Pre Columbian People OF CALIFORNIA

SHAMAN STORYTELLERS

WHERE TO HOUSES PUT A WEIR THAT SWEAT IN PARTNERSHIP WITH

Pre_Columbian_Cover.indd 1 2/3/17 3:54 PM 2 Meet the California Indians Redwood forests and ocean coasts. River valleys, towering mountains, and dusty deserts. California has all of these land- scapes – and more. Today, people might choose to live in such places because they like mountain views or the sound of waves. But in the past, the places where people lived played a role in how they lived: what types of homes they built, the food they ate, even what they did for fun. In turn, how people lived had an effect on their environment. Before the Spanish came to California in 1769, about 300,000 native Californians lived there. Different groups were spread out all over. Sometimes they came together to trade, or exchange, goods or food. But land and water often served as walls that kept people apart. That’s why the many different groups of California Indians spoke at least 90 different lan- guages! But these groups still had things in common. For example, almost all of them could easily find food. So, most groups were hunter-gatherers. Since they had to work hard to get food, most groups stayed in one place. They had more time to make goods and build the collections of stories that taught young people their ways of life. How did the California Indians live with the land? How did they change it to meet their needs? Read on to find out how geography played a role in the culture, or ways of life, of California’s native people.

pre_columbian_sp1_v2.indd 16 2/3/17 3:58 PM 3 REDWOOD FORESTS coast, by rivers, or were a big part near streams. For of the Northern meat, they hunted Coastal Region. deer and elk or These trees provid- fished for salmon. ed wood to make This wet, green homes, canoes, environment also and tools. People overflowed with like the Wiyot wild plants. The and Yurok settled people gathered along the Pacific them for food.

IN THE CENTRAL homes covered Valley and Mountains, with earth, where people of the same many families group might have stayed. Higher in lived very different the mountains, lives, depending on the ground was where they settled. harder, and there For example, some were more trees. Maidu people lived The Maidu there in valley areas. The built more basic ground there was shelters of bark soft and open. These or brush. Maidu built large

IN THE SOUTHERN used less wood roof were added Coastal Region, when building by covering the the climate was their homes. They frame with mate- warmer and drier. put wooden poles rials that were With less rain, together to make easy to find, not as many huge a frame. The like dried grass trees grew. So frame gave the or reeds. California Indians house its shape. like the Gabrielino Then walls and a

WOOD WAS harder houses were basic to find in the hot, shelters to keep dry desert plains people cool. They and canyons. But had tree branch- there was a lot es for roofs, and of sand and clay. no walls. Small So desert people groups stuck close like the Cahuilla to water sources, sometimes built where most plants homes of adobe, or grew and small mud bricks. Other animals lived.

pre_columbian_sp1_v2.indd 17 2/7/17 10:49 AM 4 Barbara coast. Some settlements there had up to 1,000 people. In the deserts and My California Home mountains, people lived in smaller groups Ever seen a home made of tree bark? If you and moved around more. Sometimes were an early Californian living high in the groups would come together for a while. mountains, your home might have had walls They might gather for an antelope hunt or of bark. On the northern coast, you would to harvest pine nuts. have lived in a house made of wood planks. Although most California tribes were In the desert, your home may have been an hunters and gatherers, a few also farmed. open-sided shelter topped with brush or One of those groups was the Yuma reeds. That’s because people built homes (Quechan) people of the Colorado River with whatever was easy to find and plenti- valley. They grew corn, beans, melons, and ful. For example, huge redwood trees grow other crops. along the foggy, rainy northern coast. That made timber easy to find. In the hot, dry desert, few trees grow. d Most California Every evening, for a hunt. Men Food was also easier to find on the Indian villages men got together and boys often coast or near rivers, where people could had temescals, in a sweathouse. slept in the fish, hunt, and gather plants. Many tribes or sweathouses. During these temescals, except These buildings meetings they when the weather stayed in the same place because life was were centers of might perform was very warm. good. One good place to live was the Santa tribal social life. rituals or prepare

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Wiyot Maidu u The northwest using planks they u Different Maidu scape and climate itive than Wiyot part of California cut from those groups lived in made life harder homes. These was full of huge trees. They used three separate for tribes in the Maidu tribes used redwood trees. So wedges to chop environments: foothills and high brush and slabs of groups like the the planks from valleys, foothills, in the mountains. bark to build basic Wiyot built houses bigger logs. and mountains. So their houses shelters called The rocky land- were more prim- lean-tos.

Yuma (Quechan) Nisenan

u The Yuma Colorado River. with brush, sand, u Near what is homes by making reeds. Then they (Quechan) So, they cut logs to or woven twigs now Sacramento, a frame of wooden covered the whole people lived in a build basic frame- stuck together some Nisenan poles. On top of thing with a layer desert climate. works for their with clay or mud. people lived in the frame, they of earth. Some trees grew homes. Then they valleys. They built added grass or along the nearby covered the frame

Serrano

l Serrano families in the middle of the made round, house, but cooking dome-shaped was usually done houses out of outside. People willow branches. mostly used their They covered the homes for sleeping branches with and storing their bundles of reeds. things. There was a fire pit

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For example, they thought magic made Religion in Daily Life crops grow. They also believed magic What if you lived at a time when people made people sick – and that magic could didn’t read or write? How would adults cure them. Almost all California Indians teach you and other kids about your way had some form of shamanism, or spiritual of life? Early Californians spoke dozens of healing. Shamans were important leaders languages, but none of them wrote things in the tribe. (The word shaman means down. They didn’t even have written “one who knows.”) Both men and women language. Instead of putting things in could be shamans. They healed people and books, the people told stories. Some tales helped them with problems. Sometimes helped young people learn about their they dressed up like snakes or bears to tap culture by explaining how a tribe’s tradi- into the power of those animals. Shamans tions started. Others told legends of great also made up or learned spoken poems to deeds. These legends were often passed on tell people stories about their culture. They from one generation to the next over time. served as messengers between the real Magic was a big part of tribal religion. world and the spirit world. Even today, People believed in supernatural forces. shamans play a role in tribal life.

d TRIBES ON THE the land and the Colorado River people. When he believed spirits died, his son made talked to them in the rivers and their dreams. They plants. The Great told long stories to Spirit’s son also explain their beliefs told the people or remember how tribes should things great ances- be set up. He gave tors had done. The certain people the Mojave creation power to do certain myth said the jobs, like shaman Great Spirit created or warrior.

u THE CALIFORNIA l IN THE SOUTH, THE Indians had two Toloache religion main religions. The was most common. Kuksu faith was Tribes like the big in northern and Luiseño believed central California. visions told people People performed the future. In some rituals and dances ceremonies, a to ward off bad shaman put boys weather or bring into a trance, and game to hunters. they had visions. Some played the These visions told role of a spirit such them what their as the coyote or lives would be cougar. Dancers like or what jobs in tribes like the they would do. Pomo wore colorful feathers and body paint for rituals.

pre_columbian_sp3_2.indd 16 2/3/17 4:04 PM u Northwest tribes r Today, many like the Hupa had California Indians rituals to keep the want to keep the world working as old traditions alive. it should. Some So they learn rituals, such as the rituals and the white-deerskin ceremonies of dance, lasted for their ancestors, days. During this or early family dance, people members. In showed off valu- the past, native able things like groups used such white deerskins rituals to mark or stone daggers. major events. Doing that helped They might honor them remind the dead or cel- others of their ebrate gathering place in society. acorns in the fall. The ceremony also Shown here is helped keep the a dancer in balance between a Gabrielino people and the ceremony called supernatural. the Harvest Dance.

pre_columbian_sp3_2.indd 17 2/3/17 4:04 PM 8 If you had lived as part of a northern California tribe, you might have grown up California Indians with redwood trees all around you. You would be close to the Pacific Ocean or a big river. Your dad and other men would hunt of the Northern game and fish for salmon. You wouldn’t go to school. Instead, you might help your mom gather berries, pine nuts, and acorns. Coastal Region The Pomo, who lived north of what is now San Francisco, even trimmed the branches

u Many tribes Their weavers of the Northern were very talented. Coastal Region Sometimes they wove beautiful made their baskets baskets. The even prettier by Pomo people decorating them were especially with feathers well known for and shell beads. this type of work.

u Most villages l Salmon was had at least one plentiful in rivers sweat lodge. Men and streams of the gathered in the north. So it was a sweat lodge to very important food conduct rituals for the northern and hold meet- California Indians. ings. Shamans One way they were often men. caught the fish was But Yurok, Hupa, with weirs, like this and Wiyot women Hupa man is doing. could be shamans, Weirs were sort of too. For the Wiyot, a cross between sweat lodges a fence and a net. weren’t as import- Fishermen placed ant as they were their weirs across to other tribes. part of a river to snag the fish.

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of oak and pine trees. Doing that helped the thin or wide, and trees grow more nuts. different tribes had The Yurok, Hupa, Karuk, and Wiyot different patterns. The markings were tribes built houses out of redwood trees. thought to be a They cut the wood into planks using tools sign of maturity and wealth. Today, of stone or bone. Many homes were shaped some women of like a rectangle, with smoke holes in the northern coastal roofs. Some houses were for one family. u IN NORTHWESTERN tattoos. Usually tribes get chin tribes like the Wiyot they were stripes tattoos to keep Others had room for many families to live and Yurok, many going up and down. the tradition alive. together. women had chin The lines could be

u THE YUROK d THE KARUK made canoes people were a lot from hollowed-out like their neighbors redwood logs split the Yurok, but they in half. They used spoke a different fire to burn away language. They the wood inside, also had a different making a space belief about peo- for people to sit. ple’s names. Kids Then they dug didn’t get names out more space until they were with tools made of several years old, mussel shells. The and people rarely Yurok paddled their said anyone’s real canoes on rivers name. It was actu- and in the ocean. ally bad manners Sometimes they to use a person’s sold the canoes to real name! And it inland tribes. The was an insult to Wiyot also used speak the name redwood canoes. of a dead person. Instead, everyone had nicknames like “Old Man,” “Coyote,” or “Shoots Swiftly.”

u NORTHERN buying and selling tribes. Wealthy coastal tribes goods like canoes people had a lot of spoke different and baskets. shells. Land was languages but For money, they another sign of were alike in many used woodpecker wealth for tribes ways. They made scalps and special like the Yurok. animal-skin cloth- long seashells Other groups ing decorated with called dentalium thought everyone shells and feath- shells. Being rich, should share land. ers. They traded or wealthy, was with other tribes, important to many

pre_columbian_sp4_v2.indd 17 2/3/17 4:08 PM A Hupa Coin Purse Most tribes along the northern coast used shells as money when they traded with other tribes. The shells came from a certain type of mollusk. A mollusk is a sea creature such as a clam or oyster. People made beads from the shells. They carried their shell money in coin purses like this leather one, made by the Hupa.

pre_columbian_sp5.indd 16 2/3/17 4:09 PM pre_columbian_sp5.indd 17 2/3/17 4:09 PM 12 California Indians of the Southern Coastal Region Your dad has an important job to do. He’s Gabrielino, Luiseño, Kumeyaay, and other the leader of your village, and everyone is California Indians in the south. In the warm, getting ready for a big deer hunt. People dry climate, not as many big trees grew. from other villages are joining in, so your People built houses by making a frame with dad has to work with the other leaders to thin poles of willow or other trees. They make plans. You listen carefully to how they covered the frame with dried grass and other make up their minds about who should do plants. Gabrielino people on islands off what. After all, one day it will be your job to the coast used whale ribs instead be the leader. of branches. They covered the ribs with Life was different for the Chumash, brush or sea-lion skins.

r Some Luiseño set fires to burn u The tribes of the tribes lived on the up brush. Their Southern Coastal coast, but most neighbors the Region built houses lived inland, in Kumeyaay also differently than the hills and valleys. did this. With the tribes in the north These groups brush gone, grass did. The Kumeyaay, wanted to make and other plants or Diegueño, lived sure that animals grew better. The near what is now they hunted, like animals had more San Diego. Like rabbits and deer, food – and the many of their had enough to eat. people had more neighbors, they So sometimes they animals to hunt. used wooden poles to make a frame for a house. Then they covered the frame with dried grass or brush.

pre_columbian_sp6_v2.indd 16 2/3/17 4:12 PM 13 r THE CHUMASH called soapstone. were skilled Chumash were artisans, meaning expert basket- they were really makers, too. good at making things with their hands. They made tools from wood and whalebone. Like their neigh- bors the Gabrielino, they also created carvings out of a soft stone

u SOUTHERN California gets a lot of earthquakes. One Gabrielino legend explained l THE CHUMASH brother, or sister why the Earth lived in villages took over. When shook sometimes. along the Pacific village leaders met, The story says that and on islands near they might agree Earth used to be what is now Santa for their villages to covered by water, Barbara. A leader work together, or until a spirit called headed the village cooperate. If a few Qua-o-ar (Giver government. This villages decided of Life) told seven person worked to go on a deer giant turtles to hold within a system to hunt, the leaders up the land. He decide what was might cooperate wanted the land to best for the group. to decide what job be out of the water, Chumash leaders each person did so things could mostly came from during the hunt. grow. The turtles the same family. Shown here is had to stand still, When one died, Jimmie Addington, but sometimes the son usually one of the lead- they got tired and became leader. If ers of today’s moved a little. And a leader had no Chumash tribe. that’s what made son, a daughter, the Earth shake.

r SOUTHERN coastal people ate a lot of fish and sea animals. They built canoes and rafts to travel in the ocean and on rivers. They hunted deer, rabbits, and other animals. For many tribes, the acorn was as important as it was in the North. Tribes regularly traded with each other, often using beads made of clam shells for money.

pre_columbian_sp6_v2.indd 17 2/3/17 4:12 PM 14 California Indians of the Central Valley and Mountains Winter is coming. Are you ready to help way of getting work done. Each adult had your village prepare? Then grab that basket a certain job – like hunting or gathering your mother made and go with her to dig food. Kids sometimes helped out, too. up roots. Later, you can help her hang them When different people do different jobs, up to dry so they can be used as food in the it’s called a division of labor. Some jobs colder months. While you and your mom needed an expert, or a person with a special are gathering roots, your dad is out with his skill. For example, a woman might be great bow and arrow, hunting elk with other men. at making acorn flour. She would specialize They might be gone for days, but when they in that job. That means she did one job and return, everyone will feast. learned to do it really well. Like other California tribes, the Central Valley and Mountain groups had a smart

d THE YOKUTS build a house. Men California) to cover people made hous- made the frames, the house. Large es out of wooden and women wove houses could hold poles tied together. mats out of tule many families. Men and women (a type of reed cooperated to found in central

u JUST LIKE KIDS today, children in California Indian tribes loved to play. The games of Miwok and other tribal kids were a lot like the ones you play now, such as tag or hide-and- seek. Other games helped them learn valuable skills. For example, the ring-and-dart game taught hunting skills. A player rolled a wooden ring along the ground. As it rolled, another player tried to throw a five-foot dart through it. What games have helped you learn skills?

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r WHEN MAIDU women harvested seeds, they used a special tool called a seed beater (left). They hit grasses with it to knock out the seeds. The women also carried baskets to catch the seeds as they fell.

l IN SOME WAYS, life for people in the Central Valley and Mountains was a lot like it was for most other tribes. They had plenty of animals to hunt, like deer and elk. They gathered nuts, berries, and plants to eat. The climate was mild, which made life easier. Tribes from this area included the Achumawi, Maidu, Miwok, Nisenan, and Yokuts. In fact, lots of people lived there. At one time, it might have been home to more than half of all California Indians. Today, this area produces much of the fruits, veg- etables, and nuts grown in the U.S.

r THE ACHUMAWI the hole. The lived in valleys poles were cov- high up in the ered with grass mountains, where or bark, and then winters were long a layer of earth. and cold. So their To get into the winter homes house, people were dug into the climbed down a ground. They used ladder through wooden poles to a smoke hole in make a roof over the roof.

pre_columbian_sp7.indd 17 2/3/17 4:55 PM 16 California Indians of the Desert Region The weather is warm and dry, but your grandmother still wants the fire to be hot. She’s making a clay pot, and fire is how the pot gets finished. The heat bakes it until it’s hard. Someday when you’re old enough, you might get to make pots, too. So you watch closely as she carefully shapes a clay jar. You hope it turns out right. A good pot can be traded to another tribe for food or something else your family needs. Many desert people built their homes out of brush because they had few other resources. Cahuilla houses were usually dome-shaped or rectangular. Mojave people lived in some of the hottest parts of the desert. Temperatures could get really high, especially in the summer. To keep cool during the hottest times of the year, the Cahuilla and Mojave sometimes built homes that had roofs but no walls.

l ONE THING THE California groups Cahuilla traded didn’t make clay u THE SERRANO in the village, and with other tribes pots, although the built wickiups ceremonies were was clay pots. Clay Mojave did. That’s (wigwams) using held there. The is made from spe- because other willow branches as job of village chief cial kinds of very tribes had grass a frame. They cov- was handed down fine dirt found in and wood around ered the branches from generation to streams and rivers. for making bowls with rushes (a generation, usu- Pots could be used and baskets. The grassy plant ally from father to for cooking. They Cahuilla traded found in southern son. Each Serrano were also good for their pots for things California). The village also had a storing food and like food, tools, and chief, or kika, had sweat lodge. water. Many other shell beads. the largest house

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u If it was so hot riverbank. Made and dry, how could of bits of soil and the Mojave tribes rock, silt is good farm crops? They for growing things. had the Colorado Men also fished in River. In spring, the river and hunt- snow in the Rocky ed along its banks. Mountains melted Nearby, Mojave and flooded the women gathered river. When the mesquite beans, water level went seeds, and cactus down, a layer of fruit. silt was left on the

u Life in the Not much rain fell, Desert Region was not as many plants a lot harder. The grew, and not as land was much many animals more arid, or dry. lived there. Not as many people lived there, either, and they moved around more than other tribes. r Desert tribes Cahuilla traded Some tribes, like had a harder time with the Serrano, the Mojave, also getting things they their neighbors worked at farming, needed from the to the north. They or agriculture. They land around them. also traded with raised crops like Many, including the Gabrielino, who squash and beans. the Mojave, traded lived west of them, They also gathered with each other closer to the Pacific roots, berries, nuts, and with outside Ocean. and herbs. groups, too. The

pre_columbian_sp8.indd 17 2/3/17 4:18 PM 18 Activities

Choose a type of house built by a California Indian tribe. How HOUSE did location affect the kind of house that they made? Think about the land and climate. What were the natural resources DIAGRAM available to use as building materials? What did the people need to shelter from? Draw a diagram of the house and label the different parts of it. Be sure to include a description of the resources used.

MURAL SCENE Choose a California Indian tribe and think about what you might see if you were able to visit their village. What are peo- ple doing on a typical day or for a special event, such as an animal hunt? How are they interacting with their surroundings and each other? Draw a mural of a scene from a day in the life of your selected tribe. Be sure to show people in their different roles and what the environment looks like. Tell a story with your drawings.

Pre-Columbian_18-19.indd 18 2/3/17 4:19 PM 19 MAKE CONNECTIONS WITH THESE RELATED TITLES

Spanish Exploration Mexican Settlement Bear Flag Republic: and Colonization and Rule Road to Statehood No smartphone. No Internet. Not even During mission life in early 19th- What does the phrase “bear flag a map. The Spanish explorers who century Mexico, priests and Spaniards republic” have to do with California? set out to discover and colonize what often clashed with Native Americans Investigate the pushes and pulls that is now Mexico and California had few and Californios. With different rights brought people here in the first place. tools at their disposal. But the promise for different groups of people, it’s easy Discover when, why, and how we of land and riches and the mission of to see why many residents of Mexico became a state in record time. Uncover spreading their religion pushed them longed for freedom. Learn about Father the controversies, the characters, and forward, paving the path for a new Miguel Hidalgo’s cry for freedom and the conflicts along the way. future in America. Alta California’s path to independence from Mexico.

CALIFORNIA STANDARDS

LEARN HSS 4.2 Students describe the social, political, cultural, and MORE economic life and interactions ONLINE! among people of California from the pre-Columbian societies to the Spanish mission and Mexican rancho periods. • Yurok houses 4.2.1 Discuss the major nations of were square California Indians, including their and made of geographic distribution, economic redwood planks. activities, legends, and religious beliefs; and describe how they depended on, Pomo houses adapted to, and modified the physical were made by environment by cultivation of land and tying poles into use of sea resources. a round frame and covering them with reeds Historical and Social Science Analysis Skills: or grass. What tribes outside of still found ways • Acorns were a are some of the California. How to record their main source of Chronological and Spatial Thinking 2. Students correctly apply terms other differences many different ideas for future food for many related to time, including past, present, between the tribes are rep- generations. California Indians. future, decade, century, and generation. houses these resented across What are picto- But you can’t just Historical Interpretation two groups built? the state? graphs? What crack open an 2. Students identify the human and role did picto- acorn and eat it. physical characteristics of the places • Many Native • The Chumash graphs play in Learn about the they are studying and explain how those Americans who did not have preserving the step-by-step features form the unique character of those places. live in California a written lan- history of the process for mak- today come from guage, but they Chumash? ing acorn flour.

Pre-Columbian_18-19.indd 19 2/6/17 2:33 PM hmhco.com

Editor: Jennifer Dixon Fact-Checker: David Stienecker Art Direction: Brobel Design Designers: Ian Brown, Ed Gabel, Author: Natalie Nichols David Ricculli, Jeremy Rech Author Team Lead: Barak Zimmerman Photo Research: Ted Levine, Elisabeth Morgan President and CEO: Ted Levine Activities Writer: Kristine Scharaldi Chairman and Founder: Mark Levine Proofreader: Carolyn Jackson

GRADE 4 TITLES painted cave). Amon Carter Museum, Fort Worth, Texas: Frederic Remington: p.12 bottom left (brushfire).Bridgeman Images: Underwood Archives/UIG: p.14 bottom left California: Places and Regions Civil Rights (Yokuts house). Getty Images: Spencer Weiner: p.7 bottom right (Tongva ceremony); Carlos Chavez: p.13 middle left (Chumash leader); pattiguerrero: p.16 bottom right Pre-Columbian People of Cultural Development and Diversity (Native American clay pot); Corbis Historical: p.17 top right (Mojave braves); Bettmann: California California: Becoming an Economic p.19 top left (Anza expedition). Granger Collection, NYC: pp.10–11 (Hupa purse), p.15 top right (Chukchansi woman splits acorns), p.15 top left (woven seed beater), p.19 Spanish Exploration and Colonization Power top center (mission life); Edward S. Curtis: p.9 top right (Hupa woman). Mort Kunstler: Mexican Settlement and Rule A Plan for Government p.6 middle left (Kuksu ceremony). Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.: Edward S. Bear Flag Republic: Road to Statehood American Government: Curtis: p.8 middle left (Hupa sweathouse), p.12 middle (Kumeyaay house). Shutterstock: Stephen Moehle: p.3 top left (sequoia forest); S.Borisov: p.3 bottom right (Joshua Tree Federal, State, and Local Gold Rush National Park); Radoslaw Lecyk: p.3 middle left (Big Sur); David Litman: p.3 middle right (California foothills); nneiole: p.17 middle right (squash).

Original Illustrations: On the Cover: Hupa Indians perform a ritual, wearing deerskin and thatch-topped hats. Brobel Design: Map of Early Missions and El Camino Real, p.15. Alamy/National Geographic Creative: W. Langdon Kihn. Michael Kline Illustration: Where to Put a Weir, Houses That Sweat, cover; Toloache Picture Credits: Alamy: Gary Crabbe: p.4 bottom (Yurok Indian lodge); Chris Hellier: Religion, p.6; Nicknames, p.9; Restless Turtles, p.13; Ring-and-Dart Game, p.14. p.6 bottom right (Mojave Indians); W. Langdon Kihn: p.7 top right (Hupa deerskin ceremony); The Protected Art Archive: p.9 middle right (Yurok canoe); Atomic: p.8 Wood Ronsaville Harlin, Inc.: Matthew Frey: California Indians Map, pp.2–3; Locator bottom (Hupa weir); The Protected Art Archive: p.8 top right (pomo baskets); George Maps, p.9, p.13, p.15, p.17; Rob Wood: Wiyot, Maidu, Yuma, Nisenan, and Serrano H.H. Huey: p.13 top right (Chumash basket); Chuck Place: p.19 bottom (Chumash Houses, p.5; Achumawi House, p.15; Ron Spears: Trading, pp.16–17.

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