Spongy bone
Compact bone
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(d) Irregular bone (vertebra), right lateral view (c) Short bone (talus)
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 Articular cartilage
Proximal epiphysis Spongy bone
Epiphyseal line
Periosteum
Compact bone Medullary cavity (lined by endosteum)
Diaphysis
Distal epiphysis
(a) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 3
Trabeculae of spongy bone Osteon (Haversian Perforating system) (Volkmann’s) canal Blood vessel continues into medullary cavity containing marrow Blood vessel Lamellae Compact bone Central (Haversian) canal
Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers
Periosteum
Periosteal blood vessel
(a) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 4 Lamella
Osteocyte
Canaliculus Lacuna Central Bone matrix (Haversian) canal (b)
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Osteon
Interstitial lamellae
Lacuna Central (Haversian) canal (c)
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 6 Articular cartilage Hyaline Spongy cartilage bone New center of bone growth New bone Epiphyseal forming plate cartilage Growth Medullary in bone cavity width Bone starting Invading to replace Growth blood cartilage in bone vessels length New bone Bone collar forming Hyaline Epiphyseal cartilage plate cartilage model In an embryo In a fetus In a child
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Bone growth Bone grows in length because:
Articular cartilage 1 Cartilage grows here. Epiphyseal plate 2 Cartilage is replaced by bone here.
3 Cartilage grows here.
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 8 Bone remodeling Growing shaft is remodeled as:
Articular cartilage
Epiphyseal plate 1 Bone is resorbed by osteoclasts here. 2 Bone is added (appositional growth) by osteoblasts here.
3 Bone is resorbed by osteoclasts here.
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Hematoma External Bony callus callus of spongy bone New Internal blood callus vessels Healed (fibrous fracture tissue and Spongy cartilage) bone trabecula
1 Hematoma 2 Fibrocartilage 3 Bony callus 4 Bone remodeling forms. callus forms. forms. occurs.
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 10 Cranium Skull Facial bones
Clavicle Thoracic cage Scapula (ribs and Sternum sternum) Rib Humerus Vertebra Vertebral Radius column Ulna Sacrum Carpals
Phalanges Metacarpals Femur Patella
Tibia Fibula
Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges (a) Anterior view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 11
Cranium Bones of pectoral Clavicle girdle Scapula Sternum Upper Rib limb Humerus Vertebra Radius Bones of Ulna pelvic Carpals girdle
Phalanges Metacarpals Femur Lower Tibia limb Fibula
(b) Posterior view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 12 Parietal bone Frontal bone of skull Occipital bone Mandible Clavicle Scapula
Radius Ulna Humerus
Femur
Tibia Ribs
Vertebra Hip bone
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Anterior fontanel Sphenoidal Parietal bone fontanel Frontal Posterior bone fontanel
Occipital bone Mastoid fontanel Temporal bone (b)
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 14 Anterior fontanel Frontal bone
Parietal bone
Posterior fontanel Occipital (a) bone
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Coronal suture Frontal bone
Parietal bone Sphenoid bone
Temporal bone Ethmoid bone
Lambdoid Lacrimal bone suture
Squamous suture Nasal bone Occipital bone
Zygomatic process Zygomatic bone Maxilla External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Alveolar processes Styloid process Mandible (body) Mental foramen Mandibular ramus
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 16 Coronal suture Frontal bone Parietal bone
Nasal bone Superior orbital fissure
Sphenoid bone
Optic canal Ethmoid bone Temporal bone Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone Middle nasal concha Infraorbital foramen of ethmoid bone Maxilla Inferior nasal concha
Vomer Mandible
Alveolar processes Mental foramen Sagittal suture
Anterior view Parietal bone
Lambdoid suture Occipital bone
Mastoid process of temporal bone Posterior view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 17
Greater horn Lesser horn
Body
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 18 Anterior Posterior 1st cervical vertebra (atlas) Cervical curvature 2nd cervical (concave) 7 vertebrae, vertebra (axis) C1 – C7
1st thoracic vertebra Transverse process Spinous Thoracic curvature process (convex) 12 vertebrae, T1 – T12 Intervertebral disc Intervertebral foramen 1st lumbar vertebra Lumbar curvature (concave) 5 vertebrae, L 1 – L 5
Sacral curvature (convex) 5 fused vertebrae Coccyx 4 fused vertebrae © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 19
Posterior Lamina Vertebral arch Transverse Spinous process process
Superior articular process and facet
Pedicle Vertebral foramen Body
Anterior
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 20 (a) ATLAS AND AXIS
Transverse Posterior process arch
Anterior arch
Superior view of atlas (C1)
Spinous Transverse process process Facet on superior articular process Dens Body
Superior view of axis (C2)
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(b) TYPICAL CERVICAL VERTEBRAE Facet on superior Spinous articular process process Vertebral foramen
Transverse process Transverse foramen Superior view Superior articular Body process Spinous process Transverse process Facet on inferior articular process Right lateral view
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 22 (c) THORACIC VERTEBRAE Spinous process
Transverse Vertebral process foramen
Facet Facet on for rib superior articular process
Body Superior view
Facet on Body superior articular process
Facet on transverse process Costal facet Spinous for rib process
Right lateral view
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(d) LUMBAR VERTEBRAE Spinous process
Vertebral foramen Transverse process
Facet on superior Body articular process Superior view
Superior Body articular process
Spinous Facet on inferior process articular process Right lateral view
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 24 Superior Auricular Ala Sacral articular surface canal process
Body
Median Sacrum sacral crest
Posterior sacral foramina Sacral Coccyx hiatus
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T1 vertebra Jugular notch Clavicular notch
Manubrium Sternal angle Body Xiphisternal Sternum True joint ribs Xiphoid (1–7) process
False ribs (8–12) Intercostal spaces L1 Floating vertebra Costal cartilage ribs (11, 12) (a) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 26 Acromio- clavicular Clavicle joint
Scapula
(a) Articulated right shoulder (pectoral) girdle showing the relationship to bones of the thorax and sternum © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 27
Coracoid process Suprascapular notch
Superior Acromion angle
Glenoid cavity at lateral angle Spine
Medial border Lateral border
(c) Right scapula, posterior aspect © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 28 Acromion Suprascapular notch Superior border Coracoid process Superior angle Glenoid cavity Lateral angle
Lateral (axillary) Medial border (vertebral) border
Inferior angle
(d) Right scapula, anterior aspect © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 29
Greater Head of tubercle humerus Lesser tubercle Anatomical neck Intertubercular sulcus
Deltoid tuberosity
Radial fossa Medial epicondyle Coronoid fossa Capitulum Trochlea (a) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 30 Head of humerus
Anatomical Surgical neck neck
Radial groove
Deltoid tuberosity
Medial epicondyle Olecranon fossa
Lateral Trochlea epicondyle (b) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 31
Trochlear notch Olecranon Head Coronoid process Neck Proximal Radial tuberosity radioulnar joint
Radius
Ulna
Inter- osseous membrane
Ulnar Radial styloid styloid Distal process process radioulnar joint
(c) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 32 Distal Middle Phalanges (fingers) Proximal
4 3 2 Metacarpals 5 (palm) 1
Hamate Trapezium Carpals Pisiform Trapezoid (wrist) Triquetrum Scaphoid Lunate Capitate Ulna Radius © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 33
Iliac crest Sacroiliac joint
llium
Coxal bone Sacrum (or hip bone) Pelvic brim
Pubis Coccyx Ischial spine Acetabulum Ischium Pubic symphysis
Pubic arch (a)
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 34 Ilium Ala Iliac crest Posterior superior iIiac Anterior superior spine iliac spine Posterior inferior Anterior inferior iIiac spine iliac spine Greater sciatic notch Acetabulum Ischial body Body of pubis Ischial spine Pubis Ischial tuberosity Inferior pubic ramus Ischium Obturator Ischial ramus foramen (b) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 35
False pelvis
Inlet of true pelvis
Pelvic brim
Pubic arch (less than 90º)
False pelvis
Inlet of true pelvis
Pelvic brim
Pubic arch (more than 90º) (c) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 36 Surgical neck Head Inter- trochanteric line Lesser trochanter
Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Patellar surface (a) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 37
Greater Head trochanter Inter- trochanteric Lesser trochanter crest Gluteal tuberosity
Intercondylar fossa Medial condyle Lateral condyle
(b) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 38 Intercondylar eminence Lateral Medial condyle condyle Head Tibial tuberosity Proximal tibiofibular joint Interosseous membrane
Anterior border Fibula
Tibia
Distal tibiofibular joint
Medial Lateral malleolus malleolus (c) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 39
Phalanges: Distal Middle Proximal
Tarsals: Medial Metatarsals cuneiform Tarsals: Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform Navicular Cuboid
Talus
Calcaneus
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