DOCSLIB.ORG

Matrimony Inn” and Eileen Chang’S Half a Lifelong Romance and “Love in a Fallen City”

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Matrimony Inn” and Eileen Chang’S Half a Lifelong Romance and “Love in a Fallen City” chapter 1 Fate and Destiny: Yuan as Ming in “Matrimony Inn” and Eileen Chang’s Half a Lifelong Romance and “Love in a Fallen City” Terry Siu-han Yip Fate is an important but complex concept in Chinese culture as it often takes on multiple levels of meaning and manifests itself in myriad forms in literat- ure and folklore. In ancient Chinese philosophy, the concept of “ming” 命 is derived from “Dao” 道, the Way, and it refers to the general principle all things, including human beings, under Heaven follow in their genesis and develop- ment. As defined in Yi Jing 易經, the Book of Changes, “Dao” entails the concept of patterns in development, and when applied to human life it gives rise to the belief that there is “ming” that will point to a certain direction or course in life. However, “ming” can change as people cultivate themselves, or experience cer- tain encounters that change the course of their lives. Under the influence of Buddhism, such an understanding of fate as “ming” that can change is further expanded to include “karma” in people’s present life or previous life.The course of life with encounters un-predetermined is often referred to as “yun” 運. Thus, the most common concepts associated with fate are “ming” 命, “yun” 運 and “ming yun” 命運, each of which is distinguished by its connotative meaning. The concept of “ming” 命, or sometimes referred to as Blind Fate, is comparable to the Western notion of Fate. It is generally understood as “an independent force determining man’s destiny,” and that force often remains unknown and mysterious.1 The concept of “yun” 運, on the other hand, refers more specific- ally to a person’s luck, chance, encounter, serendipity, or circumstance, which may bring about a turn or change of fortune in a person’s life. When “ming” and “yun” are put together to become a compound noun, “ming yun” 命運 takes on a new meaning, which is generally understood as destiny or predestination in the Western sense. It is interesting to note that the Chinese notion of Fate when applied to human relationships, especially to lovers’ or marital relationships, generates 1 Ning Chen, “The Genesis of the Concept of Blind Fate in Ancient China,” Journal of Chinese Religions 25.1 (1997): 157. © koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2020 | doi:10.1163/9789004427570_003 18 yip another set of related concepts such as “yuan” 緣 (fate to meet), “fen” 份 (right to stay together), and “yuan fen” 緣份 (fate to stay together), or fated love, or “indi- vidual allotment from Heaven,” as “yuanfen” is generally understood and trans- lated in English.2 This chapter will begin by examining the intricate interplay between the philosophical or cosmic concepts of “ming,” “yun” and “mingyun” on the one hand and their relations to human understanding of “yuan” and “yuanfen” and the human subject on the other as elucidated in the well-known ancient folktale “Matrimony Inn” 定婚店 (Dinghun dian), which has exerted great influence on the general Chinese view on and approach to love and marriage. Collected in the Taiping Imperial Encyclopedia 太平廣記 (Taiping guangji), this classical tale narrates a young man’s incessant quest for his mar- ital partner and his open defiance against the God of Matrimony’s prediction of his fated love, or “individual allotment from Heaven” with a young girl. Through the young man Wei Gu’s conscious struggle against his fate of marrying late and his predestined marriage partner who is poor, such traditional notions of “ming” and “mingyun,” or fate and destiny, are widely recognized, endorsed, reinforced and contextualized throughout the centuries. The popular Chinese belief that marriage is predestined is also a concept established since the Tang Dynasty and has been considered as part of “ming” (fate) since then. As the pop- ular Chinese proverb goes, “Man has a human destiny (just as) places an earthly destiny” 人有人運, 地有地運 (ren you renyun, di you diyun). Hence, using the classic tale “Matrimony Inn” as the point of departure, this chapter explores how such traditional notions of “ming” and “ming yun,” or fate and destiny, have taken on a new dimension and become even more complex when such notions were scrutinized under the critical lens of a modern Chinese woman writer Eileen Chang 張愛玲 (Zhang Ailing, 1920–1995), who presents a tragic view of fate through her delineation of the predicaments of modern Chinese women in love and marriage in her fiction. A close analysis of how Zhang Ailing, or Eileen Chang as she is often known in the English-speaking world, deals with women’s struggles against their “ming” and “ming yun” reveals a modern woman writer’s perspective of women’s predestined fate, which is governed not so much by a mysterious unknown cosmic force as in the case of Wei Gu in “Matrimony Inn,” as by a prevailing, but often times powerful and invisible, patriarchal order under which women either passively accept their predestined state as their fate or actively rebel against any form of prescriptive mode of existence. Her world-renowned novella “Love in a Fallen City” 傾城之戀 (Qingcheng zhi lian) 2 Richard J. Smith. Fortune-Tellers and Philosophers: Divination in Traditional Chinese Society (Boulder, San Francisco, Oxford: Westview Press, Inc., 1991), 173..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • View / Download 7.3 Mb
    Between Shanghai and Mecca: Diaspora and Diplomacy of Chinese Muslims in the Twentieth Century by Janice Hyeju Jeong Department of History Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Engseng Ho, Advisor ___________________________ Prasenjit Duara, Advisor ___________________________ Nicole Barnes ___________________________ Adam Mestyan ___________________________ Cemil Aydin Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History in the Graduate School of Duke University 2019 ABSTRACT Between Shanghai and Mecca: Diaspora and Diplomacy of Chinese Muslims in the Twentieth Century by Janice Hyeju Jeong Department of History Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Engseng Ho, Advisor ___________________________ Prasenjit Duara, Advisor ___________________________ Nicole Barnes ___________________________ Adam Mestyan ___________________________ Cemil Aydin An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, in the Department of History in the Graduate School of Duke University 2019 Copyright by Janice Hyeju Jeong 2019 Abstract While China’s recent Belt and the Road Initiative and its expansion across Eurasia is garnering public and scholarly attention, this dissertation recasts the space of Eurasia as one connected through historic Islamic networks between Mecca and China. Specifically, I show that eruptions of
    [Show full text]
  • Acta Asiatica Varsoviensia No. 28 Acta Asiatica Varsoviensia
    ACTA ASIATICA VARSOVIENSIA NO. 28 ACTA ASIATICA VARSOVIENSIA Editor-in-Chief Board of Advisory Editors JERZY ZDANOWSKI NGUYEN QUANG THUAN KENNETH OLENIK Subject Editors ABDULRAHMAN AL-SALIMI NICOLAS LEVI JOLANTA SIERAKOWSKA-DYNDO JERZY ZDANOWSKI BOGDAN SKŁADANEK Statistical Editor LEE MING-HUEI MAHNAZ ZAHIRINEJAD ZHANG HAIPENG Institute of Mediterranean and Oriental Cultures Polish Academy of Sciences ACTA ASIATICA VARSOVIENSIA NO. 28 ASKON Publishers Warsaw 2015 Secretary Nicolas Levi English Text Consultant Stephen Wallis © Copyright by Institute of Mediterranean and Oriental Cultures, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 2015 Printed in Poland This edition prepared, set and published by Wydawnictwo Naukowe ASKON Sp. z o.o. Stawki 3/1, 00–193 Warszawa tel./fax: (+48) 22 635 99 37 www.askon.waw.pl [email protected] PL ISSN 0860–6102 ISBN 978–83–7452–091–1 ACTA ASIATICA VARSOVIENSIA is abstracted in The Central European Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Index Copernicus Professor Roman Sławiński (1932–2014) Contens INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 9 ARTICLES MARIANNE B A S T I D - B R U G U I È R E, In Memory of Roman Sławiński .......... 11 STANISŁAW T O K A R S K I, Westernization and Easternization. At the Crossroads of Multicultural Dialogue ................................................. 15 Adam W. JELONEK, On the So-Called Asian Values Once Again ....................... 25 Adam RASZEWSKI, Human Rights in China and the Philosophical Perspective ... 39 ARTUR K O Ś C I A Ń S K I, Becoming Citizens: The Taiwanese Civil Society .......... 51 LARISA Z A B R O V S K A I A, Women in Confucian Society: Traditions and Developing New Trends .......................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Daoist Tradition Also Available from Bloomsbury
    The Daoist Tradition Also available from Bloomsbury Chinese Religion, Xinzhong Yao and Yanxia Zhao Confucius: A Guide for the Perplexed, Yong Huang The Daoist Tradition An Introduction LOUIS KOMJATHY Bloomsbury Academic An imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 50 Bedford Square 175 Fifth Avenue London New York WC1B 3DP NY 10010 UK USA www.bloomsbury.com First published 2013 © Louis Komjathy, 2013 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. Louis Komjathy has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as Author of this work. No responsibility for loss caused to any individual or organization acting on or refraining from action as a result of the material in this publication can be accepted by Bloomsbury Academic or the author. Permissions Cover: Kate Townsend Ch. 10: Chart 10: Livia Kohn Ch. 11: Chart 11: Harold Roth Ch. 13: Fig. 20: Michael Saso Ch. 15: Fig. 22: Wu’s Healing Art Ch. 16: Fig. 25: British Taoist Association British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN: 9781472508942 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Komjathy, Louis, 1971- The Daoist tradition : an introduction / Louis Komjathy. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4411-1669-7 (hardback) -- ISBN 978-1-4411-6873-3 (pbk.) -- ISBN 978-1-4411-9645-3 (epub) 1.
    [Show full text]
  • A Day in the Life of a Daoist Monk Adeline Herrou
    A Day in the Life of a Daoist Monk Adeline Herrou To cite this version: Adeline Herrou. A Day in the Life of a Daoist Monk . Journal of Daoist Studies, Three Pines Press, 2010, pp.117-148. hal-01660017 HAL Id: hal-01660017 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01660017 Submitted on 12 Jan 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. A Day in the Life of Daoist Monk 1 ADELINE HERROU Abstract This article seeks to give an ethnographical description of the everyday life of an ordinary Daoist monk in China today. As it follows Yang Zhixiang from early morning until night, it deals with his current main occupations—in this case, work on the glyphomancical dissection of the Dao 道 character, fate calculation for young fiancés, preparation for a healing ritual, the ascetic practice of self­ perfecting through refinement, etc. — as well as more basic scenes such as meals, gestures and postures, various domestic tasks, and the reconstruction of the temple. It also relates fragments of his own past life and implicitly outlines the path that led him to the monastery and the vocation that made him become a monk.
    [Show full text]
  • Glossary of Some Divination-Related Terms
    1 GLOSSARY OF SOME DIVINATION-RELATED TERMS Richard J. Smith Rice University 1-13-12 NOTE: The six online glossaries for Fathoming the Cosmos and Ordering the World: The Yijing (I- Ching, or Classic of Changes) and Its Evolution in China (more than sixty single-spaced pages in all) can be found at: http://history.rice.edu/Yijing. They are: A. Names (People, Places, etc.) B. Titles (Books, Chapters, etc.) C. Terms and Expressions D. Hexagram Glossary (Alphabetical) E. Hexagram Glossary (Received Text Order) F. Mawangdui Hexagram Glossary (Alphabetical) SOME BASIC DIVINATION-RELATED TERMS [Cf. the translated terms in Bent Nielsen’s A Companion to Yi jing Numerology and Cosmology: Chinese Studies of Images and Numbers from Han 202 BCE–220 CE) to Song (960–1279 CE), which is organized by Pinyin transliterations. The page numbers in brackets following the items in the “Translation(s)” column refer to Nielsen’s indispensible work.] Pinyin Wade-Giles Chinese Translation(s)* Bagong Pa-kung 八宮 Eight palaces [pp.1-6] Bagua Pa-kua 八卦 Eight trigrams [pp. 6-7] Bazi Pa-tzu 八字 Eight [natal] characters Beijiao Pei-chiao 杯珓 Divining Blocks Bu Pu 卜 Divine Bingzhan Ping-chan 兵占 Military divination Bushi Pu-shih 卜筮 Divination by milfoil (see shi) Cezi Ts’e-tzu 測字 Fathoming characters Chaizi Ch’ai-tzu 拆字 Dissecting characters Dao Tao 道 [The] Way [pp. 45-46] Di Ti 帝 Lord [on High]; Emperor Di Ti 地 Earth [p. 48] Chunniu Ch’un-niu 春牛 Spring Ox Dizhi Ti-chih 地支 Earthly branches Dunjia Tun-chia 遁甲 Evasive Techniques (aka Qimen Dunjia) Fangji Fang-chi 方技 Technicians Fangshi Fang-shih 方士 Masters of the occult Fangshu Fang-shu 方術 Predictive and prescriptive arts Feifu Fei-fu 飛伏 Flying and hidden lines/trigrams [pp.
    [Show full text]
  • The Everyday Life of Chinese Migrants in Zambia
    London School of Economics and Political Science The Everyday Life of Chinese Migrants in Zambia: Emotion, Sociality and Moral Interaction Di Wu A thesis submitted to the Department of Anthropology of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy London, September 2014 1 Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 83,654 words. I can confirm that my thesis was copy edited for conventions of language, spelling and grammar by Dr. Eona M. Bell. 2 Abstract In recent years, Chinese engagement with Africa has expanded dramatically but has also become increasingly diverse as a wide range of Chinese institutions and individuals have undertaken activities on the continent. This phenomenon has attracted significant interest from scholars in different disciplines; however, most of the research carried out to date has been relatively macro-level, e.g. looking into international political-economic relations between states.
    [Show full text]
  • 'F~ F#\S CHINA-ZENTRUM E.V
    Q 'f~ f#\S CHINA-ZENTRUM e.V. CHINA·ZENTRUM «v; ArJlOld-janssen-Str. zz, 0.53757 SanktAuguslin GESCHÄFTSSTELLE An das Amold-janssen-Str, 22 . D-53757SanktAugustin Verwaltungsgericht Leipzig r,E;:::-;I""::'n:--g-e-g-a-.-n-g-.-e-n..... defoa (Oll 41) 23 74 32 z.Hd.FrauHintersdorf elefax (Oll41)205841 Rathenaustr.40 '6 Okt 2002 . [email protected] ., IcrBaok GmbH BlZ 386 215 00) Konto-Nr.: 17881 04179Leipzig elpzig 14. Oktober 2002 Aktenzeichen A 4 K 31298/96/ Asylverfahren Herr IhreBitteum Auskunft vom 16:"April 2002 Sehrgeehrte Damenund Herren, zu IhrenFragen bezüglich Yiguandao (l-kuan-tao) habenwir Auskünfte von einemauf chinesische Volksreligionen spezialisierten ReligionswissenschaftIer und Sinologenvonder Universität ofMissouri-Columbia eingeholt. Er hat sichallerdings besondersmit Yiguandao unterChinesen außerhalb der VR China- u.a, in Vancouver - befaßt.Die aktuelleSituation von Yiguandao in der Volksrepublik Chinaist nachseinerAuskunftsehr undurchsichtig. Yiguandao ist dortnach wie vor illegal,einigetaiwanesische Ylguandao-Gmppen sind in der VR Chinaaktiv. Zu den Fragen 1-5: Die Antworten auf dieseFragen variieren etwasvon Gruppezu Gruppe. Yiguandao hat keinezentrale Führung,und die verschiedenen Zweige(zu) operieren mehr oderweniger nacheigenem Gutdünken. Die untenstehenden Antworten beziehensich aufeine Yiguandao-Gruppe in Vancouver, lassensich alsonur begrenztauf die Situationin derVR Chinaübertragen. Fragen 1 und 2 (kultische Handlungen): Die "Gemeinde" der daoqin [Tao-chin] (200 bis 300Leute) trifft sichjeden Sonntagzur
    [Show full text]
  • The Meaning and Functions of the Concept of Yuanfen 缘分 in Contemporary China: a Qualitative Study with Students from East China Normal University
    129 The Meaning and Functions of the Concept of Yuanfen 缘分 in Contemporary China: A Qualitative Study with Students from East China Normal University Isabel Heger Abstract Yuánfèn can best be defined as a kind of subjectively perceived chance that brings people or people and events together. Being able to provide explanations in a positive way, Yuanfen has always functioned as an attribution, the psychological process of seeking reasons for particular events. The aim of this study was to investigate the meaning and functions of Yuanfen for univer- sity students in the PRC, which should give an insight into the meaning of the concept in a specific social context within contemporary China. The results were obtained through semi-structured interviews with 19 students from East China Normal University in Shanghai that were conducted in 2012. The data was analysed through qualitative content analysis. The findings show that if Yuanfen has individual meaning for Chinese students, attributing life events to the concept has very positive functions, leading to a positive perception of and a positive attitude towards different relationships, events, and situations. Yuanfen can therefore play a very positive role in Chinese student life, not only for the individual, but also for the social environment of university education in which the students are confronted with a range of structural and interpersonal challenges. Keywords: Yuanfen 缘分, cultural psychology, attribution, Chinese students Heger, Isabel. “The Meaning and Functions of the Concept of Yuanfen 缘分 in Contemporary China: A Qualitative Study with Students from East China Normal University.” In Vienna Journal of East Asian Studies, Volume 7, eds.
    [Show full text]
  • Chinese-Mandarin
    CHINESE-MANDARIN River boats on the River Li, against the Xingping oldtown footbridge, with the Karst Mountains in the distance, Guangxi Province Flickr/Bernd Thaller DLIFLC DEFENSE LANGUAGE INSTITUTE FOREIGN LANGUAGE CENTER 2018 About Rapport Predeployment language familiarization is target language training in a cultural context, with the goal of improving mission effectiveness. It introduces service members to the basic phrases and vocabulary needed for everyday military tasks such as meet & greet (establishing rapport), commands, and questioning. Content is tailored to support deploying units of military police, civil affairs, and engineers. In 6–8 hours of self-paced training, Rapport familiarizes learners with conversational phrases and cultural traditions, as well as the geography and ethnic groups of the region. Learners hear the target language as it is spoken by a native speaker through 75–85 commonly encountered exchanges. Learners test their knowledge using assessment questions; Army personnel record their progress using ALMS and ATTRS. • Rapport is available online at the DLIFLC Rapport website http://rapport.dliflc.edu • Rapport is also available at AKO, DKO, NKO, and Joint Language University • Standalone hard copies of Rapport training, in CD format, are available for order through the DLIFLC Language Materials Distribution System (LMDS) http://www.dliflc.edu/resources/lmds/ DLIFLC 2 DEFENSE LANGUAGE INSTITUTE FOREIGN LANGUAGE CENTER CULTURAL ORIENTATION | Chinese-Mandarin About Rapport .............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Dissemination of Modernist Mahua Literature, 1959-1989
    THE DISSEMINATION OF MODERNIST MAHUA LITERATURE, 1959-1989 CHIAH SENG FACULTY OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA UniversityKUALA LUMPUR of Malaya 2017 THE DISSEMINATION OF MODERNIST MAHUA LITERATURE, 1959-1989 CHIAH SENG Malaya of THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY FACULTY OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES UniversityUNIVERSITY OF MALAYA KUALA LUMPUR 2017 UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA ORIGINAL LITERARY WORK DECLARATION Name of Candidate: CHIAH SENG Matric No: AHA 090024 Name of Degree: DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Title of Project Paper/Research Report/Dissertation/Thesis (―this Work‖): THE DISSEMINATION OF MODERNIST MAHUA LITERATURE, 1959-1989 Field of Study: MAHUA LITERATURE I do solemnly and sincerely declare that: (1) I am the sole author/writer of this Work; (2) This Work is original; (3) Any use of any work in which copyright exists was done by way of fair dealing and for permitted purposes and any excerpt or extract from, or reference to or reproduction of any copyright work has been disclosed expressly and sufficiently and the title of the Work and its authorship have been acknowledgedMalaya in this Work; (4) I do not have any actual knowledge nor do I ought reasonably to know that the making of this work constitutes an infringement of any copyright work; (5) I hereby assign all and every rightsof in the copyright to this Work to the University of Malaya (―UM‖), who henceforth shall be owner of the copyright in this Work and that any reproduction or use in any form or by any means whatsoever is prohibited without the written consent of UM having been first had and obtained; (6) I am fully aware that if in the course of making this Work I have infringed any copyright whether intentionally or otherwise, I may be subject to legal action or any other action as may be determined by UM.
    [Show full text]
  • William N. Brown Four Decades of Following China's War
    William N. Brown Chasing the Chinese Dream Four Decades of Following China’s War on Poverty Chasing the Chinese Dream William N. Brown Chasing the Chinese Dream Four Decades of Following China’s War on Poverty “China’s targeted poverty alleviation is the world’s only way to help the poor and reach the goals of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.” UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres, 2017. William N. Brown MBA Center Xiamen University Xiamen, China ISBN 978-981-16-0653-3 ISBN 978-981-16-0654-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0654-0 Jointly published with NewChannel International Education Group Limited The print edition is not for sale in China Mainland. Customers from China Mainland please order the print book from NewChannel International Education Group Limited. © NewChannel International Education Group Limited 2021. This book is an open access publication. Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc- nd/4.0/), which permits any noncommercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this license to share adapted material derived from this book or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material.
    [Show full text]
  • 2017 Editor Richard De Grijs Deputy Editor Ines Eben V
    JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY China Vol. 77 No. 1, 2017 Editor Richard de Grijs Deputy Editor Ines Eben v. Racknitz Copyright 2017 RAS China The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society China is published by Earnshaw Books on behalf of the Royal Asiatic Society China. Contributions The editor of the Journal invites submission of original unpublished scholarly articles and book reviews on the religion and philosophy, art and architecture, archaeology, anthropology and environment, of China. Books sent for review will be donated to the Royal Asiatic Society China Library. Contributors receive a copy of the Journal. Subscriptions Members receive a copy of the journal, with their paid annual membership fee. Individual copies will be sold to non-members, as available. Library Policy Copies and back issues of the Journal are available in the library. The library is available to members. www.royalasiaticsociety.org.cn Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society China Vol. 77 No. 1, 2017 978-988-8422-64-7 EB 097 © 2017 Royal Asiatic Society China The copyright of each article rests with the author. Designed and produced for RAS China by Earnshaw Books Ltd 17/F, Siu Ying Commercial Building, 151-155 Queen’s Road Central, Hong Kong All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in material form, by any means, whether graphic, electronic, mechanical or other, including photocopying or information storage, in whole or in part. May not be used to prepare other publications without written permission from the publisher. The Royal Asiatic Society China thanks Earnshaw Books for its valuable contribution and support.
    [Show full text]