Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe

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Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe Ł A Jj numer 1 (I) Kraków 2004 Krakowskie Frycz? '"*' I Studia ) Międzynarodowe SPIS TREŚCI 7 Od Redakcji 9 J. J. Smolicz: Constructive Diversity in Multicultural Australia 25 Andrzej Kapiszewski: Poland and Current Transatlantic Relations 39 Cheng-yi Lin: Taiwan’s Campaign for United Nations Participation 51 Diana Kapiszewski: The infrastructure of Justice: Institutional Determinants of High Court Decision-Making in Argentina and Venezuela 77 Roman Sławiński: Sporne problemy nowożytnej historii Chin 85 Adina Zemanek: Cmentarze wirtualne - przemiany chińskich tradycji pogrzebowych 93 Tadeusz Paleczny: Struktura rasowa, wyznaniowa i klasowo-warstwowa społeczeństwa brazylijskiego: w kierunku modelu pluralistycznego 111 Andrzej Bryk: The Bill of Rights and Judicial Review in the American Constitution of 1787 143 Wojciech Zalewski: Afryka podzwrotnikowa: cywilizacja i kultura 161 Monika Banaś: Koncepcje procesów asymilacji a struktura etniczna społeczeństwa amerykańskiego przełomu XX i XXI wieku 175 Jarosław Kotas: Niektóre aspekty buddyjskiej ścieżki jako sposób budowania więzi ze światem 187 Jarosław Tomasiewicz: Przemoc w ruchu ekologicznym: od obywatelskiego nieposłuszeństwa do terroryzmu (przypadek Earth Liberation Front) 211 Phil van Schalkwyk: From Laager to Lager: Reflections on Afrikaner Identity Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe OD REDAKCJI Szeroko rozumiana problematyka stosunków międzynarodowych w ostatnich latach cieszy się w Polsce coraz większym zainteresowaniem. Zapewne jest to spowodo­ wane rozległymi kontaktami zagranicznymi, jakie umożliwiła transformacja ustrojowa 1989 roku, wejściem Polski do Unii Europejskiej i NATO, aktywnym włączeniem się Polski do działań na arenie międzynarodowej (operacje w Bośni, Kosowie i Afganistanie, a obecnie w Iraku), wzrostem wymiany gospodarczej z innymi państwami, atrakcyjnością naszego kraju dla zagranicznych turystów, zniesieniem barier wizowych, umożliwiających Polakom podróże czy wreszcie zna­ czącą poprawą znajomości języków obcych wśród młodego pokolenia. Wzrost zainteresowania współczesnym światem wyraża się także zakresem badań i liczbą publikowanych prac naukowych poświęconych szeroko pojmowa­ nym stosunkom międzynarodowym, powstawaniem nowych placówek naukowo- badawczych ukierunkowanych na tę problematykę czy otwieraniem studiów z tego zakresu, cieszących się dużym zainteresowaniem studentów. Proces powyższy obserwujemy także w Krakowskiej Szkole Wyższej im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego. Ta młoda, powstała w 2000 roku uczelnia, wiele uwagi poświęca zagadnieniom międzynarodowym. Wydział Stosunków Międzyna­ rodowych jest największym jej wydziałem, zatrudniającym ponad 70 nauczycieli akademickich pracujących m. in, w: Instytucie Studiów Amerykańskich, Instytucie Integracji Europejskiej, Katedrze Marketingu Międzynarodowego, Zakładzie Han­ dlu Zagranicznego, Zakładzie Stosunków Etnicznych i Rasowych, Katedrze Turystyki Regionalnej. Wydział prowadzi studia magisterskie i licencjackie na specjalnościach: handel zagraniczny, amerykanistyka, integracja europejska, turystyka międzynarodowa, studia wschodnie. W roku akademickim 2003/4 studiowało na nim ponad 3000 studentów(co trzeci student uczelni). Pracownicy Wydziału prowadzą badania naukowe, organizują konferencje i seminaria, wiele publikują. Nawiązywana jest także współpraca naukowa z ośrodkami zagranicznymi. W tym kontekście, aby umożliwić lepszą prezentację osiągnięć naukowo- badawczych pracowników Krakowskiej Szkoły Wyższej, ułatwić dostęp polskiemu czytelnikowi do prac uczonych z zagranicy, a także dla stworzenia forum wymiany poglądów na kluczowe problemy współczesnego świata, uczelnia postanowiła roz­ począć wydawanie kwartalnika „Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe ”. Kierowany on jest do czytelników zainteresowanych problematyką politologiczną i kulturo- znawczą a także ekonomiczną, szczególnie dotyczącą współczesności. "Studia" zawierać będzie prace autorów polskich i zagranicznych, publikowane w języku polskim i w językach kongresowych. Wszystkie zamieszczane w „Studiach" prace będą recenzowane. Redakcja zamierza, oprócz wydawania numerów wielotematycznych, publikować numery specjalne o charakterze monograficznym, na przykład drugi numer „ Krakowskich Studiów Międzynarodowych ” poświęcony będzie problema­ tyce amerykańskiej, a trzeci - problematyce bliskowschodniej. Zapraszamy do współpracy. Kraków, maj 2004 Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe J. J. Smolicz CONSTRUCTIVE DIYERSITY IN MULTICULTURAL AUSTRALIA GloBalisation and the Sovereignty of the Nation-State Under the impact of economic, political and cultural globalisation one could expect that the whole world would tend to become more and more culturally homogeneo- us until a convergence of cultures eventuated. Such homogenizing forces have impinged upon nation-states causing them to lose some of their traditional omni- potence and charisma. The rising significance of international organisations has eroded some of the states’ powers, as has the increasing acceptance of dual citi- zenship and the rising tide of migratory flows across the globe. Even a country such as Australia, which was formerly proud of its ability to control immigration inflow by carefully classifying immigrants as ‘skilled’, ‘fa- mily reunion’, ‘refugees’ and ‘humanitarian need’ cases is now in the forefront of debate on how to deal with asylum seekers who arrive without official papers by boat, by air or inside cargo containers. The ‘Ulegał’ migration flow has become a major problem, with controversial ‘solutions’ ranging from compulsory deten- tion, the ‘Pacific’ option, and the foreshadowed excision of all islands North of the coast of Australia from the immigration zone. The mass arrival of illegal immigrants places the state in a dilemma of ba- lancing humanitarian concems against the discharge of its function as regulatory authority in upholding the sovereignty of the State. As the Australian Prime Mini­ ster, John Howard (2001a: 11), has put it, “there is a concern inside the Govem- ment...that we are fast reaching a stage where we are losing... our absolute rights to decide who comes to this country.” Subseąuently, he asserted that it was “in the national interest that we have the power to prevent, beyond any argument, people infringing the sovereignty of this country...” (Howard, 2001b: 1). But just as the Australian Govemment was moving to protect its ‘sovereignty’ by tightening the laws goveming the processing of asylum seekers, the Afghan crisis led it to re- spond to the appeals of the Secretary General of UN by lifting the humanitarian component of Australia’s immigration program to 12,000. The doctrine of the absolute sovereignty of the nation-state has been dra- matically undermined as a result of the events of September 11. The American doctrine on this point has been succinctly stated by William Safire (2000: p. 8) who wrote that, the emergence of terrorism as a global threat has forced nation-states to adopt a new view of sovereignty. If a governing body cannot stop terrorists who are victimizing others from its territory, then governments of the victims will reach across the borders to do the necessary stopping. [According to] George Schulz, former Secretary of State ... “we reserve, within the framework of our right to self- defence, the right to preempt terrorist threats within a state’s borders”. The weakening authority of the nation-state in the face of such crises has pa- radoxically generated yet another kind of force that counteract the homogenising effects of globalisation. As control slips out of its grasp, the state faces the rising demands of its local, regional and various other minority groups which are gaining confidence and demanding their ‘place in the sun’. We are witnessing round the world a renaissance, a resurgence, of a great variety of cultural diversities, inclu- ding that of ethnicity. While political boundaries are tending to become more per- meable, especially in places like Western Europę (Dogan, 2000), cultural bounda­ ries are becoming accentuated within countries (Davies, 1997; Huntington, 1996). In this context, it is manifest that the cultural and political boundaries between states do not necessarily coincide and that very few countries in the world today are culturally homogeneous: most are multi-ethnic. Ethnic Diversity and the Nation-State Different countries have responded in different ways to this ethnic challenge. Not every state recognises its growing cultural and ethnic diversity. Some have for long tried to deny its existence, as in the case of the Turks. Some hoped that their plura- lity was only temporary, as in the case of Germans. In fact, Germany has for long provided an example of a country where membership of the nation has been based traditionally on the assumption of common descent, and, therefore until very re- cently, people of non-German ancestry had no entry to the nation, and hence, no ready access to citizenship of the state, which has been virtually ‘closed’ to those who did not satisfy the German origin criterion. There are countries in Asia which share a similar belief in the ideał of monocultural nation-state based on common descent. In other countries multi-ethnicity has lead to territorial separatism, including the building of walls perceived as the only altemative to terrorists attacks, insur- gency and warfare. In still other cases there has been no separation, but every effort has been made to assimilate the minorities out of existence. This policy continues to mark the
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