing intospecificSerbian specialities.Thevisitortoour tures were intermixedwithsomelocaldishesandspices, Certain dishesandspicesadopted fromthoseEasterncul- register asloanwords. en suchrootintheSerbianlanguagethat theydonoteven coffee), making Turkish Words suchasjastuk(pillow),kašika(spoon),džezva (potfor eating habits,whicharebestdescribedas “Balkan cuisine”. use ofalargenumberwords of Turkish origin andinthe present ineveryday life.Thisisreflected,primarily, inthe Oriental cultureinSerbia,buttheBalkansasawhole, is EVERYDAY LIFE Everyday Everyday (cherry) andčaj(tea)havevišnja (cherry) tak Life - www.yuta.rs/sr/receptiva/clanice-odbora-receptiva.asp YUTA -National association oftravel agencies ofSerbia IN SERBIA ASSOCIATION OF TOUR OPERATORS ISBN 978-86-6005-449-6 ISBN 978-86-6005-449-6 Volume: 3.000 First editioninEnglish,2015 Printing: Službeniglasnik,Belgrade Translation: Alkemist, d.o.o., Belgrade Map consultant:DrOlgicaMiljković Cartography: MerkurSV Srdjan Veljović,Dragan Vildović Photographs: DraganBosnić,Branko Jovanović, Slava Mićić, Design: MarijanaMarkoska Text: Prof. EmaMiljković Editor: SmiljanaNovičić For thepublisher:MarijaLabović,Director www.serbia.travel Fax: +381112626767 Tel.: +381116557100 Čika Ljubina8,11000Belgrade National Tourism Organisation ofSerbia Publisher: E OTTOMAN CULTURALOTTOMAN HERITAGE IN SERBIA -mail: [email protected] IMPRESSUM 220237324 a) Културна добра -Србијаb) -Водичи COBISS.SR-ID ISBN 978-86-6005-449-6 Kor. nasl.- Podatak oautorima preuzetizkolofona. - Tiraž 3.000. 24 cm of Serbia,2015(Beograd:Službeniglasnik). -[12]str. :fotogr. ;20x et al.].-1sted.inEnglish.Belgrade: National Tourism Organisation Bosnić ... / [textEmaMiljković ;translation Alkemist ;photographsDragan Ottoman CulturalHeritageinSerbia:theculturaltreasuresof MILJKOVIĆ, Ema,1972- 930.85(497.11) 338.48(497.11)(036) Народна библиотека Србије,Београд CIP -Каталогизација упубликацији - serbiatourism serbiatourism serbia

www.serbia.travel THE CULTURAL TREASURES of SERBIA OTTOMAN CULTURAL HERITAGE IN SERBIA