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Spongy

Compact bone

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 1

(b) ()

(a) ()

(d) (), right lateral view (c) (talus)

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 Articular

Proximal Spongy bone

Epiphyseal line

Periosteum

Compact bone (lined by )

Diaphysis

Distal epiphysis

(a) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 3

Trabeculae of spongy bone (Haversian Perforating system) (Volkmann’s) canal continues into medullary cavity containing marrow Blood vessel Lamellae Compact bone Central (Haversian) canal

Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers

Periosteum

Periosteal blood vessel

(a) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 4 Lamella

Osteocyte

Canaliculus Central Bone (Haversian) canal (b)

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Osteon

Interstitial lamellae

Lacuna Central (Haversian) canal (c)

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 6 Articular cartilage Hyaline Spongy cartilage bone New center of bone growth New bone Epiphyseal forming plate cartilage Growth Medullary in bone cavity width Bone starting Invading to replace Growth blood cartilage in bone vessels length New bone Bone collar forming Hyaline Epiphyseal cartilage plate cartilage model In an embryo In a In a child

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Bone growth Bone grows in length because:

Articular cartilage 1 Cartilage grows here. 2 Cartilage is replaced by bone here.

3 Cartilage grows here.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 8 Growing shaft is remodeled as:

Articular cartilage

Epiphyseal plate 1 Bone is resorbed by here. 2 Bone is added (appositional growth) by here.

3 Bone is resorbed by osteoclasts here.

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Hematoma External Bony callus callus of spongy bone New Internal blood callus vessels Healed (fibrous fracture and Spongy cartilage) bone

1 Hematoma 2 3 Bony callus 4 Bone remodeling forms. callus forms. forms. occurs.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 10 Cranium Facial

Clavicle Thoracic cage ( and Sternum sternum) Humerus Vertebra Vertebral column Carpals

Phalanges Metacarpals

Tibia

Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges (a) Anterior view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 11

Cranium Bones of pectoral girdle Scapula Sternum Upper Rib Humerus Vertebra Radius Bones of Ulna pelvic Carpals girdle

Phalanges Metacarpals Femur Lower limb Fibula

(b) Posterior view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 12 of skull Clavicle Scapula

Radius Ulna Humerus

Femur

Tibia Ribs

Vertebra bone

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Anterior fontanel Sphenoidal Parietal bone fontanel Frontal Posterior bone fontanel

Occipital bone Mastoid fontanel (b)

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 14 Anterior fontanel Frontal bone

Parietal bone

Posterior fontanel Occipital (a) bone

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Coronal Frontal bone

Parietal bone

Temporal bone

Lambdoid suture

Squamous suture Occipital bone

Zygomatic process External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Alveolar processes Styloid process Mandible (body) Mandibular ramus

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 16 Frontal bone Parietal bone

Nasal bone

Sphenoid bone

Optic canal Ethmoid bone Temporal bone Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone Middle of ethmoid bone Maxilla

Vomer Mandible

Alveolar processes Mental foramen

Anterior view Parietal bone

Lambdoid suture Occipital bone

Mastoid process of temporal bone Posterior view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 17

Greater Lesser horn

Body

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 18 Anterior Posterior 1st cervical vertebra () Cervical curvature 2nd cervical (concave) 7 vertebrae, vertebra () C1 – C7

1st thoracic vertebra Transverse process Spinous Thoracic curvature process (convex) 12 vertebrae, T1 – T12 Intervertebral disc 1st lumbar vertebra Lumbar curvature (concave) 5 vertebrae, L 1 – L 5

Sacral curvature (convex) 5 fused vertebrae 4 fused vertebrae © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 19

Posterior Lamina Vertebral arch Transverse Spinous process process

Superior articular process and facet

Pedicle Body

Anterior

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 20 (a) ATLAS AND AXIS

Transverse Posterior process arch

Anterior arch

Superior view of atlas (C1)

Spinous Transverse process process Facet on superior articular process Dens Body

Superior view of axis (C2)

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(b) TYPICAL Facet on superior Spinous articular process process Vertebral foramen

Transverse process Transverse foramen Superior view Superior articular Body process Spinous process Transverse process Facet on inferior articular process Right lateral view

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 22 (c) Spinous process

Transverse Vertebral process foramen

Facet Facet on for rib superior articular process

Body Superior view

Facet on Body superior articular process

Facet on transverse process Costal facet Spinous for rib process

Right lateral view

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(d) Spinous process

Vertebral foramen Transverse process

Facet on superior Body articular process Superior view

Superior Body articular process

Spinous Facet on inferior process articular process Right lateral view

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 24 Superior Auricular Ala Sacral articular surface canal process

Body

Median Sacrum sacral crest

Posterior sacral foramina Sacral Coccyx hiatus

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T1 vertebra Jugular notch Clavicular notch

Manubrium Body Xiphisternal Sternum True ribs Xiphoid (1–7) process

False ribs (8–12) Intercostal spaces L1 Floating vertebra Costal cartilage ribs (11, 12) (a) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 26 Acromio- clavicular Clavicle joint

Scapula

(a) Articulated right (pectoral) girdle showing the relationship to bones of the and sternum © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 27

Coracoid process

Superior angle

Glenoid cavity at lateral angle Spine

Medial border Lateral border

(c) Right scapula, posterior aspect © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 28 Acromion Suprascapular notch Superior border Superior angle Glenoid cavity Lateral angle

Lateral (axillary) Medial border (vertebral) border

Inferior angle

(d) Right scapula, anterior aspect © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 29

Greater Head of humerus Anatomical Intertubercular sulcus

Deltoid tuberosity

Radial Medial Coronoid fossa Capitulum Trochlea (a) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 30 Head of humerus

Anatomical Surgical neck neck

Radial groove

Deltoid tuberosity

Medial epicondyle fossa

Lateral Trochlea epicondyle (b) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 31

Trochlear notch Olecranon Head Coronoid process Neck Proximal radioulnar joint

Radius

Ulna

Inter- osseous membrane

Ulnar Radial styloid styloid Distal process process radioulnar joint

(c) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 32 Distal Middle Phalanges () Proximal

4 3 2 Metacarpals 5 (palm) 1

Hamate Carpals Pisiform Trapezoid () Triquetrum Scaphoid Lunate Capitate Ulna Radius © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 33

Iliac crest Sacroiliac joint

llium

Coxal bone Sacrum (or )

Pubis Coccyx Pubic symphysis

Pubic arch (a)

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 34 Ala Posterior superior iIiac Anterior superior spine iliac spine Posterior inferior Anterior inferior iIiac spine iliac spine Greater sciatic notch Acetabulum Ischial body Body of Ischial spine Pubis Inferior pubic ramus Ischium Obturator Ischial ramus foramen (b) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 35

False

Inlet of true pelvis

Pelvic brim

Pubic arch (less than 90º)

False pelvis

Inlet of true pelvis

Pelvic brim

Pubic arch (more than 90º) (c) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 36 Surgical neck Head Inter- trochanteric line Lesser

Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Patellar surface (a) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 37

Greater Head trochanter Inter- trochanteric crest

Intercondylar fossa Medial Lateral condyle

(b) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 38 Intercondylar eminence Lateral Medial condyle condyle Head Tibial tuberosity Proximal tibiofibular joint Interosseous membrane

Anterior border Fibula

Tibia

Distal tibiofibular joint

Medial Lateral malleolus (c) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 39

Phalanges: Distal Middle Proximal

Tarsals: Medial Metatarsals cuneiform Tarsals: Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform Navicular Cuboid

Talus

Calcaneus

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