DOCSLIB.ORG

Qt80g7t61x.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Qt80g7t61x.Pdf UCLA UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Revisiting Proto-Indo-European Schwebeablaut Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/80g7t61x Author Ozolins, Kaspars Publication Date 2015 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Revisiting Proto-Indo-European Schwebeablaut A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Indo-European Studies by Kaspars Ozoliņš 2015 © Copyright by Kaspars Ozoliņš 2015 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Revisiting Proto-Indo-European Schwebeablaut by Kaspars Ozoliņš Doctor of Philosophy in Indo-European Studies University of California, Los Angeles, 2015 Professor H. Craig Melchert, Chair This dissertation examines the phenomenon of Proto-Indo-European schwebeablaut (German Schwebeablaut “floating vowel gradation”), whereby a number of reconstructed forms are observed to alternate in their root shape between CeRC (termed State I) and CReC (termed State II). This mechanism of Proto-Indo-European (PIE) root ablaut has long been tacitly accepted (in one form or another) by scholars; however, the only comprehensive treatment has been Anttila (1969), and the matter therefore merits a thorough review. This dissertation reviews material from the daughter languages considered to be evidence for schwebeablaut by using some of the same techniques employed in the work of Anttila, only in an updated fashion. A large majority of the remaining cases are explained without requiring recourse to schwebeablaut, while several more difficult forms are discussed in individual chapters. The second part of the dissertation examines a unique subtype of roots extended by an s-formant that exhibit the following alternation: CeRC : CReC-s. It is argued that the descriptive schwebeablaut inherent in these formations may legitimately be traced to PIE. An Optimality Theoretic account for this phonologically motivated metathesis is offered, which likewise eliminates the need to invoke schwebeablaut (as classically defined). !ii The dissertation of Kaspars Ozoliņš is approved. Stephanie W. Jamison Christopher M. Stevens Brent Vine H. Craig Melchert, Committee Chair University of California, Los Angeles 2015 !iii To my dear wife and son. mīlu jūs !iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Symbols ix Abbreviations x 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Overview . 1 1.2 Definition . 2 1.3 Schwebeablaut until Anttila (1967) . 4 1.4 Current views on schwebeablaut . 9 1.5 Plan of study . 12 2 Reevaluation of Previous Scholarship 13 2.1 Overview . .13 2.2 Questionable forms . 13 h 2.2.1 *d(e)lh1- + -(en)g - ‘long’ . 14 2.2.2 *der- ‘flay’ . 17 2.2.3 *g̑ hres- (?) ‘short, small’ . 18 u̯ h 2.2.4 *h1u̯ eg - ‘praise’ . 18 2.2.5 *kseu̯ - ‘shave’ . 19 2.2.6 *k̑ ent- ‘pierce’ . 20 2.2.7 *k̑ erh2- ‘mix’ . 20 2.2.8 *pel(k)- ‘pour’ (?) . 21 2.2.9 *seku̯ -o- ‘sap’ . 21 2.3 Post-PIE formations . 22 2.3.1 *g̑ neh3- ‘know’ . 23 u̯ 2.3.2 *g reh2-u̯ en- ‘millstone’ . 24 2.3.3 *h2erg̑ - ‘whitish’ . 25 2.3.4 *pel- ‘ashes’ (?) . 26 !v 2.3.5 *perk̑ - ‘speckled’ . 27 2.3.6 *pleh2- ‘flat’ and *pleth2- ‘broad’ . 28 2.3.7 *prek̑ - ‘ask’ . 29 2.3.8 *terh1- ‘bore through; rub’ . 29 2.4 *h2nek̑ - ‘reach’ and *h1nek̑ - ‘take’ . 30 2.4.1 Seṭ vs aniṭ roots . 30 2.4.2 Distinguishing two *Hnek̑ - roots . .33 2.4.3 Screening forms . 33 2.4.4 Celtic evidence . 35 2.4.5 Hittite evidence . 36 3 *h2u̯ es- ‘(become) bright’ 40 3.1 Overview of *h2éu̯ s-ōs- ‘Dawn’ . 40 3.2 *h2u̯ es- ‘(become) bright’. 42 3.3 Survey of other forms . 45 3.3.1 Miscellaneous stems . 45 3.3.2 *(h2)u̯ es-r- . 46 3.3.3 ‘Dawn’ words with r-formant . 47 3.3.4 *h2é-h2us-o- ‘gold’ . 50 3.3.5 *h2us(-s)-tero- ‘east’ . 54 3.4 The locus of schwebeablaut in *h2u̯ es- . 56 3.4.1 Animate s-stems in PIE . 57 3.4.2 er-locatives . 60 3.4.3 Proposal for *h2u̯ es- : *h2eu̯ s- . 63 4 *g̑ hi̯ em- ‘winter’ 66 4.1 Overview . 66 4.2 ‘Winter’ and its m-formant . 66 4.3 What type of formation was ‘winter’? . 69 !vi 4.4 *g̑ hei̯ mn̥ - . 72 4.4.1 Denominative stems . 74 4.4.2 Individualizing *-n(t)- . 74 4.4.3 Deverbal *g̑ hei̯ -mn̥ - . 76 4.4.4 Locatival*g̑ hei̯ m-en . 77 4.5 Schwebeablaut and en-/er-locatives . 79 4.6 *g̑ him-én, *g̑ him-ér . 83 5 Schwebeablaut in s-extended roots 86 5.1 Overview . 86 5.2 *h2eu̯ g- and *h2u̯ eks- . 87 5.2.1 Doubtful forms . 88 5.2.2 Reconstructible verbal stems . 90 5.2.3 Reconstructible stems with s-formant . 91 5.2.4 Nominal stems . 94 5.2.5 Reconstructible nominal stems in *h2eu̯ g- . 96 5.2.6 Apparent exceptions (*h2eu̯ g-s-) . 97 5.3 Other CReC-s stems . 99 5.3.1 *mei̯ k̑ - and *mi̯ ek̑ -s- . 99 5.4 Summary of s-extended forms . 100 5.5 Exploring phonological solutions . 101 5.5.1 Metathesis and heavy syllable codas . 103 5.5.2 Theoretical basis for inquiry . 105 5.5.3 What type of formation was *h2u̯ eg-s-? . 107 5.6 Syllabification of /CeRC + s + E/ . 109 5.6.1 Avoidance of complex onsets in PIE . 111 5.6.2 Onset maximization in PIE . 114 5.6.3 Qualifying onset maximization . 117 5.7 Stratal Optimality Theory . 121 !vii 5.8 Deriving /CeRC + s + E/ . 124 5.9 Metathesis in the wider (P)IE context . 129 5.9.1 CUH sequences . 129 h 5.9.2 *k̑ erd- + *d eh1- . 131 5.9.3 Indic r-metathesis . 133 6 Concluding Remarks 136 6.1 Further CReC ~ CeRC alternations in secondary derivation . 136 6.2 CReC → CeRC-e/o- . 137 u̯ 6.2.1 *g i̯ eh3- ‘live’ . 137 6.2.2 *k̑ u̯ eh1- ‘swell’ . 139 6.3 Schwebeablaut and vr̥ ddhi . 139 6.3.1 *di̯ eu̯ - ‘sky’ . 140 6.3.2 *dhu̯ es- ‘breathe’ . 140 6.4 CReC ~ CeRC alternations in secondary substantivizations . 140 6.5 Miscellaneous forms . 143 6.5.1 *du̯ eh2- ‘long’ . 143 6.5.2 *h1reh1- ‘row’ . 145 6.5.3 *u̯ erg̑ - ‘enclose’ . 146 6.5 Conclusion . 146 Works cited 148 !viii SYMBOLS C consonant $ or σ syllable C̥ syllabified consonant * reconstructed as; OT violation E ending † internally reconstructed as hx laryngeal > develops into H laryngeal of unknown value ~ alternates with i̯ , u̯ vowel glides → derivational change; analogy K k̑ or k # word boundary R sonorant or root.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sofya Dmitrieva Institute for Linguistic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences Nasal-Infixed Presents and Their Collateral
    Sofya Dmitrieva Institute for Linguistic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences Nasal-infixed presents and their collateral aorists in Homeric Greek1 The process of formation of the Greek verbal paradigm is closely related to secondary affixation: new presents are built on present and non-present stems, modifying the grammatical semantics of primary roots (Kuryłowicz 1964). The paper analyses the uses of the Greek verbs derived from the IE present stems of the type R(C1C2)-né/n-R(C3)- or R(C1)-né/n-R(C2)- (LIV) and their collateral aoristic formations attested in the Homeric poems. Indo-European nasal-infixed presents are known to be connected with transitivisation (Meiser 1993; Sihler 1995; Shatskov 2016). It has also been observed that Greek n-infix verbs, along with higher degree of transitivity, demonstrate higher degree of telicity in comparison with the corresponding verbs of the same roots without the nasal infix. This feature had been mentioned in earlier studies, particularly concerning the nasal presents in -ανω (Vendryes 1923; Chantraine 1961), and was recently addressed with regard to other Greek n-presents (Dmitrieva 2017). It should be considered that lexical aspect played a significant role in the earlier periods of Ancient Greek (Moser 2017). Imperfects from telic verbs can often express perfective meaning; the employment of imperfectives "pro perfective" has been discussed in the studies dealing with Homeric aspect. (Napoli 2006: 191). Some nasal preterits could even formally be interpreted either as imperfects or aorists (e.g. ὄρινε, ἔκλινε). These conditions provide a good opportunity to investigate how nasal imperfects correspond with the aorists built to the same roots, taking into account the distribution of usages, structure and completeness of verbal paradigm.
    [Show full text]
  • Sambahsa Mundialect Complete Grammar
    Sambahsa Mundialect Complete Grammar Henrique Matheus da Silva Lima Revision: Dr. Olivier Simon Version: !.!9.! IMPORTANT NOTES ABOUT LEGAL ISSUES This grammar is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 license. You are free to: Share – copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format Adapt – remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially. You must give appropriate credit, provide a lin to the license, and indicate if changes !ere made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any !ay that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits. "ere is the lin for more information# https#$$creativecommons.org$licenses$by$4.0$deed.en %or the elaboration of this grammar, The Grammar Of Sambahsa-Mundialect In English by &r. 'livier (imon !as used. (ome subchapters of this grammar are practically a transcription of 'livier)s book. &r. (imon has given me permission to do so, even considering the license of this book. *)ve also utilized many examples from The Grammar Of Sambahsa-Mundialect In English and others that Dr. Simon made for me. *t)s very important to inform the reader that the language it!elf ! not under a "reat #e "o$$on! l %en!e or anyth ng l ke that, the language is under the traditional Copyright license in !hich &r. 'livier (imon has all property rights. But the language ! free, you can translate your !orks or produce original !orks !ithout the need of &r.
    [Show full text]
  • Ablaut and the Latin Verb
    Ablaut and the Latin Verb Aspects of Morphophonological Change Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Philosophie an der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München vorgelegt von Ville Leppänen aus Tampere, Finnland München 2019 Parentibus Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Olav Hackstein (München) Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Gerhard Meiser (Halle) Datum der mündlichen Prüfung: 17. Mai 2018 ii Contents Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................. vii List of abbreviations and symbols ........................................................................................... viii 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1 1.1. Scope, aim, theory, data, and method ............................................................................. 2 1.2. Previous research ............................................................................................................. 7 1.3. Terminology and definitions ......................................................................................... 12 1.4. Ablaut ............................................................................................................................ 14 2. Verb forms and formations .................................................................................................. 17 2.1. Verb systems overview ................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Reconstructing Proto-Indo-European Deponents
    Indo-European Linguistics 4 (2016) 98–149 brill.com/ieul Reconstructing Proto-Indo-European Deponents Laura Grestenberger* Concordia University [email protected] Abstract This paper argues that the Proto-Indo-European voice system, despite undergoing sev- eral waves of morphological renewal on the way to the daughter languages (Jasanoff 2003), was typologically that of early ie languages like Vedic and Greek, and con- temporary languages such as Modern Greek, and that the syncretic voice systems of these languages share the property of having deponents. While previous discussions of middle-only verbs have focused on a few morphologically archaic but semantically unsurprising middles, I show that pie also had agentive, syntactically active middles that escaped the expected remodeling as formally active verbs and surface as depo- nents in the ie daughter branches. Reconstructing verbs with “unexpected” voice mor- phology may seem counter-intuitive, but is necessary to cover the empirical facts and may also serve as a diagnostic for the relative chronology of the morphological innova- tions that occurred in the domain of pie voice morphology. Keywords deponents – voice morphology – middle voice – Vedic – Greek – Hittite – Latin * I would like to thank Hannes A. Fellner, Jay Jasanoff, Melanie Malzahn, Craig Melchert, Jeremy Rau and Michael Weiss for their criticism and comments on earlier versions of this paper and on chapter six of my dissertation (Grestenberger 2014a) on which it is based. I also want to thank the editors of Indo-European Linguistics and two anonymous reviewers for their comments and suggestions. The usual disclaimers apply. © laura grestenberger, 2016 | doi: 10.1163/22125892-00401001 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License (cc-by-nc 4.0).
    [Show full text]
  • Indo-European Linguistics: an Introduction Indo-European Linguistics an Introduction
    This page intentionally left blank Indo-European Linguistics The Indo-European language family comprises several hun- dred languages and dialects, including most of those spoken in Europe, and south, south-west and central Asia. Spoken by an estimated 3 billion people, it has the largest number of native speakers in the world today. This textbook provides an accessible introduction to the study of the Indo-European proto-language. It clearly sets out the methods for relating the languages to one another, presents an engaging discussion of the current debates and controversies concerning their clas- sification, and offers sample problems and suggestions for how to solve them. Complete with a comprehensive glossary, almost 100 tables in which language data and examples are clearly laid out, suggestions for further reading, discussion points and a range of exercises, this text will be an essential toolkit for all those studying historical linguistics, language typology and the Indo-European proto-language for the first time. james clackson is Senior Lecturer in the Faculty of Classics, University of Cambridge, and is Fellow and Direc- tor of Studies, Jesus College, University of Cambridge. His previous books include The Linguistic Relationship between Armenian and Greek (1994) and Indo-European Word For- mation (co-edited with Birgit Anette Olson, 2004). CAMBRIDGE TEXTBOOKS IN LINGUISTICS General editors: p. austin, j. bresnan, b. comrie, s. crain, w. dressler, c. ewen, r. lass, d. lightfoot, k. rice, i. roberts, s. romaine, n. v. smith Indo-European Linguistics An Introduction In this series: j. allwood, l.-g. anderson and o.¨ dahl Logic in Linguistics d.
    [Show full text]
  • Proto-Indo-European Nasal Infixation Rule Paolo MILIZIA Università Degli Studi Di Roma
    Proto-Indo-European Nasal Infixation Rule Paolo MILIZIA Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza” The aim of this paper is to argue for the following set of hypotheses concerning the Proto- Indo-European nasal infixation process used to form present stems (e.g. *li-n(e)-kw- from *lejkw-). The PIE verbal nasal infix originated from the metathesis of a nasal suffix; infixation and suffixation were originally in complementary distribution. This distribution was determined by the following rule: when the degree of sonority of the last segment of the root was lower than that of n, then the suffix underwent metathesis (e.g. *likw-n(e)- → *li-n(e)-kw-) to satisfy syllable structure constraints related to the sonority sequencing principle and the syllable contact law. Therefore infixation only occurred with roots ending in an obstruent. From a typological point of view, both infixation originating from metathesis and metathesis caused by syllable structure constraints are probable phenomena (cf., respectively, Ultan 1975, and Vennemann 1988). On the other hand, the inadequacy of the traditional hypothesis, according to which PIE nasal infixation originated from the reanalysis of stems containing two suffixes (a nasal suffix followed by a second suffix or a “root extension”), has been well argued by Rasmussen (1990). The validity of the rule proposed here is proved by the fact that it is not possible to reconstruct infixed stems derived from roots ending in j, r, l, m or n. The non-existence of PIE *-ne-j-, *-ne-r-, *-ne-l-, *-ne-m- and *-ne-n- stems had remained unexplained until now (cf.
    [Show full text]
  • PIE Verb Morphology Part
    _tÇzâtzx TÜàá 2 | 2016 | VERSION 2016-03-11 OPEN – ACCESS Freely available online Proto-Indo-European Verb Morphology. Part 1. Inflection Roland A. Pooth* FIU Cologne, University of Cologne ‡, Leiden University ‡, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History ◊ Abstract: This article provides an overview of Proto-Indo-European verb morphology. Keywords: Reconstruction of morphology, PIE verbal morphology, PIE aspect system, PIE grammar ** Citation: Pooth, R. A. (2016): “Proto-Indo-European Verb Morphology. Part 1. Inflection”, Language Arts 2, issue version 2016-03-11, author manu- script version 2016-03-11 Editor: Dr. Roland A. Pooth, Merheimer Str. 117, D 50733 Cologne (Nippes), Western Germany Written: Winter 2015/2016; published online at https://leidenuniv.academia.edu/RolandPooth , 2016-03-11 Copyright: © 2016 R. A. Pooth. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. *E-mail: [email protected] _tÇzâtzx TÜàá is an open-access freesheet for linguistic arts, pre-publication, DIY publication, and post-publication amendment. It is edited by the FIU Cologne (cf. J. Beuys 1978: “Aufruf zur Alternative”, Frankfurter Rundschau, Dec. 23; J. Beuys & H. Böll 1973: "Manifesto on the foundation of a 'Free International School for Creativity and Interdisciplinary Research’” , in: C.M. Joachimides & N. Rosenthal (eds.) 1974: Art into Society, Society into Art: Seven German Artists [...]. Institute of Contemporary Arts, London, pp. 49ff. , reprinted in : J. Beuys 1993 (C. Kuoni, ed.): Joseph Beuys in America: Energy Plan for the Western Man.
    [Show full text]
  • Oppositions of Voice in Greek, Slavic, and Baltic
    HERMAN KØLLN OPPOSITIONS OF VOICE IN GREEK, SLAVIC, AND BALTIC Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab Historisk-filosofiske Meddelelser 43,4 Kommissionær: Munksgaard København 1969 Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab udgiver følgende publikationsrækker: • The R oyal Danish Academy of Sciences and L etters issues the following series of publications: Bibliographical Abbreviation Oversigt over Selskabets Virksomhed (8°) Overs. Dan. Vid. Selsk. (Annual in Danish) Historisk-filosoflske Meddelelser (8°) Hist. Filos. Medd. Dan. Vid. Selsk. Historisk-filosofiske Skrifter (4°) Hist. Filos. Skr. Dan. Vid. Selsk. (History, Philology, Philosophy, Archeology, Art History) Matematisk-fysiske Meddelelser (8°) Mat. Fys. Medd. Dan. Vid. Selsk. Matematisk-fysiske Skrifter (4°) Mat. Fys. Skr. Dan. Vid. Selsk. (Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Astronomy, Geology) Biologiske Meddelelser (8°) Biol. Medd. Dan. Vid. Selsk. Biologiske Skrifter (4°) Biol. Skr. Dan. Vid. Selsk. (Botany, Zoology, General Biology) Selskabets sekretariat og postadresse: Dantes Plads 5, 1556 København V. The address of the secretariate of the Academy is: Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Dantes Plads 5, 1556 Köbenhavn V, Denmark. Selskabets kommissionær: Munksgaard’s Forlag, Prags Boulevard 47, 2300 København S. The publications are sold by the agent of the Academy: Munksgaard, Publishers, 47 Prags Boulevard, 2300 Köbenhavn S, Denmark. HISTO RI SK-FILOSOFI SKE MEDDELELSER UDGIVET AF DET KGL. DANSKE VIDENSKABERNES SELSKAB BIND 43 KØBENHAVN KOMMISSIONÆR: MUNKSGAARD 1969 INDHOLD Side 1. J ones, Sc h u y ler : A Bibliography of Nuristan (Kafiristan) and the Kalash Kahrs of Chitral. Part Two. Selected Documents from the Secret and Political Records, 1885-1900. 1969 .... 1-274 2. Ohrgaard, P e r : C. F. Meyer. Zur Entwicklung seiner The­ matik.
    [Show full text]
  • Revisiting Proto-Indo-European Schwebeablaut
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Revisiting Proto-Indo-European Schwebeablaut A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Indo-European Studies by Kaspars Ozoliņš 2015 © Copyright by Kaspars Ozoliņš 2015 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Revisiting Proto-Indo-European Schwebeablaut by Kaspars Ozoliņš Doctor of Philosophy in Indo-European Studies University of California, Los Angeles, 2015 Professor H. Craig Melchert, Chair This dissertation examines the phenomenon of Proto-Indo-European schwebeablaut (German Schwebeablaut “floating vowel gradation”), whereby a number of reconstructed forms are observed to alternate in their root shape between CeRC (termed State I) and CReC (termed State II). This mechanism of Proto-Indo-European (PIE) root ablaut has long been tacitly accepted (in one form or another) by scholars; however, the only comprehensive treatment has been Anttila (1969), and the matter therefore merits a thorough review. This dissertation reviews material from the daughter languages considered to be evidence for schwebeablaut by using some of the same techniques employed in the work of Anttila, only in an updated fashion. A large majority of the remaining cases are explained without requiring recourse to schwebeablaut, while several more difficult forms are discussed in individual chapters. The second part of the dissertation examines a unique subtype of roots extended by an s-formant that exhibit the following alternation: CeRC : CReC-s. It is argued that the descriptive schwebeablaut inherent in these formations may legitimately be traced to PIE. An Optimality Theoretic account for this phonologically motivated metathesis is offered, which likewise eliminates the need to invoke schwebeablaut (as classically defined).
    [Show full text]
  • Milk and the Indo-Europeans Romain Garnier, Laurent Sagart, Benoît Sagot
    Milk and the Indo-Europeans Romain Garnier, Laurent Sagart, Benoît Sagot To cite this version: Romain Garnier, Laurent Sagart, Benoît Sagot. Milk and the Indo-Europeans. Martine Robeets; Alexander Savalyev Language Dispersal Beyond Farming, John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp.291-311, 2017, 978 90 272 1255 9. <10.1075/z.215.13gar>. <hal-01667476> HAL Id: hal-01667476 https://hal.inria.fr/hal-01667476 Submitted on 31 Dec 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Chapter 13 Milk and the Indo-Europeans Romain Garnier, Laurent Sagart and Benoît Sagot Université de Limoges and Institut Universitaire de France / Centre National de la Recherche Scientifque / Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique Recent evidence from archaeology and ancient DNA converge to indicate that the Yamnaya culture, ofen regarded as the bearer of the Proto-Indo-European language, underwent a strong population expansion in the late 4th and early 3rd millennia BCE. It suggests that the underlying reason for that expansion might be the then unique capacity to digest animal milk in adulthood. We examine the early Indo-European milk-related vocabulary to confrm the special role of ani- mal milk in Indo-European expansions.
    [Show full text]
  • ROOTS with NASAL INFIX in POKORNY by Robert SP
    ROOTS WITH NASAL INFIX IN POKORNY by Robert S. P. Beekes - Leiden Traditionally a number of Indo-European roots are assumed to have a variant with a nasal before the last consonant (CeNC). Such 'prenasa­ lized' forms are exceptional, however, and it may be supposed that some of them are loanwords from a substratum language. It is weIl known that the North-European substratum from which many words were taken over in Germanic knew such prenasalization. Here I shall dicuss the forms of this type that are given by Pokorny, i.e. the cases where he notes this variation at the head of a lemma. I limit myself to roots consisting of two consonants. Roots of three consonants with a nasal variant can be analysed as having a different enlargement (CC­ eN-C beside CC-eC) and therefore remain within the recognized pat­ tern of IE roots.! See however on three consonant roots Appendix I. For the sake of economy, the reader is supposed to have Pokorny on his desk. Pok. p. 114 *bheg-, bheng- 'zerschlagen, zerbrechen'. Phrygian ßEKOS is unreliable. Lith. beiigti does not belong here, as its cirumflex points to original -gh-; Derksen 1996, 234. Nor does banga 'wave' agree with Skt. bhaIiga- 'wave', as this meaning in Sanskrit is secondary; KEW A 11 461. Without nasal we have Arm. bekanem 'break'. OIr. -boing has evidence for *bheg- lind a form with a nasal, but the nasal forms seem to go back to *bhu-n-g- (McCone 1991,43; though a connection with Skt. bhundkti 'enjoy' is semantically difficult).
    [Show full text]
  • Quenya – English (Last Updated December 25Th
    Helge K. Fauskanger http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/ zzR1RR1'Eq'E'EqE6EE6tt# ## zzR5RR5Ì#jÌ#Ì#j¸Y ¸Y¸Y Quenya – English th (last updated December 25 . 2008) by Helge K. Fauskanger http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/ Wordlist last updated December 25th, 2008 1 Presented by http://www.ambar-eldaron.com Helge K. Fauskanger http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/ Quettaparma Quenyallo † = poetic or archaic word (e.g. †él "star", elen being the ordinary word) or a poetic or archaic meaning of an ordinary word (e.g. russë "corruscation, †swordblade"), * = unattested form, ** = wrong form, # = word that is only attested in a compound or as an inflected form (e.g. # ahya -), LotR = The Lord of the Rings , Silm = The Silmarillion , MC = The Monsters and the Critics and other Essays , MR = Morgoth's Ring , LR = The Lost Road , Etym = The Etymologies (in LR : 347-400), FS = Fíriel's Song (in LR : 72), RGEO = The Road Goes Ever On (Second Edition), WJ = The War of the Jewels , PM = The Peoples of Middle-earth , Letters = The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien, LT1 = The Book of Lost Tales 1 , LT2 = The Book of Lost Tales 2, 2am = 2amárië (in LotR : 398), CO = Cirion's Oath and its commentary in UT : 305, 317, Arct = "Arctic" sentence (in The Father Christmas Letters ), Markirya = the Markirya Poem and its commentary in MC : 221-223; GL = Gnomish Lexicon (in Parma Eldalamberon #11), QL = Qenya Lexicon (in Parma Eldalamberon #12), PE = Parma Eldalamberon , VT = Vinyar Tengwar (PE and VT being journals publishing Tolkien material edited by C. Gilson, C.F.
    [Show full text]