Spongy bone Compact bone © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 (b) Flat bone (sternum) (a) Long bone (humerus) (d) Irregular bone (vertebra), right lateral view (c) Short bone (talus) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 Articular cartilage Proximal epiphysis Spongy bone Epiphyseal line Periosteum Compact bone Medullary cavity (lined by endosteum) Diaphysis Distal epiphysis (a) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 Trabeculae of spongy bone Osteon (Haversian Perforating system) (Volkmann’s) canal Blood vessel continues into medullary cavity containing marrow Blood vessel Lamellae Compact bone Central (Haversian) canal Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers Periosteum Periosteal blood vessel (a) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 4 Lamella Osteocyte Canaliculus Lacuna Central Bone matrix (Haversian) canal (b) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 5 Osteon Interstitial lamellae Lacuna Central (Haversian) canal (c) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 6 Articular cartilage Hyaline Spongy cartilage bone New center of bone growth New bone Epiphyseal forming plate cartilage Growth Medullary in bone cavity width Bone starting Invading to replace Growth blood cartilage in bone vessels length New bone Bone collar forming Hyaline Epiphyseal cartilage plate cartilage model In an embryo In a fetus In a child © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 7 Bone growth Bone grows in length because: Articular cartilage 1 Cartilage grows here. Epiphyseal plate 2 Cartilage is replaced by bone here. 3 Cartilage grows here. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 8 Bone remodeling Growing shaft is remodeled as: Articular cartilage Epiphyseal plate 1 Bone is resorbed by osteoclasts here. 2 Bone is added (appositional growth) by osteoblasts here. 3 Bone is resorbed by osteoclasts here. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 9 Hematoma External Bony callus callus of spongy bone New Internal blood callus vessels Healed (fibrous fracture tissue and Spongy cartilage) bone trabecula 1 Hematoma 2 Fibrocartilage 3 Bony callus 4 Bone remodeling forms. callus forms. forms. occurs. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 10 Cranium Skull Facial bones Clavicle Thoracic cage Scapula (ribs and Sternum sternum) Rib Humerus Vertebra Vertebral Radius column Ulna Sacrum Carpals Phalanges Metacarpals Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges (a) Anterior view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 11 Cranium Bones of pectoral Clavicle girdle Scapula Sternum Upper Rib limb Humerus Vertebra Radius Bones of Ulna pelvic Carpals girdle Phalanges Metacarpals Femur Lower Tibia limb Fibula (b) Posterior view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 12 Parietal bone Frontal bone of skull Occipital bone Mandible Clavicle Scapula Radius Ulna Humerus Femur Tibia Ribs Vertebra Hip bone © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 13 Anterior fontanel Sphenoidal Parietal bone fontanel Frontal Posterior bone fontanel Occipital bone Mastoid fontanel Temporal bone (b) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 14 Anterior fontanel Frontal bone Parietal bone Posterior fontanel Occipital (a) bone © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 15 Coronal suture Frontal bone Parietal bone Sphenoid bone Temporal bone Ethmoid bone Lambdoid Lacrimal bone suture Squamous suture Nasal bone Occipital bone Zygomatic process Zygomatic bone Maxilla External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Alveolar processes Styloid process Mandible (body) Mental foramen Mandibular ramus © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 16 Coronal suture Frontal bone Parietal bone Nasal bone Superior orbital fissure Sphenoid bone Optic canal Ethmoid bone Temporal bone Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone Middle nasal concha Infraorbital foramen of ethmoid bone Maxilla Inferior nasal concha Vomer Mandible Alveolar processes Mental foramen Sagittal suture Anterior view Parietal bone Lambdoid suture Occipital bone Mastoid process of temporal bone Posterior view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 17 Greater horn Lesser horn Body © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 18 Anterior Posterior 1st cervical vertebra (atlas) Cervical curvature 2nd cervical (concave) 7 vertebrae, vertebra (axis) C1 – C7 1st thoracic vertebra Transverse process Spinous Thoracic curvature process (convex) 12 vertebrae, T1 – T12 Intervertebral disc Intervertebral foramen 1st lumbar vertebra Lumbar curvature (concave) 5 vertebrae, L 1 – L 5 Sacral curvature (convex) 5 fused vertebrae Coccyx 4 fused vertebrae © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 19 Posterior Lamina Vertebral arch Transverse Spinous process process Superior articular process and facet Pedicle Vertebral foramen Body Anterior © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 20 (a) ATLAS AND AXIS Transverse Posterior process arch Anterior arch Superior view of atlas (C1) Spinous Transverse process process Facet on superior articular process Dens Body Superior view of axis (C2) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 21 (b) TYPICAL CERVICAL VERTEBRAE Facet on superior Spinous articular process process Vertebral foramen Transverse process Transverse foramen Superior view Superior articular Body process Spinous process Transverse process Facet on inferior articular process Right lateral view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 22 (c) THORACIC VERTEBRAE Spinous process Transverse Vertebral process foramen Facet Facet on for rib superior articular process Body Superior view Facet on Body superior articular process Facet on transverse process Costal facet Spinous for rib process Right lateral view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 23 (d) LUMBAR VERTEBRAE Spinous process Vertebral foramen Transverse process Facet on superior Body articular process Superior view Superior Body articular process Spinous Facet on inferior process articular process Right lateral view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 24 Superior Auricular Ala Sacral articular surface canal process Body Median Sacrum sacral crest Posterior sacral foramina Sacral Coccyx hiatus © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 25 T1 vertebra Jugular notch Clavicular notch Manubrium Sternal angle Body Xiphisternal Sternum True joint ribs Xiphoid (1–7) process False ribs (8–12) Intercostal spaces L1 Floating vertebra Costal cartilage ribs (11, 12) (a) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 26 Acromio- clavicular Clavicle joint Scapula (a) Articulated right shoulder (pectoral) girdle showing the relationship to bones of the thorax and sternum © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 27 Coracoid process Suprascapular notch Superior Acromion angle Glenoid cavity at lateral angle Spine Medial border Lateral border (c) Right scapula, posterior aspect © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 28 Acromion Suprascapular notch Superior border Coracoid process Superior angle Glenoid cavity Lateral angle Lateral (axillary) Medial border (vertebral) border Inferior angle (d) Right scapula, anterior aspect © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 29 Greater Head of tubercle humerus Lesser tubercle Anatomical neck Intertubercular sulcus Deltoid tuberosity Radial fossa Medial epicondyle Coronoid fossa Capitulum Trochlea (a) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 30 Head of humerus Anatomical Surgical neck neck Radial groove Deltoid tuberosity Medial epicondyle Olecranon fossa Lateral Trochlea epicondyle (b) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 31 Trochlear notch Olecranon Head Coronoid process Neck Proximal Radial tuberosity radioulnar joint Radius Ulna Inter- osseous membrane Ulnar Radial styloid styloid Distal process process radioulnar joint (c) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 32 Distal Middle Phalanges (fingers) Proximal 4 3 2 Metacarpals 5 (palm) 1 Hamate Trapezium Carpals Pisiform Trapezoid (wrist) Triquetrum Scaphoid Lunate Capitate Ulna Radius © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 33 Iliac crest Sacroiliac joint llium Coxal bone Sacrum (or hip bone) Pelvic brim Pubis Coccyx Ischial spine Acetabulum Ischium Pubic symphysis Pubic arch (a) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 34 Ilium Ala Iliac crest Posterior superior iIiac Anterior superior spine iliac spine Posterior inferior Anterior inferior iIiac spine iliac spine Greater sciatic notch Acetabulum Ischial body Body of pubis Ischial spine Pubis Ischial tuberosity Inferior pubic ramus Ischium Obturator Ischial ramus foramen (b) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 35 False pelvis Inlet of true pelvis Pelvic brim Pubic arch (less than 90º) False pelvis Inlet of true pelvis Pelvic brim Pubic arch (more than 90º) (c) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 36 Surgical neck Head Inter- trochanteric line Lesser trochanter Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Patellar surface (a) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 37 Greater Head trochanter Inter- trochanteric Lesser trochanter crest Gluteal tuberosity Intercondylar fossa Medial condyle Lateral condyle (b) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 38 Intercondylar eminence Lateral Medial condyle condyle Head Tibial tuberosity Proximal tibiofibular joint Interosseous membrane Anterior border Fibula Tibia Distal tibiofibular joint Medial Lateral malleolus malleolus (c) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 39 Phalanges: Distal Middle Proximal Tarsals: Medial Metatarsals cuneiform Tarsals: Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform Navicular Cuboid Talus Calcaneus © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 40.