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New Chinese Immigrants and Their Contributions to New Zealand’S Knowledge Society

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New Chinese Immigrants and Their Contributions to New Zealand’S Knowledge Society View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by UC Research Repository THE YELLOW DRAGON, THE BLACK BOX AND THE GOLDEN COIN: NEW CHINESE IMMIGRANTS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS TO NEW ZEALAND’S KNOWLEDGE SOCIETY ___________________________________________________________ A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Sociology in the University of Canterbury by Hong Wang University of Canterbury 2007 ______________ - 1 - Acknowledgements I wish to thank all the individuals and organisations who gave me their kind support during this study. I would like to extend my thanks to both the New Zealand Marsden Fund for the sponsorship for my study through the knowledge society project in the University of Canterbury and the financial support from UC Scholarship. I would like to thank the programme of Building Research Capacity in Social Sciences Network (BRCSS), which generously provided opportunities for me to attend conferences and seminars and communicate with other scholars. I would also like to thank my supervisors, Professor David Thorns and Mr Colin Goodrich. Their wisdom, patience and understanding not only encouraged me to face various challenges while compiling this thesis but also enabled me to gain self-confidence while working in the academic community as a newcomer. Thanks are due to Ms Dallas Welch and Mr Wayne Gough in Statistics New Zealand, Mr Paul Merwood in the Business Information Branch of the Department of Labour, and Professor Bill Willmott in the New Zealand China Friendship Society. Their support at the different stages of my study enabled me to access relevant information and materials on immigration and to contact potential interview participants. Thanks go to the fourteen interviewees who are living and working in Christchurch. Their friendly acceptance of interview invitations and active participation in the research allowed me to share their experiences and acquire an in-depth insight into the relevant issues. Thanks also go to Ms Barbara Alberston, Ms Cuiying Mu and Mr Antoine Monti for their support in the editing process. I also appreciate the support and understanding from my husband, daughters and parents. Without them, I could not have achieved such a great deal within a limited time. - 2 - Contents Abstract………………………………………………………………………….........8 Introduction……………………………………………………………………..........9 Chapter One: Knowledge Societies in the Global Context………………….........14 1.1 The Knowledge Society in Human History: Continuity or Breaks…….......15 1.2 Debates and Theories on the Knowledge Society and Economy…..............18 1.3 Countries’ Strategies for Moving towards the Knowledge Society and Economy…………………………………………………………................29 1.4 Globalisation, Knowledge, Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), and Migration in Knowledge Societies…...................34 Chapter Two: Research Design…………………………………...……….............46 2.1 Theoretical Framework……………………..……………………………...47 2.1.1 Concepts drawn from Weber’s Economy and Society, and Economic Sociology………………………………………………..……..…....47 2.1.2 Human capital theory and beyond…………………………………………....53 2.1.3 Economic and sociological theories on knowledge………………..............57 2.1.4 Concepts drawn from globalisation and migration………………………....60 2.1.5 Linkages between concepts and theories…………………………................62 2.2 Methodology and Methods……………………………………………........64 2.3 Data Collection……………………………………………………..............66 2.4 Data Analysis……………………………………………………….............68 Chapter Three: New Zealand and the Global Knowledge Wave…..……............72 3.1 New Zealand in the Global Knowledge Wave………………………..........73 3.2 The Changing Structure of New Zealand’s Economy……………………...78 3.3 The Economic Fundamentals of New Zealand’s Knowledge Society…......83 - 3 - 3.3.1 R&D expenditure: knowledge production……………………………...........84 3.3.2 Investment in education and training: knowledge reproduction….…........85 3.3.3 Development of ICTs: knowledge dissemination…………….………….…..86 3.3.4 Attraction of skilled migrants: human resources……………………..…….87 3.4 New Zealand’s Knowledge Society and Economy………………………...88 3.4.1 Identifying the knowledge worker in the standard classification of occupation………………………………………………………………………..88 3.4.2 R&D in the New Zealand context: knowledge as both a public good and Private property……………………..….……………………………………...91 3.4.3 The multicultural society and acquisition of knowledge and access to information…………………….………………………………………………....92 3.4.4 The gap between cultural and economic reproduction……..………..…….97 3.4.5 Educational attainments and income division…………………………….…98 3.4.6 Cultural value and tacit knowledge in New Zealand’s knowledge society and economy………………..…………………………………...........102 Chapter Four: International Immigration and New Zealand’s Knowledge Society and Economy………………….………..……………….106 4.1 New Zealand’s Immigration Policies and Skilled Immigration Stream…………………………...………………………………………...107 4.1.1 From biculturalism to multiculturalism……………………………………..107 4.1.2 The points system and debates on Asian immigrants in the 1990s...…....110 4.1.3 Towards an outcome-oriented immigration policy………………………...114 4.2 Skilled Immigrants in New Zealand’s Knowledge Society and Economy…………………………………………...……………………...117 4.2.1 Skilled immigrants and language in New Zealand’s knowledge society………………………………………………………………………...….118 4.2.2 Skilled immigrants and their qualifications and contributions to New Zealand’s knowledge economy…………...………………..………...……....123 4.3 Chinese Immigrants and New Zealand………………..………………….127 - 4 - 4.3.1 The dragon’s footprints in New Zealand……………….………………….. 127 4.3.2 New Mainland Chinese in New Zealand………………………………..…. 130 Chapter Five: Chinese Knowledge Workers and Their Transnational Experiences in Knowledge Reproduction and Application……..139 5.1 Value on Intellectuals as Knowledge Subjects in Different Contexts….....139 5.1.1 Value placed on Chinese intellectuals in China……………………...........139 5.1.2 Value of Chinese intellectuals in the New Zealand Context………….......147 5.2 Values on Different Forms of Educational Qualifications in China and Distinctive Pathways of Adapting to New Zealand’s Knowledge Society and Economy……………….………………………….…............150 5.3 Mobility, Knowledge, Social Networks and Identity……………..............157 5.3.1 Knowledge, social networks and immigration……………….……............157 5.3.2 Mobility and embedment in the New Zealand society……………............164 5.4 Different Types of Knowledge in Action…………………………............167 5.4.1 Know what and know how: difficulties in accessing information in New Zealand……………………………………………………..…..…….167 5.4.2 Knowledge and wisdom: successful integration into New Zealand’s society and economy………………………….………….....169 5.4.3 Engaging in knowledge work in New Zealand……………………….…….174 5.4.3.1 Interviewees focusing on the production of knowledge………..........................................................................175 5.4.3.2 Interviewees focusing on the distribution and application of knowledge…..........................................................176 5.4.4 Tacit knowledge in different contexts: understanding interpersonal relationships under different cultures………………..........180 Chapter Six: Knowledge, Society, Economy and Immigration…………………184 6.1 Economic and Cultural Values on the Intellectual and Intellect: Tacit Knowledge Conditions Explicit Knowledge…………..…………....184 - 5 - 6.2 Tacit Knowledge in Transnational Mobility, Social Networks and Accumulation of Cultural Capital………………...…….…………...........189 6.3 Tacit Knowing in Different Social Structures…………………….………194 6.4 Social Interaction between Tacit and Explicit Knowledge……………….196 6.5 Implications of the Study…………………………………...…………….200 Conclusions…………..……………………………………………………..……...208 References…………………………………………………………………..……...213 Appendices…...………………………………………………………………….....239 - 6 - List of Tables and Figures Tables Page Table 3.1 The Rate of Skilled Immigration……………………………………..…....87 Table 4.1 Educational Attainments of Immigrants and New Zealand Born (in percent)...............................................................................…......124 Figures Figure 3.1 The Highest Qualification by Ethnic Group in 2001……………....……..95 Figure 3.2 Household Internet Access………………………………………....…......96 Figure 3.3 The Overlap between the Supply and the Demand of Highly Qualified People……………………………………………………….....98 Figure 3.4 The Division of Sex by Highest Qualification in 2001……………....….100 Figure 3.5 Personal Median Incomes and Sex by Highest Qualification in 2001.…...........................................................................101 Figure 4.1 1997-2006 Annually Approved Arrivals and Targets…...……………….118 Figure 4.2 Unemployment Rates for Immigrants with University Degree in 2001 (By birthplace and years in New Zealand)……………………………...125 Figure 4.3 Annual Numbers of Immigrants from Mainland China Under the Skilled and Business Category……………………………………….....132 Figure 4.4 The Distribution of Mainland Chinese in New Zealand in 2001……......133 Figure 4.5 Employment Rates of Mainland Chinese in 1996 and 2001…………….134 Figure 4.6 The Division of Employment of Mainland Chinese in 2001…………....135 Figure 4.7 The School Qualifications of Chinese Employed in the Christchurch Labour Market by Occupation………………………..…..136 - 7 - Abstract This study explores whether and how skilled Chinese immigrants can contribute to New Zealand’s knowledge
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