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The Chinese View of Nature: Tourism in China’S Scenic and Historic Interest Areas

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The Chinese View of Nature: Tourism in China’S Scenic and Historic Interest Areas The Chinese View of Nature: Tourism in China’s Scenic and Historic Interest Areas Feng HAN BLA, Tongji University, Shanghai, China MLA, Tongji University, Shanghai, China Principal Supervisor Dr. Daniel O’Hare Queensland University of Technology, Australia Associate Supervisor Dr. Jeannie Sim Professor Jennifer Taylor Queensland University of Technology, Australia External Associate Supervisor Professor Binyi LIU Tongji University, Shanghai, China School of Design Faculty of Built Environment and Engineering Queensland University of Technology Submitted in part-fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of the Doctor of Philosophy December, 2006 Key Words Value, nature, culture, Scenic and Historic Interest Area, landscape, tourism, authenticity, cultural landscape, heritage landscape, conservation, World Heritage, China. I Abstract Tourism has greatly increased world wide in recent decades, especially in China. Nature-dominated Scenic and Historic Interest Areas, representative of the Chinese philosophy of the ‘oneness of nature and human beings’, are the most popular tourism destinations in China. Tourism impacts in these areas have been receiving the attention of heritage landscape conservation. Management actions have largely been determined with an emphasis on natural values. This thesis maintains that values relating to nature are socially and culturally constructed, and that they dynamically change through history. By investigating the social and cultural structures underpinning values related to nature, a macro-history method has been applied to explore the traditional Chinese View of nature from traditional Chinese philosophies and landscape cultures. An instrumental case study method has been applied to explore the contemporary Chinese values of nature. The relationships between traditional values and contemporary values have been identified. It was found that the traditional Chinese values still have a profound influence today, although many aspects have been distorted. Historic high culture in natural areas has been replaced by mass tourism culture and Western values. The research also found that today’s values are more socially and politically contested. It has been revealed that there are deep social, cultural, economic and political roots underlying heritage conservation management actions. Changing and contested values have been interpreted from these perspectives. The values inherent in the Chinese View of nature, such as holistic philosophical perspectives, sophisticated Chinese landscape languages, and evolving living landscapes, have been identified. The contributions of these values to relevant theories of environmental philosophy, cultural landscape, national park tourism and heritage conservation have been identified by this research. The implications for multi-cultural dialogues in heritage landscape conservation have been addressed. II Statement of Original Authorship The work contained in this thesis has not been previously submitted for a degree or diploma at any other higher education institution. To the best of my knowledge and belief, the thesis contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made. Signed:____________________ Date: ____________________ III Acknowledgements This research could not have been completed without the support of many people and organizations. I have been travelling between Shanghai and Brisbane over the last five years for this academic pursuit and now it is ended. I would like to thank Queensland University of Technology (QUT) for providing the scholarship for this part-time study and providing an international research platform for me. I am grateful to my supervisors, principal supervisor Dr. Daniel O’Hare, associate supervisor Dr. Jeannie Sim, Professor Jennifer Taylor from Queensland University of Technology, Australia, and my external associate Professor Binyi LIU from Tongji University, China. Thanks for your great interest, patience, support and friendly criticism throughout the research. The efforts of all four supervisors reduced the problems of undertaking most of the work at a great distance and at a pace that varied according to the competing demands of my employment. I especially want to thank my former principal supervisor, Professor Helen Armstrong, for her continuous interest and support of my research. I thank Associate Professor Glenn Thomas, Professor Brian Hudson, Ms Gill Lawson for their hospitality and inspiration. During my periods of part-time research at QUT, my research colleagues provided inspiration, motivation and friendship. I especially thank Jung-hee for her friendship. I thank Mr. Chris Cook, who provided much computer technical help, for his kindness. I want to thank the Chinese Association of Scenic and Historic Interest Areas for their recommendation of me to be in charge of the updated master planning for the Wudang Scenic and Historic Interest Area, which is a World Cultural Heritage property. It was such an important opportunity for this research. I also thank the Wudang local government for their assistance in gathering information. I especially thank the experts and students of our planning team with whom I have been working over the last three years. I also thank ICOMOS-IFLA International Committee for providing an international platform for dialogues. I want to thank the Committee members and friends for their respect, interest and inspiring feedback that helped me to learn how to value things from diverse cultural perspectives. In the last five years, I spent almost all my holidays studying in Brisbane. During this time my son has grown up from three to eight years old, so I am extremely grateful for my family’s help and support. I thank my parents, Wenbiao HAN and Yongjuan BAO, and my parents in-law, Youfu ZENG and Qiongfang WU, for their help in looking after my son every time I left. I thank my husband, Qifeng ZENG, for his love and understanding and great support for my research. Finally, I want to thank my son, Xuan Xuan. He is the most precious gift in my life, my source of happiness forever. His innocent words always give me philosophical inspiration. IV Contents Key Words……… ................................................................................................................ I Abstract…………… ............................................................................................................ II Statement of Original Authorship ................................................................................... III Acknowledgements ..........................................................................................................IV Contents………...................................................................................................................V List of Tables.....................................................................................................................IX List of Figures………………………………………………………………………………….…X PART 1 Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Background: Tourism in the World and in China..................................................... 2 1.2 Park Tourism in China: Scenic and Historic Interest Areas.................................... 2 1.3 Research Problems and Highlighted Issues............................................................. 5 1.3.1 Cultural Value: A Worldwide Issue in Park Tourism............................................................ 6 1.3.2 World Heritage and Values .................................................................................................7 1.4 Research Questions .................................................................................................... 8 1.5 Research Motives and Objectives ............................................................................. 8 1.6 Research Limitations .................................................................................................. 9 1.7 Research Methodology ............................................................................................... 9 1.7.1 Ontological and epistemological issues of this study .......................................................... 9 1.7.2 Ethnography as methodology ........................................................................................... 10 1.7.3 The Logic of Enquiry ......................................................................................................... 12 1.7.4 Research Methods............................................................................................................ 16 1.8 Thesis Structure ........................................................................................................ 17 PART 2 Chapter 2 Nature and Culture: Western and Chinese Approaches 2.1 Introduction................................................................................................................20 2.2 Values of Nature: Contemporary Western Environmental Philosophy................ 20 2.2.1 Central Questions of Environmental Ethics....................................................................... 21 2.2.2 Theories of the Values of Nature ...................................................................................... 21 2.2.3 Highlighted Issues Related to Parks and Protected Areas................................................ 28 2.3 Tourism in National Parks and Protected Areas .................................................... 31 2.3.1 Definitions, Purposes and Categories..............................................................................
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