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2 SPC Traditional Marine Resource Management and Knowledge Information Bulletin #9 – February 1998 Map of the showing West Nggela region Figure 1: Figure SPC Traditional Marine Resource Management and Knowledge Information Bulletin #9 – February 1998 3

What’s in a name? An analysis of the West Nggela (Solomon Islands) . by Simon Foale 1

Introduction Lobotidae, Gerreidae, Sparidae, , Chaetodontidae, Pomacentridae, Cirhitidae, Accurate knowledge about the behaviour, biol- Polynemidae, Labridae, Opistognathidae, ogy and ecology of organisms comprising marine Trichonotidae, Pinguipedidae, Blenniidae, is a vital prerequisite for their manage- , , Zanclidae, Bothidae, ment. Before beginning any study on local knowl- Pleuronectidae, and Soleidae. edge of marine fauna, a working knowledge of The English names of many of fish vary their local names must be obtained. Moreover, a quite a bit, even within one country such as great deal of local knowledge can often emerge in . For most of the species listed in the very process of obtaining names (Ruddle, Appendix 1, I have used the English names given 1994). A detailed treatment of the local naming by Randall et al. (1990). For species not included in system of West Nggela marine fauna is given in Randall et al. (1990), names from Kailola (1987a, b, this paper. 1991) were used. Methods Results

Local names of fish were collected by asking Appendix 1 contains 350 unique Nggela folk people to provide the Nggela names for taxa for cartilaginous and bony fishes, together from photographs in books featuring most of the with the scientific (Linnean) taxa they correspond common Indo-Pacific species (Randall et al., 1990 to and, where available, a brief note describing an and Myers, 1991). Most identifications were cross- aspect of local knowledge about the taxon. checked with at least five people before being Wherever possible, an etymology was provided for included in the list. This could still, however, the Nggela taxon (in many cases, the Nggela dictio- sometimes be an unreliable way of obtaining the nary compiled by Fox, 1955 was used). Similar data correct name (Bulmer, 1969; Diamond, 1989, 1991). are also presented for marine mammals, reptiles, Occasionally the photograph might have been commonly-used invertebrates, and some important of an individual whose colour variation did not plants. The list includes a small number of Nggela quite match that of the population that occurs at taxa that I was unable to identify. Nggela (even though it was still the same species), Some scientific species correspond to more or the colour balance of the photograph might than one folk taxon. In some cases these folk taxa have been a bit unnatural, or the fish was not easy could be regarded as sub-taxa, since they were to recognise for some other reason. Occasionally, usually acknowledged to simply be different people would create names for fishes, based on growth stages of the same Nggela ÔspeciesÕ. The their appearance in photographs, even if the fish most notable example of this is for the small did not occur in the Nggela region. With this in carangid, Selaroides leptolepis (Smooth-tailed treval- mind, I tried to obtain names of living, or freshly- ly), which is most usually referred to as Malaboro, caught specimens whenever possible. but which can also be referred to by four other For some groups of fish this was difficult, or names, depending on its size (see Appendix 1). In impossible. I depended heavily or entirely on pho- other cases, however, usually where species (such tographs for Nggela identifications of species in 22 as many scarids) show strong sexual dimorphism, of the 86 scientific families of cartilaginous and the Nggela taxa are not necessarily regarded as bony fishes listed in Appendix 1. They were: being related. In general, splitting of taxa was Pseudochromidae, Kuhlidae, Priacanthidae, more common for species that were commonly

1. Department of , The University of Melbourne, Australia. 4 SPC Traditional Marine Resource Management and Knowledge Information Bulletin #9 – February 1998 used, whereas fish that were of relatively little eco- the Nggela fish-naming system is predominantly nomic importance tended to be ÔlumpedÕ together. constructed around the linguistic representation Semantically speaking, the Nggela taxa can be of fish and their environment as they are divided into primary and secondary lexemes observed visually. Hence there must inevitably be (Berlin et al., 1973; Hooper, 1991). The former usu- some correspondence between the Nggela and ally comprise one word, such as Kara (ÔtrevallyÕ), Linnean systems, since the latter is usually based while the latter are typically binomials, such as on morphological criteria, which are often Kara mera (Blue-spot trevally, (though not always) betrayed by the animalÕs melampygus), comprising a primary, ÔgenericÕ term external appearance. and a descriptive qualifier (mera = blue). In a few Some taxa combine a term connoting cases this descriptive qualifier comprises two behaviour or appearance or habitat with another words, which in most cases can be treated as one term (e.g. Hangguvia ni horara {Rockmover lexeme (e.g. Bagea papala vohe {Scalloped ham- and various Razorfishes}: Hangguvia = to merhead }: Bagea = shark generic; papala = blow off, as a strong wind blows off a roofÑ handle; vohe = paddle; thus: Ôpaddle-handle refers to the mode of feeding of these fishes sharkÕ). However, several names do not fit well {behaviour}; ni horara = of the open sea {habi- with this model (e.g. Kuli tuguru ni tahi, Tauna tat}). A small number of taxa describe the smell na sori, Malole ngongora ruruguÑsee etymolo- or taste of the fish (e.g. Vurusinge {Black-banded gies in Appendix 1). While Nggela primary lex- seaperch}: Vuru = smells {like}; singe = emes sometimes roughly correspond to scientific Convolvulus {a plant}). The second-last category genera, and secondary lexemes to scientific in Table 1 includes names which describe some- species, this is certainly not the rule. Many prima- thing about the ecology of the fish (e.g. ry lexemes correspond directly to scientific Puhuduki {Archerfish}: puhu = to spout, gush; species (e.g. Kepo = Herklotsichthys quadrimacula- duki = a species of ant which the Archerfish tus). However, a larger number of West Nggela preys on by knocking it off roots with fish taxa correspond to more than one scientific jets of water), or its interaction with certain types species. Mostly these multiple correspondences of gear. The etymologies of 13 taxa did are limited to similar looking fish within one sci- not appear to fit into any of these categories. entific family, but ten West Nggela taxa corre- Overall, most of the etymological categories list- spond to two or more species which belong to dif- ed in Table 1 portray fishes as they are experi- ferent scientific families. enced by fishers, so that local knowledge about Etymologies of Nggela folk taxa are cate- them, as reflected in their names, is constructed gorised in Table 1 according to the of infor- principally in terms of human interaction with mation they reveal about the . Many pri- the marine environment. mary lexemes have no transla- tion (e.g. Kavala, Ango) and are classified as such. The largest cat- Table 1: Categories of etymological information in West Nggela fish names egory of taxa comprises names that simply describe the external appearance of the fish. Some of these include a generic referent Etymological category No. of taxa (e.g. Atu livoga {Dogtooth }: Atu = tuna generic; livo = tooth), and some donÕt (e.g. Igu koni Untranslatable primary lexeme 110 {Yellow-tailed emperor}: Igu = Descriptive only 136 tail; koni = yellow). Other names Habitat only 30 refer to the fishÕs habitat (e.g. Kukupi horara {Spotted oceanic Behaviour only 10 }: Kukupi = large trig- Descriptive + other 15 gerfish generic; horara = open Habitat + other 15 sea) or some aspect of its behaviour (e.g. Vulovatu {White Behaviour + other 15 damsel, or Farmerfish}: Vulo = to Taste or smell 4 clean or brush; vatu = stone, or Ecology/fishing 18 dead coralÑthis refers to the grazing behaviour of poma- Other 13 centrid Ôfarmer fishesÕ which appear to clean the seabed within Note that owing to the overlapping nature of some categories the total does not their small territories). These equal 350. dominant categories suggest that SPC Traditional Marine Resource Management and Knowledge Information Bulletin #9 – February 1998 5

Taxonomic structure snapper was in fact installed at Semege Sub-station on Sandfly Island, and fishing had The West Nggela fish taxonomy appears to be commenced by March 1996. relatively shallow, unlike the scientific system, On the other hand, the complexity of the nam- which employs seven basic levels of classification ing system for more commonly exploited fishes, from species through to kingdom. The next level such as Selaroides leptolepis (Smooth-tailed trevally) of Nggela classification above ÔgenericÕ (e.g. and Selar crumenophtalmus (Purse-eyed scad), Kara) is Iga, which equates roughly to ÔfishÕ, belies a much greater depth of experience with including bony and cartilaginous fishes. Iga fits such species. Concerted questioning about these the criteria for the category of ÔLife-formÕ used by fishes (and observations of fishing practices) Berlin et al. (1973) and Clark (1981). would very likely reveal detailed local knowledge Answers to some survey questions indicated of their biology and behaviour. that whales, dolphins, dugongs, turtles and It is important to note that while relatively little crocodiles may also be classified, at least occa- of the information gleaned from the etymologies sionally, under Iga (see also Clark, 1991). and folklore presented here could be considered However, Iga is also used as a generic for many as being directly applicable to contemporary stock taxa, including one species of shark (Iga tao, the management issues (i.e. maximising and sustain- Tassled wobbegong). In addition to its status as a ing yields), the information nevertheless has con- generic, Bagea is almost certainly used as an siderable worth in its own right. ÔintermediateÕ (Berlin et al., 1973), between gener- Moreover, given the linguistic and cultural ic and life form, since most are referred to handicaps faced by the cross-cultural worker in an as Bagea prior to being properly identified. investigation of such limited duration, the data The specific Nggela name for Trochus niloticus is should be regarded as far from comprehensive; a Lala. Its next level of classification, probably equat- great deal more information would surely come to ing to Ôlife-formÕ (Clark, 1981), is Vanguda, which light if more time were available for fieldwork. most commonly means Ôshelled molluscÕ and The data presented here are clearly also a neces- includes bivalves, but may also include other sary starting point for any concerted investiga- groups of (usually edible) invertebrates, such as tions into indigenous knowledge about more fish- and (see also Clark, 1991). eries-relevant aspects of natural history such as growth, natural mortality, and recruitment. Discussion Acknowledgements There are many aspects of the West Nggela marine fauna taxonomy that warrant discussion, Paramount Chief Christian Sale and his con- particularly in a comparative context, but which temporaries from Tumbila and Olevuga villages are beyond the scope of this paper. Some local provided many of the names in Appendix 1. Frank knowledge is immediately available from ety- Tura and Paul Pule and their senior relatives also mologies (Appendix 1), and this was often supple- contributed significantly to the identification of mented with more detailed information which many species of fish and other marine , emerged in the course of my discussions and fish- and also provided much interesting folklore about ing activities with West Nggela fishers. Some of many species. this information became the subject of more thor- There are many other West Nggela people who ough investigations which have been published or contributed material in Appendix 1 and to these I submitted for publication elsewhere (Foale, 1997, am also most grateful. Many thanks to Rob Day, in review a, b; Foale & Day, in press). Peter Dwyer, Martha Macintyre and Catherine The lack of Nggela names for most of the Black for reading drafts of the thesis chapter from deep-sea snappers (the Solomon pidgin term, which the text of this paper was extracted. Siliva pis (= ÔSilver fishÕ), is used for most species This work was supported in part by a of Etelis, Pristipomoides and Aphareus) indicates Melbourne University Postgraduate Scholarship, that these species have not been an important fea- in part by the World Wide Fund for Nature ture of the Nggela subsistence economy in the (WWF) Pacific Programme (Suva), and in part by a past. This is not the case for many Polynesian grant from the USAID Multilateral Treaty, admin- societies, where a tradition of deep-sea fishing istered by the Forum Fisheries Agency in Honiara. clearly existed prior to colonisation (Nordhoff, WWF has published a version of Appendix 1 1930; Hooper, 1990, 1991). However, recent sur- intended for distribution in West Nggela schools. veys by the Solomon Islands Fisheries Division Rob Day also contributed an outboard motor indicated that sizeable stocks of several species of (from consulting fees) and an airfare to the deep-sea snappers exist in the Sandfly area Solomons. (Michael Batty, pers. comm.). During the last 3 months of 1995, the infrastructure for a deep-sea 6 SPC Traditional Marine Resource Management and Knowledge Information Bulletin #9 – February 1998

References HOOPER, A. (1990). Tokelau fishing in traditional and modern contexts. In: Traditional Marine BERLIN, B., D.E. BREEDLOVE & P.H. RAVEN. (1973). Resource Management in the Pacific Basin: An General principles of classification and Anthology. Eds. K. Ruddle and R.E. Johannes. nomenclature in folk biology. American Jakarta: UNESCO/ROSTSEA. 213Ð240. Anthropologist. 75: 214Ð242. HOOPER, R. (1991). Denizens of the deep: the BULMER, R. (1969). Field methods in ethnozoology semantic history of proto-Polynesian *Palu. In: with special reference to the New Guinea Man and a Half: Essays in Pacific Highlands. Unpublished Manuscript, Anthropology and Ethnobiology in Honour of University of , Port Ralph Bulmer. Ed. A. Pawley, Auckland: The Moresby. Polynesian Society. 119Ð127.

CLARK, R. (1981). Snakes, snails and Ôlife-formsÕ. KAILOLA, P. (1987a). The Fishes of Papua New Journal of the Polynesian Society. 90: 267Ð269. Guinea: A Revised and Annotated Checklist. Myxinidae to Synbranchidae. Port Moresby: CLARK, R. (1991). Fingota/Fangota: Shellfish and Papua New Guinea Department of Fisheries fishing in Polynesia. In: Man and a Half: and Marine Resources. Research Bulletin No. Essays in Pacific Anthropology and 41. Ethnobiology in Honour of Ralph Bulmer. Ed. Pawley A. Auckland: The Polynesian Society. KAILOLA, P. (1987b). The Fishes of Papua New 78Ð83. Guinea: A Revised and Annotated Checklist. Scorpaenidae to Callionymidae. Port DIAMOND, J. (1989). The ethnobiologistÕs dilemma. Moresby: Papua New Guinea Department of Natural History. 98(6): 26Ð30. Fisheries and Marine Resources. Research Bulletin No. 41. DIAMOND, J. (1991). Interview techniques in ethno- biology. In: Man and a Half: Essays in Pacific KAILOLA, P. (1991). The Fishes of New Guinea: A Anthropology and Ethnobiology in Honour of revised and Annotated Checklist. Gobiidae to Ralph Bulmer. Ed. A. Pawley, Auckland: The Molidae. Port Moresby: Papua New Guinea Polynesian Society. 83Ð86. Department of Fisheries and Marine Resources. Research Bulletin No. 41. FOALE, S.J. (1997). Ownership and management of traditional Trochus fisheries at West Nggela, MYERS, R.F. (1991). Micronesian Reef Fishes. Solomon Islands. In: Developing and Territory of Guam: Graphics. Sustaining World Fisheries Resources: The State of Science and Management: 2nd World NORDHOFF, C.B. (1930). Notes on the offshore fish- Fisheries Congress Proceedings. Eds. D.A. ing of the Society Islands. Journal of the Hancock, D.C. Smith, A. Grant and J.P. Polynesian Society. 39: 137Ð173. Beumer. Melbourne: CSIRO. 266Ð272. RANDALL, J.E., G.R. ALLEN, & R.C. STEENE. (1990). FOALE, S.J. (in review, a.). Assessment and man- Fishes of the and Coral Sea. agement of the trochus fishery at West Nggela, Bathurst: Crawford House Press. Solomon Islands: an interdisciplinary approach. and Coastal Management. RUDDLE, K. (1994). Local knowledge in the future management of inshore tropical marine FOALE, S.J. (in review, b.). Traditional ecological resources and environments. Nature and knowledge and biology of the land , Resources. 30: 28Ð37. Cardisoma hirtipes (Decapoda: Gecarcinidae), at West Nggela, Solomon Islands. Human Ecology.

FOALE, S.J. & R.W. DAY. (in press). Stock assessment of trochus (Trochus niloticus) fisheries at West Nggela, Solomon Islands, with notes on man- agement. Fisheries Research.

FOX, C.E. (1955). A Dictionary of the Nggela Language. Auckland: The Unity Press. SPC Traditional Marine Resource Management and Knowledge Information Bulletin #9 – February 1998 7

Appendix 1

Nggela marine fauna taxonomy

Notes on pronunciation

Vowels: a as in far, e as in end, i as in tin, o as in or, u as in put. G is the Melanesian g, a velar fricative, sounded as the old English gh, with the back of the tongue articulating with but not touching the back of the palate. Ng as in singer, ngg as in finger. D is always pronounced nd (daro = ndaro) and b always mb (bosa = mbosa). The accent is always on the penultimate syllable.

Iga: Cartilaginous and bony fishes Rays Sharks Dasyatidae – Stingrays Vali: Dasyatis kuhlii (KuhlÕs stingray), Taeniura Stegostomidae – Leopard sharks lymna (Blue-spotted stingray) and T. melanospila Bagea oneone: Stegostoma fasciatum (Leopard (Black-blotched stingray). shark). Etymology: oneone = black sand. Name probably Vali sagalea: Urogymnus africanus (Thorny ray). refers to the black spotted pattern of this shark. Etymology: sagalea = sand, beach.

Ginglymostomatidae – Nurse sharks Myliobatididae – Eagle rays Bagea (ro)rodo: Nebrius ferrugineus (Tawny nurse Vali lovo: Aetobatus narinari (Spotted eagle ray). shark). Etymology: (ro)rodo = blind. Name may connote the Etymology: lovo = to fly. small eye of this species or itÕs sedentary habit. In pijin it is called Ôsleeping sharkÕ. Mobulidae – Devil or Manta rays Vali lovo: Manta birostris (Manta ray) and Mobula Carcharhinidae – Whaler sharks or Requiem sharks tarapacana (Devil ray). Etymology: lovo = to fly. Bagea mara: Carcharhinus albimarginatus (Silvertip shark). Etymology: Mara = bright, colourful. May refer to the Fishes silver markings on the fins. Bagea totoho: Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos (Grey Albulidae – Bonefishes reef shark). Oaa: Albula neoguinaica (Pacific bonefish). Note: the Bakebake: Carcharhinus melanopterus (Blacktip reef milkfish, Chanos chanos, is also called Oaa. shark). Muraenidae – Moray Hemigaleidae – Weasel sharks Daununu: Gymnothorax javanicus (Giant moray) Eno-eno: Triaenodon obesus (White-tip reef shark). and other large Gymnothorax spp. Poli ni tahi: Gymnothorax spp. (smaller) + remain- Sphyrnidae – Hammerhead sharks ing Muraenid genera. Etymology: Poli = snake; tahi = sea. Bagea papala vohe: Sphyrna lewini (Scalloped Posau: Gymnothorax nudivomer (Yellowmouth hammerhead). Etymology: papala = handle. vohe = paddle. moray), G. meleagris (Whitemouth moray) and The name describes the paddle-handle shape of the lateral Echidna nebulosa (Starry moray) extensions on the head of this species. Eels from various other families Rhyncodontidae – Whale sharks Poli ni tahi: ferruginea (Slender worm Bagea ni oka: Rhincodon typus (Whale shark). ) (Moringuidae Ð Worm eels), Etymology: Oka = open, broad, far reaching (a of Kaupichthys hyoproroides (Grey reef eel) horara = open ocean). (Chlopsidae Ð False morays), Leiuranus semicinctus (Culverin) (Ophichthidae Ð Orectolobidae – Wobbegongs Snake eels). Iga tao: Eucrossorhinus dasypogon (Tassled wobbe- Etymology: Poli = snake; tahi = sea. gong). Etymology: tao = lying flat, flat on face. Connotes the Posali:Conger cinerius (Black-edged conger) sedentary habit of this species. (Congridae Ð Conger eels). 8 SPC Traditional Marine Resource Management and Knowledge Information Bulletin #9 – February 1998

Sia kale: Myrichthys maculosis (Spotted snake eel) Exocetidae – Flyingfishes (Ophichthidae). Etymology: Sia = flower of sugar cane, Kidu: Cypselurus spp. (and other common genera reed or bamboo; kale = to strike, hit. May connote the fine of flyingfishes). spotted pattern of this species. Toitokiri: Myrichthys colubrinus (Harlequin snake Hemiramphidae – Halfbeaks eel) (Ophichthidae). Kelo: Hemiramphus spp. and Hyporamphus spp. Totoro: Zenarchopterus dispar (Estuarine halfbeak). Clupeidae – and Note: Totoro occurs mainly in shallow water around man- Kepo: Herklotsichthys quadrimaculatus (Four spot groves in sheltered bays. ). Note: This species usually mills around in large schools under wharves or along sandy beaches in protected Belonidae – Longtoms and needlefishes bays. It usually goes into deep water at night. Kepo is an impor- Malole: (Belonidae {generic}) and possibly also the tant food species to the Nggela people and is usually parcelled larger individuals of Tylosurus crocodilus crocodilus in leaves and baked in a motu oven if large numbers are netted. (Crocodile longtom) which are found some dis- According to some fishers, Kepo populations do not recover tance seaward of the edge of reefs. quite as quickly as other species of baitfish after heavy fishing. Malole golpoto (No identification). Malole legolego (No identificationÑthis may be Chanidae – Milkfishes the pelagic belonid, Ablennes hians, which is a Oaa: Chanos chanos (Milkfish). highly laterally-compressed species). Etymology: Legolego = flat, laterally compressed, as in some species of Plotosidae and Ophidiidae – Catfishes trevallies. Iga bola: Plotosus lineatus (Striped catfish) Malole ngongora: either smaller Strongylura incisa (Plotosidae Ð Eeltail catfishes) and Brotula multibar- (Reef needlefish) or S. leiura (Slender longtom) or bata (Bearded brotula) (Ophidiidae Ð Brotulas). Platybelone platyura (Keeled needlefish). Etymology: Etymology: bola = 1. a pigeon; 2. a constellation, Southern Cross. Ngora = a young girl. The name refers to the relatively small size of this variety of Malole. Carapidae – Pearlfishes Malole ngongora rurugu (no identification) Iga ni opaopa: Onuxodon margaritifer (Bivalve Etymology: Ngora = a young girl; Rurugu = under, below, a pearlfish). Etymology: This species is commonly found in a space under a tree. species of bivalve called opaopa. Malole poli (No identification). Etymology: Poli = snake. Synodontidae – Lizardfishes Malole sobolonga: Tylosurus crocodilus crocodilus Koisogavu: Saurida gracilis (Slender lizardfish), (Crocodile longtom). Etymology: Sobo = to float; Longa = Synodus spp. (various lizardfishes) and shorewards. Medium-sized and small individuals of this Trachinocephalus myops (Snakefish). species are supposed to occur close to the shore, generally around fringing reefs. This is either the largest or second Stonefishes, scorpionfishes, toadfishes, frogfishes and largest (after Malole) type of Malole. gurnards Malole vaivaripapa: Strongylura incisa (Reef Novu: 1. All species of the family Scorpaenidae needlefish). Etymology: Vaivari = a reciprocal prefix with (Scorpionfishes) except for Dendrochirus spp. and some verbs. Papa = to carry on oneÕs back, piggyback. The Pterois spp. This includes: Ablabys taenianotus name probably refers to this speciesÕ habit of going in pairs or (Cockatoo waspfish), Inimicus caledonicus small groups. (Caledonian stinger), Scorpaenoides spp., Malole valala: Tylosurus acus melanotus (Keel- Scorpaenopsis spp., Sebastapistes spp. jawed or Black-finned longtom). (Scorpionfishes), Synanceia spp. (Stonefishes), and Note: Has a compressed horny appendage under chin and Taenianotus triacanthus (Leaf scorpionfish). occurs in open sea or around deep reefs. Is often preyed up on Novu: 2. Antennarius spp. (Antennariidae Ð by dolphins. Etymology: Valala = right angle, right angled, Frogfishes or anglerfishes) . possessing a cross-handle, as a small adze. This name obvious- Novu lovo: Dendrochirus spp. and Pterois spp. ly refers to the horny appendage under the chin of this species. (Lionfishes, firefishes), Histrio histrio It should be noted that juveniles of several species of belonids (Sargassumfish) (Antennariidae Ð Frogfishes or may have a or bony tab on the tip of the bottom jaw. anglerfishes), Dactyloptena orientalis (Flying Consequently this taxon may also correspond to the juvenile gurnard) (Dactylopteridae: Flying gurnards). form of some of the other taxa listed here. Etymology: lovo = to fly. So named because the fishes appear Local knowledge: to have wings. 1. Some types of Malole are reproductive when the Habaga Novu tonikama: Halophryne diamensis (Banded tree (Alstonia scholaris or ÔMilky pineÕ) flowers and fruits. frogfish) (Batrachoididae Ð Toadfishes). Etymology: This is usually in June/July. tonikama = old woman, or old man. Local knowledge: Stings 2. Larger Malole are caught traditionally with sago palm leaf from the spines of fishes in the Novu group can be treated with kites and spiderweb lures (Dala on Nggela). They can also the leaves of the Dirigi tree (no identification). be caught by trolling (Ariari), or with a technique called SPC Traditional Marine Resource Management and Knowledge Information Bulletin #9 – February 1998 9

Koikoito, which comprises a baited hook on a short line Kuli tuguru ni tahi: Hippocampus kuda (Spotted (1Ð2 fathoms) which is tied to the dried fruit of the seahorse). Etymology: Kuli = seagrass; Tuguru = standing Barringtonia tree and left to float off the edge of the reef for a (Standing seagrass (fish) of the sea). while, before being picked up by the fisherman in his canoe. 3. A very commonly told story in the Sandfly region describes a Platycephalidae – Flatheads bizarre interaction (which many people profess to have wit- Usa vero: Thysanophrys otaitensis and T. chiltonae nessed) between any of the above types of Malole and a land (Flatheads). Etymology: Vero = erect penis. Maybe thatÕs snake called Torokoe (Denrelaphus caligastra). The snake usu- what it looks like! ally jumps into the sea from a mangrove, koilo (Calophyllum Vugovugo sadana: Thysanophrys arenicola (Sand inophyllum) or coconut tree and swims to a waiting Malole. flathead). Etymology: Vugo = net; Sada = 1. womanÕs skirt The snake then coils its body around the fish, which makes no of banana leaves, 2. to tie the thatch in beginning a roof. attempt to escape, and appears to mate with it. The snake then uncoils from the fish and swims back to the shore. – Rockcods or Subfamily Anthiinae: Atherinidae – Hardyheads or silversides Vare: Pseudanthias spp. and related genera. Sipu: Hypoatherina sp. (Hardyhead). Note: As Sipu Subfamily Epinephelinae: gets bigger, it becomes Gohi, then Kodove. These names may Angora gere: Cephalopholis sexmaculata (Six-spotted equate to other species, which may be in other families. Sipu is rockcod). Etymology: gere = writing. a preferred bait for some types of trolling. Iga koleo: Aethaloperca rogaa (Redmouth rockcod). Etymology: Koleo = Megapode bird. Holocentridae – Soldierfishes and squirrelfishes Karamalabo: Plectropomus spp. (Coral trouts). Sori beta: Plectropops lima (Cardinal soldierfish). Includes P. areolatus, P. laevis, P. leopardus, P. macu- Etymology: beta = breadfruit tree, or its fruit. latus, and P. oligacanthus (the latter is also some- Sori gau: Neoniphon spp. and some Sargocentron times called Taburara, Sili taburara and spp. Etymology: gau = knife. Gaumare). Sori tubu mata: Myripristes adusta (Shadowfin sol- Kobili: Epinephelus sp. (unidentified rockcod). dierfish) and M. berndti (Bigscale soldierfish). Kohoa: Epinephelus lanceolatus ( Etymology: Tubu = to swell, expand. Mata = eye. ). Also called Bangabanga. Sori: Myripristes spp. (Soldierfishes {generic}). Note: Etymology: Kohoa = carried, using stick shouldered by two Sori are commonly fished using a small hook baited with cot- people (Verb, transitive: Kali koho). Bangabanga is a slang ton wool (or any small bright piece of cloth or feather), which is term connoting extreme gluttony. This is the largest Indo- tied to a short line on a bamboo pole and dragged across the Pacific reef fish, and can attain weights of over 400 kg. surface on moonlit nights. Kuli patu: Epinephelus polyphekadion (Camouflage Talaa: Sargocentron spiniferum (Spinecheek squir- rockcod). Etymology: Kuli = seagrass; Patu = joint in bam- relfish). Local knowledge: The red flowers of the Rara tree boo, knot. (Erythrina indica Ð the Coral or Flame tree), usually around Kusele: Epinephelus corallicula (Coral rockcod), August, mark the time when the flesh of Talaa is greasiest. E. hexagonatus (Hexagon rockcod), E. howlandii (Blacksaddle rockcod), E. macrospilos (Snubnose Fistulariidae – Flutemouths rockcod), E. merra (Dwarf-spotted rockcod). Konga: Fistularia commersoni (Smooth flutemouth). Kusele geregerea: Epinephelus quoyanus (Longfin Local knowledge: Ulu ni Konga (Ulu = head) is a metaphor for rockcod). Etymology: Geregere = to write. stupidity and refers to the thick bony structure of the head Kuva: Cephalopholis argus (Peacock rockcod). region of this species. Mankovava: E. fuscoguttatus (Flowery ). Polo: Cephalopholis cyanostigmata (Blue-spotted Aulostomidae – Trumpetfishes rockcod), C. miniata (Coral cod) (sometimes also Iga veoveo: Aulostomus chinensis (Trumpetfish). called Sivari baba), Epinephelus malabaricus Etymology: Veoveo = hole in net or fence. Refers to the long (Malabar grouper). Etymology: Polo = hide; Baba = thin shape of the fish. hole/cave. Sivari: Variola albimarginata (Lyre-tail trout), Aeoliscidae – Razorfishes V. louti (Coronation trout) (latter sometimes also Iga tuguru: Aeoliscus strigatus (Razorfish). called Sivari baba). Etymology: Baba = hole/cave. Etymology: Tuguru = stand up, standing. Sogilo ni kolo: Cromileptes altivelis (Baramundi cod) (Sometimes called Demara and Iga Piu). – Pipefishes Etymology: Kolo = strait; Piu = a species of bird. Hinapi ni vua: Corythoichthys spp. and Tagulu pohaha: Epinephelus areolatus (Areolate Doryrhamphus spp. (Pipefishes). Etymology: Hinapi = rockcod). Etymology: Pohaha = mottled grey and white lime-stick (used to transfer powdered lime, for chewing with smudges as a banana leaf. betelnut, from its container to the mouth). Vua = crocodile Vualia: Epinephelus tukula (Potato cod). Iga ni kuli: nitidus (Glittering Subfamily Grammistinae: pipefish). Etymology: Kuli = seagrass Tubuna vua: Lioproma susumi (Meteor perch), 10 SPC Traditional Marine Resource Management and Knowledge Information Bulletin #9 – February 1998

Rainfordia opercularis (Flathead perch). Etymology: Kara: (Trevallies {generic}), Carangoides fulvogutta- Tubu = SisterÕs child or motherÕs brother; Vua = crocodile. tus (Gold-spotted trevally) and Caranx papuensis Iga poipoi: Diploprion bifasciatum (Barred soap- (). fish), Gramistops ocellata (Ocellated podge). Kara gabutogo: Caranx melampygus (Blue-fin trevally). Etymology: Gabu = blood. Togo = to spear. Note: Pseudochromidae – Dottybacks and eel blennies also called Kara mera (mera = blue). Feeding schools of this Iga lade: Congorogadus subducens (Carpet eel and other types of Kara are called Vangavanga. blenny), Dottybacks (generic). Etymology: Lade = coral. Kara iguga: Carangoides gymnostethus (Bludger trevally). Etymology: Iguga = possessing a tail. Terapotidae – Grunters Kara kara: Carangoides uii (Japanese trevally). Kaboa: Terapon jarbua (Cresent grunter). Note: This Kara koni: Gnathanodon speciosus (Golden treval- species is commonly referred to as ÔHarbour masterÕ in pijin, ly). Etymology: koni = yellow. due to its scavenging habit, and common occurrence near toi- Kara legolego: Carangoides caeruleopinnatus (Onion let beaches. trevally). Etymology: legolego = flat. Kara nadi: Caranx para (Banded scad). Etymology: Kuhlidae – Flagtails nadi = hard. Valuado: Kuhlia mugil (Fiveband flagtail). Kara pura: Carangoides chrysophrys (Club-nosed Etymology: Valu = a species of tree; Ado = to think, under- trevally). Etymology: pura = white. stand. Kara uluga: Caranx tille (). Etymology: uluga = possessing a headÑrefers to Priacanthidae – Bigeyes the steep forehead of this species. Kaulau ni horara: Heteropriacanthus spp. and Kara vali: Parastromateus niger (Black pomfret). Priacanthus spp. (Glasseyes {generic}). Etymology: Etymology: vali = stingray. Kaulau = Archerfish (Toxotes sp.); Horara = Open sea. Kara voramua: Caranx sexfasciatus (Bigeye treval- ly). Etymology: vora = to open eyes wide. mua = yet, still. Apogonidae – Cardinalfishes Refers to the very large staring eye of this species. Vivihi: Apogonidae (generic). Kavala: tala (Barred queenfish). Lailahi: Scomberoides lysan (Double-spotted queen- Malacanthidae – Sandtile fishes fish). Note: this name is also commonly used as a generic Iga kuikui: Malacanthus latovittatus (Blue blanquil- term for Scomberoides spp. lo). Etymology: Kuikui = lizard. Lailahi kaekalea: Scomberoides tol (Needleskin queenfish). Etymology: kaekale = needle, spine. Echeneididae – Remoras: Malaboro: Selaroides leptolepis (Smooth-tailed Raorago bagea: Echeneis naucrates (Slender sucker- trevally). Note: Maloboro sub-taxa as follows, in of fish). Etymology: Rago = to join two ends together; Bagea = increasing size: Tata poipoi (smallest), Malaboro, Malaboro shark. Connotes the common association this fish has with tutura, Puri, Pailori (biggest). Malaboro are a very important sharks. subsistence species at Nggela and are caught with a variety of techniques, including Soga, Unggalu and Ariari. Etymology: – Trevallies Mala = 1. occupation, rank; 2. as, like; boro = bottom, inside, Andiandi: Megalaspis cordyla (Finny scad). Note: keel of a canoe (so the name Malaboro may refer to the fact Also called Kai iguga (iguga = possessing a tail) and that the species, because it is small, usually gravitates to the Panggapanggati (Pangga = ten pigs, birds, or fish). bottom of the canoe, i.e. under all the other fish); Tata = to Babalatu: Trachinotus bailloni (Black-spotted dart) shiver, tremble; poi = foam, spray; tutura = a string with any- and Trachinotus blochii (Snub-nosed dart). thing strung on it. Etymology: Baba = hole or cave. Latu = going on forever, Malaboro mala: Decapterus macrosoma (Long-bod- unending. ied scad). Etymology: Mala = 1. occupation, rank; 2. as, like. Buma: Selar crumenopthalmus (Purse-eyed scad). Malahau koni igu: Seriola lalandi (Yellowtail king- Note: Juveniles are called Papa. Buma are an important subsis- fish). Etymology: Mala = 1. occupation, rank; 2. as, like; hau = tence species at Nggela (along with MalaboroÑand they often 1. far, old; 2. to stretch, raise up; Koni = yellow; Igu = tail. school together) and are caught with a variety of techniques, Malahau ni horara: Seriola rivoliana (Almaco jack). including Soga, Unggalu and Ariari. Etymology: Mala = 1. occupation, rank; 2. as, like; hau = 1. far, Doa: Atule mate (Fringe-finned trevally) and old; 2. to stretch, raise up; Horara = open sea. Caranx bucculentis (Blue-spotted trevally). Malahau tunutunua: Seriolina nigrofasciata (Black- Ili koni: Coryphaena hippurus (Common dolphin- banded kingfish). Etymology: Mala = 1. occupation, rank; fish). Etymology: Koni = yellow. 2. as, like; hau = 1. far, old; 2. to stretch, raise up; tunutunua = Kai daro: Decapterus russelli (RussellÕs spotted. scad). Etymology: Daro = long. Maroho: Elagatis bipinnulata (Rainbow runner). Note: Kai vala daro: Scomberoides commersonianus This name appeared to be falling into disuse at the time of field- (Talang queenfish). Etymology: Vala = shoulder, collar- work. The species is more commonly referred to by its market bone. Daro = long. (Solomon Pidgin) name of ÔRainbowÕ by most people these days. SPC Traditional Marine Resource Management and Knowledge Information Bulletin #9 – February 1998 11

Oaa vaivine: Trachinotus botla (Common dart). Uvoro horara: adetti (Hussar) and Etymology: vaivine = girl, female. Lutjanus sebae (Red emperor). Etymology: horara = Raerave: Naucrates ductor (Pilot fish) and open sea. Carangoides ferdau (Barred trevally). Vurusinge: Lutjanus semicinctus (Black-banded Rora: Alectes ciliaris (Pennantfish). seaperch). Etymology: Vuru = smell; singe = a plant Taligu mane: Caranx ignobilis (). Note: (Convolvulus spp., known in Nggela as Mandala and Momona). also sometimes called Kara uluga (uluga = possessing a head). Teutevu niu: Seriola dumerili (Amberjack). Caesionidae – Fusiliers Etymology: Niu = coconut (tree or mature fruit). Toatoa pote: Caesio caerulaurea (Gold-banded Tutupa: Caranx lugubris (Black trevally). fusilier). Etymology: pote = to fill, bulge, swollen, expanded. Vaivalihiga: Absalom radiosus (Fringe-finned Igu saga: Caesio cuning (Red-bellied fusilier). trevally) and Carangoides hedlandensis (Bump- Etymology: Igu = tail; saga = to wither. nosed trevally). Igu saga mane: Caesio lunaris (Lunar fusilier). Etymology: Igu = tail; saga = to wither; mane = man, male. – Snappers Igu saga ni horara: Caesio teres (Blue and gold Ango: Lutjanus rivulatus (Maori seaperch) and fusilier). Etymology: Igu = tail; Saga = to wither, horara = Symphorus nematophorus (Chinaman fish). open sea. Ango gautago: Symphorichthys spilurus (Sailfin Toatoa: Pteracaesio marri (MarrÕs fusilier) snapper). Etymology: gau = knife; tago = to fish, go fishing. Toatoa ni lade: Pteracaesio tile (Neon fusilier). Ango ni bongi: Macolor macularis (Midnight Etymology: lade = coral. seaperch). Etymology: bongi = night. Toatoa ni tuvi: Pteracaesio trilineata (Three-lined Ango ni horara: Macolor niger (Black and white fusilier). Etymology: tuvi = the flat, shallow part of a reef seaperch). Etymology: horara = open sea. Note: Juveniles of near the edge. both Macolor species are called Iga kuikui (ÔLizard fishÕ). Bulobulo geregerea: Lutjanus decussatus Lobotidae – Tripletails (Checkered seaperch). Etymology: geregere = write. Kohoa dale: Lobotes surinamensis (Tripletail). Bulobulo horara: Lutjanus kasmira (Bluestripe Etymology: Kohoa = Epinephelus lanceolatus (Queensland seaperch). Etymology: horara = open sea. grouper); dale = child, offspring. Bulobulo koni: Lutjanus fulviflamma (Blackspot snapper). Etymology: koni = yellow. Gerreidae – Siver biddies Bulobulo ni kolo: Lutjanus quinquelineatus (Five- Pabeta: Gerres oyena (Oceanic silver biddy). lined seaperch). Etymology: kolo = strait. Bulobulo ni toke: Lutjanus monostigma (Onespot Haemulidae – Sweetlips perch). Etymology: toke = point of a reef. Gaumare: Plectorhinchus chaetodontoides (Many- Bulobulo pura: Lutjanus lemniscatus (Dark-tailed spotted sweetlips) and P. flavomaculatus (Netted seaperch) and Lutjanus russelli (Moses perch). sweetlips). Etymology: Gau = knife; mare = shape, image, Etymology: pura = white. appearance. Bulobulo tubumata: Lutjanus lutjanus (Bigeye Kaboa mane: Plectorhinchus celebicus (Celebes seaperch). Etymology: tubu = to swell, expand; mata = eye. sweetlips). Etymology: mane = male, man. Gaumare: Lutjanus biguttatus (Two-spot snapper). Kaboa ni bongi: Plectorhinchus diagrammus Etymology: gau = knife; mare = shape, image, appearance. (Striped sweetlips) and P. goldmani (Diagonal- Iga mona or ÔCurry FishÕ: Lutjanus boutton. Note: banded sweetlips). Etymology: bongi = night. commonly caught using strikeline and kura, in sheltered areas Kometulu: Plectorhinchus gibbosus (Brown sweet- over sandy or rubble bottoms deeper than 20 m. lips), P. obscurus (Giant sweetlips) and P. schotaf Koukoru: Lutjanus bohar (Red bass). Etymology: koru (Somber sweetlips). Etymology: Kome = a gastropod = fat. This is a highly prized table fish. (Strombus canarium); tulu = to wade, or float. Labiango: Aphareus furca (Small-toothed jobfish). Tauna na kometulu: Plectorhinchus picus (Dotted Livo gau: Lutjanus carponatus (Spanish flag) and sweetlips). Etymology: Tauna = wife/husband of. Lutjanus vitta (Brownstripe seaperch). Etymology: Tiakoko: Diagramma pictum (Painted sweetlips). Livo = tooth; gau = knife. Mahi: Lutjanus argentimaculatus (Mangrove jack). Sparidae – Sea breams Sagasaga: Lutjanus fulvus (Yellow-margined Daivula ni horara: Chrysophrys auratus (Snapper). seaperch). Etymology: horara = open sea. Siliva pis: Etelis spp. (coruscans, carbunculus and others) (Deepwater snappers / jobfish). Note: There is – Emperors no Nggela name for these species, as it would appear they Asu: Gnathodentex aurolineatus (Gold-lined sea were not commonly fished until recent times. bream). Susi, or Susi ni horara: Aprion virescens (Green Daivula: grandoculis (Big-eye bream). jobfish). Etymology: horara = open sea. Note: juveniles are called: Mata buru (Mata = eye; buru = to Uvoro: Lutjanus gibbus (Paddletail). throng). 12 SPC Traditional Marine Resource Management and Knowledge Information Bulletin #9 – February 1998

Dami popolo: erythropterus (Masked fish). Etymology: horara = open sea. emperor). Etymology: Dami = to chew betelnut; polo = to Ngingi sisi: spilurus (Blackspot goat- hide. The name refers to the red colour inside this fishÕs mouth, fish). Etymology: sisi = red. implying that it chews betelnut covertly. Noma: Mulloides vanicolensis (Yellowfin ). Esa-esa: Lethrinus miniatus (Sweetlip emperor), Tio: Parupeneus barberinoides (Bicolour goatfish) L. rubrioperculatus (Red-eared emperor), and and P. barberinus (Dash-dot goatfish). L. xanthochilus (Yellow-lip emperor). Goluhihi: Lethrinus erythracanthus (Yellow-spotted Pempheridae – Sweepers emperor). Etymology: Goli = to scrape out flesh of a Tauna na sori: Pempheris spp. (Sweepers). coconut with a bivalve (Tue) shell; hihi = to scoop out the flesh Etymology: Tauna = wife/husband of; sori = soldierfishes of a coconut. (generic). Huru: Lethrinus harak (Thumbprint emperor) and L. obsoletus (Orange-striped emperor). Note: L. harak is Kyphosidae – Drummers also known as MangatataÑboth names appear to be accepted Langui: Kyphosus cinerascens (Topsail drummer) by most people as valid for this species. and K. vaigiensis (Long-finned drummer). Note: Both Iga meresin: Gymnocranius grandoculis (RobinsonÕs species are called Simasima as juveniles and Leoleko when sea bream). Etymology: Meresin is the pijin pronunciation they reach very large size. of medicine; the name refers to the strange taste and smell of this species. Ephippidae – Batfishes Igu koni: Lethrinus atkinsoni (Yellow-tailed emper- Koitovao: pinnatus (Pinnate batfish) P. orbic- or). Etymology: Igu = tail; koni = yellow. ularis (Circular batfish) P. teira (Longfin batfish, Labiango: Lethrinus variegatus (Variegated adult). Etymology: Koito = a style of fishing; vaovao = 1. a emperor). shrub with very large leaves, 2. a very big ear. Mangatata Gymnocranius euanus (Japanese sea Iga raurau: Platax teira (Longfin batfish, juvenile). bream) and L. harak (Thumbprint emperor). Note: L. Etymology: Rau = leaf. harak is also called Huru. Etymology: Manga = mouth; tata = to shiver, tremble. Chaetodontidae – Butterflyfishes Paere (or Papaere): Lethrinus genivittatus (Lancer), Arulole: Chaetodon ulietensis (Pacific double-sad- L. laticaudis (Grass emperor), L. lentjan (Pink-eared dled butterflyfish). Etymology: Aru = a species of tree emperor) and L. ornatus (Yellow-striped emperor). (Casuarina); lole = to scrape clean a yam, a stick. Piho: Lethrinus olivaceus (Long-nosed emperor) Gautago: Heniochus spp. (Bannerfishes). Etymology: and L. nebulosus (Spangled emperor). Gau = knife; tago = to fish, fishing (= taotago). Iga vila: Hemituarichthys polylepis (Pyramid butter- Nemipteridae – Coral breams flyfish) and Heniochus varius (Humphead banner- Asu ni horara: Pentapodus spp. (Butterfishes). fish). Etymology: vila = to flash, flashing. Name refers to the Etymology: Asu = Gnathodentex aurolineatus (Gold-lined sea- striking colours and patterns of these fishes. bream); horara = open sea. Sigo vugo: Chaetodon spp. (Butterflyfishes {gener- Bubukele: Scolopsis affinis (Pale monocle bream). ic}). Etymology: Sigo = to move silently, stealthily; vugo = net. Etymology: Bubu = to stare at; kele = a womanÕs private parts. Sigo vugo refers to the habit of these fishes of ÔcheckingÕ the Susi pile: Scolopsis spp. (Monocle breams). net, or following the net, but never getting caught. Etymology: Susi = Aprion virescens (Green jobfish); pile = small. Pomacanthidae – Angelfishes Mullidae – Belava: Genicanthus spp. (Angelfishes gen., except Mahavi: Parupeneus cyclostomus (Goldsaddle goat- for those listed below). fish). Iga vila: Pomacanthus and Centropyge spp. (Angel- Mala bulua: Parupeneus bifasciatus (Doublebar fishes {generic}). Etymology: Vila = to flash, flashing. Name goatfish). Etymology: Mala = 1. position, rank; 2. like, as. refers to the striking colours and patterns of these fishes (NB: bulu = to light with a lamp or torch. This species is commonly this name is also used for some butterflyfishes, above). taken by gleaning over the top of the reef at low tide at night Sigo vugo: Pygoplites diacanthus (Regal angelfish). (usually around new moon in the wet season) using a lamp or Etymology: Sigo = to move silently, stealthily; vugo = net. Sigo torch. The name connotes either this fishing technique or the vugo refers to the habit of these fishes of ÔcheckingÕ the net, or reddish colour that the animal assumes at night, which might following the net, but never getting caught (NB: this name is be likened to a lamp or torch. also used for some butterflyfishes, above). Ngingi: Parupeneus flavolineatus (Yellowstripe goat- fish), P. heptacanthus (Cinnabar goatfish), P. indicus Pomacentridae – Damselfishes (Indian goatfish), P. multifasciatus (Manybar goat- Gegela: Abudefduf vaigiensis and A. sexfasciatus fish) and P. pleurostigma (Sidespot goatfish). (Sergeants). Ngingi bagea: Upeneus tragula (Freckled goatfish). Guali: Chrysiptera unimaculata, Chromis agilis, Etymology: Bagea = shark. Stegastes spp. Ngingi horara: Parupeneus ciliatus (Cardinal goat- Iga ni bubula: Premnas biaculeatus (Spine-cheek SPC Traditional Marine Resource Management and Knowledge Information Bulletin #9 – February 1998 13 anemonefish) and Amphiprion melanopus (Red and Note: This species usually occurs in groups, and sometimes in black anemonefish). Etymology: bubula is the name of the large stationary schools during the day. anemone (Entacmaea quadricolor) with which these species are Gavi koburu (no identification made). Etymology: associated. koburu = the westerly monsoonal trade wind. Iga ni gavoro Amphiprion perideraion (Pink Gori: Sphyraena helleri (HellerÕs barracuda) and/or anemonefish). Etymology: gavoro is the name of the Sphyraena forsteri anemone (Heteractis magnifica) with which this fish is often Ngganggasu: Sphyraena flavicauda (Yellowtail associated. barracuda) and/or S. novaehollandiae (Arrow bar- Iga ni lade Chromis spp. (small damselfishes close- racuda). ly associated with ). Etymology: lade = coral. Ono: Sphyraena barracuda (Great barracuda). Local Iga ni raerade: Amphiprion chrysopterus (Orange- knowledge: This species is usually solitary but is reported by fin anemonefish) and A. clarkii (ClarkÕs anemone- some Nggela fishermen to occur in groups around new and fish). Etymology: Raerade is the name of the anemone full moons at certain places around Sandfly Island. (Stichodactyla mertensii) to which these fishes are commonly but not exclusively associated. Polynemidae – Threadfins Maumanu ni masao: Amphiprion percula (Clown Bou na pana: Polydactylus sexfilis (Six-fingered anemonefish). Etymology: Maumanu = 1. flying insect; threadfin). Etymology: Bou = hard, seasoned; pana = the 2. spark; 3. animal; masao = the anemone, Stichodactyla gigantae, common tuber crop eaten as a starch staple at Nggela. with which this fish is sometimes associated (it is also associat- ed with other anemones, including Heteractis magnifica). Labridae – Poto: Several species, in several genera, including Gatuvi: Choerodon anchorago (Anchor tuskfish), C. Amblyglyphidodon, Acanthochromis, Chromis, cephalotes (Grass tuskfish). Chrysiptera, Hemiglyphidodon, Neopomacentrus, Hangguvia: Novaculichthys taeniourus (Rockmover Neoglyphidodon, Plectroglyphidodon wrasse). Etymology: Hanggu = to blow off, as a strong wind and Pomacentrus spp. blows off a roof. Via is a transitive marker. The name probably Poto koni: Pomacentrus moluccensis (Lemon refers to the ability of this species to overturn large rocks in damsel). Etymology: koni = yellow. search of food. Poto sagalea Pomacentrus lepidogenys (Scaly Hangguvia ni horara: Xyrichthys pavo (Pavo razor- damsel), P. nagasakiensis (Sandy damsel). Etymology: fish), X. aneitensis (Whitepatch razorfish), X. pen- sagalea = sand, beach, sandy place. The name refers to the typ- tadactylus (Fivefinger razorfish). Etymology: Hangguvia ically shallow, sandy habitat of these species. (see above); horara = open sea. These fish may have been likened Sao: Abudefduf bengalensis, A. septemfasciatus and A. to the Rockmover wrasse through similarity of appearance. sordidus (Sergeants). Iga piu: Gomphosus varius (Bird wrasse), Bodianus Vulovatu: Distichodus perspicillatus (White damsel, diana (DianaÕs hogfish). Etymology: piu = a species of or farmerfish) and D. melanotus (Black-vent small bird. damsel). Etymology: Vulo = to clean, brush away; vatu = Iga raorago: Labroides dimidiatus and Labroides spp. stone. The name referes to the habit of these ÔFarmer fishesÕ of (Cleaner wrasses). Etymology: rago = to join two ends grazing the algae on a small territory which they defend from together. Probably connotes the association of these cleaners other herbivores. with larger (host) fishes. Kama kaluha: Halichoeres chloropterus (Pastel- Cirrhitidae – Hawkfishes green wrasse) H. hortulanus (Checkerboard Tavilade: (Hawkfishes, gen.). Etymology: Tavi = to wrasse). Etymology: Kama = great big, very, a king; kaluha slip, stumble, turn suddenly. lade = coral. = a species of bivalve mollusc. Note: these fishes both inhabit Koni mata: Paracirrhites arcatus (Arc-eye hawk- shallow, sandy/rubble areas. fish). Etymology: Koni = yellow. mata = eye. Kaumavi: amblycephalum (Bluntheaded Iga totoho: Oxycirrhites typus (Longnose hawk- wrasse), T. lunare (Moon wrasse). Etymology: Kau = to fish). Etymology: Totogo = to put one thing on another, stra- stick fast; mavi (abbreviated from mavitu) = all together, in a ta, series one on another. May refer to the cross-hatched pat- body. The name connotes its densely aggregating behaviour. tern of the fish. Koilauko: Anampses spp., Coris aygula (Clown coris), C. dorsomacula (Pale-barred coris), Mugilidae – Mullets C. gaimard (Yellowtail coris), C. schroederi Galua: Crenimugil crenilabis (Warty-lipped mullet). (SchroederÕs coris), Halichoeres melanurus (Tailspot Geru, Kuli binu: Liza vaigiensis (Diamond-scaled wrasse), H. melasmapomus (Ocellated wrasse), mullet). Etymology: Kuli = ear; binumbinu = to line an oven Thalassoma quinquevittatum. with leaves. The name may connote the black colour of the pec- Koleo: Epibulus insidiator (Slingjaw wrasse). toral fin (ÔearÕ) in smaller individuals of this species, which Kolodau: Thalassoma hardwicke (Sixbar wrasse). might be likened to the blackened leaves lining an oven. Etymology: Kolo = strait, dau = to seize, swoop on, snatch. Malaraurabu: Halichoeres miniatus (Circle-cheek Sphyraenidae – Barracudas wrasse). Etymology: Mala = 1. position, rank; 2. as, like; Alu: Sphyraena putnamiae (Chevron barracuda). rau = leaf; rabu = a species of tree. 14 SPC Traditional Marine Resource Management and Knowledge Information Bulletin #9 – February 1998

Nggalanggari: Choerodon jordani, C. schoeleinii, Opistognathidae – Jawfishes or Smilers Cirrhilabrus spp. and Thalassoma janseni. Etymology: Iga tao: Opistognathus spp. (Jawfishes gen.). Nggala = a hand net; ganggari = a traditional method of catch- Etymology: tao = face down, flat on belly. ing fish with a hand net. It is likely that these species are no doubt traditionally caught with this method. Trichonotidae – Sand-divers Peopeo talia: Cheilinus diagrammus (Cheeklined Iga huhu: Trichonotus spp. (Sand-divers). maori wrasse), C. unifasciatus (Ringtail maori Etymology: hu = to dive. wrasse). Etymology: Peopeo = a species of gastropod mol- lusc, rufa (helmet shell), the shell of which is used Pinguipedidae – Sandperches as a trumpet; talia = C. fasciatus (see below). Koesonggavu: Parapercis spp. (Sandperches gen.). Pulupulu sui: Chelinus fasciatus (Redbreasted maori wrasse). Etymology: Pulupulu = 1. to wrap up; 2. to Blenniidae – Blennies put on clothes; sui = a species of red parakeet. Iga kuikui: Aspidontus taeniatus (Mimic blenny) Roso taranggau / Iga taranggau: Bodianus perdi- and Plagiotremus rhinorhynchos (Bluestriped fang- tio, Cheilinus chlorourus, C. oxycephalus, blenny). Etymology: kuikui = lizard. C. trilobatus. Etymology: Roso = young fruit of coconut, Kakau pilo: Blennies (generic) including, and with soft meat, commonly used for drinking; taranggau is the especially, Istiblennius spp. (Rockskippers). Nggela name for a fish-eating bird of prey (probably the Etymology: Kakau = crab; pilo = to wave about. Osprey, Pandion haliaetus). The name may refer to the soft flesh of these fishes, which may also be a favourite prey item Gobiidae – Gobies for the taranggau. Bili gere tuguru: Eviota bifasciata (Doublebar Talia: Cheilinus undulatus (Humphead Maori goby). Etymology: Bili = black; gere = write, writing; tuguru wrasse). = stand up, standing up. Veoveo koni: Chelio inermis (). Iga beto spp., Vanderhorstia spp., Etymology: Veoveo = a hole in a net or fence; koni = yellow. Yongeichthys nebulosus. Etymology: beto = quiet. Iga bili vuna: Bryaninops ampulus (Large whip goby). Scaridae – Etymology: bili = black; vuna = to throw, lob. Note: TP = Terminal Phase; IP = Initial Phase. Iga daro geregere: Valenciennea longipinnis (Long- Boila: Bolbometopon muricatum (Humphead parrot- finned goby). Etymology: daro = long; geregere = write, fish). writing. Mala boila: Scarus microrhinos (Steephead parrot- Iga gere tuguru: rainfordi (Old glory). fish). Etymology: Mala = like, as; boila = B. muricatum. Name Etymology: gere = write, writing; tuguru = stand up, stand- connotes the similarities in appearance of the two species. ing up. Mara: Scarus spp. ( TP gen.). Etymology: Iga kukulu mana: Periophthalmus argentilineatus Maramara = bright, colourful. Refers to the bright colours of (Silverlined mudskipper). Etymology: kukulu = short; many Terminal Phase scarids. mana = 1. quicksand, bog; 2. worthy, fitting. Mara kirita: Scarus frenatus (Bridled parrotfish) Iga ni kolo Trimma spp. Etymology: kolo = strait. and S. psittacus (Palenose parrotfish, TP). Iga ni pari: cincta (Girdled goby). Mara papauga: Scarus niger (Swarthy parrotfish). Etymology: pari = ground, earth, soil. Etymology: papauga = a variety of Ngali nut (Canarium Iga pile matana: micropus (Small-eyed indicum) with very black skin. goby) and Paragobiodon xanthosomus (Yellowskin Mui: bicolor (Bicolour parrotfish, IP). goby). Etymology: pile = small; mata = eye (Matana = its eye). Sapa viviha: Scarus altipinnis (Minifin parrotfish). Iga pohaha: Ctenogobiops tangaroae (Masted shrimp Etymology: Sapa = to go out, seawards, away from the shore; goby). Etymology: pohaha = spotted, blotched, grey and viviha = thunder. May connote the noise made by these fish as white, as a banana leaf. they feed in very large aggregations over the reef. Iga sagalea: Fusigobius neophytus (). Taroa: Cetoscarus bicolor (Bicolour parrotfish, TP). Etymology: sagalea = beach, sand. Ulavi: longiceps (Pacific longnose par- Iga tao tana sagalea: Istiogobius decoratus rotfish). (Decorated goby). Etymology: tao = face down, flat on Uvu raungali: Initial phases of Scarus oviceps (Egg- belly; tana sagalea = on the beach, sand. head parrotfish), S. psittacus (Palenose parrotfish), Iga taotao: Amblyeleotris wheeleri (WheelerÕs S. pyrrhurus (Redtail parrotfish), S. dimidiatus shrimp goby). Etymology: taotao = face down, flat on belly. (Yellowbarred parrotfish), S. globiceps (Globehead Iga tubumata: Cryptocentrus cinctus (Yellow shrimp parrotfish) and Calotomus carolinus (Stareye parrot- goby). Etymology: tubu = to swell, expand; mata = eye. fish). Etymology: Uvu = sandy soil; raungali = leaf of ngali Iga tunutunua: Gobiodon histrio (Broad-barred tree (Canarium indicum). goby). Etymology: tunutunua = spotted. Vanga udu: Scarus rubroviolaceus (Ember parrot- Iga tunutunua bili: Fusigobius spp. (Blotched sand fish) and S. rivulatus (Surf parrotfish). Etymology: goby). Etymology: tunutunua = spotted; bili = black. Vanga = to eat; Udu = together, in company (these species usu- Pomo: Amblygobius sphynx (Sphynx goby). Note: ally feed in aggregations). Pomo appears to be a generic term for gobies. SPC Traditional Marine Resource Management and Knowledge Information Bulletin #9 – February 1998 15

Pomo bili: Callogobius sclateri (Tripleband goby). surgeonfish) and A. nigroris (Bluelined surgeon- Etymology: bili = black. fish). Etymology: Igu = tail; pura = white. Pomo ni tahi: Bathygobius fuscus (Common goby). Kavaga: Naso annulatus (Whitemargin unicorn- Etymology: tahi = sea. fish), N. brachycentron (Humpback unicornfish), Pomo vuruga: Callogobius maculipinnis (Ostrich N. brevirostris (Spotted unicornfish), N. lopezi goby). Etymology: vuruga = possessing scales. (Elongate unicornfish), N. thorpei (ThorpeÕs uni- Sisi mata Bryaninops erythrops (Erythrops goby) cornfish), N. unicornis (Bluespine unicornfish) and and B. natans (Redeye goby). Etymology: Sisi = red; N. hexacanthus (Sleek unicornfish). mata = eye. Kavaga boila: Naso tuberosis (Humpnose unicorn- Tagulu pohaha: Ctenogobiops pomastictus (Spotfin fish). Etymology: boila = Bolbometapon muricatum. The name shrimp goby). Etymology: pohaha = spotted, blotched, grey refers to the bulbous head of N. tuberosus, which is similar to and white, as a banana leaf. that of B. muricatum. Tavi lade: Gobiodon citrinus (Fourbar goby) and G. Kura korade: Acathurus lineatus (Striped surgeon- okinawae (Okinawa goby). Etymology: Tavi = to slip, fish). Etymology: Kura = the ÔpepperÕ leaf usually chewed stumble, turn suddenly; lade = coral. with betelnut (Bua); Kura korade = a darker variety of Kura. Local knowledge: Wounds from the caudal ÔscalpelÕ of this Microdesmidae – and dartfishes species are particularly painful. Iga daro geregere: Nemateleotris decora (Elegant Maluli: Naso vlamingi (VlamingÕs unicornfish). firefish) and N. magnifica (Fire dartfish). Etymology: Note: this species is often referred to as Bagata, and some- daro = long, geregere = write, writing. times as Iga ni vane (Vane = large ripples made by a fish Iga hinapi: Gunnellichthys spp. (Wormfishes, gen.). underwater. Probably connotes the high of this Etymology: hinapi = lime stick. species). Iga labe: (Curious worm- Moemole: Acanthurus olivaceus (Orangeband sur- fish). Etymology: labe = weak. geonfish). Iga sigere: Ptereleotris spp. (Dartfishes, gen.). Seliseli: Acanthurus nigricans (Whitecheek sur- Etymology: sigere = skinny, thin. geonfish) and A. xanthopterus (Yellowfin surgeon- fish). – Surgeonfishes Simusimu: Paracanthurus hepatus (Palette surgeon- Bagata: Acanthurus mata (Elongate surgeonfish), fish). Etymology: Simusimu = to twinkle, as a star; a cluster A. blochii (Ringtail surgeonfish), and A. dussumieri of small stars. Connotes the brilliant contrasting colours of this (Eyestripe surgeonfish). fish, which usually occurs in aggregations in clear water. Bagata ni horara: Acanthurus albipectoralis (Whitefin surgeonfish). Zanclidae – Moorish idol Bobona: Acanthurus nigrofuscus (Brown surgeon- Iga gautago: Zanclus cornutus (Moorish Idol). fish), Acanthurus pyroferus (Mimic surgeonfish), Etymology: gau = knife; tago = to fish, go fishing. Ctenochaetus striatus (Lined bristletooth), Ctenochaetus strigosus (Goldring bristletooth), and Siganidae – Rabbitfishes scopas (Brushtail tang). Etymology: Borode: Siganus punctatissimus (Finespotted rab- Bobona = wet, damp. bitfish), and S. punctatus (Goldspotted rabbitfish). Bobona pura igu: Acanthurus grammoptilus Ginava: Siganus corallinus (Coral rabbitfish), (Finelined surgeonfish). Etymology: pura = white; igu = S. doliatus (Barred rabbitfish), Siganus javus (Java tail. rabbitfish), and S. puellus (Bluelined rabbitfish). Bolobolo: Ctenochaetus binotatus (Twospot bristle- Iga piu: Siganus vulpinus (Foxface). Etymology: piu = tooth). Etymology: Bolo = 1. pig, 2. meat of any sort, 3. a species of small bird. The name refers to the elongate, beak- epilepsy, 4. to foam from the mouth. like mouth of the fish. Gule: Acanthurus triostegus (Convict surgeonfish). Kaekale: Siganus argenteus (Forktail rabbitfish), Havalago: Naso lituratis (Orangespine unicorn- S. fuscescens (Dusky rabbitfish) and S. vermiculatus fish). (Vermiculate rabbitfish). Etymology: Kaekale = spine. Iga balo: Acanthurus guttatus (White-spotted sur- The name refers to the venomous spines in the dorsal, anal and geonfish). Etymology: Balobalo = to fish at dusk. pelvic fins of these fishes which can inflict very painful Iga bili: Acanthurus bariene (Roundspot surgeon- wounds. Note: S. argenteus is commonly taken by the tradition- fish). Etymology: bili = black. Note: Sometimes also called al leaf sweep technique known as Kwarao. It is also commonly Bagata. taken by hand spear at night on the reef flat where it sleeps. Iga bili igu pura: Acanthurus nigricauda Kaekale can be regarded as the generic term for rabbitfishes. (Blackstreak surgeonfish) and A. thompsoni Local knowledge: Stings from the spines of fishes in the (ThompsonÕs surgeonfish). Kaekale group can be treated with the leaves of the Dirigi tree Iga vila: Zebrasoma veliferum (Sailfin tang). (no identification). Etymology: vila = flash, flashing. Refers to the striking, striped Kaekale pile Siganus spinus (Spiny rabbitfish). pattern of this fish. Etymology: pile = small. Igu pura: Acanthurus auranticavus (Orange-socket Olana: Siganus lineatus (Goldlined rabbitfish) 16 SPC Traditional Marine Resource Management and Knowledge Information Bulletin #9 – February 1998

Scombridae – and Bibigo: Rhinecanthus aculeatus (Whitebanded trig- Atu: Katsuwonus pelamis (Skipjack tuna). Note: Atu gerfish), Rhinecanthus lunula (Halfmoon trigger- can be regarded as the generic term for this group. Note: fish), R. rectangulus (Wedgetail triggerfish) and R. Traditional tuna fishing is known as Daoli. Daoli is no longer verrucosa (Blackpatch triggerfish). Etymology: bigo = practiced on Nggela and has been replaced by trolling from to crush shellfish for cookingÑprobably refers to the feeding outboard-powered fibreglass canoes (and sometimes paddle- behaviour of these species; their diet includes small molluscs powered dugout canoes), using modern hooks with various and other benthic invertebrates. types of lures. Buli vau: Sufflamen chrysopterus (Flagtail trigger- Atu igu mera: Thunnus albacares (Yellowfin tuna) fish), Sufflamen fraenatus (Bridled triggerfish). and T. obesus (Bigeye tuna). Etymology: Igu = tail; mera Etymology: Buli = generic term for cowries; vau = to weave, = blue. plait, as a mat or basket. Latter part of the name may refer to Atu livoga: Gymnosarda unicolor (Dogtooth tuna). the woven appearance of the scale pattern of these fishes. Etymology: livo = tooth, teeth; livoga = having teeth. Igu pura: vidua (Pinktail triggerfish). Atu pari longa: Euthynnus affinis (Mackerel tuna, Etymology: Igu = tail; pura = white. Island bonito). Etymology: pari = ground, earth; longa = Kukupi Balistoides viridescens (Titan triggerfish) shoreward, inland. The name could broadly be translated as and flavimarginatus (Yellowmargin Ôshore tunaÕ, as it is rarely found far out to sea. This species is triggerfish). Etymology: Kukupi = thick lips. commonly taken by trolling light gear from paddle-powered Kukupi horara: Canthidermis maculatus (Spotted dugout canoes. oceanic triggerfish). Etymology: Kukupi = thick lips; Ili: Acanthocybium solandri (Wahoo). Note: This species horara = open sea. This species only occurs around floating is commonly called Malahau, due to its similarity to objects in the open ocean or near current swept points of small Scomberomorus commerson. islands. It nests around the new moon. Kai: Grammatorcynus bilineatus (Double-lined Logeloge: Odontus niger (Redtooth triggerfish) and mackerel). This species is also known as Iga vuruvuru Xanthichthys auromarginatus (Gilded triggerfish). (vuruvuru = smelly) due to the strong smell of its flesh. It is a Mumuku: stellatus (Starry triggerfish) popular for this reason. Juveniles are known as Siubu. and juvenile Balistapus undulatus (OrangeÐlined Malahau: Scomberomorus commerson (Spanish triggerfish). Local knowledge: Mumuku are notorious for mackerel). Etymology: Mala = 1. occupation, rank; 2. as, like; stealing bait from hooks. hau = 1. far, old; 2. to stretch, raise up. Mumuku horara: Sufflamen bursa (Scimitar trigger- Rumaga: Rastrelliger kanagurta (Long-jawed macker- fish) and Pseudobalistes fuscus (Yellow-spotted trig- el, Indian mackerel). Note: Until the late 1980s, Rumaga gerfish). Etymology: horara = open sea. were often fished using ÔdynamiteÕ, but this practice has been Toetole: Balistapus undulatus (Orange-lined trig- banned, and is never seen anymore at Nggela. Rumaga can still gerfish). Etymology: Tole, toletole = stains of chewing be caught using nets, and juveniles are often caught at certain betelnut on face and body. Name refers to orange striped pat- spots in protected bays (at around 40 m or more) using strikeline. tern of this fish. Note: Juveniles of this species are called Viluvilu: Istiophorus platypterus (Indo-Pacific sail- Mumuku. fish). Etymology: Vilu = a species of palm with umbrella-like leaves. The name connotes the palm-leaf like appearance of the Monacanthidae – Leatherjackets dorsal fin of this species. Iga kamau / Iga kakamau: generic Monacanthidae. Etymology: kamau = a species of tree with Note: Nggela names were not obtained for the large leaves which are eaten. swordfish (Xiphias gladius) or the marlins (Makaira spp.). Ostraciidae – Boxfishes Pava: generic Ostraciidae. Paepangge pana – Flounders and soles Paepangge pana: Tetraodontidae – Puffers (Bothidae - Lefteye flounders): Bothus mancus Boebote: generic Tetraodontidae. Note: This whole (Flowery flounder) and B. pantherinus (Panther family is widely regarded as poisonous to eat and is not eaten flounder); on Nggela. (Pleuronectidae Ð Righteye flounders): Samariscus triocellatus (Threespot flounder); Diodontidae – Pocupinefishes (Soleidae Ð Soles): Paradachirus pavoninus (Peacock Kaku: generic Diodontidae. Note: Nggani when small. sole). Etymology: pangge = to skin, skin of (yam or pana); pana = the Toxotidae – Archerfishes yam, Dioscorea esculenta. Puhuduki / Kaulau: Toxotes jaculatrix (Archerfish). Etymology: Puhu = to blow, spout, shoot (a jet of water); duki Balistidae – = a common species of ant, yellow in colour, which the archer- Barubaru: Balistoides conspicillum (Clown trigger- fish commonly preys upon by knocking them off mangrove fish). Etymology: Baru = shell inlay on traditional carvings. roots with a jet of water. The name connotes the white spotted pattern on this fish. SPC Traditional Marine Resource Management and Knowledge Information Bulletin #9 – February 1998 17

Chirocentridae – Wolf Herrings to sting, a sting from something. Sego: Chirocentrus dorab (Wolf Herring). Note: This Lumaluma: Linuche unguiculata (Thimble jelly). species is often caught by trolling with light gear from dugout Note: This jellyfish forms large and dense aggregations or canoes, near , especially after rain. It is very bony ÔbloomsÕ near the surface of the sea every year around and usually fed to pigs. It is edible if baked very dry. September. The blooms always precede the emergence of Palolo worms (Odu) which usually happens in October. Many Mauvo: (Freshwater eels {generic}) species of fish (and especially Rumaga {Rastrelliger kanagurta}) feed on Lumaluma when it blooms, and Nggela people say Other baitfishes that the flesh of these fish always stinks of the jellyfish at this Soba: (No identification). time. Small Lumaluma are called Niro or Niroa. Meme: (small Soba). Kuaba: (No identification). Polychaeta Belea: (No identification). Marumo: (No identification; described as being Odu: Eunice viridis (Palolo worm). Note: Odu usually like small Kepo). emerges in large numbers from its burrows in the reef, about one hour after dark, on the first or second night after full moon Iga mela: A fish commonly caught by droplining in (Galaga pungihia) in October or November. If they do not water deeper than about 60 metres. (No identifica- emerge in abundance in October, that means they will be abun- tionÑmay be a Lutjanid). Etymology: Mela = red spittle dant in November. The Nggela name for the month of October from betelnut chewing. Name refers to the colour of the fish. is Odu Lade (Lade = coral) and the name for November is Odu Tina (Tina = mother). Swarming of Odu is usually preceded Mammals by swarms of another, smaller and non-edible species called Rau ni Aru (Rau = leaf, Aru = Casuarina equisetifoliaÑthe name Puhu: (Whales {generic}). Etymology: Puhu = to blow, connotes the similarity of the worms to the Casuarina needles). spout. NB: What is known as Odu is actually the reproductive Ôepi- Sausau: (Dolphins {generic}), e.g. Delphinus delphis tokeÕ of the worm, which breaks off to swim up into the plank- (Common dolphin). Etymology: Sau = to wash. ton, disintegrate and liberate its sperm or eggs for external fer- Vena: Dugong dugon (Dugong). tilisation. The head and front end of the worm remain in the burrow. In recent years the abundance of Odu at Ravu Reptiles Sodukosi Village on Sandfly seems to have declined, but it is hard to know what might be the reason for this. Kolage: Varanus sp. (Green monitor lizard, ÔIguanaÕ). Note: These beautiful green arboreal lizards are usually found in mangroves, but also can be found inland. Their preferred food appears to be fish. They are regularly Cephalopoda caught and sold to wildlife dealers who sell them overseas. Gilio: Nautilus scrobiculatus (Nautilus{shell}). This trade represents an important source of cash for many Kiko/ Iroiro: Nautilus pompilius (Nautilus {shell}). people at West Nggela. No studies have been done on the pop- Mananggi: Sepia spp. (Cuttlefish {generic}). ulation of this species, but it appears to be in decline. Nuho: Sepioteuthis spp. (Reef {generic}). Bokili mola: (Seasnakes {generic}). Sipiu Octopus cyanea, Octopus spp. (Octopus Rombiu: Dermochelys coriacea (Leatherback turtle). {generic}). Vonu: (Turtle {generic}). Includes Eretmochelys imbricata (Hawksbill turtle) and Chelonia mydas (Green turtle). Areho: Nerita albicilla (Periwinkle) Vua: Crocodilus porosus (Salt-water crocodile). Boru: Potomididae (Mud whelks {generic}) and Terebralia palustris (a commonly harvested whelk). Invertebrates Eo: Tectus pyramis (Trochidae). Gombu: Strombus sp. (a stromb shell, smaller than Cnidaria Ngau). Kalulu pale: Haliotis asinina (Reef abalone). Bubula: Entacmaea quadricolor (Bubble-tentacle sea Kome: Strombus canarium. anemone). Lage (vi)vindi: Conus geographus (Geographic Gavoro: Heteractis magnifica (Magnificent sea cone). anemone). Lala: Trochus niloticus (Trochus). Note: Lala can be Masao: Stichodactyla gigantae (Gigantic sea anemone). most easily found during the period of ÔDantegaÕ, which is Raerade: Stichodactyla mertensii (MertensÕ sea between two and four days after full moon. Etymology: Dani = anemone). daytime; tega = to perch, perched. This term refers to the fact Lade: Corals (generic). that the moon can be seen ÔperchedÕ above the horizon early in Kova: Plate coral (generic). the day. Trochus are often subjected to fishing prohibitions or Sisiri: Jellyfishes (generic). Etymology: Sisiri also means restrictions, by placing a ÔtambuÕ over the reef, until the reef 18 SPC Traditional Marine Resource Management and Knowledge Information Bulletin #9 – February 1998 owner considers the Lala population has had enough time to Pouporu: Hippa pacifica (Pacific mole crab). Note: build up and can be harvested. These animals can be abundant around the waterline on sandy Lili: Turbo spp. (Turban shells {generic}). beaches, and are harvested by small children who thread them Lili taringa: Turbo petholatus. onto coconut leaf midribs and roast them. Lili tinoni: Turbo crassus. Tarika: Squillidae, Harposquillidae, Lili vangavanga: Turbo argyrostomus. Lysiosquillidae (Mantis shrimps {generic}). Mbei mbei: Terebra maculata. Ura: Panulirus spp. (Crayfish {generic}) Mbuli: Cypraea spp. (Cowrie {generic}). Urepa: Birgus latro (Coconut crab). Mbuli siwa: Cypraea mauritiana. Mbuli vuare: Cypraea tigris (Tiger cowrie). Land Meko: Strombus canarium. Kakau tina: Cardisoma hirtipes (Common black Ngau: Strombidae (Strombs {gen.}) & Lambis crocata. land crab). Etymology: Kakau = generic for crabs; tina = Ngau dalesamu: Strombus scorpius. Etymology: dale- mother. Note: This crab is harvested in large numbers when it samu = orphan. Refers to the fact that this shell is usually migrates to the shore to ÔwashÕ (ÔSapa togaÕÑusually starting solitary, in contrast with many other strombs which are an hour or so after dusk, from about three days to one week found in groups. after the full moon during the early wet season {October to Peo-peo: Charonia tritonis (Triton shell). January}) prior to mating and ovulation in the females. The Sagu: Neritidae (Nerites {generic}) and Nerita polita. harvesting is usually done by women using torches made from Note: N. polita is sometimes harvested by women at night dur- bundles of dried coconut leaves (Pahu). The crabs can also be ing spring tides when the tide is half out. dug up at other times. The berried females go down to the sea Sura: Strombus luhuanus. to (ÔSau lamiÕÑSau = wash; Lami = land crab eggs) Tadugu: (Chiton {generic}). either around dawn or shortly after sunset during the three Tanggili pou: Lunella cinerea (a turban shell). days preceeding full moon. The start of the Kakau tina breed- Tangi vagale: Oliviidae (Olive shells). ing season is signalled by the flowering of the Bobolo tree Tavuli: cornutus (Helmet shell). (Euodia elleryana). The Nggela name for the month of December Vanguda: (ÔShellfishÕ {generic}). Note: this term may is Kakau. include crustaceans and echinoderms but is usually only used Koba: several genera (Hermit crab {generic}). Note: with reference to molluscs. Hermit crabs are a very reliable source of bait when no fish is available. Local knowledge: Around full moon, some of the Giant clams larger varieties of koba can be seen in large numbers coming Gima: Tridacna gigas. out onto beaches. The females have eggs at this time. Hihi: Tridacna derasa. Note: also called Boroboro or Tubala: Cardisoma carnifex (ÔWhiteÕ land crab). Kamumu by some people. Note: This species does not appear to display the spectacular Kunungga: Tridacna crocea. synchronised spawning or ÔwashingÕ migrations that Kakau Masiravu: Hippopus hippopus. tina does, but is still commonly harvested for food, though it Pukumau: Tridacna maxima usually has to be dug up. Talinga: Tridacna squamosa. Echinodermata Other bivalves Veitugu: ( {generic}). Etymology: Veitugu = star. Aro: Pinctada margaritifera (Black-lip pearl-shell). Vula: (Cushion {generic}). Etymology: Vula Ihu: Crassostrea sp. (Common oyster) = moon. Kaluha: (No identification). Uta mela: Acanthaster planci (Crown of thorns Karaguna:(No identification). starfish). Etymology: Mela = red spittle from betelnut chew- Kuta:(No identification). ing. Refers to the reddish colour of many individuals of this Lombio: Teredo sp. (ÔShipwormÕ). Note: Can be har- species. vested from the wood of some types of mangroves. There are Aloalo vilua: (Brittle stars {generic}). Etymology: traditional restrictions on the consumption of this animal in Aloalo = the vine of a yam; vilu = a species of palm with some parts of West Nggela. umbrella-like leaves. The writhing arms of brittle stars do Opaopa: (No identification). Note: This shell is known indeed resemble yam vines. to harbour a species of pearlfish (Iga ni Opaopa). Baraso: (Spiny urchins {generic}). Tue: Batissa sp. (perhaps B. unioniformis). A small, Konola: (Short-spined urchinsÑedible{generic}). commonly harvested bivalve. Note: The shell of this bivalve Gila sou: (Slate pencil urchins {generic}). Etymology: has traditionally been used at Nggela to scrape the meat of Gila = 1. to know, 2. a stone adze; sou = 1. a species of heron, coconuts for cooking. 2. jagged. Pou: (Beche-de-mer {generic}). Crustacea Pou luluhi: (Beche-de-mer that eject cuverian Kakau vula: (Carpilus maculatus). tubules{generic}). Etymology: luluhi: to squeeze milk from Lingamo: Scylla serrata (Mud crab). a womanÕs breasts. Mapa: (Slipper lobster {generic}) (Parribacus Poli titivi: Synapta maculata (Spotted Sea antarcticus). Cucumber). Etymology: tivi = 1. a sling for carrying a baby; SPC Traditional Marine Resource Management and Knowledge Information Bulletin #9 – February 1998 19

2. clothing. Name probably connotes the long, bending appear- Buburupoto: Oplismenus compositus (A grass which ance of this soft-fleshed sea cucumber. is common in disturbed areas, such as the fringes of gardens). A calendar plant. The presence of the Plants sticky seeds of this species (March, April, May) indicate a bad time for fishing. Etymology: Buburu = Ahoaho: Premna corymbosa (Family Verbanaceae). grass; poto = generic for some types of Damselfishes. The name A beach-side tree, the leaves and small branches of connotes the sticky, clinging nature of the seeds of this grass, which are often taken by women on long canoe which is likened to the pugnacious behaviour of Poto. trips to ward off sea-devils (Asi). Koga: a species of mangrove (No identification) Alite: Terminalia catapa. Also called Tahile and Kulikuli: (Seagrass {generic}). Lengga. A calendar plant. The presence of red Busu: a type of green alga preferred by hawksbill leaves on this semi-deciduous species (usually turtles (possibly Chlorodesmus chloroticus). twice a yearÑaround June and December) indi- Tongo: (Mangrove {generic}). cate a time when Ôred fishÕ aggregate and/or have Tongo bua: a species of mangrove (No identifica- oily flesh (mona). This might include holocentrids tion). (Sori, Talaa, etc.), serranids (Sivari, Taburara, etc.) Tingale: a species of mangrove with small leaves. and lutjanids (Koukoru, Uvoro, etc.).

The use of optimal foraging theory to assess the fishing strategies of Pacific Island artisanal fishers: A methodological review by Shankar Aswani 1

In this paper, foraging theory and its methodology are presented as a complementary framework to the study of Pacific Island artisanal fisheries. It is expected that such inclusion will allow for the development of a clearer anthro- pological model describing the relationship between human foraging and fishery management.

Introduction From the standpoint of maritime anthropology, any comprehensive study of the integration of Artisanal fisheries play a major role in the marine and terrestrial biotic components requires social, cultural, and economic life of most Pacific the parallel consideration of human activities, Islanders, particularly in rural communities where including existing property regimes, resource people are highly dependent on marine resources access and distribution rules, and resource for subsistence and commercial purposes. Yet, exploitation strategies. Although numerous stud- marine resources are being threatened by pressure ies have concentrated on the social aspects of from exploding human populations and the Pacific Island artisanal fisheries (e.g. Johannes, increasing commercialisation of the subsistence 1981; Hviding, 1996; Lieber, 1994), few have dealt fisheryÑcircumstances which are now forcing explicitly with the micro-ecology of daily human- researchers to find novel ways to examine issues marine interactions (see Aswani, 1997; Bird & of coastal management and marine resource con- Bird, 1997). Such neglect has hampered attempts servation. Among the most recent approaches to to fully integrate studies of environmental coastal coastal management has been to study marine eco- processes with those of human activities. logical processes in conjunction with those of the In this paper, I examine the utility of optimal contiguous shoreline and upland habitats, or what foraging theory and its methodology, as applied to has been termed Integrated Coastal Zone the study of Pacific Island artisanal fishers. The Management (ICZM). inclusion of foraging theory can contribute to

1. Mailing Address: 3093 Pualei Cr. #309, Honolulu, Hawaii 96815, USA. The author is a Research Associate (consultant) for the Pelagic Fisheries Research Program (Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council) Project: ÔThe Hawaii Troll and Handline Fishery: FishermenÕs Motivations and Fishing ActionÕ