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National Wetland DIRECTORY of Sri Lanka

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National Wetland DIRECTORY of Sri Lanka Central Environmental Authority National Wetland Directory of Sri Lanka This publication has been jointly prepared by the Central Environmental Authority (CEA), The World Conservation Union (IUCN) in Sri Lanka and the International Water Management Institute (IWMI). The preparation and printing of this document was carried out with the financial assistance of the Royal Netherlands Embassy in Sri Lanka. i The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the CEA, IUCN or IWMI concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of the CEA, IUCN or IWMI. This publication has been jointly prepared by the Central Environmental Authority (CEA), The World Conservation Union (IUCN) Sri Lanka and the International Water Management Institute (IWMI). The preparation and publication of this directory was undertaken with financial assistance from the Royal Netherlands Government. Published by: The Central Environmental Authority (CEA), The World Conservation Union (IUCN) and the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Colombo, Sri Lanka. Copyright: © 2006, The Central Environmental Authority (CEA), International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources and the International Water Management Institute. Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorised without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. Citation: IUCN Sri Lanka and the Central Environmental Authority (2006) National Wetland Directory of Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka. ISBN: 955-8177-54-7 Cover photograph: The World Conservation Union (IUCN) Produced by: The World Conservation Union (IUCN) Printed by: Karunaratne & Sons Ltd., 67, UDA Industrial Estate, Katuwana Road, Homagama, Sri Lanka Available from: The Central Environmental Authority, 104, Robert Gunawardana Mawatha, ‘Parisara Piyasa’, Battaramulla, Sri Lanka The World Conservation Union (IUCN), 53, Horton Place, Colombo 7, Sri Lanka The International Water Management Institute (IWMI), 127, Sunil Mawatha, Pelawatte, Battaramulla, Sri Lanka ii Table of Contents Table of Contents iii Abbreviations v Acknowledgements vi Message from the Hon. Minister of Environment viii Background 1 Methodology 2 An Overview of the Wetlands of Sri Lanka and their Conservation Significance 7 Data Sheets - Anaiwilundawa tank sanctuary 21 - Arugam lagoon 26 - Bar reef 31 - Batticaloa estuary 36 - Bellanwila-Attidiya marshes 41 - Bentota estuary 46 - Bolgoda wetlands 51 - Bundala National Park 56 - Colombo flood detention areas 61 - Giant’s tank 66 - Gregory’s lake 70 - Gulf of Mannar reefs 75 - Hikkaduwa National Park 80 - Horton Plains National Park 85 - Inginimitiya reservoir 90 - Jaffna lagoon 95 - Kahandamodara mangroves 99 - Kalaoya estuary 104 - Kalawewa tank 109 - Kantale tank 114 - Kaudulla tank 118 - Koggala lagoon 123 - Kotmale reservoir 129 - Lahugala and Kitulana tanks 134 - Lunama-Kalametiya lagoons 138 iii - Lunugamvehera reservoir 144 - Maduganga estuary 149 - Reservoirs of Maduru Oya National Park 155 - Maha and Karagan Lewaya 160 - Mahaweli flood plains 165 - Minneriya reservoir 170 - Mundel lake 175 - Muthurajawela marshes 180 - Nachchaduwa tank 186 - Negombo estuary 190 - Nuwarawewa tank 196 - Padaviya tank 201 - Palatupana lagoon 205 - Palk bay and Vidattaitivu lagoon 210 - Parakrama samudraya 215 - Pasikudah-Kalkudah reef 220 - Periyakarachchi and Sinnakarachchi lagoons 225 - Pigeon Island National Park 229 - Polhena reef 234 - Pottuvil lagoon 238 - Puttalam estuary 243 - Rekawa lagoon 249 - Ruhuna National Park 255 - Rumassala Marine Sanctuary 261 - Senanayake samudraya 266 - Tabbowa tank 271 - Thalangama tank 276 - Udawalawe reservoir 281 - Unawatuna reef 287 - Vankalai triangle 292 - Victoria Randenigala Rantambe reservoirs 297 - Wahalkada tank 302 - Walauwatta Wathurana swamp forest 306 - Weerawila-Tissa-Debara-Yoda tanks 311 - Weligama reef 317 - Wilpattu National Park 322 - Yala East National Park 328 Bibliography 331 iv Abbreviations ADB - Asian Development Bank CBC - Ceylon Bird Club CCA - Coast Conservation Act CCD - Coast Conservation Department CEA - Central Environmental Authority CORDIO - Coral Reef Degradation in the Indian Ocean CRMP - Coastal Resources Management Project CTB - Ceylon Tourist Board DFAR - Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources DS - Divisional Secretary DWC - Department of Wildlife Conservation EPA - Environmental Protection Area FARA - Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Act FFPO - Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance FMA - Fishery Management Area FOGSL - Field Ornithology Group of Sri Lanka GA - Government Agent GCRMN - Global Coral Reef Monitoring Program GEF - Global Environmental Facility GN - Grama Niladhari IBA - Important Bird Areas IUCN - The World Conservation Union IWRB - International Waterfowl and Wetland Research Bureau LLDC - Low Lying Areas and Development Cooperation MASL - Mahaweli Authority of Sri Lanka MEC - Mahaweli Economic Agency MoE - Ministry of Environment NAQDA - National Aquaculture Development Agency NARA - National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency NEA - National Environmental Act NECCDEP - Northeast Coastal Community Development Project PAM-WCP - Protected Area Management and Wildlife Conservation Project PCMA - Participatory Coastal Management Act RUK - Rekawa, Ussangoda, Kalametiya SAI - South Asia Institute SAM - Special Area Management SCOTIA - Sustainable Coastal Tourism Project for Asia SLLRDC - Sri Lanka Land Reclamation and Development Corporation SLSAC - Sri Lanka Sub Aqua Club TCP - Turtle Conservation Project UDA - Urban Development Authority UNDP - United Nations Development Programme USAID - United States Agency for International Development WNPS - Wildlife and Nature Protection Society v Acknowledgments The Central Environmental Authority (CEA), the World Conservation Union (IUCN) and the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) gratefully acknowledge the National Wetlands Steering Committee (NWSC), the NWSC Research Committee and the Technical Review Panel for their constructive comments during the preparation of this document. Professor Sarath Kotagama (Department of Zoology, University of Colombo) and the Ceylon Bird Club are gratefully acknowledged for providing data on selected wetlands. Additionally, the organisations would like to acknowledge the tireless efforts of their respective teams during all phases of this project. The Royal Netherlands Embassy is gratefully acknowledged for providing the financial support needed to prepare and publish this document. Roles and Responsibilities Project Coordinators Ajith Rodrigo (CEA) Asha de Vos (IUCN) Sanjiv De Silva (IWMI) Technical Supervision and Guidance Channa Bambaradeniya (IUCN) Overall Compiler Asha de Vos (IUCN) Preparation of Data Sheets Asha de Vos (IUCN) Nishan Perera (IUCN) Channa Bambaradeniya (IUCN) Bhathiya Kekulandala (IUCN) Vimukthi Weeratunge (IUCN) Nishanthi Perera (IUCN) Preparation of Maps Prasad Thenkabail (IWMI) Aminul Islam (IWMI) Chandanie Edussuriya (CEA) Ajith Gunawardena (CEA) TT Fernando (CEA) KG Chandrakanthie (CEA) EMASK Wimalathilake (CEA) vi Field Survey Team Asha de Vos (IUCN) Chandana Asela (IUCN) Roshan Rodrigo (IUCN) Kaushalya Wijayaweera (IUCN) Pradeep Samarawickrama (IUCN) Editing of Draft Directory Anshuman Saikia (IUCN) Shiranee Yasaratne (IUCN) Channa Bambaradeniya (IUCN) External Technical Review Panel Jayampathi Samarakoon Sarath Kotagama N Suresh Kumar Gamini Jayasinghe WRMS Wickremasinghe Hesther Basnayake Ajith Rodrigo Sarath Fernando Jagath Gunawardena Max Finlayson Lalith Wikramanayake vii Message from the Hon. Minister of Environment Sri Lanka is a country blessed with a rich natural and cultural heritage. The hydraulic civilization, which dates back to the BC era, is testimony to the judicious use of skills, nature and natural resources by our forefathers. Wetlands whether man made or natural, has been the lifeline of this ancient civilization. Therefore, our early ancestors realised the importance of managing wetlands. They considered water as something “holy” that should not be tampered by human interventions. With advancements in science, we have now realised that wetlands possess not only ecological significance but economic value as well. Among the natural wetlands in Sri Lanka, the Bundala, Anaiwilundawa and Maduganga wetlands have been recognised as having international significance. Similarly man-made wetlands, which are popularly known as “tanks”, play a vital role in the economic development of the country. However, at present a majority of the wetlands in Sri Lanka are adversely affected by human activities such as unauthorised filling, waste disposal, pollution due to effluent discharges, clearing of natural vegetation in and around wetlands, spread of invasive alien species etc. Recognizing the continuous pressures on wetlands and also to ensure their protection, the government recently approved a National Policy on Wetlands together with Conservation Strategies. Therefore, I welcome the collaborative effort of the Central Environmental
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  • Water Management Problems Related Major Reservoirs and Irrigation Systems in Polonnaruwa District, Sri Lanka

    Water Management Problems Related Major Reservoirs and Irrigation Systems in Polonnaruwa District, Sri Lanka

    South Florida Journal of Development, Miami, v.1, n.4, p. 295-304, oct./dec. 2020. ISSN 2675-5459 Water management problems related major reservoirs and irrigation systems in Polonnaruwa District, Sri lanka DOI: 10.46932/sfjdv1n4-013 Received in: August 1st, 2020 Accepted in: September 30th, 2020 Ranjana U K Piyadasa Department of Environmental Technology, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka E-mail: [email protected] Senarathne S.R.Achala.S. Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Water is a scarce resource in the dry zone of Sri Lanka and it is a major problem faced by the cultivators in the area. Since their cultivations totally depend on irrigation water every possible effort should be put in order to optimize the water usage to achieve increased crop production. Recent reports on water management activities of several irrigation schemes in the Dry Zone indicates, that the water distribution is not meeting the demands of farmers in terms of adequacy, reliability and timelines. Further it was said that there is considerable potential to increase paddy field in this system through improved irrigation water management, especially by efficient irrigation scheduling. The study intends to find out the annual statement of reservoir replenishment and behaviour is monthly analysed about reservoirs condition by Irrigation Department and recorded below data to statements for the water – year ending the month by month in orderly. It includes rainfall on catchment, area irrigated, water area, yield from catchment, issues from sluices, discharge over spills, change in reservoir storage, vapour-seepage loss, reservoir storage, depth at lowest sluice.
  • The Government of the Democratic

    The Government of the Democratic

    THE GOVERNMENT OF THE DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA FINANCIAL STATEMENTS OF THE GOVERNMENT FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31ST DECEMBER 2019 DEPARTMENT OF STATE ACCOUNTS GENERAL TREASURY COLOMBO-01 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. 1. Note to Readers 1 2. Statement of Responsibility 2 3. Statement of Financial Performance for the Year ended 31st December 2019 3 4. Statement of Financial Position as at 31st December 2019 4 5. Statement of Cash Flow for the Year ended 31st December 2019 5 6. Statement of Changes in Net Assets / Equity for the Year ended 31st December 2019 6 7. Current Year Actual vs Budget 7 8. Significant Accounting Policies 8-12 9. Time of Recording and Measurement for Presenting the Financial Statements of Republic 13-14 Notes 10. Note 1-10 - Notes to the Financial Statements 15-19 11. Note 11 - Foreign Borrowings 20-26 12. Note 12 - Foreign Grants 27-28 13. Note 13 - Domestic Non-Bank Borrowings 29 14. Note 14 - Domestic Debt Repayment 29 15. Note 15 - Recoveries from On-Lending 29 16. Note 16 - Statement of Non-Financial Assets 30-37 17. Note 17 - Advances to Public Officers 38 18. Note 18 - Advances to Government Departments 38 19. Note 19 - Membership Fees Paid 38 20. Note 20 - On-Lending 39-40 21. Note 21 (Note 21.1-21.5) - Capital Contribution/Shareholding in the Commercial Public Corporations/State Owned Companies/Plantation Companies/ Development Bank (8568/8548) 41-46 22. Note 22 - Rent and Work Advance Account 47-51 23. Note 23 - Consolidated Fund 52 24. Note 24 - Foreign Loan Revolving Funds 52 25.
  • Systematics and Community Composition of Foraging

    Systematics and Community Composition of Foraging

    J. Sci. Univ. Kelaniya 7 (2012): 55-72 OCCURRENCE AND SPECIES DIVERSITY OF GROUND-DWELLING WORKER ANTS (FAMILY: FORMICIDAE) IN SELECTED LANDS IN THE DRY ZONE OF SRI LANKA R. K. SRIYANI DIAS AND K. R. K. ANURADHA KOSGAMAGE Department of Zoology, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka ABSTRACT Ants are an essential biotic component in terrestrial ecosystems in Sri Lanka. Worker ants were surveyed in six forests, uncultivated lands and, vegetable and fruit fields in two Districts of the dry zone, Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa, from November, 2007 to October, 2008 by employing several sampling methods simultaneously along five, 100 m transects. Soil sifting, litter sifting, honey-baiting and hand collection were carried out at 5 m intervals along each transect. Twenty pitfall traps were set up throughout each site and collected after five hours. Air and soil temperatures, soil pH and soil moisture at each transect were also recorded. Use of several sampling methods yielded a higher value for species richness than just one or two methods; values for each land ranged from 19 – 43 species. Each land had its own ant community and members of Amblyoponinae, Cerapachyinae, Dorylinae, Leptanillinae and Pseudomyrmecinae were recorded for the first time from the dry zone. Previous records of 40 species belonging to 23 genera in 5 subfamilies for the Anuradhapura District are updated to 78 species belonging to 36 genera in 6 subfamilies. Seventy species belonging to thirty one genera in 9 subfamilies recorded from the first survey of ants in Polonnaruwa lands can be considered a preliminary inventory of the District; current findings updated the ant species recorded from the dry zone to 92 of 42 genera in 10 subfamilies.
  • CORAL REEF DEGRADATION in the INDIAN OCEAN Status Report 2005

    CORAL REEF DEGRADATION in the INDIAN OCEAN Status Report 2005

    Coral Reef Degradation in the Indian Ocean Status Report 2005 Coral Reef Degradation in the Indian Ocean. The coastal ecosystem of the Indian Ocean includes environments such as mangroves, sea- Program Coordination grass beds and coral reefs. These habitats are some CORDIO Secretariat Coral Reef Degradation of the most productive and diverse environments Olof Lindén on the planet. They form an essential link in the David Souter Department of Biology and Environmental food webs that leads to fish and other seafood in the Indian Ocean Science providing food security to the local human University of Kalmar population. In addition coral reefs and mangrove 29 82 Kalmar, Sweden Status Report 2005 forests protect the coastal areas against erosion. (e-mail: [email protected], Unfortunately, due to a number of human activi- [email protected]) Editors: DAVID SOUTER & OLOF LINDÉN ties, these valuable environments are now being degraded at an alarming rate. The use of destruc- CORDIO East Africa Coordination Center David Obura tive fishing techniques on reefs, coral mining and P.O. Box 035 pollution are examples of some of these stresses Bamburi, Mombasa, Kenya from local sources on the coral reefs. Climate (e-mail: [email protected], change is another stress factor which is causing [email protected]) additional destruction of the reefs. CORDIO is a collaborative research and CORDIO South Asia Coordination Center development program involving expert groups in Dan Wilhelmsson (to 2004) Status Report 2005 countries of the Indian Ocean. The focus of Jerker Tamelander (from 2005) IUCN (World Conservation Union) CORDIO is to mitigate the widespread degrada- 53 Horton Place, Colombo 7, Sri Lanka tion of the coral reefs and other coastal eco- (e-mail: [email protected]) systems by supporting research, providing knowledge, creating awareness, and assist in CORDIO Indian Ocean Islands developing alternative livelihoods.
  • Hotspots of Land Use/Land Cover Change Around Bolgoda Wetland, Sri Lanka

    Hotspots of Land Use/Land Cover Change Around Bolgoda Wetland, Sri Lanka

    J.Natn.Sci.Foundation Sri Lanka 2020 48 (3): 219 - 226 DOI: DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v48i3.9376 RESEARCH ARTICLE Hotspots of land use/land cover change around Bolgoda wetland, Sri Lanka AHLCM Athapaththu *, Deepthi Wickramasinghe and MGMC Somachandra Department of Zoology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Colombo. Submitted: 15 August 2019; Revised: 21 January 2020; Accepted: 23 March 2020 Abstract: Wetlands are among the most productive ecosystems habitats are particularly important for livelihood of the in the world. Urban wetlands are increasingly aff ected by communities who live in the area. For instance, fi sheries population growth and developmental activities. A buff er and tourism are dependent on wetlands (Gachhadar region of 60 m from the Bolgoda lake boundary was gazetted et al ., 2004). Ecosystem services provided by wetlands as an Environmental Protection Area (EPA) by the Central include absorption of pollutants, carbon sequestration, Environmental Authority in 2009 as it is the largest freshwater wetland in Sri Lanka. This study attempts to quantify the land groundwater recharge, and disaster mitigation (Chmura use changes during the period of 2001 to 2019 using GIS and et al ., 2003; Chen et al ., 2008; Ramsar Convention to identify the ‘hot spots’ where a signifi cant change in land use Secretariat, 2014). Yet human induced land use/land occurred. Land use/land cover (LULC) changed in the Bolgoda cover (LULC) changes aff ect the wetlands worldwide wetland area disproportionately. The greatest proportion of as well as services provided by them (Zhao et al ., 2004; loss of natural area was observed in dense vegetation, where a Zorrilla-Miras et al ., 2014).