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From Poe to South Park: The Influence and Development of Lovecraft’s ‘Cosmic Horror’ in American Culture Christian Perwein University of Graz [email protected] ABSTRACT H.P. Lovecraft’s ‘Cosmic Horror’ has been a staple of horror and gothic fiction, and therefore American culture, for more than 80 years. In this paper, I examine the development of the genre of horror, starting with Edgar Allen Poe’s influence, and trace its development up to contemporary popular American culture exemplified by the TV show South Park. While Lovecraft’s material has always been drawing from the same concept of the fear of the unknown and human powerlessness in the face of greater forces, the context, sources and reasons for this powerlessness have constantly changed over the decades. In this paper I offer an examination of where this idea of ‘Cosmic Horror’ originally came from, how Lovecraft developed it further and, ultimately, how American culture has adapted the source material to fit a contemporary context. By contrasting Lovecraft’s early works with Poe’s, I shed light on the beginnings of the sub-genre before taking a look at the height of ‘Cosmic Horror’ in Lovecraft’s most famous texts of the Cthulhu myth and ultimately look at a trilogy of South Park episodes to put all of this into a modern American perspective. By doing so, I reveal how Lovecraft’s tales and the underlying philosophy have always been an important part of American culture and how they continue to be relevant even today. KEYWORDS cosmic horror, gothic, Lovecraft Perwein, Christian. 2018. “From Poe to South Park: The Influence and Development of Lovecraft’s ‘Cosmic Horror’ in American Culture.“ XA Proceedings 1(1): 96–105. Zagreb: English Student Club. 1. INTRODUCTION Howard Phillips Lovecraft was arguably “the most memorable and important American writer in the surprisingly enduring pulp terror genre” (Tyree 2008, 143) and one of the most diverse authors of gothic and horror fiction in American literary history. He left the world a significant number of short stories, novellas, and essays after his passing in March 1937. His influence is not limited to the world of literature; it covers the whole repertoire of modern popular culture (Evans 2005; Hull 2006). This strong appeal is partly due to the diversity of Lovecraft’s literary output. His works of fiction are usually divided into three categories: the ‘Macabre’ or more classic gothic stories written in the fashion of Edgar Allan Poe, the ‘Dream Cycle’ stories which take place in an alternative dimension entered through one’s dreams and, most famously, the ‘Cthulhu Mythos’ stories that feature gods and other entities from outer space and other dimensions like the aforementioned Cthulhu or Azathoth. However, apart from the recurring characters and the gods, there is one major topic that links all of Lovecraft’s stories, which will also be the focus of this thesis: ‘Cosmic Horror’. The main idea behind this literary philosophy ushered forth by Howard Phillips Lovecraft is the idea that humanity and its actions are ultimately meaningless in the greater scheme of things (Lovecraft 1927b). Stemming from his disdain for religion and the numerous discoveries in the scientific world during his lifetime, Lovecraft was convinced that the human quest for knowledge eventually results in the realization that we are absolutely powerless to comprehend or influence what is really out there in the cosmos. Therefore, the characters in his story constantly find themselves subjected to this ultimate horror. Their search for knowledge and enlightenment brings forth something that they ultimately have to admit is utterly beyond their understanding and control, and has no interest whatsoever in their existence. It is this fear of the unknown and incomprehensible that stood at the center of all horror for Lovecraft. 97 XA Proceedings Volume 1 Issue 1 In this paper, I will take a look at the development of ‘Cosmic Horror’, from Lovecraft’s 1923 story The Rats in the Walls and its connections to classic gothic horror and Edgar Allan Poe, all the way to how this concept was adapted by modern popular culture in the form of a TV series South Park. 2. POE’S INFLUENCE ON ‘COSMIC HORROR’ EXEMPLIFIED BY “THE RATS IN THE WALLS” 2.1. SIMILARITIES AND DISCREPANCIES TO “THE FALL OF THE HOUSE OF USHER” The first and foremost similarity between the two stories is the setting itself. Both works feature a secluded building somewhere quite a distance away from other houses or villages, and both have a long family tradition. Whereas the Usher mansion served as the seat for the family of Roderick and Madeline for many generations (Poe 1839), the castle of Exham Priory in The Rats in the Walls (Lovecraft 1923) is even older. Built on “the site of a prehistoric temple” until eventually “Henry the Third granted the site to […] Gilbert de la Poer, First Baron Exham, in 1261” (Lovecraft 1923), it has been in the possession of the Delapores for almost 700 years. Furthermore, both share a strange connection to their inhabitants. In Poe’s story (1839), this connection is subtler than the one Lovecraft establishes. It is mentioned early on that “the ‘House of Usher’ […] seemed to include, in the minds of the peasantry who used it, both the family and the family mansion” (Poe 1839). This bond is made evident at the very end when both Madeline and Roderick die, and their mansion begins to fall apart with them. Lovecraft, on the other hand, uses a more straightforward approach to this matter through the titular rats. They serve as the main connection between the protagonist and the castle of his ancestors. The fact that the rats are directly linked to the Delapores, and not to the castle, 98 Perwein, Christian. 2018. “From Poe to South Park: The Influence and Development of Lovecraft’s ‘Cosmic Horror’ in American Culture.“ XA Proceedings 1(1): 96–105. Zagreb: English Student Club. is addressed forthright by the protagonist himself when he states that, “no one had heard the rats save the felines and me” (Lovecraft 1923) and the fact that during his absence not even the cats showed further signs of agitation. Another commonality between the two stories is the employment of inherited guilt. In The Rats in the Walls (Lovecraft 1923), Delapore discovers something evil about his ancestors and learns about the atrocities they have committed. The end result of this revelation is usually similar across his stories: either they pay for their own and their ancestors’ guilt and deeds with their lives, or they go insane as is the case with Delapore (Evans 2005). Ancestral guilt, more precisely incest, is also a possible explanation for Roderick’s supposed illness, which seems hereditary. Eventually, he and Madeline end up the same as the characters in Lovecraft’s stories whose background is not free of such immoral doings; they both die and eradicate their whole family line with them. Furthermore, the Ushers even take their family estate with them, just as Delapore who destroys Exham Priory completely after uncovering its secrets and falling into madness. This ending seems to be an attempt to recreate what Lovecraft thought was one of Poe’s strongest instruments in storytelling as Lovecraft (1927b) mentions in Supernatural Horror in Literature: Inconceivable abnormalities slyly hinted into a horrible half-knowledge by words whose innocence we scarcely doubt till the cracked tension of the speaker’s hollow voice bids us fear their nameless implications; daemonic patterns and presences slumbering noxiously till waked for one phobic instant into a shrieking revelation that cackles itself to sudden madness or explodes in memorable and cataclysmic echoes. 2.2. A FIRST GLIMPSE OF ‘COSMIC HORROR’ As demonstrated before, Lovecraft took a lot of inspiration from his idol Edgar Allan Poe (Lovecraft 1931). However, he still succeeded in putting in some of his principles of ‘Cosmic Horror’ in The Rats in the Walls. 99 XA Proceedings Volume 1 Issue 1 An assault of demons from space and the defeat of the laws of nature are recurring themes in Lovecraft’s writings, and the essential parts of what creates ‘Cosmic Horror’ (Lee 2009). Traces and hints of it can be found in The Rats in the Walls (Lovecraft 1923) which make the story a great vantage point from which one can track the progression of this ‘Cosmic Horror’ throughout his bibliography. The easiest way to spot elements of this Lovecraftian aspect of horror is the mentioning of one of the gods he invented, Nyarlathotep. Delapore states that he was venturing further and further into “those grinning caverns of earth’s centre where Nyarlathotep, the mad faceless god, howls blindly to the piping of two amorphous idiot flute-players” (Lovecraft 1923). This god is one of the ‘Other Gods’ Lovecraft created throughout his lifetime and serves as an emissary for them, mainly for Azathoth. He is the central antagonist in The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath (Lovecraft 1927a) and later also appears in other stories of both the ‘Dream Cycle’ and the ‘Cthulhu Mythos’. Lovecraft even dedicated a vignette to him titled Nyarlathotep (Lovecraft 1920). The fact that he is mentioned by Delapore in this story raises the question of how he can even know his name. Usually, the names of these gods are only found in the fictional Necronomicon (consult Lovecraft 1927c), or are related by other characters that devoted their life to the studies of black magic and the ‘Other Gods’. Delapore never mentioned having anything to do with any of this. However, the mentioning of Nyarlathotep gives the story this demon from outer space.
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