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CORDIO Status Report 2008

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CORDIO Status Report 2008 ! ! ! COASTAL OCEANS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE INDIAN OCEAN Status Report 2008 ! ! "#$%&$'!()*$+%!,*%*$-).!$+/!! 0*1*'#23*+&!4+!&.*!! 5+/4$+!()*$+! ! "#$#%&!'()*+#!,--.! ! EDITORS: DAVID OBURA, JERKER TAMELANDER & OLOF LINDEN ! COASTAL OCEANS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE INDIAN OCEAN SSStatusStatus Report 2008 ©2008 CORDIO and the Authors ISBN 91-973959-5-1 Published by: COASTAL OCEANS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE INDIAN OCEAN CORDIO East Africa #9 Kibaki Flats P.O.BOX 10135 Mombasa 80101 KENYA Layout/production: Boniface Munywoki, Sander D. den Haring Printed in Dubai 2008 by : M&M Graphics Citation: Obura, D.O., Tamelander, J., & Linden, O. (Eds) (2008) Ten years after bleaching – facing the consequences of climate change in the Indian Ocean. CORDIO Status Report 2008. CORDIO (Coastal Oceans Research and Development in the Indian Ocean)/Sida-SAREC. Mombasa. http//:www.cordioea.org. 489 pp. Cover photo credits: front – Jerker Tamelander; back – Jerker Tamelander, David Obura !"#$%"#&' Coral reefs and tropical Small Island States are among aspects and their relevance to management and policy the most vulnerable of the planet’s ecosystems and approaches to education and community-based societies to climate change. Since the coral bleaching activities. event in 1998 the Indian Ocean has had repeated The Seychelles is acutely aware of the vulnerability reminders of the specter of climate change and other of its coastline, marine and terrestrial habitats and planetary-scale events – cyclones and floods in population to climate change. With limited land area Mozambique and South Asia, repeated droughts in and high dependence on coastal resources we are East Africa, the tsunami of 2004 affecting Asian and indeed at the forefront of efforts to combat the island states. Further, human population growth and complex and interacting problems of overexploitation, its impact places further stress on these fragile pollution, environmental degradation and climate ecosystems. With this uncertain future facing us, it is change. In meeting this challenge we must continue to essential to build up local and regional initiatives to research and harness all the resources so that we can understand and respond to change. improve coastal management, reduce human pressures The CORDIO programme which started in 1999 and adapt to climate change. as a pragmatic response to the impacts of global In September 2007, I launched the Sea Level Rise warming on coral reefs has over the years improved Foundation, a global platform of excellence on our knowledge and management of coral reefs in the adaptation in small island states. With the continued region. For example data collection in the Curieuse bleaching of coral reefs, the role of reefs in coastal Marine Park in Seychelles, was instrumental in stability has been significantly weakened and I am guiding government policy over the management of confident that with the continuation of CORDIO in marine protected areas, especially those that have its work on coral reefs and as a partner of the Sea resilient coral ecosystems. Without such important Level Rise Foundation we will be able to bring about and vital information politicians, parliamentarians, further attention to the issues faced by small islands local governments and MPA managers will not be able and low-lying coastal areas of east Africa and the to take decisions which take into consideration coral world. reef recovery and conservation issues. In fact this particular report has sought to bring together research President James Alix Michel and monitoring on environmental and socio-economic Republic of Seychelles i ii ' (")*$)*+' Foreword i Patterns of Benthic Recovery in the Lakshadweep Islands 39 PART 1 --- Regional Summaries viiviivii Rohan Arthur Ten Years After Bleaching – Moving Status of Coral Reefs of the Gulf of Into the Next Decade ix Mannar, Southeastern India 45 David Obura, Jerker Tamelander, Rolph Payet, J.K. Patterson Edward, G. Mathews, Jamila Carl Gustav Lundin & Olof Linden Patterson, R. Ramkumar, Dan Wilhelmsson, Jerker Tamelander & Olof Linden South Asia - Summary xi Jerker Tamelander Status and Recovery of the Coral Reefs of the Chagos Archipelago, British Indian Andaman Sea - Summary xxiii Ocean Territory 61 Hansa Chansang & Ukkrit Satapoomin Alasdair Harris & Charles Sheppard East Africa and Islands - Summary xxix Status of Carbonate Reefs of the Amirantes David Obura & Rolph Payet and Alphonse Groups Southern Seychelles 71 Annelise B. Hagan, Sarah Hamylton PART 2 --- Coral Reef Status Reports 111 & Tom Spencer Status of Coral Reefs in the Surin and Mohéli Marine Park, Comoros Similan Archipelagos, Thailand 3 Successes and Challenges of the Niphon Phongsuwan, Chaimongkol Co-Management Approach 83 Yamarunpattana, Sathika Paokanta & Melissa Hauzer, Chris Poonian & Papangkorn Areechon Cheikh Moussa Iboura Status of Coral Reefs in Northern, Western Coral Reef Monitoring in Marine and Southern Coastal Waters of Sri Lanka 11 Reserves of Northern Madagascar 93 Arjan Rajasuriya Simon Harding & Bemahafaly Randriamanantsoa Impacts of Reef Related Resource Exploitation on Coral Reefs: Some Cases from Southern Studies on Reef Connectivity Within Sri Lanka 23 the Context of the Transmap Project 107 P.B. Terney Pradeep Kumara, W.A.A.U. Kumara, M.H. Schleyer, A.H.H. Macdonald, D.E. H.A.A. Sandaruwan, R.G.A. Iroshanie, H.B.L. Starzak, B.Q. Mann, J.P. Paula, I. Silva, Upendra & P.R.T. Cumarantunga A. Costa, A. Macia & D. Abreu iii South African Reefs: Current Status Status of Earthquake and Tsunami Affected and Research 113 Coral Reefs in the Andaman and Nicobar Michael H. Schleyer, Louis Celliers, Islands, India 173 David Glassom, Angus H.H. Macdonald, Dr. Sarang Kulkarni, Vardhan Patankar Alke Kruger, Dorota E. Starzak & Elrika D’souza & Camilla Floros Assessment of Tsunami Impacts on the Update on Coral Reef Activities in Marine Environment of the Seychelles 185 Mozambique (2004-2006) 115 David Obura & Ameer Abdulla Marcos A.M. Pereira, Eduardo J.S. Videira & Alice C.D. Costa PART 4 ––– Biological Research 199 Co-Management of the Reef at Vamizi The Effects of Habitat on Coral Resistance Island, Northern Mozambique 121 and Resilience to Bleaching 201 Julie Garnier, Isabel Silva, Johnston Davidson, G. Grimsditch, J. Kilonzo & N. Amiyo Nicholas Hill, Lara Muaves, Santos Mucaves, Almeida Guissamulo & Alison Shaw Spawning Patterns of Acropora Species in the Mombasa Lagoon in Kenya 213 Approaches to Coral Reef Monitoring Sangeeta Mangubhai in Tanzania 129 Christopher A. Muhando Spatial and Temporal Variation in Coral Recruitment and Mortality 223 Scleractinian Coral Fauna of the Western in Coastal Kenya Indian Ocean. Juliet F. Karisa, Boaz Kaunda-Arara 139 David O. Obura & David Obura PART 3 ––– Tsunami Impacts 149 High Zooxanthellae Densities and Turnover Correlate with Low Bleaching Post Tsunami Status of Coral Reef and Tolerance in Kenyan Corals 235 Fish in Northern Aceh 151 G. Grimsditch, J. Mwaura, J. Kilonzo, E. Rudi, S.A. Elrahimi, S. Irawan, R.A. N. Amiyo & D. Obura Valentino, Surikawati, Yulizar, Munandar, T. Kartawijaya, Y. Herdiana, F. Setiawan, Zooxanthellae Densities are Highest S. Rizal & S.T. Pardede in Summer Months in Equatorial Corals in Kenya 237 Fishing Controls, Habitat Protection and G. Grimsditch, J. Mwaura, J. Kilonzo, Reef Fish Conservation in Aceh 161 N. Amiyo & D. Obura Stuart J. Campbell, Tasrif Kartawijaya, Rizya L. Ardiwijaya, Ahmad Mukmunin, A Description of Acropora sp. 1 in the Mombasa Yudi Herdiana, Edy Rudi, Ayie Nurvita Lagoon in Kenya – A New Species or a Potential 241 & Robby Andar V. Hybrid? Sangeeta Mangubhai iv The Lallie Didham Coral and Shell Estimating Total Fishing Effort over Tidal to Collection, at CORDIO East Africa 245 Annual Periods in the Diani-Chale-Gazi David Obura, Rose Machaku Reef Fishery in Kenya 321 &Laurence DeFrise Paul Tuda, William Nyaga, George Waweru Maina, Innocent Wanyonyi Resilience-Integrating Science and Management & David Obura in Coral Reefs Relevant to Climate Change 249 David Obura & Gabriel Grimsditch Assessment of Fisherfolk Organizations and Beach Management Units (BMU) PART 5 ––– Fish Spawning Aggregations 261 in the Management of Fishery Resources in Diani-Chale, Southern Kenya 335 Reef Fish Spawning Aggregations in the Stephen J. Oluoch & David Obura Western Indian Ocean: Current Knowledge and Implications for Management Development of a Web-based Geographic 263 Jan Robinson, Melita Samoilys Information System as a Decision Tool & Patrick Kimani to Support Fisheries Science and Management: A Case Study of Reef Fish Spawning Aggregations in South Diani-Chale, Kenya 345 Asia and the Andaman Sea: Preliminary B. Munywoki, D.Obura & G.W. Maina Findings from Local Knowledge 277 J. Tamelander, S. Sattar, U. Satapoomin, PART 7 ––– SocioSocio----economicseconomics and Livelihoods 353 S. Campbell, J.K. Patterson Edward, V. Hoon, M. Chandi, R. Arthur, Flip - Flop: Recycling for Social and 354 S. Adam & M.Samoilys Environmental Regeneration Tahreni Bwaanali & Julie Church PART 6 ––– Artisanal Fisheries Research 283 Additional and Alternative Occupations The Small-scale Reef Fishery at Phuket for the Urak Lawoi Sea Nomads of Island, Thailand Andaman Sea Coast 285 Phuket, Thailand 357 Ukkrit Satapoomin & Kanlaya Chawanon Narumon Arunothai, Paladej Na Pombejra, & Jeerawan Buntowtook The Artisanal Reef Fishery on Agatti Island, 293 Union Territory of Lakshadweep, India The Coral Reefs and Livelihoods Initiative J. Tamelander & V. Hoon (CORALI) - Building an Improved
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