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'F~ F#\S CHINA-ZENTRUM E.V Q 'f~ f#\S CHINA-ZENTRUM e.V. CHINA·ZENTRUM «v; ArJlOld-janssen-Str. zz, 0.53757 SanktAuguslin GESCHÄFTSSTELLE An das Amold-janssen-Str, 22 . D-53757SanktAugustin Verwaltungsgericht Leipzig r,E;:::-;I""::'n:--g-e-g-a-.-n-g-.-e-n..... defoa (Oll 41) 23 74 32 z.Hd.FrauHintersdorf elefax (Oll41)205841 Rathenaustr.40 '6 Okt 2002 . [email protected] ., IcrBaok GmbH BlZ 386 215 00) Konto-Nr.: 17881 04179Leipzig elpzig 14. Oktober 2002 Aktenzeichen A 4 K 31298/96/ Asylverfahren Herr IhreBitteum Auskunft vom 16:"April 2002 Sehrgeehrte Damenund Herren, zu IhrenFragen bezüglich Yiguandao (l-kuan-tao) habenwir Auskünfte von einemauf chinesische Volksreligionen spezialisierten ReligionswissenschaftIer und Sinologenvonder Universität ofMissouri-Columbia eingeholt. Er hat sichallerdings besondersmit Yiguandao unterChinesen außerhalb der VR China- u.a, in Vancouver - befaßt.Die aktuelleSituation von Yiguandao in der Volksrepublik Chinaist nachseinerAuskunftsehr undurchsichtig. Yiguandao ist dortnach wie vor illegal,einigetaiwanesische Ylguandao-Gmppen sind in der VR Chinaaktiv. Zu den Fragen 1-5: Die Antworten auf dieseFragen variieren etwasvon Gruppezu Gruppe. Yiguandao hat keinezentrale Führung,und die verschiedenen Zweige(zu) operieren mehr oderweniger nacheigenem Gutdünken. Die untenstehenden Antworten beziehensich aufeine Yiguandao-Gruppe in Vancouver, lassensich alsonur begrenztauf die Situationin derVR Chinaübertragen. Fragen 1 und 2 (kultische Handlungen): Die "Gemeinde" der daoqin [Tao-chin] (200 bis 300Leute) trifft sichjeden Sonntagzur Verehrung der Götter(Darbringung von Weihrauch, Verbeugungen, Gebet). Außerdem gibt es einelangePredigt der "Initiatorin" (dianchuanshi), die die Leiterin dieses Tempels ist. Danach versammeln sich alle zu einer vegetarischen Mahlzeit. Während die Erwachsenen der Predigt zuhören, gibtes eineArt Sonntagsschulunterricht für die Kinder. Zusätzlichzu dem CHINA-ZENTRUM sonntäglichen "Gottesdienst" (das Wort scheintpassend, daetliche Elemente durchaus protestantischen Gepflogenheiten ähneln) gibtes vergleichbare Zusammenkünfte am ersten und fünfzehnten Tagjeden Mondmonats(nachdem chinesischen Mondkalender). Zweimal im Jahr gibt es große"Dharma-Versammlungen", fünftägige Tempelfestemit aufwendigen Ritualen, Bankettenetc. Das wichtigsteRitualüberhaupt ist die Initiation, die immerdann vollzogenwird, wennes neue Aufnahmekandidaten gibt.Dies ist die wichtigste "kultische Handlung", da durchsie das neue Mitgliedquasiin den "Standder Gnade" versetztwird. Die Initiationist die Garantie der Erlösung in Formder Rückkehr an die Seite der EwigenMutter (WujiLaomu). Frage 3 (Missionierung): In der Regelnur durchpersönlicheKontakte. Es wird nichtöffentlichgeworben. Das hat einerseitsmit dem langeZeit unsicherenrechtlichen Statusder Sekte zu tun, der Geheimhaltung erforderlich machte. Andererseits existiertauch die Vorstellung,daß das Dao • nicht an alle undjeden ohne Unterschiedübermittelt werdendarf, sondern nur an solche,die die entsprechende "karmische Affinität" (yuan, yuanfen) haben (eine Art Prädestinationslehre also). Yiguandao-Gruppen sind daher gar nichtso leichtzu finden, da sie nicht in der Zeitung annoncieren und ihreTempelvon außen meistauchnichtals solchezu erkennen sind Unter diesenUmständen reichtoft die Tatsache,daß man überhaupt mit einer Gruppe in Kontakt gekommen ist, zumNachweis der genügenden Affinität aus. Seit ihrer Legalisierung in Taiwan ist die Sektedort wesentlich stärker ins Lichtder Öffentlichkeit getreten und wirbt auch aktiver. Außerdem gibt es in Taiwan auch große Tempelkomplexe, die ihre Yiguanda~Afliliation klarkenntlich machen. (Siehehierzu auchAntwortauf Frage 5.) • Frage 4 (Größe der Yiguandao-Veranstaltungen): Das schwankt sehrstark.Die oben erwähnteGruppe in Vancouver hat ca. 200 bis 300 Mitglieder, die an den wöchentlichen Treffenteilnehmen. Die Teilnelunerzahlan den großen "Dharma-Versammlungen" ist höher. AndereVancouver-Gruppen sind wesentlichkleiner(20 bis 50 Mitglieder). In Taiwangibt es Großveranstaltungen, an denen mitunter Tausende teilnehmen. Relevant ist hier auchdie Unterscheidung zwischen (meistkleineren)"Familientempeln" (jiatang) und (in der Regelngrößeren)"öffentlichen Tempeln" (gongtang). Ersterebestehen meist aus einemZimmerim Haus einer Yiguandao-Familie, in dem sich der von ihnen angeworbene Kreisvon daoqin regelmäßig trifft Letztere sind Gebäude,die zur Gänzeund durchgehend als Tempel genutztwerdenund ihr Vollzeit-Personal haben. Die oben beschriebene Gruppe in Vancouveroperiertin einem"öffentlichen Tempel". CHINA-ZENTRUM ------_._ ---- Frage 5 (Funktionen und Aufgaben eines daoqin [Tae-cbinj): Grundsätzlichist ein daoqin nach der Initiationnicht verpflichtet. an irgendwe1chen weiteren Funktionenteilzunehmen. Die Initiation ist die ausschlaggebende Handlung, die die Heilsgewißheit verleiht (dedao =man "erlangtdas Dao").Danachist zwareine weitere Kultivierungdes Dao (xiudao) erforderlich,dies mußjedoch nicht im Rahmen einer Yiguandao-Gruppe geschehen. Oe facto werdenneuedaoqin natürlich schon ermutigt, in der Gruppe, die sie initiierthat. aktiv zu werden. Tun sie dies, so wird die regelmäßigeTeilnahme an den oben beschriebenen Tempel-Aktivitäten erwartet. Außerdemist man bemüht. allen Mitgliederneinen bestimmtenVerantwortungsbereich zu übertragen, um sie stärker in das Leben der Gemeindeeinzubinden(z.B. Küchendienst, Sonntagsschulunterricht etc.). Die Hauptpflichtaller daoqin ist jedoch das Anwerbenneuer Mitglieder, was im Ralunen persönlicherKontakteim Verwandten-und Bekanntenkreis geschieht(also nicht in der Öffentlichkeit). Es ist ein Gebot der Menschlichkeit und Barmherzigkeit. so viele Menschen wie möglichzur Ewigen Mutter zurückzuführen, bevordiejetzige Weltzeit (die Ära des "Weißen Yang", baiyang)ihr apokalyptisches Ende erreicht Frage 6 (bekannte Fälle von Verfolgung in der VR China): Konkrete Fälle von Verfolgungvon Mitgliedern der Yiguandao in den letzten Jahren sind uns nicht bekannt. Wir wissenjedoch sicher, daß Yiguandao in China heute nach wie vor illegal ist. Bereitsdie vom Staatsratim Dezember 1990einberufene Nationale Konferenz über Religionsarbeitbeschäftigte sich intensiv mit Yiguandao, deren Ausbreitung alsGefahr gesehenwurde. Yiguandao wurde Betrug (beim VerkaufmagischerHeilmittel etc.), Festhaltenvon Personengegenihren Willen und Vergewaltigung vorgeworfen (Vorwürfe dieser Art gehörenzur StandardanklagegegenAnführerreligiöserSekten in China). Seit die Massendemonstrationen von Falungong-Anhängem im April 1999der chinesischen Regierungdas "Potential"religiöser Bewegungen vor AugengeflUut haben, wird gegen ..illegale" religiöseBewegungen und Sekten in der VR China in den letzten Jahren verschärft vorgegangen. Am 30. Oktober 1999verabschiedete der NationaleVolkskongreß eine Resolutionüber das Verbot häretischerOrganisationen (xiejiao) sowie die Verhütung und BestrafunghäretischerAktivitäten(s. Wortlautin der Anlage)- wobei wir allerdings nicht wissen, ob Yiguandao explizit auf die Liste der häretischen Organisationenlbösen Kulte gesetzt wurde. i In Taiwan konnte Yiguandao, das dort über gute wirtschaftliche und politische Kontakte verfügt, 1987seineLegalisierung durchsetzen;es bezeichnetsich heute alsdrittpopulärste Religion in Taiwan'mit200 Tempeln, 15.000Familienschreinen und 30 Verlagen (vgl. www.with.org). Die Tatsache,daß taiwanesischeYiguandao-Gruppen offenbar in der VR China missionieren, dürfte die Situation zumindestfür Yiguandao-Gruppen mit Taiwan­ Kontakten noch heiklermachen,dadie chinesischen Behördensehr empfindlich auf (die in China verbotene)missionarische Betätigungvon ,,Ausländern" reagierenund gerade die BeziehungenzwischenFestlandchinaund Taiwanbekanntennaßengespannt sind. CHINA-ZENTRUM Alles zusammengenommen halte ich es für wahrscheinlich. daß es - ähnlich wie bei anderen .,illegalen"religiösenGruppenin China- auch bei Yiguandao Fälle von Verhaftungengibt, insbesonderevon missionarischsehr aktivenoder fiihrenden Mitgliedern.Der Vergleichmit anderen als .JIlegal" bezeichnetenreligiösenGruppenzeigt. daß die Behörden lokal sehr unterschiedlich vorgehen, d.h. mancherorts.,illegale"Gruppenund deren Versammlungen tolerieren.andernortsaber hart durchgreifen. Repressive Maßnahmen gegen ••iIlegale" religiöse Betätigungkönnenin der VR China u.a, gewaltsame Auflösungreligiöser Versammlungen. kurzzeitigeVerhaftungen(z.T, mit Geldstrafen verbunden). Einweisung in Arbeitslagerper Verwaltungsurteil bis Zu drei Jahre. bei prominentenSektenlReligionsfilhrem auch langjährige Gefängnisstrafen, in manchenFällenTodesurteile beinhalten. Über die lokale Verbreitung von Yiguandao ist unsfast nichts bekannt.Es soll in der Provinz Shanxi gegründetwordensein und in der ProvinzSichuanstarke Verbreitung finden- dies können wirjedoch nicht weiterverifizieren. Frage 7 (wie hoch ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit, daß Mitgliedschaft bei Yiguandao den Staatsorganen bekannt wird): Kann so allgemeinnicht beantwortetwerden.Grundsätzlich ist die gesellschaftlicheKontrolle in der VR China immernoch sehr hoch. Das Risikodürfte um so größersein, je aktiver und missionarischerdasMitgliedist. Mit freundlichen Grüßen r: tf1adJvudJ Katharina Wenzel-Teuber Anlage CHINAHEUTEXIX (2(XX)). NR. 3-4 (]()9..lJO) CHINAHEUTEXlX(2()(J()). NR. 3-4(l()9..lJO) ~ .... - .." "' RESOLUTION nach dem Gesetz leichter bestraft werden oder straffrei DESSTÄNDiGEN KOMITEES DES NATIONALEN VOLKS­ gehen. KONGRESSES ÜBERDAS VERBOT HÄRETISCHER ORGANISATIONEN SOWIE DIE VERHÜTUNG UND 3. Fa~ alle Bürger sol,~ ein gründlicher und langfristi~ BESTRAFUNG HÄRETISCHERAKTIVITÄTEN Unterricht
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