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Fourth Country Report from Sri Lanka to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity

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Fourth Country Report from Sri Lanka to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fourth Country Report from Sri Lanka to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Jinie D S Dela National Consultant For preparation of the Fourth National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity Fourth Country Report from Sri Lanka to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Jinie D S Dela National Consultant for preparation of the Fourth National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity March 2009 Cover photo credits • Grasslands and forest at Illukkumbura, Knuckles Conservation Forest: © Jinie D S Dela. • • • • The montane sub-species of the endemic purple-faced leaf monkey at Horton Plains National Park: © Samantha Mirandu • Traditional practices associated with paddy farming in the ancient village of Meemure, KCF: © Christopher Silva /Studio Times Limited. The photographs in this document cannot be used without permission from the copyright holder “As we march into the 21st century; picture a glorious cloud decked morn, the sun splashing the sky with rainbow hues, and the mountains in their blazing rapture, crying out, the dawn is here, the dawn is here! But a man may say that all his thoughts are centred on that dreadful dawn when man may cry – 'O scorching sun, O cloudless sky, my mountains are but barren rocks!” W. R. H. Perera, 1996 (Source: Sri Lanka a Personal Odyssey by Nihal Fernando, 1997, Studio Times. 1997) Photo of Horton Plains National Park © Christopher Silva/ Studio Times Limited Contents Executive summary ……1 Chapter 1 1.1 Introduction……7 1.2 An overview of Sri Lanka’s biodiversity…..7. 1.2.1 Factors influencing Sri Lanka’s unique biodiversity……7 1.2.2 Overall ecosystem diversity…..8 1.2.3 Overall species diversity…..12 1.2.4 Overall genetic diversity…..13 1.2.5 Overview of threats to Sri Lanka’s biodiversity…..13 1.3 Species diversity…..15 1.3.1 Status……15 1.3.2 Issues and threats…..18 1.4 Forests and grasslands…..20 1.4.1 Status……20 1.4.2 Issues and threats…..24 1.5 Freshwater wetlands……26 1.5.1 Status…..26 1.5.2 Issues and threats 27 1.6 Coastal and marine systems…..28 1.6.1 Status…..28 1.6.2 Issues and threats…. 27 1.7 Agricultural systems…..30 1.7.1 Status …..30 1.7.2 Issues and threats…..33 1.8 Implications of biodiversity loss Species diversity…..34 1.8.1 Impact of changes in forests and related ecosystems…..34 1.8.2 Impact of changes in inland wetlands…..35 1.8.3. Impact of changes coastal and marine systems…..35 1.8.4. Impact of changes in agricultural systems…..36 1.8.5. Impact of changes in biodiversity on tourism…..37 1.8.6 Overall prognosis for the future…..37 1.9. Country profile in brief…..38 Chapter 2 2.1 Introduction ……39 2.2 Achievements and deficiencies with regard to national biodiversity action planning…..39 2.2.1 Sri Lanka’s BCAP in brief…..39 2.2.2 Addendum to the BCAP…..41 2.2.3 Links to Articles of the CBD and the 2010 targets…..43 2.2.4 Preparation of Provincial Biodiversity Plans…..44 2.2.5 Institutional arrangements for implementing the BCAP…..45 2.3 Status of BCAP Implementation…..45 2.4 Domestic and international funding dedicated to biodiversity conservation…..51 2.4.1 Domestic funding…..51 2.4.2 External funding…..52 Chapter 3 3.1 Introduction…..55 3.2 Sectoral integration of biodiversity….55 3.2.1 The Environmental Sector…..55 3.2.2 Decentralisation of biodiversity conservation…..58 3.2.3 Integrating biodiversity conservation into sectoral plans…..58 3.3 Cross-sectoral integration of biodiversity conservation concerns……64 3.3.1 Institutions responsible for biodiversity conservation…..64 3.4 Overview of mainstreaming biodiversity into cross-sectoral strategies and plans…..72 3.4.1 Mechanisms for cross-sectoral integration of biodiversity concerns…..72 3.5 Integration with other conventions…..72 Chapter 4 4.1 Introduction…..75 4.1.1 The 2010 Biodiversity Target…..75 4.2 Progress Towards the 2010 Target…..78 4.2.1 Approach adopted for evaluation…..78 4.2.2 Global Indicators that could not be used due to the lack of information…..78 4.2.3.Constraints and limitations in adopting indicators…..78 4.2.4 Evaluation of achieving targets…..79 4.3 Impact of NBSAPs and related sectoral and cross-sectoral plans on achieving goals and objectives of the Strategic Plan…..105 4.4 Assessment of achieving goals/objectives of the Strategic Plan…..105 4.6 Impact of Strategic Plan on implementing the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety …110 List of tables TABLE 1.1: Ecosystem Diversity of Sri Lanka…..10 TABLE 1.2: Land balance sheet for Sri Lanka…..12 TABLE 1.3: Species diversity among selected groups of Sri Lanka’s fauna and flora in terrestrial and freshwater wetlands…..16 TABLE 1.4 Species diversity among selected faunal groups in coastal and marine ecosystems…..17 TABLE 1.5: A Summary of some threatened fauna and flora of Sri Lanka from selected taxonomic groups…..18 TABLE 1.6: Change in natural forest remaining in 1992 and 1999, by forest type…..21 TABLE 1.7:Trends in detection of illicit forest encroachments (in areas managed by the Forest Department)…..25 TABLE 1.8: Germplasm Collection Status by Crop Group at the PGRC at end of 2008…..33 TABLE 2.1: Key threats to biodiversity and mitigation status…..47 TABLE 2.2: Major donor funded projects with implications on biodiversity conservation in Sri Lanka on going during 1999 – 2009 …..53 TABLE 3.1: National level stakeholders for implementing the CBD and the national BCAP…..56 TABLE 3.2: The main legislation relating to environmental conservation and management in Sri Lanka …..59 TABLE 3.3: Integration of biodiversity concerns into policies/strategies of the environmental sector ……61 TABLE 3.4: Key state agencies outside the environmental sector that deal with important aspects of biodiversity conservation …..65 TABLE 3.5: Cross-sectoral integration of biodiversity considerations into management strategies/plans of the CCD…..68 TABLE 3.6: Status of cross-sectoral integration of biodiversity concerns within the state sector agencies and the private sector …..69 TABLE 3.7: Inclusion of biodiversity consideration in EIAs …..71 TABLE 3.8 : Conventions that influence biodiversity conservation to which Sri Lanka is a signatory …..74 TABLE 4.1 : Categories of indicators …..78 TABLE 4.2: Trends in deforestation and reforestation…..79 TABLE 4.4: Key non-forest sources of timber and fuelwood…..79 TABLE 4.4: Trends in deforestation and reforestation …..90 TABLE 4.5 Export of Floriculture Products from Sri Lanka (1990-1995)……100 TABLE 4.6 Goals and objectives of the strategic plan and major obstacles in meeting major obstacles…..105 List of figures Figure 1.1 Map of Sri Lanka…..9 Figure 1.2 Major climatic zones based on rainfall…..11 Figure 1.3 Natural Vegetation Types……11 Figure 1.4 Floristic regions……11 Figure 1.5: Sri Lanka’s stream network……11 Figure 1.6: Sri Lanka’s irrigation tanks……11 Figure 1.7: Distribution of Dipterocarpaceae in Sri Lanka……19 Figure 1.8 The percent composition of Sri Lanka’s main natural forest categories in 1999……21 Figure 1.9: The status of viability of natural vegetation in Sri Lanka……23 Figure 1.10a Protected Areas under the Forest Department……23 Figure 1.10b Protected Areas under the Department of Wildlife Conservation……23 Figure 1.11a Sri Lanka’s Forest Cover by district in 1983 and 1992 ……24 Figure 1.11b Sri Lanka’s Forest Cover by district in 1992 and 1999……24 Figure 2.1 Mechanisms Proposed for Making the BCAP Implementation Operational ……42 Figure 2.2 System wise Status of Implementation of Recommendations in the BCAP……46 Figure 2.3 Total GEF Allocation per Focal Area in US $ million for Sri Lanka (1992-06) showing allocation for biodiversity conservation……52 Figure 2.4 : Percentage of the GEF Allocation for Sri Lanka per Focal Area in US $ million (1992-2006) ……52 Figures 4.1: Revenue from visitors to the Sinharaja Biosphere Reserve in selected years, both domestic and foreign……88. Figure 4.2 Ethnic and Religious Composition in Sri Lanka……102 Appendices Appendix 1 - Information concerning reporting Party and preparation of national report Appendix II Further sources of information including references for this report Appendix III Progress towards Targets of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation and the Programme of Work on Protected Areas Executive Summary Sri Lanka is a sovereign island nation in the Indian Ocean, located at the tip of the southern point of the Indian sub-continent. Despite its small size of 6,570,134 ha, the island exhibits a wide array of ecosystems with a remarkable diversity of species: considered to be the richest per unit area in the Asian region. Sri Lanka has several distinct climatic zones, each with their characteristic forests. They include rainforests, montane cloud forests, Dry Zone monsoon forests and arid thorn scrub forests. Sri Lanka’s wetlands are also diverse, comprising 103 major rivers with their associated marshes and about 12,000 irrigations tanks that harbour wetland species. Being an island, the country has a rich marine and coastal biodiversity along its 1620 km coastline including coral reefs, mangroves, sea grass beds, salt marsh vegetation, sand dunes and beaches. The high biodiversity of Sri Lanka has been influenced by a complex geological history, altitudinal variation, climate determined mainly by the distribution of rainfall both spatially and temporally, and the island’s placement in the Indian Ocean. Isolation for over 20 million years has also resulted in an exceptional degree of endemism among Sri Lanka’s wild flora and fauna, including a large number of geographic relicts and many point endemics that are restricted to extremely small areas within a single forest.
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