La Narrativa Peruana Contemporánea Y La Violencia Política
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University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 5-2010 Ambigüedades éticas y estéticas: La narrativa peruana contemporánea y la violencia política Gabriel T Saxton-Ruiz University of Tennessee - Knoxville, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Latin American Literature Commons Recommended Citation Saxton-Ruiz, Gabriel T, "Ambigüedades éticas y estéticas: La narrativa peruana contemporánea y la violencia política. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2010. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/749 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Gabriel T Saxton-Ruiz entitled "Ambigüedades éticas y estéticas: La narrativa peruana contemporánea y la violencia política." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Modern Foreign Languages. Luis C. Cano, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Michael Handelsman, Nuria Cruz-Cámara, Jana Morgan Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Gabriel T. Saxton-Ruiz entitled “Ambigüedades éticas y estéticas: La narrativa peruana contemporánea y la violencia política.” I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Modern Foreign Languages. Luis C. Cano __________________________ Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Michael Handelsman __________________________ Nuria Cruz-Cámara __________________________ Jana Morgan __________________________ Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges __________________________ Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official student records.) AMBIGÜEDADES ÉTICAS Y ESTÉTICAS: LA NARRATIVA PERUANA CONTEMPORÁNEA Y LA VIOLENCIA POLÍTICA A DISSERTATION PRESENTED FOR THE DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEGREE THE UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE, KNOXVILLE GABRIEL T. SAXTON-RUIZ MAY 2010 ii DEDICATION To Kari, Lucas y Leo. Gracias. Los quiero muchísimo. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincerest gratitude to Dr. Luis Cano, amigo y mentor ejemplar. His patience, guidance and support have been essential in my completion of this dissertation. Dr. Cano’s appreciation of popular forms of artistic expression has had a profound effect on my approach to literary criticism. I am also extremely grateful to the members of the committee for all of their valuable insight and productive feedback throughout this process. Dr. Michael Handelsman’s passion for the Andean region is contagious, and is directly responsible for allowing me to reclaim my Peruvian roots. I owe much of my knowledge regarding the richly varied literary history of Peru to conversations with Dr. Handelsman and his stimulating classes. I am indebted to Dr. Nuria Cruz-Cámara for providing me with constructive criticism and inspiring me to rethink several assumptions I had about literature, especially with respect to literary periodizations. Thank you to Dr. Jana Morgan for sharing important observations on Peru’s last two decades from a politico-economic perspective. I would also like to extend special thanks to Dr. Les Essif who contributed many useful comments during the early stages of this dissertation. During the time that I have been at the University of Tennessee, I have benefitted from the wisdom and friendship of exceptional professors. Whether through their teaching or mentoring, the faculty of the Spanish section has been a constant source of inspiration, ¡¡gracias Dr. Ayo, Dra. Bowden, Dr. Creel, Dra. Duke, Dra. Gimmel, Dr. Kaplan, Dra. Loureiro-Rodríguez, Dr. Rivera-Rodas y Dra. Young!! I have also enjoyed the privilege of counting on the support of fellow graduate students at UT. I would like iv to thank Jason Pettigrew in particular, for all of his assistance and proofreading—in the words of Arguedas’ collective chorus, I say, “¡Wifááá!” I would be remiss if I did not mention my gratitude for the support given to me by my parents and in-laws. Most importantly, I would like to thank my wife Kari for her constant encouragement and love—I could not have done it without her. She put up with my erratic moods and irregular schedule during the last few years, yet her generosity and unwavering support never diminished. And to my sons, Lucas and Leo, ¡¡gracias-añay!! v ABSTRACT The dissertation “Ambigüedades éticas y estéticas: La narrativa peruana contemporánea y la violencia política” explores the complex relationship of literature and the recent history of Peru by analyzing ideological positions expressed in three novels, Alonso Cueto’s La hora azul (2005), Santiago Roncagliolo’s Abril rojo (2006), and Daniel Alarcón’s Radio Ciudad Perdida (2007), and in a collection of short stories, Jorge Eduardo Benavides’ La noche de Morgana (2005). This dissertation discusses how these authors employ different literary discourses (detective fiction, literature of the fantastic and the dystopian novel) to recreate artistically the period of internal conflict, as well as the ethical perspectives that each artistic option entails. The analysis continues a long tradition of scholarship in Latin American Literary Studies that examines the way in which history is (re)presented and questioned in literature. By comparing the writings of Peruvian authors based in different cultural areas (Peru, Spain and the United States), this study proposes an original approach to these works which also considers the concept of ‘Peruvian Literature’ (‘National Literature’) in this age of globalization and the ever-expanding Andean diaspora. vi ÍNDICE Introducción ..................................................................................................................... 1 1. La política de lo fantástico en La noche de Morgana de Jorge Eduardo Benavides 28 2. Abril rojo de Santiago Roncagliolo: La novela negra y el contexto político peruano 77 3. La literatura reconciliatoria y La hora azul de Alonso Cueto .................................. 141 4. Resistiendo al olvido: Daniel Alarcón y la narrativa de pérdida .............................. 184 5. Conclusiones .......................................................................................................... 224 Bibliografía .................................................................................................................. 232 Vita .............................................................................................................................. 247 1 Introducción De hecho, nuestra comprensión de los conflictos más brutales no suele ser más compleja que una historieta, con buenos y malos. Con enternecedora inocencia, siempre consideramos que estamos del lado bueno, que nuestros asesinos son unos héroes y los del otro lado son criminales sanguinarios. A quien plantee alguna duda al respecto lo confinamos a la orilla opuesta y, por eso, evitamos escucharlo. Nos preguntamos, ¿cómo voy a discutir con alguien que no está de acuerdo conmigo? Y hablamos sólo con los que piensan como nosotros, felicitándonos mutuamente por tener la razón. Santiago Roncagliolo Discurso de recepción del Premio Alfaguara, 24 de abril de 2006 Especially when politics are involved, people of all stripes can justify a lot of dishonesty for ideological or tactical reasons. The unfortunate thing, of course, is that there are other people in the middle of that. Daniel Alarcón Entrevista con Jerry Miller del SanDiegoReader.com, 1 de febrero de 2007 No cabe duda que la narrativa peruana más reciente está viviendo un momento particularmente exitoso. En los últimos años, novelas de Jaime Bayly, Alfredo Bryce Echenique, Alonso Cueto, Santiago Roncagliolo e Iván Thays han sido galardonadas con diversos y prestigiosos premios literarios a nivel internacional.1 Pese a que se observa una variedad temática que incluye la contemplación de las relaciones interpersonales, la ficción de corte joven que tiende a retratar el proceso de aprendizaje, la exploración del lenguaje literario y la novela histórica,2 una gran parte 1 Entre los reconocimientos otorgados resaltan los siguientes: Jaime Bayly ganó el Premio Herralde de Novela (1997) por su novela La noche es virgen y fue finalista del Premio Planeta (2005) por Y de repente, un ángel; Alfredo Bryce Echenique recibió el Premio Planeta (2002) por El huerto de mi amada; Alonso Cueto también ganó el Premio Herralde de Novela (2005) por La hora azul, y fue finalista del Premio Planeta-Casa de América (2007) por El susurro de la mujer ballena; la novela de Santiago Roncagliolo, Abril rojo, fue la ganadora del Premio Alfaguara (2006); finalmente, Un lugar llamado Oreja de Perro por Iván Thays quedó finalista