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ON the EFFECTIVE USE of PROXY WARFARE by Andrew Lewis Peek Baltimore, Maryland May 2021 © 2021 Andrew Peek All Rights Reserved
ON THE EFFECTIVE USE OF PROXY WARFARE by Andrew Lewis Peek A dissertation submitted to Johns Hopkins University in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Baltimore, Maryland May 2021 2021 Andrew Peek All rights reserved Abstract This dissertation asks a simple question: how are states most effectively conducting proxy warfare in the modern international system? It answers this question by conducting a comparative study of the sponsorship of proxy forces. It uses process tracing to examine five cases of proxy warfare and predicts that the differentiation in support for each proxy impacts their utility. In particular, it proposes that increasing the principal-agent distance between sponsors and proxies might correlate with strategic effectiveness. That is, the less directly a proxy is supported and controlled by a sponsor, the more effective the proxy becomes. Strategic effectiveness here is conceptualized as consisting of two key parts: a proxy’s operational capability and a sponsor’s plausible deniability. These should be in inverse relation to each other: the greater and more overt a sponsor’s support is to a proxy, the more capable – better armed, better trained – its proxies should be on the battlefield. However, this close support to such proxies should also make the sponsor’s influence less deniable, and thus incur strategic costs against both it and the proxy. These costs primarily consist of external balancing by rival states, the same way such states would balance against conventional aggression. Conversely, the more deniable such support is – the more indirect and less overt – the less balancing occurs. -
Foreign Policy Strategy 2006-2009
Foreign Policy Strategy 2006-2009 Ministry of Foreign Affairs www.mfa.gov.ge 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Message from the Minister ................................................................................. 3 Foreword ............................................................................................................ 4 Mission of the Foreign Service............................................................................ 5 Strategic Objectives and Goals ....................................................................... 7 Independent, Secure and Stable country ............................................................ 7 Territorial Integrity .................................................................................... 7 Strengthen National Security .................................................................... 8 Regional Stability ...................................................................................... 8 European and Euro-Atlantic Integration .................................................... 9 Prosperity and Democracy ................................................................................ 11 Economic Development and Security ..................................................... 11 Democracy, Civil Society and Human Rights ..........................................12 Georgia’s Role in the International System ........................................................13 Georgia’s Outreach ................................................................................. 13 Consolidation -
Central Eurasia 2006
CENTRAL EURASIA 2006 Analytical ANNUAL CA&CC Press® SWEDEN 2007 1 CENTRAL EURASIAFOUNDED 2006 AND PUBLISHED AnalyticalBY Annual INSTITUTE INSTITUTE O OR CENTRAL ASIAN AND STRATEGIC STUDIES O CAUCASIAN STUDIES THE CAUCASUS Registration number: 620720-0459 Registration number: M-770 State Administration for Ministry of Justice of Patents and Registration of Sweden Azerbaijan Republic PUBLISHING HOUSE CA&CC Press®. SWEDEN Registration number: 556699-5964 S c i e n t i f i c E d i t o r i a l B o a r d Eldar ISMAILOV C h a i r m a n Tel./fax: (994-12) 497 12 22 E-mail: [email protected] Murad ESENOV D e p u t y C h a i r m a n Tel./fax: (46) 920 62016 E-mail: [email protected] Jannatkhan EYVAZOV E x e c u t i v e S e c r e t a ry Tel./fax: (994-12) 499 11 73 E-mail: [email protected] Abbas MALEKI Doctor, Director General, International Institute for Caspian Studies (Iran) Ainura ELEBAEVA Doctor of Philosophy, professor, director of the Research Institute of Ethnology, International University of Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz Republic) Ariel COHEN Doctor, leading analyst, The Heritage Foundation, U.S.A. (U.S.A.) Vitaly NAUMKIN Doctor of History, professor, Director, Center for Strategic and International Studies of RF (Russian Federation) 2 Vladimer PAPAVA Doctor of Economics, professor, Senior Fellow, Georgian Foundation for Strategic and International Studies (Georgia), Fulbright Fellow, Central Asia-Caucasus Institute, The Nitze School-SAIS, Johns Hopkins University (U.S.) S. -
Georgia's Pankisi Gorge
CENTRE FOR EUROPEAN POLICY STUDIES CEPS POLICY BRIEF NO. 23 JUNE 2002 GEORGIA’S PANKISI GORGE RUSSIAN, US AND EUROPEAN CONNECTIONS JABA DEVDARIANI AND BLANKA HANCILOVA CEPS Policy Briefs are published to provide concise, policy-oriented analysis of contemporary issues in EU affairs. Unless otherwise indicated, the views expressed are attributable to only the authors and not to any institution with which they are associated. Available for free downloading from the CEPS website (http://www.ceps.be) © Copyright 2002, Jaba Devdariani and Blanka Hancilova G EORGIA’S P ANKISI G ORGE: R USSIAN, US AND E UROPEAN C ONNECTIONS CEPS POLICY BRIEF NO. 23 1 JABA DEVDARIANI AND BLANKA HANCILOVA The Georgian government fails to exercise effective control over parts of its territory. In the last decade, Georgian statehood has been threatened by a civil war and secessionist conflicts. Its government has failed to reform its armed forces and has lost control over the Pankisi Gorge, a sparsely populated patch of the Caucasus Mountains on the border to Chechnya. Some hundreds Chechen fighters including several dozen Islamic extremists connected to the al-Qaeda network are believed to be hiding in that area. After the attacks on the United States on 11 September, the risks posed by failing states in the propagation of international terrorist networks are being taken more seriously into consideration. 2 The US decision to send up to 200 special operation forces to Georgia in March 2002, in order to train Georgian forces to regain control over the Pankisi Gorge, proceeds from this logic. The European Union and its member states are fully engaged in the American-led campaign against international terrorism. -
The August 2007 Bombing Incident in Georgia: Implications for Thethethe Euroeuro----Atlanticatlantic Region
The August 6 Bombing Incident in Georgia: Implications for the Euro-Atlantic Region Svante E. Cornell David J. Smith S. Frederick Starr SILK ROAD PAPER October 2007 The August 2007 Bombing Incident in Georgia: Implications for thethethe EuroEuro----AtlanticAtlantic Region Svante E. Cornell David J. Smith S. Frederick Starr © Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program – A Joint Transatlantic Research and Policy Center Johns Hopkins University-SAIS, 1619 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Washington, D.C. 20036 Institute for Security and Development Policy, V. Finnbodav. 2, SE-13130 Stockholm-Nacka, Sweden www.silkroadstudies.org “TheThe August 2007 Bombing Incident iinn Georgia: ImplicationsImplications for the EuroEuro----AtlanticAtlantic RegionRegion” is a Silk Road Paper published by the Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program. The Silk Road Papers series is the Occasional Paper series of the Joint Center, published jointly on topical and timely subjects. The Central Asia-Caucasus Institute and the Silk Road Studies Program is a joint transatlantic independent and non-profit research and policy center. The Joint Center has offices in Washington and Stockholm and is affiliated with the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies of Johns Hopkins University and the Stockholm-based Institute for Security and Development Policy. It is the first Institution of its kind in Europe and North America, and is today firmly established as a leading research and policy center, serving a large and diverse community of analysts, scholars, policy-watchers, business leaders and journalists. The Joint Center aims to be at the forefront of research on issues of conflict, security and development in the region. -
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This project is co-funded by the Seventh Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development of the European Union EU Grant Agreement number: 290529 Project acronym: ANTICORRP Project title: Anti-Corruption Policies Revisited Work Package: WP3, Corruption and governance improvement in global and continental perspectives Title of deliverable: D3.2.7. Background paper on Georgia Due date of deliverable: 28 February 2014 Actual submission date: 28 February 2014 Author: Andrew Wilson Editor: Alina Mungiu-Pippidi Organization name of lead beneficiary for this deliverable: Hertie School of Governance Project co-funded by the European Commission within the Seventh Framework Programme Dissemination Level PU Public X PP Restricted to other programme participants (including the Commission Services) RE Restricted to a group specified by the consortium (including the Commission Services) Co Confidential, only for members of the consortium (including the Commission Services) Georgia Background Report Andrew Wilson University College London January 2014 ABSTRACT Georgia had a terrible reputation for corruption, both in Soviet times and under the presidency of Eduard Shevardnadze (1992-2003). After the ‘Rose Revolution’ that led to Shevardnadze’s early resignation, many proclaimed that the government of new President Mikheil Saakashvili was a success story because of its apparent rapid progress in fighting corruption and promoting neo-liberal market reforms. His critics, however, saw only a façade of reform and a heavy hand in other areas, even before the war with Russia in 2008. Saakashvili’s second term (2008-13) was much more controversial – his supporters saw continued reform under difficult circumstances, his opponents only the consolidation of power. Under Saakashvili Georgia does indeed deserve credit for its innovative reforms that were highly successful in reducing ‘low-level’ corruption. -
Secretariat Distr.: Limited
UNITED NATIONS ST /SG/SER.C/L.615 _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Secretariat Distr.: Limited 6 October 2006 PROTOCOL AND LIAISON LIST OF DELEGATIONS TO THE SIXTY-FIRST SESSION OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY I. MEMBER STATES Page Page Afghanistan.........................................................................5 Cyprus.............................................................................. 32 Albania ...............................................................................5 Czech Republic ................................................................ 33 Algeria ...............................................................................6 Democratic People’s Republic of Korea .......................... 34 Andorra...............................................................................7 Denmark........................................................................... 35 Angola ................................................................................7 Djibouti ............................................................................ 36 Antigua and Barbuda ..........................................................8 Dominica.......................................................................... 36 Argentina............................................................................8 Dominican Republic......................................................... 37 Armenia..............................................................................9 -
The August 6 Bombing Incident in Georgia: Implications for the Euro-Atlantic Region
The August 6 Bombing Incident in Georgia: Implications for the Euro-Atlantic Region Svante E. Cornell David J. Smith S. Frederick Starr SILK ROAD PAPER October 2007 The August 2007 Bombing Incident in Georgia: Implications for thethethe EuroEuro----AtlanticAtlantic Region Svante E. Cornell David J. Smith S. Frederick Starr © Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program – A Joint Transatlantic Research and Policy Center Johns Hopkins University-SAIS, 1619 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Washington, D.C. 20036 Institute for Security and Development Policy, V. Finnbodav. 2, SE-13130 Stockholm-Nacka, Sweden www.silkroadstudies.org “TheThe August 2007 Bombing Incident iinn Georgia: ImplicationsImplications for the EuroEuro----AtlanticAtlantic RegionRegion” is a Silk Road Paper published by the Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program. The Silk Road Papers series is the Occasional Paper series of the Joint Center, published jointly on topical and timely subjects. The Central Asia-Caucasus Institute and the Silk Road Studies Program is a joint transatlantic independent and non-profit research and policy center. The Joint Center has offices in Washington and Stockholm and is affiliated with the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies of Johns Hopkins University and the Stockholm-based Institute for Security and Development Policy. It is the first Institution of its kind in Europe and North America, and is today firmly established as a leading research and policy center, serving a large and diverse community of analysts, scholars, policy-watchers, business leaders and journalists. The Joint Center aims to be at the forefront of research on issues of conflict, security and development in the region. -
Georgia Country Handbook This Handbook Provides Basic Reference Information on Georgia, Including Its Geography, History, Govern
Georgia Country Handbook This handbook provides basic reference information on Georgia, including its geography, history, government, military forces, and communications and trans- portation networks. This information is intended to familiarize military per sonnel with local customs and area knowledge to assist them during their assignment to Georgia. The Marine Corps Intel ligence Activity is the community coordinator for the Country Hand book Program. This product reflects the coordinated U.S. Defense Intelligence Community position on Georgia. Dissemination and use of this publication is restricted to official military and gov- ernment personnel from the United States of America, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, NATO member countries, and other countries as required and desig- nated for support of coalition operations. The photos and text reproduced herein have been extracted solely for research, comment, and information reporting, and are intended for fair use by designated personnel in their official duties, including local reproduction for training. Further dissemination of copyrighted material contained in this document, to include ex- cerpts and graphics, is strictly prohibited under Title 17, U.S. Code. CONTENTS KEY FACTS .................................................................... 1 U.S. MISSION ................................................................. 2 U.S. Embassy .............................................................. 2 Travel Advisories ........................................................ 3 -
251-268 Cornell Sum 09.Indd
Georgian Politics since the August 2008 War Svante E. Cornell and Niklas Nilsson Abstract: Georgian politics since late 2007 has attracted interest mainly because of its highly polarized political climate. The leadership of Mikheil Saakashvili, widely heralded as a beacon of democracy in the post-Soviet space following the peaceful Rose Revolution of 2003, is pitted against an array of determined opposition forces that seek his removal and accuse his government of authoritarian tendencies. Yet a closer study of Georgian politics since the August 2008 Russian invasion suggests that the polarization of its politics is not reflected in society, which overwhelmingly supports conciliation and dialogue rather than another round of revolutionary change. By mid-2009, the overheated Georgian political scene showed signs of adapting to this reality. Keywords: Georgian political development, Rose Revolution, Russia-Georgia War ew events affect a society as war does. Likewise, war can alter a country’s political Flandscape, and an unsuccessful war can be irreparably damaging to a political leader. It is therefore natural to assume that the controversial and (for Georgia) devastating war between Russia and Georgia in August 2008 would have important implications for the political balances of such a young and immature democracy as Georgia. In particular, in a political system as personality-focused as Georgia, one could logically conclude that the country’s controversial head of state, Mikheil Saakashvili, would fare badly from this event. A considerable portion of world opinion concluded that Saakashvili at best stumbled into the war, and several high-ranking Saakashvili associates moved into opposition; both of these occurrences tend to strengthen such an argument. -
Bezhuashvili, Gela Mr
FDC International Advisory Council Member Mr. Gela Bezhuashvili was born on March 1, 1967. In 1991 Gela Bezhuashvili graduated from the Ukrainian Institute of International Relations and International Law, Kiev State University, Faculty of International Law being awarded Bachelor of Arts (BA), Master of Laws (LL.M). In 1996 he gained the US Congress Scholarship, Edmund Muskie Fellowship Program for his studies in the US and in 1997 was awarded Master of Laws (LL.M) in the International and Comparative Law from the Southern Methodist University (SMU) School of Law. He is Edmund Muskie Fellow (1997). In 1998 he gained the UN scholarship for participation in the UN International Law Commission working annual Session, Geneva. In 2011 he was awarded Master in Public Administration (MPA) degree from the JFK School of Government, Harvard University, USA and is an Edward S. Mason Fellow. During his career he has attended special courses in law, international relations, security and public administration at the leading US and European Universities. Gela started his public sector career in 1991 at the Foreign Ministry where he held various positions at the International Law Division and from 1993-1996 served as the Envoy Plenipotentiary and Extraordinary of Georgia to the Republic of Kazakhstan. In 1998-2000 Mr. Gela Bezhuashvili was actively involved as a national expert in cooperation with the European structures: Committee of National Advisers on Public International Law (CAHDI), Council of Europe; Multidisciplinary Group against Corruption (GMC), Council of Europe; Ad hoc committee on Protection of National Minorities, (DH-MIN), Council of Europe; Venice Commission (Constitutional Law), Council of Europe. -
Sevki ACUNER Currently Holds the Position of EBRD Director for Ukraine (Since 2013)
Sevki ACUNER currently holds the position of EBRD Director for Ukraine (since 2013). Previously, he held the position of EBRD Deputy Country Director for Turkey. During his 21-year career at the EBRD, Mr. Acuner occupied senior manager positions in the Credit Risk and Agribusiness departments before being appointed to Turkey in 2009. Prior to joining the EBRD, Mr. Acuner worked at the Central Bank of Turkey, the Bank of Montreal and the Royal Bank of Canada in various North American and European countries. Mr. Acuner is a Turkish national and holds a BSc in Management from Bosphorus University, Istanbul, and an MBA from Concordia University, Montreal, Canada. Alain AESCHLIMANN is Head of Delegation for Ukraine in the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) since 2015. Mr. Aeschlimann has been working in the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) since 1987. His field appointments included Deputy Head of Delegation in Angola and Peru; Head of Delegation in Iraq, Israel and the Autonomous and Occupied Palestinian Territories, and Ethiopia. Mr. Aeschlimann served as Former Coordinator for operational Legal Advisers, Deputy and then Head of Central Tracing Agency and Protection Division, and Head of Operations (Regional Director) for South-East Asia, East Asia and the Pacific at ICRC headquarters in Geneva. He is the author of several articles on humanitarian issues and action (“Protection of IDPs: an ICRC View”; “Protection of Detainees: ICRC Action Behind Bars”; “The development of protection in the field by the ICRC”; “Overview of protection issues in contexts of multinational peace operations” and others). Mr. Aeschlimann holds a Degree in Law from the University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland.