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Colonies De Ciliés Tapis Bleus En Provenance De Sources Hydrothermales Du Pacifique Nord-Est: Symbiose Microbienne Et Écologie

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Colonies De Ciliés Tapis Bleus En Provenance De Sources Hydrothermales Du Pacifique Nord-Est: Symbiose Microbienne Et Écologie UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL COLONIES DE CILIÉS TAPIS BLEUS EN PROVENANCE DE SOURCES HYDROTHERMALES DU PACIFIQUE NORD-EST: SYMBIOSE MICROBIENNE ET ÉCOLOGIE THÈSE PRÉSENTÉE COMME EXIGENCE PARTIELLE DU DOCTORAT EN BIOLOGIE PAR ANGELA KOURIS SEPTEMBRE 2009 UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL COLONIAL "BLUE MAT" CILIATES FROM NORTHEASTPACIFIC HYDROTHERMAL VENTS: MICROBIAL SYMBIOSIS AND ECOLOGY THESIS PRESENTED AS A PARTIAL REQUIREMENT FOR A DOCTORAT IN BIOLOGY BY ANGELA KOURlS SEPTEMBER 2009 UI\JIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL Service des bibliothèques Avertissement La diffusion de cette thèse se fait dans le respect des droits de son auteur, qui a signé le formulaire Autorisation de reproduire et de diffuser un travail de recherche de cycles supérieurs (SDU-522 - Rév.ü1-2üü6). Cette autorisation stipule que "conformément à l'article 11 du Règlement no 8 des études de cycles supérieurs, [l'auteur] concède à l'Université du Québec à Montréal une licence non exclusive d'utilisation et de publication de la totalité ou d'une partie importante de [son] travail de recherche pour des fins pédagogiques et non commerciales. Plus précisément, [l'auteur] autorise l'Université du Québec à Montréal à reproduire, diffuser, prêter, distribuer ou vendre des copies de [son] travail de recherche à des fins non commerciales sur quelque support que ce soit, y compris l'Internet. Cette licence et cette autorisation n'entraînent pas une renonciation de [la] part [de l'auteur] à [ses] droits moraux ni à [ses] droits de propriété intellectuelle. Sauf entente contraire, [l'auteur] conserve la liberté de diffuser et de commercialiser ou non ce travail dont [il] possède un exemplaire.» AVANT-PROPOS Au cours de mes études de doctorat et dans le but de compléter le travail présenté dans cette thèse, j'ai eu la chance de bénéficier de l'expertise, des conseils, de la formation, des installations et de l'exceptionnelle communauté intellectuelle offerte par trois établissements de recherche: GEOTOP, Montréal, Canada; l'unité Adaptations aux milieux extrêmes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France; ainsi que du « Max Planck-Institute for Marine Microbiology » (MPIMM), Brême, Allemagne. Les trois articles présentés dans cette thèse sont le résultat de ces efforts de recherche collaborative internationale. 1. Kouris, Angela, S. Kim Juniper, Ghislaine Frébourg et Françoise Gail!. 2007. «Protozoan-bacterial symbiosis in a deep-sea hydrothermal vent folliculinid ciliate (Folliculinopsis sp.) from the Juan de Fuca Ridge». Marine Ecology 28: 63-71. 2. Kouris, Angela, S. Kim Juniper et Nicole Dubilier. «Identification and characterization of blue mat (Folliculinopsis sp.) ciliate symbionts from northeast Pacifie hydrothermal vents». En préparation. 3. Kouris, Angela, Helene Limén, Catherine J. Stevens et S. Kim Juniper. «Faunal composition and food web structure in colonial ciliate (Folliculinopsis sp.) mats at northeast Pacific hydrothermal vents» Marine Ecology Progress Series (accepté). Le premier article intitulé en français « Symbiose protozoaire-bactérienne dans un cilié folliculine (Folliculinopsis sp.) de la dorsale Juan de Fuca» constitue le premier chapitre de la thèse. L'article est le résultat d'un stage de recherche de 3 mois (2005) au sein de l'unité de recherche Adaptations aux milieux extrêmes du Dr. Françoise Gail! de l'Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS, (Paris, France). Le laboratoire de Dr. Gaill se spécialise dans l'étude uitrastructurale des microorganismes, en particulier sur les symbioses entre bactéries et autres organismes des milieux marins extrêmes. L'article a été publié dans un numéro spécial de Marine Ecology intitulé « Advances in Vent, Seep, Whale- and Wood-Fall Biology ». IV Pour cet article, comme pour l'ensemble des articles dans ma thèse, j'ai réalisé moi-même l'échantillonnage, la fixation et la préparation des échantillons, l'expérimentation, la rédaction de l'article, l'analyse des données et la création des figures et des tableaux, la recherche bibliographique et l'interprétation des résultats. Comme pour tous les autres articles, mon directeur de thèse, Dr. S. Kim Juniper m'a aidée avec l'interprétation des résultats et la correction des ébauches de l'article. Ghislaine Frébourg, la technicienne du laboratoire de Dr. Gaill, m'a fournie les protocoles de préparation des échantillons pour la microscopie électronique et m'a formée aux méthodes d'observation pour la microscopie électronique à balayage (MEB) et à transmission (MET). Dr. Françoise Gaill m'a accueillie dans son laboratoire, a mis à ma disposition les techniciennes et l'équipement nécessaire pour le travail et a aidé à l'interprétation des résultats et à la correction des ébauches. Le deuxième article, intitulé en français « Caractérisation moléculaire de symbiotes des ciliés tapis bleus (Folliculinopsis sp.) des sources hydrotherrnales du Pacifique Nord­ est» constitue le deuxième chapitre de la thèse. L'article reflète une partie du travail réalisé durant les deux stages de recherche de 3 mois (2006 et puis 2007) et un stage de recherche de 5 mois (2008) dans le groupe Symbiose du Dr. Nicole Dubilier du département d'écologie moléculaire du MPIMM. Le laboratoire de Dr. Dubilier se spécialise dans l'étude de la distribution, la diversité et la phylogénie des bactéries symbiotiques en association avec des organismes provenant d'environnement chimiosynthétique. Dr. Dubilier m'a accueillie dans son laboratoire, a mis à ma disposition les techniciennes et l'équipement nécessaire pour le travail, a aidé avec l'interprétation des résultats et à la correction des ébauches. Le troisième article, intitulé en français « Composition faunistique et réseaux trophiques dans des tapis de colonies de ciliés (Folliculinopsis sp.) des sources hydrothermales du Pacifique Nord-est» constitue le troisième chapitre de cette thèse. Le travail présenté dans ce troisième article a été réalisé au GEOTOP (à l'UQAM), dans les laboratoires de microscopie optique (analyse des espèces) et de spectrométrie de masse (relations trophiques). La docteure Helene Limén m'a fourni les protocoles de préparation des échantillons pour les analyses des isotopes stables et m'a formée à l'identification de la méiofaune et la macrofaune, a aidé à l'interprétation des résultats et à la correction des ébauches de j'article. La docteure Catherine J. Stevens a réalisé les analyses lipidiques, de même que l'interprétation et la rédaction des résultats concernant les lipides. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The completion ofthis doctoral disseltation would not have been possible without the guidance, support, and help of many individuals. Of all the people that have contributed to this intellectual endeavor there are two that, for very different reasons, 1owe the most to. Kim Juniper has been everything that 1could ever hope for in a supervisor. His continued support and eagerness to allow me the freedom and flexibility to pursue new aspects of my research, learn new methodologies and participate in the intellectual settings of different research centers have truly made this doctorate an incredibly enriching experience. Despite often great geographic distance, 1 always felt that Kim was present to guide, advise and discuss. Chantal Nadeau, my partner and confidant, has acted as a constant flow of motivation, care, and advice. Her unwavering encouragement made the commencement and subsequent completion of this dissertation a reality. To you, ma Chantal, 1 dedicate this work. Beatrix Beisner has supported my research from day one ultimately becoming my adoptive (co) supervisor at UQÀM. 1am very grateful for the input, often difficult questions and discussions. 1wish to extend a heartfelt thank you to the mentors that 1 have collaborated with and learned so much from: Françoise Gaill (CNRS, Paris) and Nicole Dubilier (MPIMM). Participating in their laboratories peaked my research interests in the most exhilarating intellectual ways. Helene Limén, Catherine Stevens, Raphaëlle Dancette, Christelle Not, Alexandra Meziti, Angelique Gobet, llaria Pizzeti, Luciana Raggi, Melissa Duhaime, Francesca Simonato, Paola Gornex and Manuel Kleiner were wonderful colleagues and friends during my doctoral studies.I would also like to thank the members of GEOTOP, AMEX and the MPIMM Symbiosis Group and Molecular Ecology Department. 1am grateful to the external and internaI members ofmy Dissertation Evaluation Committee (Connie Lovejoy - Université Laval, Lyle White - McGi11 University, Philip Spear - UQÀM, VI Beatrix Beisner - UQÀM and Kim Juniper - University of Victoria) for the great feedback and for a very positive learning experience. J'aimerais remercier celles qui, dans l'ombre, m'ont aidée de mille et une façons durant mon séjour à l'UQÀM, Ginette Lozeau-Lacroix (Département des sciences biologiques) and Josée Savard (GEÜTOP). Finally, my parents, Christine and Tom Kouris and sister, Joanna Kouris have helped and guided me in innumerable ways. 1 am truly grateful for having them share this moment of completion with me. TABLE OF CONTENTS AVANT-PROPOS iii LIST OF FIGURES ix LIST OF TABLES xi RÉSUMÉ xii ABSTRACT xiv INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1 12 PROTOZOAN-BACTERIAL SYMBIOSIS IN A DEEP-SEA HYDROTHERMAL VENT FOLLICULINID CI LIATE (FOLLICULINOPSIS SP.) FROM THE JUAN DE FUCA RIDGE 12 1.1 ABSTRACT 12 1.2 INTRODUCTION 13 1.3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 15 1.4 RESULTS 15 1.5 DISCUSSION 21 1.6 SUMMARY .25 1.7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 25 1.8 REFERENCES 26 CHAPTER II 31 MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATiON OF BLUE MAT (FOLlCULlNOPSIS SP.) CI LIATE
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